Análisis Termodinámico De Un Motor Cf-700 Ge, Aplicando Lean Manufacturing

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Análisis Termodinámico De Un Motor Cf-700 Ge, Aplicando Lean Manufacturing INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica Y Eléctrica Unidad Culhuacán “ANÁLISIS TERMODINÁMICO DE UN MOTOR CF-700 G.E, APLICANDO LEAN MANUFACTURING” TESIS PARA OBTENER EL TÍTULO DE INGENIERO MECÁNICO PRESENTA DAVID FLORES CASTILLO ASESORES M. EN C. JUAN CARLOS PAREDES ROJAS M. EN C. FERNANDO ELÍ ORTIZ HERNÁNDEZ México DF. A 20 DE OCTUBRE DEL 2015 INGENIERIA MECÁNICA DAVID FLORES CASTILLO I N D I C E CAPITULO I ESTADO DEL ARTE. 1.1.- Turbina………………………………………………………………………………10 1.2.- Turbina Hidráulica……………………………………………………………….…11 1.3.-Turbina de Vapor …………………………………………………………………..19 1.4.- Historia y antecedentes de la Turbina de Gas………………………………….25 1.5.- Historia y antecedentes de Turborreactores…………....…….........................29 CAPITULO II MARCO TEORICO 2.1.-Conceptos Básicos………………………………………………………………....42 2.2.- Generalidades de una T.G………………………………………………………..43 2.2.1.-Ciclo termodinámico de las T.G………………………….……………………..46 2.2.2.- Componentes básicos de una T.G………………………….…………………53 2.3.- Ciclos ideales de propulsión por reacción…………………………….………..56 2.4.- Modificaciones para motores de turborreactor…………………….…………..62 2.5.- Turbofan…………………………………………………………….………………66 CAPITULO III PROCESO DE DESARROLLO 3.1.- Elección de motor y aeronave……………………………………..……………..72 3.2.- Descripción del motor………………………………………………..……………77 3.3.- Descripción de las partes principales del motor………………………………..83 3.4.- Tiempos de vida de las partes giratorias del motor……………………………99 1 ANALISIS TERMODINAMICO DE UN MOTOR CF-700 G.E, APLICANDO LEAN MANUFACTURING INGENIERIA MECÁNICA DAVID FLORES CASTILLO CAPITULO IV ANALISIS GENERAL Y COMPARACION DE DATOS 4.1.- Características al despegue…………………………….…………..103 4.2.- Análisis de la eficiencia del motor en condiciones reales…..105 4.2.1.- Ciclo Joule-Brayton ideal………………………………………….105 4.2.2.- Ciclo Joule-Brayton real……………………..…………………….110 4.3.- Trabajo de expansión (Wturbina)……………………………………...116 4.4.-Trabajo Neto (Wmotor)…….…………………………………………...118 4.5.- Análisis de la eficiencia del motor con datos obtenidos del fabricante………………………………………………………….……...…120 4.5.1.-Ciclo Joule-Brayton real….………………………………….……..120 4.5.2.- Trabajo de expansión (Wturbina)…………………………….……..126 4.5.3.-Trabajo Neto (Wmotor)……….………………………………………128 4.6.-Comparacion termodinámica……………………………………… .130 CONCLUSIONES ……………………………………………………………………..134 BIBLIOGRAFIA ………………………………..………………………………….…..139 FIGURAS,TABLAS Y GRAFICAS………………………………………………….. 141 GLOSARIO.……………………………………...………………………………….….144 2 ANALISIS TERMODINAMICO DE UN MOTOR CF-700 G.E, APLICANDO LEAN MANUFACTURING INGENIERIA MECÁNICA DAVID FLORES CASTILLO RESUMEN Se realizó un análisis termodinámico para obtener la eficiencia de un motor G.E CF-700 con datos reales obtenidos en campo y se compararon los resultados con los que el fabricante provee en sus diferentes manuales (mantenimiento, entrenamiento, pilotos) A una altitud y temperatura dada por las condiciones meteorológicas de la Ciudad de México durante una carrera de despegue se tomaron ciertos datos de los manuales del fabricante para poder tener una base acerca del desempeño del motor nuevo y en condiciones ideales; después se tomaron mediciones de instrumentos que existen en la cabina de pilotos bajo las mismas condiciones y se dio a la tarea de realizar los cálculos necesarios para obtener la eficiencia y el trabajo del motor para poder comparar los resultados . Una vez hecho esto se analizaron los resultados y se logró determinar que a pesar de que el motor se encuentra en condiciones óptimas después de un overhaul no logra alcanzar el mismo desempeño que un motor nuevo podría tener según lo que menciona el fabricante; además se realizaron cálculos en situaciones teóricas simulando temperaturas más elevadas en la cámara de combustión dando como resultado un aumento significativo en eficiencia y trabajo de motor 3 ANALISIS TERMODINAMICO DE UN MOTOR CF-700 G.E, APLICANDO LEAN MANUFACTURING INGENIERIA MECÁNICA DAVID FLORES CASTILLO ABSTRACT A thermodynamic analysis was performed for the efficiency of a GE CF-700 engine with actual field data and results comparison with which the manufacturer provides in different manuals (maintenance, training, pilots) At an altitude and temperature given by the meteorological conditions in Mexico City during a takeoff certain data from manufacturers manuals they were taken to have a base on the performance of the new engine and under ideal conditions; after measurement instruments that exist in the cockpit under the same conditions and given the task of making the necessary calculations to obtain the efficiency and the engine work to compare the results were taken. Once this is done the results were analyzed