World Bank Document

Report No. 309a-ET F EPY

VVLef SuppIy and Seewerage Public Disclosure Authorized Sector Study April 3, 1974 Eastern Africa Regional Office

Not for Public Use Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

Document of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development Public Disclosure Authorized International Development Associativon

This report was prepared for official use only by the Bank Group. It may not be published, quoted or cited without Bank Group authorization. The Bank Group does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the report. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS

US$ 1 = Eth$ 2.o545 in February, 1974

US$ 1 = Eth$ 2.07 in March, 1974 ETHIOPIA

'wATER SUPPIA ANiD OcTiPvfL SOR STUDY

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Present Situation ...... i Institutional Arrangements ...... i The Third Five-Year Plan ...... ii External Assistance ...... ii The Fourth Five-Year Plan ...... ii Constraints ...... iii Suggested Improvements ...... iii Investment Program ...... iv

RECOMMENDATIONS ...... v

1. INTRODUCTION ...... , 1

II. PRESENT SITUATION ...... 2

Background Information ...... 2 Population ...... 2 Economy ...... 3 Public Health ...... 3 Institutional Characteristics ...... 4 Water Supply - Urban ...... 7 Water Supply - Rural ...... 7 Finance - Water Supply ...... 8 National Planning ...... 13 Expenditures ...... 13 External Assistance ...... 15

III. PROGRAM PROPOSAL ...... 18

The Fourth Five-Year Plan ...... 18 General Conclusions ...... 18 Institutional Arraneements ...... 20 Finance and Accounting ...... 22 Manoower and Trainina ...... 23 Operation and Maintenance ...... 24 Plannina - Data and Information ...... 25 Economics ...... 26 Suggested Improvement Needs ...... 26 Investment Programme ...... 27 TABLES

I. Investment Program - Institutional Development Program II. Investment Program - Rural and Urban IIi. Investment Program IV. Summary of Multilateral/Bilateral Assistance Required for Investment Program

STUDY DATA SHEET

Project 001 - 008

APPENDICES

1. Background Information 2. Population Density and Political Subdivisions 1971 3. Morbidity and Mortality from Predominant Communicable Diseases 1971 4. National Water Resources Commission, Order No. 75 of 1971 (Negarit Gazeta) 5. Outline, Assistance in the Activation (strengthening) of the Executive Organ of the National Water Resources Commission 1972 6. Organization, Municipalities Department, Ministry of Interior, 1973. 7. Organization, Ministry of Public Health and Division of Environmental Health, 1973 8. Urban Water Systems 1972 9. Sixty Town Water Supply Programme of the mid-1960's. 10. Reported Municipal Revenue and Expenditure Summary, 1970-1971. 11. Municipal Water Revenues and Expenditures, 1970-1971 12. Rural Water Revenues - Hararge Province, 1972 13. Rural Water Revenues - Shoa Province, Month of January 1973 14. Bilateral Assistance Summary, 1973 15. Organization and Staffing National Water,and Sewerage Agency 16. Rural Water Supply Study, Awasa District (Awraja) Sidamo Province, 1972 17. Contacts 18. Reference Materials ETHIOPIA

WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE SECTOR STUDY

S-UMMAKY AND RECKtUUN-DATIONS

Present Situation

0.01 There has never been an organized complete census in Ethiopia. RBasd nn amnling nrnrediures of the Central Statistinal Offine (CSO') the 1973 population is estimated at over 26 million, of which approximately 3 millinn nre ronnlideredi iurhbn= Estimated annuia1 growth rates are 6-67 urban and 2.1% rural. 0.02 Only about one-third of the urban centres of Ethiopia have piped water supply systems, the remaining conmmunities obtaining their domestic water from unprotected wells, streams and ponds. About 37% of the total urban dwellers have access to a piped water supply. 0.03 None of the 23 million rural population have access to piped domestic -water,-supply. Some-00,00 nnnr rw-.-- a% le thanI of the total, are served by about 300 improved wells located in villages or other rural areas. 0.04 Some 24 million urban and rural dwellers are thus forced to obtain their daily domestic water needs from sources of dubious sanitary quality, often a considerable distance from their homes. One reflection of this situation is the endemicity of water-borne diseases such as cholera, typhoid fever, amoebiasis and the dysenteries. 0.05 The only organized water-borne sewerage system in Ethiopia is in Afsnara, although a system is now under design forAdiAdi baba. All of the other urban communities depend on individual household waste-water systems, including pit latrines both public and private. institutional Arrangements

.0uu In 197ti , a N'L.atLoniaL WdLWZ RourceL ISUUmmLbboJ.I kO'WAIj Was cUoLsti- tuted with broad powers and responsibilities for all matters relating to the investigation, use, control, protection, management and administration of water resources. The NWRC has a Board of Commissioners consisting of the principal Ministers and heads of other agencies having responsibility for the various secotrs, with the Minister of Public Works and Water Resources as Chairman. The NwRC has an Executive Organ (EO) which acts as the administrative arm of the NWRC and carries out the activities of the former Water Resources Department of the Ministry ot Public Works and Water Resources. 0.07 The resDonsibilitv for the water supplv and seweraee of the canital city, Addis Ababa, and the nation's second largest community, Asmara, is under the Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority and the rhartered city of Asmara, respectively. The remainder of the municipalities are under the general re- snonsihilitv of the M,,nirinalltietQ Department nf the Ministrv of the Tnterior. Rural water supply is de jure a responsibility of the Executive Organ of the NWRCJ - ii -

O .08 ThI.e n-n,,,onf haos no clear-cut tariff poli4 cy . 1-rges are made for most urban and a few rural water services. The most common urban rate 3 is E$ A.S0/.. (TTq,An/1AA US100 a11ons) qnd ruvr1 rates n-rw fro- V$ 1.25 to E$ 2.'50/r 3. Accounting procedures are inadequate to provide reliable information on reveniues and exnendirures- but there is evidpnep that the majority of both urban and rural systems are not financially self-supporting.

The Third Five-Year Plan

0.09 The Third Five-Year Plan (1968-1973) extended to 1974 has as a general obiective the rapid and effe-tivp dpuplnnpenrt of the national water resources, including rural and urban water supplies. The Plan called for:

- the provision of safe water supplies to 60 towns

- construction of 150 pumped boreholes with storage tanks

- initiation of a National Potable Water Supply Survey

- establishment of an inter-agency water resources council an d a national anter resources agencn.

