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Recovery Plan for Hawaiian Waterbirds, Second Revision

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Recovery Plan for Hawaiian Waterbirds, Second Revision Second Revision Waterbirds Recovery for Hawaiian Plan U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Ecological Services U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service http://www.fws.gov October 2011 Recovery Plan for Hawaiian Waterbirds Second Revision A‘eo Eric VanderWerf/USFWS Hawaiian stilt Eric VanderWerf/USFWS Eric VanderWerf/USFWS ‘Alae ‘ula ‘Alae ke‘oke‘o Hawaiian moorhen Hawaiian coot October Koloa maoli 2011 Zaun/USFWSBrenda Hawaiian duck Recovery Plan for Hawaiian Waterbirds, Second Revision Original plan approved 1978 First revision approved 1985 Region 1 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Portland, Oregon Recovery Plan for Hawaiian Waterbirds, Second Revision Disclaimer Recovery plans delineate reasonable actions that are believed to be required to recover and protect listed species. We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, publish recovery plans, sometimes with the assistance of recovery teams, contractors, State agencies, Tribal agencies, and other affected and interested parties. Objectives will be attained and any necessary funds made available subject to budgetary and other constraints affecting the parties involved, as well as the need to address other priorities. Recovery plans do not obligate other parties to undertake specific actions and may not represent the views nor the official positions or approval of any individuals or agencies involved in recovery plan formulation, other than our own. They represent our official position only after they have been signed by the Regional Director or Director as approved. Recovery plans are reviewed by the public and submitted for peer review before we adopt them as approved final documents. Approved recovery plans are subject to modification as dictated by new findings, changes in species status, and the completion of recovery actions. Notice of copyrighted material: Permission to use copyrighted images in this recovery plan has been granted by the copyright holders. These images are not placed in the public domain by their appearance herein. They may not be copied or otherwise reproduced, except in their printed context within this document, without the written consent of the copyright holder. Literature citation of this document should read as follows: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2011. Recovery Plan for Hawaiian Waterbirds, Second Revision. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon. xx + 233 pp. Electronic copies of this document will be made available at: http://www.fws.gov/pacific/ecoservices/endangered/recovery/plans.html http://www.fws.gov/endangered/species/recovery-plans.html. ii Recovery Plan for Hawaiian Waterbirds, Second Revision Acknowledgments Parts I and II of this recovery plan were drafted in 1997 for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service by Andrew Engilis, Jr. (then of Ducks Unlimited, currently with the University of California, Davis) and Dr. Frederic A. Reid of the Western Regional Office of Ducks Unlimited. Modifications were made by Dr. Ann Marshall and Colleen Henson of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, which resulted in the Draft Revised Recovery Plan for Hawaiian Waterbirds Second Revision, published in May 1999. Substantial revisions to the draft plan were made by Leilani Takano and Dr. Eric VanderWerf of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, including the addition of figures illustrating the population trend of each species and maps showing their abundance and distribution on each island. The primary authors of the second draft revised plan, which was published in August 2005, were Andrew Engilis, Jr., Dr. Ann Marshall, Dr. Frederic A. Reid, Leilani Takano, and Dr. Eric VanderWerf. This second revised plan was finalized by Dr. Ann Marshall and Joy Hiromasa, also of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. For valuable input and constructive comments on waterbird recovery issues we thank Dr. J. Michael Reed of Tufts University; Dr. Timothy Male of Environmental Defense; Jennifer Higashino, Dr. Fern Duvall, David Smith, John Polhemus, and Meyer Ueoka of the Hawai`i Department of Land and Natural Resources Division of Forestry and Wildlife; Dr. Diane Drigot of the Marine Corps Base Hawai`i. We also acknowledge Fred Amidon, Dr. Jeff Burgett, Grant Canterbury, Karen Goebel, Colleen Henson, Nancy Hoffman, Megan Laut, Susan Machida, Mark Metevier, Lynda Miyashita, Arlene Pangelinan, Sylvia Pelizza, Gina Shultz, Mike Silbernagle, Gordon Smith, Chris Swenson, Ron Walker, Marilet Zablan, and Brenda Zaun of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for valuable insights into waterbird recovery needs, assistance with graphics, and review of the recovery plan. Other individuals who contributed to the plan include