Daniel Abbate Estudo Filogenético Da Subfamília Nassariinae

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Daniel Abbate Estudo Filogenético Da Subfamília Nassariinae Daniel Abbate Estudo Filogenético da subfamília Nassariinae (Neogastropoda, Buccinoidea, Nassariidae). São Paulo 2016 Daniel Abbate Estudo Filogenético da subfamília Nassariinae (Neogastropoda, Buccinoidea, Nassariidae). Phylogenetic study of the subfamily Nassariinae Neogastropoda, Buccinoidea, Nassariidae). Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências, área de Zoologia. Orientador: Profº Drº Luiz Ricardo de Simone São Paulo 2016 Abbate, Daniel Estudo Filogenético da subfamília Nassariinae (Neogastropoda, Buccinoidea, Nassariidae). Tese (Doutorado) – Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de Zoologia. 1.Anatomia comparada 2. Neogastropoda 3. Buccinoidea 4. Filogenia I. Universidade de São Paulo a. Instituto de Biociências. Departamento de Zoologia. Comissão Julgadora: ___________________ ___________________ Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. ___________________ ___________________ Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. _______________________________ Prof. Dr. Luiz Ricardo Lopes de Simone Orientador Agradecimentos Agradeço ao meu orientador Luiz Ricardo Lopes de Simone, pela oportunidade, dedicação e confiança depositadas em mim, seus ensinamentos me serviram como exemplo tanto em cunho profissional como pessoal, sua dedicação, honestidade e caráter será um modelo que adotarei pelo resto de minha vida. Ao CNPq que fomentou essa pesquisa e que me apóia desde a iniciação cientifica. A minha companheira, amiga e colega de profissão, minha amada esposa, Patricia Oristanio. A minha amada família que sempre me apoiou e acreditou em minha dedicação. A todas instituições que me enviaram material, a todos os professores que fizeram parte de minha formação, aos meus colegas de laboratório e ao corpo técnico envolvido durante essa jornada. Aos animais estudados que sacrificaram suas vidas em prol da Ciência. MUITO OBRIGADO! Sumário Resumo..............................................................................................................................6 Abstract..............................................................................................................................7 I. Introdução.......................................................................................................................8 1. O conhecimento atual acerca dos Nassarídeos...........................................................8 2. Caracterização da família Nassariidae.......................................................................9 3. Estudos filogenéticos e a utilização de dados morfológicos e moleculares..............11 II. Objetivos..................................................................................................................... 17 III. Material e métodos.....................................................................................................18 1. Material examinado..................................................................................................18 2. Terminologia adotada, dissecções e ilustrações.......................................................20 3. Análise filogenética..................................................................................................22 IV. Resultados e discussões..............................................................................................24 1. Descrições taxonômicas...........................................................................................24 2. Apresentação e discussão dos caracteres................................................................177 3. Análise cladistica...................................................................................................202 4. Análise do cladograma...........................................................................................208 5. Apresentação e discussão dos clados.....................................................................214 6. Pós-análise: Decisões taxonômicas finais..............................................................218 7. Resumo da taxonomia proposta para Nassariidae..................................................220 VI. Conclusões...............................................................................................................221 VII. Referências bibliográficas......................................................................................222 Anexos...........................................................................................................................227 Resumo A família Nassariidae é um grupo de caracóis detritívoros marinhos que habitam fundos de substratos incosolidados e, em menor medida, costões rochosos. A família pertence a superfamília