A. In ALL- arn 4s,,aL..t-.4J- 4 -___ -- - -

0 .10U A .lis.U ~.LO.-...... Lentsand ai . CA.LLAfl ten urUanl adIU rULrLI water supplies during the Third Five-Year Plan have fallen short of the .-oest targets set and, in ter-…s of percen.tage of people served, there has been an actual retrogression. The planned expenditure of the Municipalities DeJJiaLLrtmentL Uo Lthe MrLLiLLstLL.y oL the LnteriLor JLor thIe Thiird Fi-ve-Year Plalx was E$ 33.3 million. The estimated actual expenditure is E$ 9 million.

External Assistance

0.11 The present major donors of bilateral aid are the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) ana the People's Republic of CiLna (PRC), althougn in recent years financial assistance has been provided by Italy, Sweden, Japan and the USA. Technical assistance came from Finland, France, Israel, United Kingdom and Yugoslavia.

0.12 The Federal Republic of Germany has made a loan of DM 7.5 million for the development of water supply systems in eight urban communities and has now made available an additional DM 14.4 million for twelve more towns.

0.13 The People's Republic of China has agreed to provide loan funds for the drilling of 20 wells in a number of communities.

The Fourth Five-Year Plan

0.14 The Fourth Five-Year Plan, which will establish national policies, sector ol)jectives or programmes is now being drafted, it is expected to state that "a more systematic approach to rural water supply will be made and national targets and priorities will be established within the framework of a - iii - prospective plan" and "in municipai towns systematic studies will be made to determine the actual requirements and improvements that should be carried out."

Constraints

0.15 The inability of Government to plan and execute more than the present inadequate water service is directly related to constraints inhibiting the effective and economical planning, design, and execution and maintenance of water supplies. A major constraint, due in large measure to the different institutions involved in the sector, is the absence of policy, sector objectives (and targets) and programs. Other constraints are:

a. shortage of staff at all levels, professional, sub-professional, technicians and skilled labor,

b. no financial or tariff policy,

c. inadequate operation and maintenance of existing water systems, and

d. a lack of reliable data and information.

O.,6 lWith the existing constraints, there is little hope that an expanded programme can be successful in the near future. It will be necessary to make determined efforts to reduce the constraints before either internal funding or external financial assistance can be effectively utilized. If this effort is made, Government's ability to absorb both technical and financial asssitance should improve relatively rapidly.

Suggested Improvements

0.17 The investment programme proposed is predicated on successful action on the following improvements:

a. An institutional arrangement is proposed which will establish the NWRC/EO as the sole interim agency with responsibility for all rural and urban water supply and urban sewerage programmes.

b. A financial policy needs to be adopted which will gradually enable urban and rural water supplies to generate funds through a tariff system which will allow satisfactory operation and maintenance of the systems and provide funds for construction.

c. A training programme for all levels of staff needs to be initiated and continued for a number of years. - iv -

d. Expatriate professional staff in larger numbers must be employed for a n-mber of yearsv luntil Ethiopian engineers and other professionals can be produced in sufficient numbers.

e. Regional organizations to closely support and supervise local nnav,inn e-n1 m_ lntononra f Thoe systo atic collection, .anananyses, storage A4aaemI-

nation of data and information.

Investment Programme

0.18 The investment programme has been planned over a ten-year period, the Ftourthi ar.d ri.f LII LVe-`1Lear Plans, cor.sisting ofJ two mcaJor componer.tLMs, an institutional development programme (Table I) and a rural/urban capital invetmet (ablpogrme II. -he ltte, wileoperating concurrently .LnIvesLtment progzieamme k.1dU±iLe . 1leI L'aLLer, WILI±±L UJLdLL. LILL LkL.L. with the former, cannot be effectively executed unless institutional improvement is initiated and pursued as proposeu. LLLe rationale Lfor the rural and nrban capital investment programme, during the Fourth Five-Year Plan at least, is quite simply in Lhe case of the urban sector, to uore effectively utilize the existing bilateral assistance and, in the rural sector, to implement a proposeud UINLJI tUoumu,unity and R-ural WLiater Oupp'Ly proJect to be subsequently followed up by IDA/IBRD credits for the construction of water supply systems. During the Fifth Five-Year Plan, the pace of investment in both sectors wOu;l be increased. Further acceleration of investment in the rural *;ector would be considered in the light of achievements Ln the Fourth Five Year Plan.

0.19 The financial requirements of the proposed investment programme are shown in Tables I, II, III and IV of this report. (The tables exclude Addis Ababa and Asmara in the urban area, the widely dispersed and nomadic populations in the rural sector and investment in water supplies provided under investment programmes in other sectors, such as agricultural development projects.) The amounts of external financial assistance required from multilateral and bilateral sources are shown as well as the amounts of counterpart Government budget necessary. The multilateral/ bilateral funds are composed of technical assistance for foreign professional staffing, training, some equipment and supplies, and loans for systems construction. The Government budget represents mainly the very necessary counterpart professional, sub- professional and technical personnel required for in-service training and acquisition of experience, along with some equipment and supplies and other ancillary services.

0.20 These investments would amount to E$ 50 million in the Fourth Five-Year Plan (1974-1979), of which E$ 39 million would come from multilateral and bilateral sources. There are two projects (001 and 002) suggested for UNDP financing totalling US$820,000 (including US$170,000 in 1973-1974), and six technical assistance proposals (003 through 008) totalling US$2.8 million in foreign aid and E$ 1.0 million in government contributions. 0.21 Tne total investment proposed over tne ten-year perioa (TaDie III) is E$ 140 million, E$ 51 million in the Fourth Five-Year Plan and E$ 89 million in the Fifth Five-Year Plan. Tne execution of this investment programme would result in the following populations having access to safe pipe- distributed water supplies:

Fourth Five-Year Plan (1974-1979): Rural 3%; Urban 57%

Fifth Five-Year Plan (1979-1984): Rural 6%; Urban 80%

The PCO will propose a corresponding investment of about E$ 80 million during the Fourth Five-Year Plan plus E$ 30 million for Addis Ababa, Asmara and the nomadic population. This would increase the rural and urban population having access to safe pipe-distributed water to 5.2% and 62.5% respectively.

