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Free Inquiry in Creative Sociology Volume 24 No Free Inquiry In Creative Sociology Volume 24 No. 1, May 1996 Pagel FREE INQUIRY IN CREATIVE SOCIOLOGY Volume 24 Number 1, May 1996 SN 0736-9182 Cover design: Hobart Jackson, University of Kansas School of Architecture AUTHOR TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Colleea R. McuugbllD. Juvellile Drug Tramcken: Characterization ud 03 Beajambl W. Smith, Substuce Use Patterns Scott M. ReiDer, Dellllls E. Waite, a A. Wayde Glover Jolm J. Potterat, CbroD.lde of a Gog STD Outbreak Foretold 11 Stephea Q. Muth, a R. Perry Bethea G. Edward Codiaa, Readiaess for Treatmeat: Predidon of Drug Abuse 17 Charlie D. Kaplaa, llelp-Seeldag iD Mencu Alllerlcaa, Afrlcu Zeaong YID, Alberto Alllerlcu ud WbJte Su Aatonio Arrestees G. Mata, a Avelardo Valdez Pamela C. Regu The Search For Family: AdolesceDt Males' Motives 2S For JoiDiDg Gop Rudy Ray Seward, Fatben' Cbuglag Performuce of Housework: A 28 Dale E. Yeatts, a Bigger Sllve of a Smaller Pie l..esHe Stuley-Steveas DeADD K. Gautbler, Womea's Employmellt ud Structures of Familial 37 Craig J. Fonyth, a Authority Among Familles of otrsbore Ollworken WUHam B. Bukston Felix 0. Chima Trusradal Adoption Revisited: Afrlcu Alllerlcu 4l Collep Studeats' Penpective CarlL Bukston m Vietaamese Alllerlcu 111gb School Dropout Rates: ~1 Etbll.ldty as IDsulation Neale R. Cbumbler a Surgical Specialization iD a Limited Health Care S9 James W. Grimm Profession: Coaatervaillng Ii'orces Sbaplag Health Care Delivery Jeffrey R. Breese a Role Ent From Home To Homeless 67 Katbrya M. Feltey Earl Smith a Problems Real ud Imposed iD the Dlsdpliae of 77 Bonate Berry Sociology DiuaeSykes Fiad.iDg Ounelves Ia Each Other: Baraey aad the 85 Other-Directed CbUd Reviewen of 1995 so Subscriber ud Author Muuscrlpt Form ~ Page 2 Volume 24 No. I, May I996 Free Inquiry In Creative Sociology MISSION: To give an efficient outlet for informative, innovative articles legible to lay readers. MANUSCRIPTS: Send three paper copies and one copy on a 3 1/2" computer disk, IBM compatible, saved in a text only/ASC/Jformat; use ASR guidelines. Manuscript fees: current subscribers $13 (US $); authors who are not current subscribers $28 (US $) which includes a current subscription. WORLD REFEREED AND WORLD DISTRIBUTED. Abstracted in SOCIOLOGICAL AB­ STRACTS. Over 130 ml\ior academic library subscribers, including 15 libraries in Europe. Asia, Africa and the Americas. SUBSCRIPTION RATES: Individuals: United States $15, Foreign Surface Mail $20 (US$). Institutions: United States $25, Foreign Surface Mail $30 (US $). All subscriptions must be prepaid and are by calendar year only. ADDRESS: Editor FREE INQUIRY IN CREATIVE SOCIOLOGY Oklahoma State University Department of Sociology 006 Classroom Building Stillwater, OK 74078-4061 GENERAL EDITOR: John Cross, Oklll4oma State University ARABIC EDITOR: Arabic mss; lbtihaj Arafat, City College, New York ASSOCIATE EDITORS: Bruce L Berg, Indiana University of Pennsylvania; AI Dichiara, Hartford University; Cecil Greek, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg; Thomas D. Hall, DePauw University; Charles Harper, Creighton University; Beth Hartung, California State University, Fresno; Charles Kaplan, University of Lindberg, The Netherlands; Lloyd Klein, Queensborough Community College; Carl Pope, Michigan State University; J. Pat Smith, Clemson University; and Marjorie Zatz, Arizona State University. TYPESETTER: Deborah Sweet, Oklahoma State University BOARD OF GOVERNORS: Wilbur J. Scott, University of Oklahoma; Patricia Bell, Oklahoma State University; Joan Luxenburg, University of Central Oklahoma; Jean Blocker, University of Tulsa; Cameron University PUBLISHED: May and November by the Sociology Consortium of University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma State University, University of Central Oklahoma, University of Tulsa, and Cameron University Sponsor: Oklahoma Sociological Association © 1996 Oklahoma State University Free Inquiry In Creative Sociology Volume 24 No. I, May 1996 Page3 JUVENILE DRUG TRAFFICKERS: CHARACTERIZATION AND SUBSTANCE USE PATTERNS Colleen R. McLaughlin, Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Juvenile Justice & Virginia Commonwealth University; Benjamin W. Smith and Scott M. Reiner, Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Juvenile Justice; Dennis E. Waite, Commonwealth of VIrginia Department of Juvenile Justice & Insti­ tute for Substance Abuse Studies and A. Wayde Glover, Commonwealth of VIrginia Department of Juvenile Justice ABSTRACT Drug trafficking has become one of the dominant issues facing the criminal justice system. Juveniles involved in drug trafficking have been reported to be far more likely to be seriously Immersed in substance abuse and delinquent behavior than nonsellers. The primary aim of the present study was