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World Bank Document Report No. 309a-ET F EPY VVLef SuppIy and Seewerage Public Disclosure Authorized Sector Study April 3, 1974 Eastern Africa Regional Office Not for Public Use Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Document of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development Public Disclosure Authorized International Development Associativon This report was prepared for official use only by the Bank Group. It may not be published, quoted or cited without Bank Group authorization. The Bank Group does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the report. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS US$ 1 = Eth$ 2.o545 in February, 1974 US$ 1 = Eth$ 2.07 in March, 1974 ETHIOPIA 'wATER SUPPIA ANiD OcTiPvfL SOR STUDY TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS Present Situation .......... ................. i Institutional Arrangements ............ ...... i The Third Five-Year Plan ................. ... ii External Assistance ..... .................... ii The Fourth Five-Year Plan ................ ... ii Constraints ....... .......................... iii Suggested Improvements ................... ... iii Investment Program ..... ................... iv RECOMMENDATIONS ....... ........................... v 1. INTRODUCTION ............... , 1 II. PRESENT SITUATION ................................ 2 Background Information ..... ............ 2 Population ...... ................ 2 Economy ................................ 3 Public Health ...... ............... 3 Institutional Characteristics ............... 4 Water Supply - Urban ..... ............. 7 Water Supply - Rural ..... ............. 7 Finance - Water Supply .... ............. 8 National Planning ............. .. ............ 13 Expenditures .................. .............. 13 External Assistance ..... ................. 15 III. PROGRAM PROPOSAL ................................. 18 The Fourth Five-Year Plan ................ ... 18 General Conclusions .................... ...... 18 Institutional Arraneements ............... ... 20 Finance and Accounting ................... ... 22 Manoower and Trainina ..... .................. 23 Operation and Maintenance ................ ... 24 Plannina - Data and Information ........... .. 25 Economics ................................... 26 Suggested Improvement Needs . ........... 26 Investment Programme ........ ................ 27 TABLES I. Investment Program - Institutional Development Program II. Investment Program - Rural and Urban IIi. Investment Program IV. Summary of Multilateral/Bilateral Assistance Required for Investment Program STUDY DATA SHEET Project 001 - 008 APPENDICES 1. Background Information 2. Population Density and Political Subdivisions 1971 3. Morbidity and Mortality from Predominant Communicable Diseases 1971 4. National Water Resources Commission, Order No. 75 of 1971 (Negarit Gazeta) 5. Outline, Assistance in the Activation (strengthening) of the Executive Organ of the National Water Resources Commission 1972 6. Organization, Municipalities Department, Ministry of Interior, 1973. 7. Organization, Ministry of Public Health and Division of Environmental Health, 1973 8. Urban Water Systems 1972 9. Sixty Town Water Supply Programme of the mid-1960's. 10. Reported Municipal Revenue and Expenditure Summary, 1970-1971. 11. Municipal Water Revenues and Expenditures, 1970-1971 12. Rural Water Revenues - Hararge Province, 1972 13. Rural Water Revenues - Shoa Province, Month of January 1973 14. Bilateral Assistance Summary, 1973 15. Organization and Staffing National Water,and Sewerage Agency 16. Rural Water Supply Study, Awasa District (Awraja) Sidamo Province, 1972 17. Contacts 18. Reference Materials ETHIOPIA WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE SECTOR STUDY S-UMMAKY AND RECKtUUN-DATIONS Present Situation 0.01 There has never been an organized complete census in Ethiopia. RBasd nn amnling nrnrediures of the Central Statistinal Offine (CSO') the 1973 population is estimated at over 26 million, of which approximately 3 millinn nre ronnlideredi iurhbn= Estimated annuia1 growth rates are 6-67 urban and 2.1% rural. 0.02 Only about one-third of the urban centres of Ethiopia have piped water supply systems, the remaining conmmunities obtaining their domestic water from unprotected wells, streams and ponds. About 37% of the total urban dwellers have access to a piped water supply. 0.03 None of the 23 million rural population have access to piped domes- tic -water,-supply. Some-00,00 nnnr rw-.-- a% le thanI of the total, are served by about 300 improved wells located in villages or other rural areas. 0.04 Some 24 million urban and rural dwellers are thus forced to obtain their daily domestic water needs from sources of dubious sanitary quality, often a considerable distance from their homes. One reflection of this situation is the endemicity of water-borne diseases such as cholera, typhoid fever, amoebiasis and the dysenteries. 