0.22 The proposed UNDP/W1O community and rural water supply project (Project 001) should provide the opportunity to obtain valuable experience in the technical, financial and institutional aspects of water supply development in Ethiopia. This experience will form the basis for further planning for an expanded programme. In addition, the proposed UNDP/WHO Technical Assistance project (Project 002) will be required to define more precisely the problems in nine selected urban towns and to establish their requirements in water supply and sewerage. It must be noted, however, that Government must give the highest possible priority to these projects, even at the cost of the possible elimination of other projects, if the outlined investment in the Fourth Five-Year Plan, especially in the rural sector, is to be successful.

RECOItENDATIONS

It is recommended that the Government:

i. Establish an investment programme and make appropriate provisions for recurrent expenditures as detailed in 3.41 to and including 3.45 and Tables I, II, III and IV of this report.

ii. Consider the institutional arrangements as detailed 3.10, Alternative No. 2 and as recommended in 3.12 and 3.39 i, to wit, establish NWRC/EO as the responsible agency in the sector.

iii. Request at the earliest possible date the implementation of the proposed UNDP/WHO Community and Rural Water Supply project, as described in the report (Project 001) for the design and construction of water systems in six selected communities as a pilot scheme and for the subsequent construction of water systems in other communities, to be financed by external multilateral sources. This project shot,1d he rarried out in close liaison with the IBRD/IDA. - vi -

iv. Request the implem.ntation in.1Tly 1974 or sooner of th proposed UNDP/IMO0 Technical Assistance project (Project 002) to-d Aafi-r. t4ha -- 1,b1 a n 4idAeni--4fy proa,.ts f ecution in water supply and sewerage in nine selected urban

v. M ile .h-e necessary in.vestligatlons and sO.idiew leadi.g to V. fll0 "I LL7 . &V L 6 L..- & L1 L L U.L~L~±1, L the adoption of appropriate financial and tariff policies. Tthcese investigatiors and -tudiO s could ecoodiuedw, .LLLI~ .LIL L..L L. LULLCa CILLUL 0 L.LIU.LUUU eU coUordinated wiJtL'I Project 003. Assistance should be requested from bilateral sources fLor tecLuLLLca'L assistaLnce on LAhiLs tas

V-. equest! assistarLce from international and bilUatU e ral agenles for the provision of technical staff to reinforce planned institutions and to maLntain continueu in-service training of Ethiopian staff as outlined in Project 004.

vii. Institute as soon as possible a training programme on a permanent basis for both professional and sub-professional Ethiopian staff with the technical asssitance of bilateral sources. Tnis training programme should be integrated with Projects 004, 005 and 006. viii. Provide, through the creation of regional and other centres, for the assistance in and supervision of both urban and rural water supply operation and maintenance. This work should be co-ordinated with Projects 005 and 006.

ix. Institute a data and information collection system, as outlined in Project 007, with facilities for analysis, synthe- sis, storage and dissemination.

x. Implement studies into the economics of rural water supply in order to obtain vital information and provide insight to form a basis for resource allocations and decision making in the rural area, as suggested in Project 008. ETHIOPIA WATUR SUPPT.Y ANn -,VWTPAmrT SW'TOR S,TUDY

I. INTRODUCTION

1.01 Within the framework of the WHO/IBRD Co-operative Programme. a mission visited Ethiopia in Januarv-February 1973, at the invitation of the Tmnprial Ethinnian Government (TEG) to. with the assistanne of Government officials, conduct a sector study in water supply and sewerage. The purpose rf the miqsinn was to exaTmine and assess napt activity toaether with the present situation in the water supply and sewerage sector; to review future plans; tn iAentifv rnnsryaints and suggest means nf minimizing them; t.o recommend to the Government appropriate policies for development within the sector of rural ar.d urban watLer siuplies4 2rl iiarba,n seoragoe and toi asist the Government in establishing priorities for water supply and sewerage development and in developing five and ten-year programme for consideration within the scope of the Government's Fourth and Fifth Five-Year Development P1 an-s

1 T0lTheu set-tr studyu was: natinna1 in rrnnpe with the Pxcpntinn nf Addiisq Ababa which, in the view of the on-going water supplv and sewerage project and thie various studies condu.ted i.. thIe pas, thIe ssion -. r t tofas exclude.

1.03 The report is based on the findings of the mission emanating from the sector study made during the period 14 January-24 February, 1973. Appro- priate Government, international and bilateral agencies were contacted as listed in Appendix 18. The missio som.od as foll-s

Mr. P. Bierst-ein, DTDP/HQ 14- Ja..uT--- 109-2 Fb ALLr.T. Jacobll, &I ./. ji ..- 'PI ... L. T1/TI m Air. IJ. RJAobUUiJnson, ITI PI/ 14...1 fl.,l...... -. .T I Ll

WHO/Addis Ababa

Mr. C. Bovee, MinistrY of Health

MOr. D. Marjanovic, Ministry of Interior

IBRbfiJwasringii,on, tu

Mr. E. Boite, IBRD/HQ, 19-24 February

Government of Ethiopia/Addis Ababa

Ato Birrn Ittisa, NWRC/EO

Ato Lemma Teklehaimanot, Ministry of Interior, Municipalities Department. II. PRESENT SITUATION

Background information

2.01 Basic background information relative to geography, climate, geology and water resources is presented in Appendix 1.

2.02 Meteorological data are scarce and have been collected mainly for aviation purposes. Hydrological surveys exist for three of the fourteen basins, i.e., the Blue Nile basin, the Awash basin and the Wabi Shebelle basin. Data collection programs are difficult to accomplish due to the large areas to be covered, and the inaccessibility of basins.

2.03 Tie development of water resources has in the past been handicapped bv the vagtuely defined responsibilities in the sector of a number of Govern- ment Agencies. This has resulted in programmes related but not properly co- ordinated so that systematized and logical planning did not take place. The establishment of the National Water Resources Commission is expected to provide the required co-ordination and result in a more effective planning and imple- mentvtion of water resources activity in the country.

