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Chapter 3 Cultural, Social, and Economic Benefits and Uses

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Chapter 3 Cultural, Social, and Economic Benefits and Uses Chapter 3 Cultural, Social, and Economic Benefits and Uses Chapter 3 Cultural, Social, and Economic Benefits and Uses Introduction Chapter 2 summarized the existing conditions, trends, and long term sustainability of the ecosystems found within the Chugach National Forest planning area. This chapter identifies the resources, multiple uses, and services of the planning area that provide benefits to people either directly or indirectly. Topics evaluated include: cultural resources and areas of tribal importance; land status and use patterns including access; designated areas; recreation and scenic character; social and economic conditions; ecosystem services and natural resource uses. This chapter is different from chapter 2 in that the focus is on the resources used and enjoyed by people. This chapter focuses on three questions: 1. Which resources are commonly used by the public? 2. What are conditions and trends associated with these uses? 3. What is the contribution of these goods and services to social and economic sustainability? Cultural Resources and Uses For thousands of years, the lands that are today recognized as the Chugach National Forest have been inhabited by Alaska Natives. Today, the Kenai Peninsula is home to Dena’ina Athabaskan Indians, and the coastal areas of Prince William Sound are occupied by the Chugach Eskimo and Eyak Indians. Although Russian contact was made with Chugach Eskimo in Prince William Sound in 1741, no direct contact occurred again between Alaska Natives and Europeans until 1778. The 2002 Forest Plan FEIS (USDA, 2002c) provides an overview that summarizes millennia of Alaska Native prehistory, early historic period contact with Russia, and the historic era since the United States purchase of Alaska from Russia. The prehistoric and historic overview in the 2002 Forest Plan FEIS is sufficient for the current assessment process. Protection and management of cultural and historic resources provide expanded knowledge and understanding of history, cultural and spiritual connections to heritage, scientific data about past cultures or historical conditions, and tourism that benefits rural economies. The value of historic properties on national forests is derived from the public’s recognition that these nonrenewable resources are important and should be protected. Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) mandates that the impact of federally funded or permitted activities on historic properties, also referred to here as cultural resources, be considered prior to initiation of management activities. Section 110 of the NHPA directs Federal land managers to inventory, evaluate, and preserve cultural resources that are eligible (and nominate) and listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Relevant Information • Partnerships with Tribes and other parties are essential for the preservation and management of cultural resources within the national forest and within the broader planning area. • The Forest Service identifies, evaluates, and resolves potential effects to significant cultural resources that may be caused by implementation of management activities. 144 Chapter 3 Cultural, Social, and Economic Benefits and Uses • Cultural resource management activities are conducted on accessible areas of the national forest. Cultural resource inventories have generally not been conducted in remote areas. • Less than 10 percent of recorded sites within the national forest have been evaluated per the criteria of the NRHP. • Condition assessments and preservation actions have not been identified and implemented for the 29 Priority Heritage Assets. • Records and geospatial data for cultural resources across the national forest are incomplete. • The Forest Service may need to develop a strategy to investigate and monitor potential effects of climate change (e.g. rising sea levels, receding glaciers) to cultural resources. • Declining budgets limit the ability of the Forest Service to inventory and manage cultural resources, including records and artifacts collected from prehistoric and historic sites across the national forest. • The effects of climate change may cause both harmful and beneficial effects to cultural resources. Potential harmful effects include damage or destruction to fragile resource sites in coastal areas caused by increased severity of storms or rising sea levels. A potential beneficial effect is that warming may reveal more high elevation cultural resources as ice retreats, thereby increasing knowledge of prehistoric cultures. Cultural Resources The full extent of cultural resources within the Chugach National Forest is largely unknown. Due to the remote and rugged nature of