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NKAWS Report Final Draft

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NKAWS Report Final Draft Table of Contents Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................1 Section 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................3 Section 2 Types of Agriculture ............................................................................................5 2.1 Definition of Agriculture .........................................................................5 2.2 Crop Type ..............................................................................................10 2.3 Scale of Agriculture ...............................................................................12 2.31 Large Scale Agriculture .............................................................12 2.32 Mid-Size Agriculture .................................................................12 2.33 Small/Micro Agriculture ............................................................13 2.34 Agricultural Processing ..............................................................13 Section 3 Resources ...........................................................................................................15 3.1 Historical Systems .................................................................................15 3.2 Current Ditch System Intakes ................................................................17 3.3 Springs ...................................................................................................18 3.4 Wells ......................................................................................................19 3.5 Department of Water Supply .................................................................22 Section 4 Transmission ......................................................................................................23 4.1 Historic Methods of Transmission .........................................................23 4.2 General Legal Requirements ..................................................................25 4.21 Easements ..................................................................................25 4.22 Mitigating Liabilities Related to Easements ..............................29 4.3 The Kohala Ditch ...................................................................................30 4.4 The Kehena Ditch ..................................................................................33 4.5 Existing Distribution Pipelines ..............................................................34 4.6 Potential Demand and Pipelines ............................................................35 4.7 Highway Crossing ..................................................................................36 Section 5 Storage ...............................................................................................................37 5.1 General Considerations ..........................................................................37 5.2 Determining Volume Needed ................................................................37 5.3 Reservoirs ..............................................................................................38 i Table of Contents (continued) 5.4 Temporary Tanks 5.5 Permanent Tanks Section 6 System Operating Organization(s) 6.1 General Considerations 6.11 Lawful Land Access 6.12 Liability 6.13 Operational Requirements 6.14 Agricultural Water Capacity Report 6.15 Coordinating Entities 6.2 Types of Business Organizations 6.21 Sole Proprietor 6.22 Cooperatives 6.23 Partnerships 6.24 Limited Liability Company (“LLC”) 6.25 Corporation 6.26 Non-Profit Corporation Section 7 Sample Systems 7.1 Single User Complete System (Source to End User) 7.2 Multi User Consumer System (Pipelines, Storage, Distribution) 7.3 Multi User Complete System (Source to Multiple End Users) Section 8 Funding Options for Water Systems 8.1 NRCS Section 9 Recommendations 9.1 Short Term (< 1 year) 9.11 Ag Water Agreement with DWS for Small/Micro Agriculture 9.12 Establish Interim Organization to Manage ii Table of Contents (continued) 9.2 Mid Term (1-3 years) 9.21 Establish Organization(s) to Coordinate System Management and Development 9.3 Long Term (> 3 years) 9.31 High Level Water System 9.32 Stabilize Section 10 Appendices A. Resource Review B. Well Prices/ Pumping Costs C. Easement Instructions D. Dam Regulations E. Sample Tanks F. Figures & Maps iii iv Executive Summary: Water has played a critical role in the population and development in North Kohala. There have been many changes and evolutions in production and water systems over the years. What has been proven repeatedly is there is enough water to support large scale agricultural production. There is a confluence of two issues that are proving challenging to continued or new agriculture in Kohala. First is the lack of a unified, system-oriented management system and second, the plantation era facilities and equipment reaching the end of their service life. In 1975, due to changing international pricing and production, Kohala Sugar plantation closed. Investment in water systems continued up until near the end of the plantation. This left for Kohala a water collection and delivery system, as well as other infrastructure, with decades of life left. The lands were acquired by Chalon international that later became Surety Corp. The focus at this time was subdivision and sale of lands. In many cases, there was an assumption that the water the plantation delivered to lands would remain available for any use the new land owner chose, at little to no cost. While certain management systems still exist – the Kohala Ditch company for example – most of the systems, subsystems and equipment were sold off as part of the land. In many cases without plans or provision to maintain or operate them as part of the larger system that had been established. With their long lifespan, high level of maintenance prior to the closure of the plantation and their sheer size, the systems continued to function with minimal inputs and costs. Even as efficiency dropped, the systems were so oversized for the current demand the reduced flow was not a limiting factor. This allowed businesses to crop up that would normally not have access to these volumes of water at such a low cost. Today, many of the systems are failing or have failed. The Kohala Ditch continues to function, but the distribution systems that take water from it are substantially reduced. Additionally, many of the sources that contributed to the ditch are no longer used. For the most part, the management of water in Kohala, as a system, has ceased. Fortunately, the resources remain. While the methods of collection and transmission are degraded, functionally there is no less water in the region than when they were built. Redevelopment and reassignment are a matter of planning and organization. The biggest challenges in Kohala are the lack of systems planning and expertise needed to rebuild, build and manage multi user/multi land owner facilities that can provide legal, sustainable and cost-effective water. This report reviews conditions and the history that brought us to this point, and offers options, solutions and planning considerations for future systems, while providing basic information to individuals new to systems planning and management. - 1 - - 2 - Section 1 – Introduction The North Kohala Agricultural Water Study (NKAWS) is an evaluation of water resources and systems in North Kohala for the purpose of providing planning tools for future agriculture. The study evaluates legal, regulatory and technical issues. The goal of the study is to define resources, processes and procedures to allow viable agricultural endeavors of all sizes and access to water that is cost effective, economically sound and legally compliant. North Kohala agriculture has evolved over the decades. There have been periods of growth and decline in various agricultural activities. Most recently, this brought about consolidation: first, in the irrigation systems, then in the sugar plantations themselves. The Kohala Ditch was a major factor in the success of sugar in Kohala. Completed in 1906, the ditch delivered water to the dryer regions of Kohala – a very large undertaking. Most of the ditch’s 26 miles is contained in 57 tunnels that total 16 miles. The rest is open-ditch or flumes. The net result was that productivity more than doubled. There is a lesser known ditch that is located at the top of the mountain. It is called the Kehena Ditch, and it shares water in common with the Kohala Ditch. The major difference and benefit was that the water was collected at a much higher altitude and allowed for irrigation of lands located above the Kohala Ditch. Unfortunately, the transmission system was flawed and lost up to 80% of the water through infiltration. Due to the cost of the system and the low productivity, it was abandoned, and easements to cross private lands for transmission were surrendered. After Kohala Sugar ceased operation in 1975 much of the land was purchased by Chalon International, which in turn became Surety Kohala. The Kohala Ditch Company was also transferred, eventually ending up with Surety Kohala, and the Kohala Ditch continued to provide water for other uses in the region. Many smaller agricultural entities have sprung up on the rich land with available water. Even though the plantation was gone, the large transmission and irrigation systems remained. Most of these systems had a great deal of life
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