2.04 ,ven though there are few data available, it appears that ground- w.ter has the greatest potential for development on a n;.tion-wide basis as a water sonrce for rural and urban water supplied.

Population

2.05 In the absence of a census, the 1971 population estimate is based mainlv on the National Sample Survey, First Round, carried out by the Central Statistical Office (CSO), which covered 83% of the urban population not including Bale and Eritrea Provinces.

2.06 The total population of the country in 1971 was estimated at 25.8 million of which almost 2.5 million or 9.6% is urban (an urban town being defined as having 2,000 or more inhabitants). With yearly growth rate of about 2.5%, the population is expected to reach 27.6 million in 1975, 31.5 million in 1980 and almost 36 million in 1985.

2.(7 The urban population is increasing at the rate of about 6.6% annually, so that it is expected to double in 11 years and will constitute about 15% of the total population by 1980. The rural population has an estimated annual growth of 2.1% and at this rate the 1971 rural population would almost double bv the vear 2000.

2.08 Population densities in the provinces range from 1 to 5 persons per square kilometre in various maior areas of Hararge, Ral]e Sidaino, to almost 60 in Shoa. The density range in the awrajas or sub-provinces (see Appendix .) is from' nne to 180 pPrqonn/km2 _ The CSO rpnnrts that persons npr househnIA range from 3.9 to 5.0, in the rural area and from 3.0 to 3.8 in the urban area, for an average of 4.7 and 3.7, respectively. - .3J

Economy

2.09 Income, investment and public revenues are largely outside tne Government's control. Fluctuations in harvest results from year to year and, particularly, the proceeds from coffee exports strongly influenced the economy as a whole. During the 1960s, the GDP increased by some 4.5% annually, and current Government receipts in 1970-1971 amount to E $466 million. 10.1% of the GDP; expenditures in the same period amount to E $406 million or 8.8% of the GDP. The per capita GNP increased by 2.0% annually during the 1960s, reaching E $168 in 1970.

2.10 The Government budgets have indicated increasing financial strength in recent years, and since fiscal year 1968-1969 current revenues have been increasing at a faster rate than current expenditures. This has been due to new revenue measures and to a systematic limitation on expenditure growth. As a result, the Government has in recent years been able to finance about 50% of their develonment efforts from domestic resources; in whirh arrumtilated and current budget surpluses played a dominant role. Capital expenditures amounted to E 8112 million or 2.4% of the GDP. In futtirp years, hnwever, dependence on external assistance is likely to grow as measures to increase hbidaet snvinan rannot be exnprted to kepn nnare with the nepaoesry inr-rease in capital expenditure. To finance investment necessary to sustain desirable arowth, nn inrranqpd 4nflnw of ^xternql zifd will h re niired.

2.11 Thoe economy i basd largelv on agricuiltuire- and animal husbandry, in which an estimated 85% of the population is engaged. Over 50% of the GDP and 95% of the epoprts are contriutedoA b thicT alvf- Tr a 1 tock population of some 26 million cattle and 23 million goats and sheep, but only 11.5% of the total exports is due to thish activitry. However, even in view of the magnitude of this activity, practically all of the dairy products are imported. The agriculture sector. is likely to_ - 4 for many years the country's dominant activity.

2.12 Industrial development is at an early stage according to a survey in 1 OA.O.1 070, 1--,-n..aal- -1.da.- 4~ ,+- olk..U,, q. 4..- 4-I,- n-, m, 1-1, l- -age-scale -- nfacturin4 cntrib-d about 570 to the GDP,~'D ar.d sml.l scale industry and handicrafts another 5%. Their share of the export earnings is negligible. nng 4. . 2 A 41j- F. 4-.e.A1 In'Tp* i; ~~ ~ ~ *e ~- ~ *-0-,.3J~---- ol Z-- - Uf -_ to- M .V

Public Health

2.1 Y U.LL hLLealt., including LiLU.LlcL care, iLsno a priLorLLy ltem 'Ln Government budgeting, accounting for only 6.1% of the total expenditure in

1.71- 1972. tLILLe .L ofVA. L5% e .LpLop Lati have access to a..y medical fac'l'- ties and, furthermore, available facilities are very unevenly distributed, with heavy concerntrations of physicians and hospital beds in Addis Ababa and Asmara. The physician-population ratio is 1:72,000 and the hospital bed-population ratio is 1:3,000. A substantLa; part ox health expenditures are financed from non-Government sources, such as the Haile Selassie I Foundation, and through multilateral and bilateral external assistance. 2.14 Health statistics are not by any means complete, but the recently established Epidemiology Division of the Ministry of Public Health is striving to collect useful information to guide health administrators in planning, programming and evaluating health services designed to prevent and control diseases. In addition to the diseases generally found in developed countries, communicable diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, typhus, typhoid, dysen- tery, schistosomiasis, amoebiasis, relapsing fever, cholera, smallpox, cere- brospinal meningitis occur. In 1971, about 95,000 cases with 223 deaths were renorted of diseases liFted in the Twenty-Five Notifiable Communicable Disea- ses tsee Appendix 3). Such cases were reported, however, by only 175, or 54% of the 323 official reporting units, and therefore, an accurate picture of the real situation is not available.

2.15 Insect-borne diseases accounted for 46% of the total cases reported, with malaria most prevalent (83% of the insect-borne total), being highest in the provinces of Eritrea and Wollega. Intestinal infections accounted for 42% of all reported cases, Shoa and Wollega provinces reported the highest number of cases. Since drinking water is the more common vector of dysentries, provision of adequate amount of safe water and the improvement of existing water supplies should significantly reduce the high prevalence of these diseases. Although the reported 122 cases of schistosomiasis were low, the actual occurence is much higher, and the disease is reRarded as one of the major public health problems in Ethiopia. Most of the cases reported in 1971 were in the province of Shoa with 90 cases and Hararge with 24 cases. Proner excreta disposal can help to control this disease.

2.16 Correlation between inadequate water supply and sewerage services and the nrevalence of diseases is not feasible on the basis of the statistitsj but it is obvious that there is a need for considerable improvement in these two imnnrtant qervieps if therp is to hp a rpducrtion in watpr-horne diseases and those attributable to unsatisfactory liquid waste disposal.