the landscape and resulting limited accessibility, approximately two percent of the national forest has been surveyed. The majority of the inventory within the national forest has taken place along the modern and historic road corridors and trail systems in the Kenai Peninsula and in Prince William Sound near Cordova and along the shoreline. The 2002 Forest Plan provides some data about cultural resource sites that were known at the time, indicating 1,048 sites had been recorded for the national forest as of December 1999. As of February 2013, the National Resource Management Heritage records database indicates 2,373 recorded sites within the Chugach National Forest. This database indicates 228 sites, or less than 10 percent, of the recorded sites within the national forest have been evaluated for significance consistent with the NRHP, leaving more than 90 percent of the recorded sites to be evaluated. Table 40 displays heritage resources status by ranger district and the national forest. Table 40. National Resource Management Heritage database for the Chugach National Forest Location Listed Eligible Not Eligible Unevaluated Totals Forestwide 0 0 0 3 3 Seward Ranger District 6 117 45 799 967 Glacier Ranger District 2 22 14 583 618 Cordova Ranger District 10 12 1 762 785 Totals 18 150 60 2,147 2,373 Eighteen sites are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, with an additional 150 sites recognized as eligible for listing. Examples of these sites include the Sqilantnu Archaeological District along the Russian and Kenai rivers within the Seward Ranger District, the Iditarod National Historic Trail within the Seward and Glacier Ranger Districts, and the Cordova post office and court house within the Cordova Ranger District. Since 2007, the Forest Service has identified 29 priority heritage assets (PHAs) from among the 168 listed and eligible sites. Distinct to the Forest Service, PHAs are prehistoric and historic sites that are selected 145 Chapter 3 Cultural, Social, and Economic Benefits and Uses by the Forest Service to address specific needs, such as protection, stabilization, and rehabilitation. Current PHAs across the national forest include 10 within the Seward Ranger District, 10 within the Glacier Ranger District, and 9 within the Cordova Ranger District. Some cultural resource sites previously managed by the Chugach National Forest are now owned and managed by Alaska Native corporations. Under the provisions of section 14(h)(1) of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, regional ANCSA corporations have selected historically significant sites throughout the plan area. The laws and regulations pertaining to this provision of ANCSA allow regional corporations to obtain fee title to existing cemetery sites and historical places and provide that lands conveyed under this provision will be maintained and preserved solely as cemetery sites or historical places by the regional corporation. Under the selection rights provided by ANCSA 14(h)(1), Chugach Alaska Corporation (CAC) has identified, for conveyance, ancestrally historic places within the boundaries of the Chugach National Forest. To date, not all of CAC’s ANCSA 14(h)(1) selections have been surveyed or conveyed. As of 2002, another ANCSA regional corporation, Cook Inlet Region, Incorporated (CIRI), had selected lands on the Kenai Peninsula for conveyance under the provisions of ANCSA 14(h)(1). However, these selections were relinquished in 2012 through implementation of the Russian River Land Act (P.L. 107- 362), which provides for the protection of cultural resources and transferred ownership of historically significant lands. Through implementation of the Russian River Land Act, CIRI released its remaining ANCSA 14(h)(1) land selections in the area in exchange for certain lands and interests, including a patent transferring restricted title to a 20-acre parcel within the Chugach National Forest near the intersection of the Sterling Highway with the Kenai River, a deed to cultural artifacts on 513 acres of the Kenai National Wildlife Refuge, and interim conveyance of a 42-acre tract within the Chugach National Forest, north of the confluence of the Russian and Kenai Rivers. This tract will be patented after survey. The relinquishment of CIRI’s land selections unencumbered approximately 2,000 acres of Kenai National Wildlife Refuge and Chugach National Forest lands. Other significant cultural resource sites within the Chugach National Forest include those designated by Congress. These include the Iditarod National Historic Trail, partially within both the Seward Ranger District and Glacier Ranger District; the Kenai Mountain-Turnagain Arm National Heritage Area within both the Seward Ranger District and Glacier Ranger District; and the Bering Expedition Landing Site (NHL), both within the Cordova Ranger District with
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