to examine the substance use patterns of juveniles incarcerated for drug trafficking offenses in the Commonwealth of Virginia (N = 240). A second goal ofthestudywas to characterize juvenile drug traffickers based upon additional information pertaining to their delinquent, social, psychological, educational and medical histories. For this purpose, a demographic comparison grouP. was generated (N = 433). The results indicated that the most frequently sold substance was cocaine (93%), either powdered or crack, while alcohol and marijuana were the drugs most often used by the juvenile drug traffickers. Thejuveniledrugtrafflckerswereassociatedwith lowerlevelsofaggressivity, violence and delinquency when compared to other incarcerated juveniles from their community. In addition, tlie juvenile drug traffickers were characterized by higher ratings in several areas which included social and psychological functioning.Areasthatdidnotcorrelatewellwithdrugtrafflckingwerephysicalhealth, intellectual functioning and academicachievement.Theresultsofthisstudyindicatedthatjuveniled~trafflckerstendnottousethedrugs thattheyseH,andgeneraHypresentashigherfunctioningandbetteradjustedmalmosteveryareaevaluated,when compared to their incarcerated delinquent peers. INTRODUCTION likely to report having assaulted someone with Over the past 8-1 0 years, drug traffick­ the intent of serious injury or murder than ing has become one of the foremost issues those juveniles who were not involved in co­ facing the criminal justice system. Drug selling caine distribution (Dembo et al1990). poses a serious threat to society, both in terms The national trends outlined above are of the distribution of illegal drugs, as well as the reflected in Virginia's juvenile offender popula­ ancillary criminal activity and violence associ­ tion. During fiscal years 1993 and 1994, 268 ated with the illegal drug market (Goldstein juveniles were committed to the Virginia De­ 1985). Juveniles involved in drug trafficking partment of Juvenile Justice juvenile correc­ have been reported to be far more likely to be tional centers for drug trafficking offenses; seriously immersed in substance abuse and representing 9 percent of the total commit­ delinquent behavior than nonsellers (Chaiken, ments during this time period. Information Johnson 1988; Dembo, Williams, Wothke, permitting the characterization of juveniles Schmeid-ler, Getreu, Berry, Wish, Christensen involved in the sale and distribution of illegal 1990; lnciardi, Pottieger 1991; Johnson, Nata­ drugs would significantly facilitate the devel­ rajan, Dunlap, Elmoghazy 1994; Li, Feigel­ opment of meaningful and effective treatment man 1994; Stanton, Galbraith 1994; van programs. Therefore, the primary aim of the Kamman, Loeber 1994), while the relationship present study was to examine the substance between violence and the "crack business· use patterns of juveniles incarcerated for drug has received particular notoriety (Goldstein trafficking offenses in the Commonwealth of 1985; Goldstein, Brownstein, Ryan, Bellucci Virginia, particularly as they relate to the sub­ 1989; Hamid 1991).1n their characterization of stances sold. A second goal of the study was drug-involved adolescent offenders, Chaiken to characterize these juvenile offenders based and Johnson (1988) portray adolescents who upon information gathered pertaining to their frequently sell drugs as moderate to heavy, or delinquent, social, psychological, educational even daily substance users; using multiple and medical histories. For this purpose, an drugs, including cocaine. They further demon­ incarcerated, dem()graphic comparison group strated that these juveniles are involved in a was generated. Finally, a composite variable variety of associated criminal activities includ­ rating the level of violence present in their ing assaults and property crimes. An addi­ offense histories was generated. This permit­ tional report indicated that juvenile detainees ted an analysis of the relationship between involved in the trafficking of cocaine were more drug trafficking and violence. Page 4 Volume 24 No. 1, May 1996 Free Inquiry In Creative Sociology METHODS frequently based on a composite rating which Subjects included multiple converging data sources Juveniles adjudicated for drug traffick­ such as the results of the objective data, test ing offenses in the Commonwealth of Virginia results and clinical impressions compiled dur­ during fiscal years 1993 and 1994 (1 July 1992 ing the assessment process. It is important to - 30 June 1994) comprised the juvenile drug note, however, that at every level of assess­ traffickers group. The drug trafficking offenses ment the evaluators were familiar with the included "possession [of controlled sub­ juvenile's offense history. On one hand, the stances] with intent to sell or distribute;" and
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