Institutional Characteristics

2.17 The country is politically subdivided into 14 Governates General, or Provi\nces under the Ministry of Interinr. A province irncludes Awzrajas, or Districts, and Weredas, or Sub-Districts.

2.18 The principal agencies of Government that deal with domestic water supply and seweraae are the National Water R9esources Co.m.miqq4e%n/Exec-ti4v Organ (N1RC/EO) in the case of rural water, and the Municipalities Department of the Ministry of Interior (MnMT) in matters of vrba r.,wter supply anda The exceptions to this, in the case of the urban sector, are the Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Author-ty an.d the city of Asmara.

219L.( 'Kn.TTr /vn deri'ves ilts autho-rity fromu Gazeta Oruder NI4o.75 - ofO ln9717. see Appendix 4) which provides that the former Water Resources Department of the

IU.1I± Li y *.J± r uu |u VVLJLux;UU.±±LJ2 LUU.LULuecome Lle :AxecutiLve vOrgan1 of the Commission: prior to this order the Water Resources Department was responsible on a national basis for rural water supply. The MDMI derives its nower from the functions of the Ministry of the Interior with respect to all urban communities in Ethiopia. The NWRC/EO and the MDMI are charged with the repnonnibilitv for the nlanninQ. desien. and construction of water sunnlies and sewerage systems in their respective sectors, and where possible offer aAsiAtanoe in the oneratlon and maintenanre of water supply systems.

2=20 The Natinnal Water Resources Commission is directed to ensure the optimum development and use of the Nation's inland water resources. Among other thingsa, rhp Commision shall have regard to the need to make propr provisions for adequate supplies of suitable water for domestic use and ade- facilities for…uat… drainage, the safe disposal of Qewerage nntl indtutrril effluents, and the control and prevention of pollution and disease.

2.21 At the time of the sector study, February 1973, the Executive Organ of the National Water Resources Commission (NWRC/EO), was being re-structured. A UNDP assisted project for which the UN acts as the Executing Agency (Appendix 5) initiated on 1 February 1973, is designed primarily to provide institutional support to the NWRC/EO for overall water resources development on the national, regional and local scale. Such support will in the first phase assist in: identifying the organizational, administrative and legislative problems, establishing long-term program of inventory of the country's water resources; preparing a water resources program for the Fourth Five-Year Development Plan, strengthening water resources and water supply engineering, and developing technical and administrative manpower at all levels.

2.22 At present, thLe LWRC/E does not have t[e zequ±reu organization ior planning, design, construction, and operation and maintenance to effectively dea'l wthn a riationaLl water supply prograui, nor d0oes it have suificient Lecn- nical and adminictrative manpower at any level to direct and manage such a programme adequately.

2.23 hne Municipalities Department Of the Ministry Of Interior, in addition to its responsibilities in urban water supply and sewerage, has responsibilities in town planning, topograpnical and cadastral surveying, and roads and bridges in the execution of its legal obligations to the 200 municipalities under its jurisdiction. In urban water supply and sewerage, tne water supply and sewerage section is responsible for the planning, design and construction of works, and offers assistance in placing such systems in operation. Also, within the limit of its resources, it provides assistance in the maintenance and operation of water supplies, even tnougn tnis is not an expressed responsibility of the water supply and sewerage section.

2.24 In February 1973, the water supply and sewerage section of the MDMI, as can be seen in the Organization Cnart (Appendix 6), was one of six sections in the Technical Division, which division was one of three main operating units, and from this base had to conduct its activities and share in the budget and compete for material and manpower needs with the other five sections. While this, of course, is not unfair in the general internal administration of the Ministry, it may in fact place the water supply and sewerage section at a decided disadvantage in pursuing the kind of national program that it must have any impact towards providing the urban population with water supply and sewerage services.

2.25 The Division of Environmental Health of the Ministry of Public hlealth (Appendix 7) is concerned with all aspects of environmental health as thev affect the Nation's health. and hence with water supplV. water qualitv surveillance, public sewerage, as well as with excreta disposal and general sanitation. It does little in the water sunnlv and seweraae sector; however.

2-26 Other ministries concerned with water resources include: Agricul- ture - particularly irrigation and stock watering; National Conmunity Devel- opment and Social Affairs - in rnllbhoratinn with the NWRC and Ministry of Interior, and 2iines - in geology and hydrogeology. The Awash Valley Autho- ritv (AVA) and the Ethiopian Electric Light and Power Authority (FELPA), which also utilizes the water resources of the Nation in their development activities. The AV.A is concerned pr4ncipally with irrigation in an nvar nf 70,000 square kilometres, almost 6% of the total area of the Empire.

2.27 The Mfinistry of Agriculture also, through its Extension and Project Implementation Dnpartment (F.PTnI, baa,n its Mn4imi,Tmn Pnn.Laoj Prnogram ('fP) in 1971 with technical and financial assistance from SIDA and some technical a.ssistance from FAO. There were 18 projects in opeeratior. in -1972); and by 97 a total of 60 are expected to be operable, covering some 600,000 farm families of over 3, 000persons. The basic approach is to offer fa.m-ers an 4 ntegrated "minimum" of services; marketing centres will be established; a credit system

_Vt L be operated; andt establ I is1.h.Lment of- f armerst' co-operative wil"l beu pr-Jloted IBRD/IDA assistance in the program was requested in an application dated July l1972); LIL, IleLiIf~ projecttJL wasw~aj' appraisedL cl 1rlUiLCUJ.LCt4=.LYI..^eil a.LLtA._ftr,-- , negtiti..ILtc5UL±..I.LUL&0 tookL.JUNM place in March 1973 and the Board approved a credit for US$21 million on June 7, 1973 Io_rn- )- n7? ___ Ef ___ w ___In l_coAw11:tl._, tikle L1 J-7/ 5 project cost ls ebslimidteU ati rF, JO.*7 mil A-.II. t±loUgl'1 Llthe development of water supply has not been envisaged as a part of the programme, the home economics componlent seeks to elimlinate the woman's role as a daily water carrier. Hence, there should be opportunities for co-ordination of efforts between the !NWRC/EO rural water program and EPID's 14PP, even thougn at present the only indicated capital investment in the MPP is for roads, estimated to cost E $14 million. The methods of integrating various projects of a national rural water supply programme into the MPP should be studied further. This could be beneficial to the rural water supply sector, especially in those rural villages and adjacent population conglomerates of 250 to 1,000 inhabitants which presently are situated in the MPP areas or proposed future site.

