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Rousseau Samuel 2011 Memo Université de Montréal Trois utopies au temps de la Révocation de l‟édit de Nantes : la vision de la France selon Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet (1627-1704), Pierre Jurieu (1637-1713) et Pierre Bayle (1647-1706). Par Samuel Rousseau Département d‟histoire Faculté des Arts et des Sciences Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des Arts et des Sciences en vue de l‟obtention du grade de Maître ès Arts (M.A.) en histoire Juin 2011 © Samuel Rousseau, 2011 Université de Montréal Faculté des Arts et des Sciences Ce mémoire intitulé : Trois utopies au temps de la Révocation de l‟édit de Nantes : la vision de la France selon Jacques- Bénigne Bossuet (1627-1704), Pierre Jurieu (1637-1713) et Pierre Bayle (1647-1706). présenté par : Samuel Rousseau a été évalué par un jury composé des personnes suivantes : M. Ollivier Hubert…………………….Président-rapporteur Mme Dominique Deslandres……….Directrice de recherche M. Nicholas Dew……………………. Membre du jury i Sommaire En 1685, sous le règne de Louis XIV, au moment où la monarchie française voulut extirper l‟altérité protestante en révoquant l‟édit de Nantes (1598), trois contemporains, Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet (1627-1704), Pierre Jurieu (1637-1713) et Pierre Bayle (1647-1706) élaborèrent des utopies dans lesquelles ils nous font connaître leur vision d‟une France idéale. Ces trois utopies, nous voulons les restituer au cours de ce mémoire de maîtrise et souligner quelles sont leurs propositions respectives en matière de gouvernement et de relations interreligieuses. Nous aborderons leurs positions quant aux conséquences politico-religieuses de la Révocation. Et enfin nous dirons quel est le traitement que ces trois auteurs réservent dans leurs textes à la question de la tolérance étatique. MOTS-CLÉS : Altérité, Intolérance, Révocation de l‟édit de Nantes, Tolérance, Utopie, Jacques- Bénigne Bossuet, Pierre Jurieu, Pierre Bayle. Asbtract In 1685, during the reign of Louis XIV, the French monarchy tried to extirpate the Calvinist alterity from the kingdom by revoking the Edict of Nantes (1598). At that time three contemporaries, Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet (1627-1704), Pierre Jurieu (1637-1713) and Pierre Bayle (1647-1706), the first Catholic, the others Protestants, conceived utopias in which they introduce us to their vision of an ideal France. The general aim of this master‟s thesis is to analyze these three utopias and show their proposals in matters of government and interfaith relationship. More precisely, we will study the authors‟ positions about the politico-religious consequences of the Revocation. We will also see in their writings how they understand the tolerance issue. KEYWORDS : Alterity, Intolerance, Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, Tolerance, Utopia, Jacques- Bénigne Bossuet, Pierre Jurieu, Pierre Bayle. ii Table des matières Sommaire ............................................................................................................................................ i Asbtract ............................................................................................................................................... i Table des matières .............................................................................................................................. ii Remerciements .................................................................................................................................. iv Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1 Concepts utilisés ............................................................................................................................. 2 Représentation ........................................................................................................................... 2 Altérité ....................................................................................................................................... 4 Utopie........................................................................................................................................ 5 Exposition du sujet : la vision de la France de Louis XIV au moment de la Révocation de l‟édit de Nantes (1685) ................................................................................................................................. 9 Brèves bio-bibliographies des auteurs étudiés .................................................................................. 14 Bossuet ................................................................................................................................... 14 Jurieu ...................................................................................................................................... 18 Bayle ....................................................................................................................................... 21 Le but de ce travail et les sources retenues ...................................................................................... 25 Chapitre 1 – Autour de la Révocation de l‟édit de Nantes ..................................................................... 29 Un édit de Nantes uniquement pacificateur ...................................................................................... 29 La Révocation : une décision politique de Louis XIV ......................................................................... 34 Raison d‟État, uniformité et refus du pluralisme religieux .............................................................. 40 L‟attitude du clergé catholique et des dévots .................................................................................... 43 Révocation et projet de société ....................................................................................................... 50 Réception et conséquences ............................................................................................................ 52 Chapitre 2 – Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet .............................................................................................. 60 La controverse antiprotestante et la justification de la Révocation ...................................................... 60 Bossuet et l‟altérité religieuse .................................................................................................... 62 Bossuet et la Révocation ........................................................................................................... 65 Quelle utopie chez Bossuet ? ......................................................................................................... 73 Unité politique : le monarque absolu et de droit divin .................................................................... 74 iii Unité religieuse : le trône et l‟autel .............................................................................................. 85 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 89 Chapitre 3 – Pierre Jurieu .................................................................................................................. 92 Réaction à la persécution anti-protestante et à la Révocation ............................................................ 92 Description de l‟utopie .................................................................................................................. 102 Gouvernement « borné » et droit à la résistance ........................................................................ 102 Respect des « Droits de Dieu » et intolérance protestante .......................................................... 116 Tolérance intra-protestante ...................................................................................................... 124 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 126 Chapitre 4 – Pierre Bayle ................................................................................................................ 131 Une réponse ardente et spontanée de Bayle à la Révocation .......................................................... 134 Étude de deux théoriciens de la tolérance ...................................................................................... 138 Hobbes et l‟exigence de « conformité » .................................................................................... 139 Locke et la neutralité de l‟État .................................................................................................. 141 Description de l‟utopie .................................................................................................................. 144 Les droits de la conscience errante .......................................................................................... 144 Vers la tolérance étatique ........................................................................................................ 155 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 161 Conclusion générale ....................................................................................................................... 166 Les auteurs sur le rôle et la nature de l‟autorité souveraine .............................................................. 168 Bossuet et Jurieu : la similarité au-delà des oppositions .................................................................
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