Kim Uyehara, Sharon Reilly, and Dr. Marie Morin. We also thank the Hawai`i Division of Forestry and Wildlife for providing the biannual waterbird count data and the Hawai`i Natural Heritage Program for compiling the data. Finally, we would like to acknowledge the efforts of the many researchers and managers whose efforts are helping to better understand and conserve Hawaiian waterbirds. iii Recovery Plan for Hawaiian Waterbirds, Second Revision Executive Summary Current Species Status: This recovery plan addresses four species of Hawaiian waterbirds: the Hawaiian duck or koloa maoli (Anas wyvilliana), Hawaiian coot or `alae ke`oke`o (Fulica alai), Hawaiian common moorhen or `alae `ula (Gallinula chloropus sandvicensis), and Hawaiian stilt or ae`o (Himantopus mexicanus knudseni), all federally listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act. Historically, these four species were found on all of the main Hawaiian Islands except Lāna`i and Kaho`olawe. Currently, Hawaiian ducks are found on the islands of Ni`ihau, Kaua`i, O`ahu, Maui, and Hawai`i; Hawaiian coots and Hawaiian stilts are found on all of the main Hawaiian Islands except Kaho`olawe; and Hawaiian common moorhens are found only on the islands of Kaua`i and O`ahu. Population counts based on biannual waterbird surveys, which are considered to be most accurate for the Hawaiian coot and Hawaiian stilt, indicate that the numbers of birds fluctuate among years. Trend data collected over the past three decades show that Hawaiian coot, Hawaiian common moorhen, and Hawaiian stilt populations are either stable or increasing. However, in recent years only the Hawaiian coot has commonly shown population counts near or above 2,000 individuals. The status of the Hawaiian duck is difficult to judge due to the difficulty of distinguishing between Hawaiian ducks, feral mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), and hybrids. Hawaiian common moorhen numbers are difficult to estimate due to their secretive habits and use of densely vegetated wetland habitats. Habitat Requirements and Limiting Factors: These endangered Hawaiian waterbirds are currently found in a variety of wetland habitats including freshwater marshes and ponds, coastal estuaries and ponds, artificial reservoirs, kalo or taro (Colocasia esculenta) lo`i or patches, irrigation ditches, sewage treatment ponds, and in the case of the Hawaiian duck, montane streams and marshlands. The most important causes of decline for all four species were loss and degradation of wetland habitat and predation by introduced animals. Other factors that have contributed to waterbird population declines, and that continue to be detrimental, include modification of hydrology, alteration of habitat structure and vegetation composition by invasive non-native plants, loss of riparian vegetation and water quality degradation due to grazing, disease, and possibly environmental contaminants. In addition, hunting in the late 1800s and early 1900s took a heavy toll on Hawaiian duck populations, and to a lesser extent on iv Recovery Plan for Hawaiian Waterbirds, Second Revision populations of the other three endemic waterbirds (Swedberg 1967). Currently, predation by introduced animals may be the greatest threat to the Hawaiian coot, Hawaiian common moorhen, and Hawaiian stilt, and hybridization with feral mallards is the most serious threat to the Hawaiian duck. Recovery Priority Number: The recovery priority number for the Hawaiian duck is 2, on a scale of 1C (highest) to 18 (lowest) (see Appendix C) reflecting a high degree of threat, a high potential for recovery, and the Hawaiian duck’s taxonomic rank as a full species. The Hawaiian common moorhen and Hawaiian stilt each have a recovery priority number of 9, reflecting a moderate degree of threat, a high potential for recovery, and their taxonomic rank as a subspecies. The recovery priority number of 8 for the Hawaiian coot reflects a moderate degree of threat, a high potential for recovery, and taxonomic rank as a full species. The Hawaiian coot was considered a subspecies of the American coot (Fulica americana) at the time it was listed, but it has been split from the American coot and is now regarded as a distinct species (Fulica alai; American Ornithologists’ Union 1993). Recovery Goal: The ultimate goal of the recovery program for Hawaiian waterbirds is to restore and maintain multiple self-sustaining populations within their respective historical ranges, which will allow them to be reclassified to threatened status (downlisted) and eventually removed from the Federal List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants (delisted). Recovery Objectives: Recovery of the four endangered waterbirds focuses on the following objectives: 1) ensuring that population numbers are large enough to persist into the foreseeable future in the face of stochastic demographic variability; 2) establishing multiple, self-sustaining breeding populations broadly distributed
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