2./8 Tihe Planning Commission Office (PC0), attached to the Otfice of the Prime Minister, is responsible for capital programme development and the administration of technical assistance arrangements with foreign governments. A team of a(lvisors, provided by the Harvard Advisory Group (HAG) under a UNDP/ IBRD project, is assigned to the PCO to assist in analytical studies to advise oln planning and policies and to train counterpart staff. Each ministry and public authority with substantive responsibilities in economic and social development organizes planning and programming units of its own, and is a working partner to the PCO. While regional development planning is not yet a reality, consideration is currently beina eiven to establishing PCO sub- offices in the provinces.

Water Supply - Urban

2.29 Of more than 200 municipalities in Ethiopia, 58, with a total estimated population of 826,000 and ranging in size from 1,000 in Gode to 61,000 in Dire Dawa, have some sort of an organized water supply system (see Appendix 8). Addis Ababa (850,000) and Asmara (250,000) bring the total population in towns with an organized water supply system to about 1.9 million. Although precise information is not available it is estimated that about 50% of these people are served by or have relatively easy access to piped water.

2.30 The 60 municipal systems have various characteristics; only 17 systems report house connections, which are mostly metred, 39 systems provide service through public standpipes, and for the remainder, data are incomplete; seven systems nrovide filtration and 22 systems are chlorinated. Gronndwater is the source of supply for most of the municipalities; only 12 use surface watcr lDom.estic water consun.ptinn- based on ueru limited nd inaccurate rccorded information, ranges from 5 to over 120 litres per capita per day (lrudi )-

2.31 The water systems in most of the towns are considerably less t,han adequate. Very little data are available with regard to operation and maintenance expend itures or information on .w,ater rates, e tc . Governmet polic relative to urban water supply is not clearly established but a 60-town Aa*a,.,.ete-mined in the mid-1096- (G.Cr .)anA f4in,anA 4in par4t ll-a-l1by external assistance is being followed to the extent possible bv MDMI with li..itCed .manpower and funds (see Appendix 9).

OOVL &UP 'JI.. - *fAL O.k

2. 12 At present the-ural population of tlha co.Ut-r. is bken4 provided with water by individual wells in most instances, there'being no piped supplies in the rural vi -l-ag. AS r.entioneAd esrlier urban towns are off4ci.ally de= fined as having 2,000 or more inhabitants, whereas rural villages, on an un- of fi. dcialbasis, are those re.,.ainingr p UopuLation tior.glo.,.erates vir.g tJ UL less inhabitants, even though it is quite difficult and often impossible to dLstlnkuish between thLe two classiiLL.Lcations. ThILe ruraL villages and tie Iore sparselv settled rural areas are served by approximately 300 wells providing water .Lor an estiLmatedU 3,001,00) population,Lless 5UUr.,LELLLg Liltilhan. UI Lilthe LUraIl total.. There is no organized national plan for rural water supply. Most, if not all, of th-e wells are planned and drilled on an ad-hoc basis. Here again, the great paucity of information and data regarding existing wells, prevent tihe provincial and central Governments from having a true picture or their operating conditions; wells have been abandoned and many are inoperable, due more thann likely to lack of maintenance. -08

2.33 Rural installations include tanks, standpipes, hand and electric pumps, and a few windmills. Production capacities range from 20 to 1,300 m3 per day, but per capita consumption data are not available nor are data relative to these rural installations complete. There is no reported treatment in connection with anv of the installations.

Finance - Water Supply

2.34 201 municipalities (Appendix 10) under the jurisdiction of the MDMI, reprpepnting a nnnpulntinn of 1=2 million- rpnorted total munirinal revenueis in 1970-1971 of E $11.52 million and expenditures of E $11.77 million, or a slight dpfii[r nf E $0.725 millionn Th. rpvpnuep rpnresent qhnl,t F. pern capita. Of the 201 municipalities, 112 showed a surplus and 73 a deficit, w.hile data were not available for 15 to-wns. Addis Ababa and Asmnra were not included in the data. Of the 201 towns, 48 with a total population estimated at over 800,000 reported water revenues (Annpndiv 11) nf annrnoimntaly E $1.00 per capita per year. The data are so incomplete as to prevent any specific 4 =!-i,^^ b0 ,,eyA nn* n0 th- trho, r-_ for howe,., thno- -oe1-,4- ten nnrrtFnA satisfactorv water supplies.

2.35 The charge for metred water is generally E $0.50 per cubic metre (about US$0.90/1,000 U.S. gal.) - although i-n Eritre provinc there are varying rates of E $0.31, 0.36 and 0.46. Standpipe or public fountain rates var_bt , U _a Yt A . SA ta ll4Otu V ne sam as _i as met saTes . .House Anect Aions are generally made on a cost basis through various arrangements as to customer payMrlensLther bein- no- standr-- thoghu e coutry paYii&n~~~~~~~~~~~~~i L ~~~~~L.IL~ L t LL AL %AZ U -Cit ~J~ f-J L ~LLL~ %LJU LiL 5

2.3f Rua wate suple1-A by- th e ?,-TDC IE0 isIg-enerally free, but charges-- 4 .JU [)XUJL d wiWd L SUPPJLIC± C UY L&L~ LI" LX%,I "WL,S £ rq_Lk_L CI-JLY L UL. %_1&iarges are made for it in some places. For example, in Hararge province (Appendix 12) cagC&dL 4.1 e E $. -- 2.5/m3,/-'. soldin containers of 200 litres, epen- ding on the type of installation. In the fiscal year 1971-1972, collections at eleven installations in Hararge province, 5Crvi1Is a-- esLiHId 4,,,0J population, amounted to E $23,400 or about E $0.55 per capita. Administrative, maintenance and operation costs of the NWRC/EO in the province, including well drilling operations, for the same period, however, amounted to over E $50,000. In januarv 1973 (Appendix 13), the NWRC/EO collected E $3,850 at 12 weiis in two provinces serving about 40,000 population, about E $0.10 per capita.