0.05 The only organized water-borne sewerage system in Ethiopia is in Afsnara, although a system is now under design forAdiAdi baba. All of the other urban communities depend on individual household waste-water systems, including pit latrines both public and private. institutional Arrangements .0uu In 197ti , a N'L.atLoniaL WdLWZ RourceL ISUUmmLbboJ.I kO'WAIj Was cUoLsti- tuted with broad powers and responsibilities for all matters relating to the investigation, use, control, protection, management and administration of water resources. The NWRC has a Board of Commissioners consisting of the principal Ministers and heads of other agencies having responsibility for the various secotrs, with the Minister of Public Works and Water Resources as Chairman. The NwRC has an Executive Organ (EO) which acts as the adminis- trative arm of the NWRC and carries out the activities of the former Water Resources Department of the Ministry ot Public Works and Water Resources. 0.07 The resDonsibilitv for the water supplv and seweraee of the canital city, Addis Ababa, and the nation's second largest community, Asmara, is under the Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority and the rhartered city of Asmara, respectively. The remainder of the municipalities are under the general re- snonsihilitv of the M,,nirinalltietQ Department nf the Ministrv of the Tnterior. Rural water supply is de jure a responsibility of the Executive Organ of the NWRCJ - ii - O .08 ThI.e n-n,,,onf haos no clear-cut tariff poli4 cy . 1-rges are made for most urban and a few rural water services. The most common urban rate 3 is E$ A.S0/.. (TTq,An/1AA US100 a11ons) qnd ruvr1 rates n-rw fro- V$ 1.25 to E$ 2.'50/r 3. Accounting procedures are inadequate to provide reliable in- formation on reveniues and exnendirures- but there is evidpnep that the majo- rity of both urban and rural systems are not financially self-supporting. The Third Five-Year Plan 0.09 The Third Five-Year Plan (1968-1973) extended to 1974 has as a general obiective the rapid and effe-tivp dpuplnnpenrt of the national water resources, including rural and urban water supplies. The Plan called for: - the provision of safe water supplies to 60 towns - construction of 150 pumped boreholes with storage tanks - initiation of a National Potable Water Supply Survey - establishment of an inter-agency water resources council an d a national anter resources agencn. A. In ALL- arn 4s,,aL..t-.4J- 4 -___ -- - - 0 .10U A .lis.U ~.LO.-...... Lentsand ai . CA.LLAfl ten urUanl adIU rULrLI water supplies during the Third Five-Year Plan have fallen short of the .-oest targets set and, in ter-…s of percen.tage of people served, there has been an actual retrogression. The planned expenditure of the Municipalities DeJJiaLLrtmentL Uo Lthe MrLLiLLstLL.y oL the LnteriLor JLor thIe Thiird Fi-ve-Year Plalx was E$ 33.3 million. The estimated actual expenditure is E$ 9 million. External Assistance 0.11 The present major donors of bilateral aid are the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) ana the People's Republic of CiLna (PRC), althougn in recent years financial assistance has been provided by Italy, Sweden, Japan and the USA. Technical assistance came from Finland, France, Israel, United Kingdom and Yugoslavia. 0.12 The Federal Republic of Germany has made a loan of DM 7.5 million for the development of water supply systems in eight urban communities and has now made available an additional DM 14.4 million for twelve more towns. 0.13 The People's Republic of China has agreed to provide loan funds for the drilling of 20 wells in a number of communities. The Fourth Five-Year Plan 0.14 The Fourth Five-Year Plan, which will establish national policies, sector ol)jectives or programmes is now being drafted, it is expected to state that "a more systematic approach to rural water supply will be made and na- tional targets and priorities will be established within the framework of a - iii - prospective plan" and "in municipai towns systematic studies will be made to determine the actual requirements and improvements that should be carried out." Constraints 0.15 The inability of Government to plan and execute more than the pre- sent inadequate water service is directly related to constraints inhibiting the effective and economical planning, design, and execution and maintenance of water supplies. A major constraint, due in large measure to the differ- ent institutions involved in the sector, is the absence of policy, sector objectives (and targets) and programs. Other constraints are: a. shortage of staff at all levels, professional, sub-professional, technicians and skilled labor, b. no financial or tariff policy, c. inadequate
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