Buccinoidea e é considerada proximamente relacionada a família Buccinidae. É considerado um táxon monofilético e apresenta as seguintes sinapomorfias: tentáculos cefálicos duas vezes maiores que a cabeça, presença de tentáculos epipodiais, dente radular raquidiano multicuspidado e ausência de bursa copulatrix no oviduto palial das fêmeas. De acordo com as últimas sugestões de classificações filogenéticas, o arranjo interno de Nassariidae ainda não atingiu um consenso e o número de subfamílias ainda não é certo. O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo morfológico detalhado de alguns representantes de Buccinoidea e Nassariidae visando testar a monofilia deste clado, bem como elucidar o posicionamento filogenético dos gêneros de cada família do clado. Todos os gêneros de Nassariidae estão representados, e estão representados, em sua maioria, pela espécie-tipo, totalizam um grupo interno representado por 24 espécies. O grupo externo está representado por outros Buccinoidea e um Pseudolividae (Benthobia atafona), considerado para o enraizamento, totalizando 13 espécies. Foi realizada uma análise cladística, com buscas heurísticas com pesos iguais para cada caráter e uma pesagem diferencial, específica determinada pela constante (K). O resultado da análise confirmou a monofilia de Nassariidae, entretanto confirmou a monofilia de apenas duas subfamílias: Nassariinae e Buccinanopsinae. Alguns sistemas foram analisados com mais precisão e mostraram-se potencialmente informativos, principalmente para táxons mais específicos. Palavras-chave: Nassariidae, sistemática, morfologia, filogenia. 6 Abstract The Nassariidae family is a group of detritivores marine snails that inhabit sands substrates and intertidal zone. The family belongs to the superfamily Buccinoidea and is considered closely related to Buccinidae family. It is considered a monophyletic taxon and has the following synapomorphies: cephalic tentacles twice larger than the head, presence of epipodiais tentacles, central radular tooth multicuspidated and no bursa copulatrix in palial oviduct of females. According to the latest suggestions of phylogenetic classification, the Nassariidae internal arrangement has not yet reached a consensus and the number of subfamilies is still not exact. This paper presents a detailed morphological study of some representatives of Buccinoidea and Nassariidae to test the monophyly of this clade and elucidate the phylogenetic position of the genera of each family clade. All Nassariidae genres are represented, and are represented mostly by the type species, totaling an internal group represented by 24 species. The out group is represented by other Buccinoidea and one Pseudolividae (Benthobia atafona), considered for rooting, totaling 13 species. A cladistic analysis with heuristic searches with equal weights for each character and a differential weighing, determined by specific constant (K) was performed. The result of the analysis confirmed the monophyly of Nassariidae, however confirmed the monophyly only two subfamilies: Nassariinae and Buccinanopsinae. Some systems were analyzed more accurately and shown to be potentially informative, especially for more specific taxa. Keywords: Nassariidae, systematics, morphology, phylogeny. 7 I. Introdução 1. O conhecimento taxonômico atual acerca dos Nassarídeos A família Nassariidae pertence a superfamília Buccinoidea e é considerada proximamente relacionada a família Buccinidae (Hayashi, 2005). Os caracteres presentes na concha (protoconcha e teleoconcha), opérculo, rádula e tentáculos epipodiais presentes na borda posterior do pé, vem sendo usados na taxonomia em nível de subfamílias e gêneros (Cernohorsky, 1984; Shuto, 1969), porém diferentes classificações divergem quanto ao número de subfamílias existentes para a família. Cernohorsky (1984) e Shuto (1969) enumeram três subfamílias; Cylleninae, Nassariinae e Dorsaniinae. A configuração com quatro subfamílias, somando-se Bullinae, as três anteriores, foi adotada por Allmon (1990), Simone & Pastorino (2014) e Kantor & Kilburn (2001). No entanto, esse número ainda oscila e subfamílias como Buccinanopsinae (Galindo et al., 2016) e Photinae (Rosenberg, 2014) foram recentemente incluídas à família. As afinidades dos nassarídeos com diversas outras famílias e gêneros da superfamília Buccinoidea são discutidas por diversos autores (Bandel, 1984; Cernohorsky, 1984; Haasl, 2000; Kantor, 2003; Kantor & Kilburn, 2001), que, em geral, sugerem que os limites das barreiras que os separam ou os unem necessita de uma revisão mais aprofundada. Em particular, a reinclusão dos gêneros Engoniophos, Woodring, 1928; Antillophos, Woodring, 1928 e Phos, Monfort, 1810, atualmente bucinídeos, na família Nassariidae (Landal et al., 2013; Vokes, 1969). Em uma tentativa de corroborar com essa hipótese taxonômica Haasl
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