2.37 Although rural water information, records, etc. are generally more incomplete and unreiiable than similar data from the urban sector, there is a great paucity of information from both sectors. It is extremely difficult, in view of this, for the country to adequately plan for national programmes in either urban or rural sectors. There is no policy established or procedures uniformly and regularly practised relative to the planning, implementation an(d financing of water supplies, nor are there regularly planned and executed operationi and maintenance activities to service existing systems. Further, very few of the urban towns and none of the rural villages are able to generate revenues sufficient to support even operation and maintenance expenditures of water supply systems. They are unable to amortize any capital investment. - 9 -

23A8 It was noted- narticularlv in Hararge nrovince- that water sales are seasonal and that people do not buy water during the rainy season when thpv ran get it free from streams and nonds; even though it is of noor anality. Hence, the provision of rural water facilities must be accompanied by educa- tionnl nrornam tn PnroinrqrP ne-nnl to use notable wqter Tariff npliripq I~~~~~~~~ c - - X--- . - r----r--- ~ for such areas may have to be adapted to the peculiar circumstances so as to encourage the use of safe niped water uipnnlies, even at t-hp cnost of providing it free for certain period.

2.39 The two largest cities of the country, Addis Ababa and Asmara, 4 adminl4e-.- *ter arythei1r , toma and s era fa ge cilit.4es. The AdAdis Ahaba Water and Sewerage Authority utilizes a water utility accounting system, including depreciation a a pa-t of it- expenses, anrd maintairn a plant cos- record. Asmara keeps its water accounting separate from its general fund, but Aoes not have a re.ord of p-lar. -an- -A -.n-a r-4o Ae-----d . n entry in its expense accounts. Asmara borrowed E $5 million to help finance the building of the Mai Nefi water system., and is -vi.cing the debt on sche Aule.

2.40 ThSe citly of 11'arar keeps its water accountsseatefoisgnrl fund, but any surplus of receipts over expenditures is utilized for other city pur-Foses; Aeprec 4ation i4 not accon.tedA or. Tm was not required to repay any of the E$ 1.5 million which it obtained from the Ministry of Interior for the construction of it,s Take Ale-..a 4ae-yse.i1967, alhoghi £ JL L5L LLLOL. t L.LSJL A.J .55 JaCZt0 r1as~ coLa O COLILS 211 L-'V UI , 6±_LLILI UU,1L A.. appears that the city can do so from its generated water supply system revenues.

Sewerage

2.41 The only sanitary sewer system in Ethiopia is in the city of Asmara n rinLrtrea province, L-wich hsIIIb bUI- LUV kmofcUL1ItrUU20 ZtsWeLwJ, Ltt! tLIlUCIL of which discharge at two separate points into stream beds that are dry except during the rainy season.'IThere i6 no treLatrilent and the raw sew-age is used to irrigate truck gardens, a dangerous practice from the health standpoint. During certain seasons or thne year, the entire erriuent is utiilzed in tnis manner with no discharge to stream beds. The city is contemplating some improvements to its water supply and sewerage systems, but plans for these improvements were not available for review. To finance the construction (and possibly final design), a loan in the amount of E $7.5 million from tne Cen- tral Government has been requested.

2.42 Asmara finances sewerage extensions, improvements, repairs and operation and maintenance services out of the general fund, doing most of the work with private contractors. Construction is usually contracted on a project by project basis, with general repairs, regular operation and maintenance carried out by annual contracts. There is no charge made for sewerage service, except for the cost of house connections to the system. - mu -

2.43 A new sewerage system is being designed for the city of Addis Ababa, consisting of 150 km of major and minor sewers, and a sewage treatment piant comprising sedimentation and biological treatment in oxidation canals with the treated effluent discharging into the Akaki River. Tne project is tne first phase of a planned sewerage system to serve the entire city. The present project will serve a popuiation equivaient of 110,000 in the southern part of the city, that includes the entire business centre and developing residential and industrial areas. The remaining population of the city will continue to use existing individual septic tank and other type of water-borne waste systems, together with latrines, etc., In the tringe areas ot the city.

2.44 The city of Addis Ababa, through the AWSA, plans to make a charge for sewerage service as a percentage of the water charge, when and as its system is in operation.

2.45 The urban centers outside of the two mentioned major cities use some form of individual water-borne waste system where public or private water systems are in operation, and some municipalities have storm water drainage systems, but no provision for the collection and disposal of liquid sanitary wastes. Generally, however, a majority of the urban areas and practically the entire rural area use latrines, or simply practice promiscuous defecation.

Manpower and Training

2.46 In February 1973, the NWRC/EO had some six engineers assigned to its Community W4ater Supply Division, five nationals and one expatriate together with four geologists of which two were national and two were expatriates. The engineering personnel were all graduate civil engineers with emphasis in both academic preparation and professional experience in hydraulics and water resources. Two of the nationals have had advanced training and some experience in sanitary engineering. One of the engineers majored in hydrology and two of the geologists have experience in hydrogeology. The water supply and sewerage section of MDII had five engineers, four nationals and one engineer provided by WHO. All four nationals were civil engineers, at least one having advanced training in sanitary engineering and some experience in water supply and sewerage. The organization is inadequate in both management and technical capability to execute a national programme in the water supply and sewerage sector, or to arrange for the satisfactory operation and maintenance of the facilities provided by such a program.

2.47 Most of the Ethiopian engineers and geologists have obtained their basic training at the Haile Selassie I University (HSIU) and have had additional training abroad so that their academic backgrounds appear to be quite adequate. The basic problem is first that there are not enough of them, and second that their professional experience may in some cases be limited. The first problem is more serious and will require some time to resolve, while the second can be more readily overcome with adequate direction and supervision. - 11 -

2.48 The College of Technology at the Haile Selassie I University now offers at its Northern Campus five-year courses leading to degrees in Civil, Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, and in Architecture and Town Planning. At its Southern Campus, formerly the Swedish Building College, it offers three-year diploma courses in Building Engineering, including Building Tech- nology and Architecture, Civil Engineering and Town Planning. It also provides five-year evening courses in Civil, Electrical and Mechanical Engineering through its extension programme.