and it was determined that even though the engine is in good condition after an overhaul can not reach the same performance as a new engine could have as mentioned by the manufacturer; Calculations were performed also in conditions simulating theoretical higher temperatures in the combustion chamber resulting in a significant increase in efficiency and engine work 4 ANALISIS TERMODINAMICO DE UN MOTOR CF-700 G.E, APLICANDO LEAN MANUFACTURING INGENIERIA MECÁNICA DAVID FLORES CASTILLO OBJETIVO Generar un análisis termodinámico en condiciones reales sobre un motor G.E CF-700 nuevo y uno con un tiempo de vida extendido (overhaul), esto analizando datos obtenidos durante un despegue en condiciones reales y comparando los mismos con los otorgados por el fabricante. JUSTIFICACION A causa de las grandes cantidades de dinero que se invierten en las aeronaves específicamente en los motores, es necesario realizar un análisis real sobre las condiciones de trabajo de los motores a los que se extienden su tiempo de vida (overhaul), por lo que es pertinente realizar una comparativa de eficiencias térmicas en la etapa de mayor exigencia para el motor, la cual se verá reflejada principalmente en el consumo de combustible siendo factor predominante a la hora de realizar las conclusiones. ALCANCES • Llevar a cabo un análisis termodinámico sobre el desempeño del motor CF- 700 de General Electrics en condiciones reales a la altura de la ciudad de México (2230 msnm) y en una carrera de despegue (101%), comparando 5 ANALISIS TERMODINAMICO DE UN MOTOR CF-700 G.E, APLICANDO LEAN MANUFACTURING INGENIERIA MECÁNICA DAVID FLORES CASTILLO los datos obtenidos a través de cálculos y los otorgados por el fabricante encontrado en tablas y manual de mantenimiento y/o de entrenamiento. • Una vez obtenidos los resultados a través de cálculos termodinámicos, se llevara a cabo una comparativa sobre las eficiencias de dichos motores además de en análisis real de pérdida de potencia causada por el desgaste en las primeras etapas del compresor. Figura I.- (Alabe rotor de 1ª etapa de compresor después de overhaul) 6 ANALISIS TERMODINAMICO DE UN MOTOR CF-700 G.E, APLICANDO LEAN MANUFACTURING INGENIERIA MECÁNICA DAVID FLORES CASTILLO INTRODUCCION La manufactura esbelta es "un conjunto de herramientas y principios de trabajo que permiten actuar sobre la cadena de valor del producto/servicio o de una familia de productos/servicios. (MALDONADO, 2008). La manufactura esbelta es un modelo de gestión que al existir de la integración de diversas herramientas, ofrece múltiples opciones aplicables a todo tipo de producto. En este caso en particular la manufactura esbelta estará presente en la reducción de costos que genera el traslado de la aeronave y el ahorro en combustible durante el periodo de actividad de la turbina. Además podremos conocer más acerca de las turbinas de gas y en particular de los motores de aviación como lo es el G.E CF-700; así como su funcionamiento en condiciones reales durante una carrera de despegue con datos obtenidos en la Ciudad de México, también analizaremos las gráficas de rendimiento y podremos compararlas con aquellas que otorga el fabricante para fines de entrenamiento y mantenimiento. Conoceremos acerca de la historia, el desarrollo y la evolución de las turbinas de Gas hasta llegar a los turborreactores. 7 ANALISIS TERMODINAMICO DE UN MOTOR CF-700 G.E, APLICANDO LEAN MANUFACTURING INGENIERIA MECÁNICA DAVID FLORES CASTILLO Se expondrán las definiciones y generalidades de las turbinas, hablaremos de los ciclos termodinámicos que distinguen este tipo de máquinas térmicas; así mismo como sus componentes básicos, tanto de las turbinas de gas como las turbinas de propulsión por reacción y las diferentes modificaciones o variables que existen de este último tipo de máquinas. Elegiremos un motor en específico sobre el cual se investigara y obtendrán todos los datos necesarios para llevar a cabo los cálculos y análisis pertinentes. Realizaremos cálculos, gráficas y comparativos de todos los resultados que se obtengan, tanto en condiciones reales como teóricos e ideales que maneja el fabricante; para así lograr tener los resultados buscados. 8 ANALISIS TERMODINAMICO DE UN MOTOR CF-700 G.E, APLICANDO LEAN MANUFACTURING INGENIERIA MECÁNICA DAVID FLORES CASTILLO CAPITULO I ESTADO DEL ARTE La turbina es una máquina que transforma la energía producida por el movimiento de un fluido en otro tipo de energía, ya sea que la convierta en fuerza motriz que impulse a un eje o en empuje; como lo sería en una turbina de aviación. Existen diferentes tipos de Turbinas, que van desde las más sencillas y antiguas; como lo son las turbinas hidráulicas, turbinas impulsadas por la fuerza del vapor o algún tipo de gas hasta los diferentes tipos de turborreactores utilizados en la industria aeronáutica 9 ANALISIS TERMODINAMICO DE
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