2.49 The record of graduates during the past three years is as follows:

Year

1969-1970 1970-1971 1971-1972

Northern Campus (Degree)

Civil Engineering 19 13 6 Electrical Engineering 9 13 16 Mechanical Engineering 11 8 6 Architecture 16 3 8

Total 55 37 36

Southern Campus (Diploma)

Building Engineering 23 22 20

A three-year dip!-oma -uras in Cv4il E1"gne4e:-4ng 4is e. tedA -tp,.e- 4i-t first graduates on the Southern Campus in 1973. It is also planned to initiate in the futurea a Chemical Engineering curriculum.

2 .J50n Ac.oriA.g. to thl*e nean. of Engi n eering, thlLe t oLtal anr.ual production of engineers in the present three categories during the next ten years is expected to incre,a,se to 75-80, about one-third of whom might be civil, er.gineers. There is no information on the number of graduates who enter Government service rath.er than to go ir.to private i.ndustry, but not..arnot J oin the wU resources agencies. A number go abroad for additional training in other thL-roughi Tn countries t1.ULALAilA tJa~l J.O a.ALF.GA.aLajschlolarsh-ip gran.ts.,La..a. LA vugoslavizat A~ . A.LVO GLJLCalone, some -IJICLAt5 L;aEthiLLI.I..JLOL oplan engineers have been trained since the beginning of its educational assistance programme. Mlan.y wothzeeir cour.trie have al80 sidULP-U_L. E o it4o training of engineers.

2.51 The Imperial Ethiopian Institute of Public Administration (IEIPA) was enSsL. U;IlU II LJ7u as a JUoinLT sAIIULI pLUJpr Le adUU Was lUdUe arUautonomous public body directly responsible to the Prime Minister in October 1971. The Institute has provided special assistarce to the Ministry of Interior aula Its - 12 -

Municipalities Department. With over 90 percent of the population living in rural areas, the IEIPA attaches particular importance to the strengthening of local institutions and administration. So far, the Institute has trained over 3,000 civil servants of higher and middle levels or equivalent. Courses conducted in recent years are indicated below:

Number of Year Courses

1969-1970 3 1970-1971 5 1971-1972 16 1972-1973 (planned) 15

Sinrp thpre arp over 147,000 emnlovees in various government agencies, not including the armed forces, the training job is of substantial magnitude.

2.52 Training programmes have been set up by the Imperial Board of Tele- comm-unirntionn, Ethionian Airlines the Tmnpria1 Hiohwav Auithnritvy the Pn1ice, the Ministry of Education and some others. Other agencies, in addition to TIEPA and government entities roncerned with the training effort in Ethionia include:

1. The Centre for Entrepreneurship of Management 2. The Central Personnel Agency 3. International bodies such as ECA, UNDP, UNICEF, WHO, etc.

2.53 There is, however, a lack of co-ordination of training efforts, and a great need for a comprehensive national training policy. AsIde from t deficiency in numbers of professional staff in the field of water supply and sewerage, manpower developum.ent n the same disciplines 4s urgertly require at sub-professional, technician and skilled labour levels for maintenance stafif anlU systems operators.

2..4 Because of thle 'Long LeaU tLme recessay "I LtIh UdeVeLopr,,enLt. Uf sufficient national programmes in water and sewerage, the country may have to depend at least over the next ten years, on expatriate staff, and the employment of consulting firms in executing major projects in the rural and urban sectors. The country will have to expand considerably tne number or expatriate engineers to supplement national staff in order to accommodate and service future prograrmning.

2.55 iraining for sub-professional, technician and skilled labour categories must be started as soon as possible so as to catch up with immediate needs, especially in maintenance and operating personnel. This is the purpose of programmes 004, 005 and 006 discussed later. National Planning

2.56 There are no long-range water supply or sewerage planning objectives in Ethiopia. National planning in all sectors is on successive five-year basis. The Third Five-Year Development Plan - 1968-1973 - was extended one year to 1974 so that objectives of that plan might more nearly be achieved. The Third Five-Year Plan has, as a general objective, the rapid and effective development of the national water resources, including rural and urban water supplies. Specifically, the Plan calls for:

- efficient maintenance of existing urban water supplies and the provision of safe water supplies to 60 towns;

- construction of 150 pumped boreholes with storage tanks. Water supply systems from surface sources and springs in rural areas will also be improved or established;

- initiation of a National Potable Water Supply Survey in order to establish priorities for supplies in water-short rural areas and to eventually undertake large-scale groundwater surveys in selected regions; and

- establishment of an inter-agency water resources council and a national water resources agency.

The Third Five-Year Plan has no specific targets for percentages of urban or rural nonulations to be served either within the neriod of the Plan or long- range. Accomplishments in the improvement and extension of urban and rural water sunnlies during the Third Five-Year Plan have fallen short of the modest targets set and, in terms of percentage of people served, there has been an aetuial retrnaressin'n.

Exprendi turres

2.57 Capital expenditures for rural and urban water supply excluding Addis Ababa and Asmara during the Third Five-Year Plan are summarized below: Amounts - E $ millions /a Id Year Rural- Urban- Total lAcual Actual Actual or or or E.C. G.C. Planned Es u r.lanned Est 'dL Planneud Est'd

196i 19068-19691 2. 4 0v 6.5 .~~ ~ 0. ~ 8.~ ~~.JL..3

i962 19069-1970 .2. 0.8 6.5 - 8.9 0.8

1963 1970-1971 2.4 0.5 06. 1.6 9.1 2.i

1964 1971-1972 2.4 I.U O.8 1.5 9.2 2.4

1965 1972-1973 2.4 1.2 6.8 2.5/'C 9.2 3.7

1966 1973-1974 - 2.0/b - 2.5/b - 4.5

Total 12.0 6.0 33.3 8.9 /e 45.3 14.9

Notes: /a PCO - National Budget /b Approved Budget /c About E $1.1 in addition was spent for Engineering 1961-1964 /d MDMI - Ministry Budget

2.58 From the above, it would appear that some E$ 14.9 million may be spent on water supply during the Third Five-Year Plan - ES 6.0 million for rural and ES 8.9 million for urban - an average of some E$ 2.5 million per year (E$ 1.0 million on rural and E $1.5 million on urban).

2.59 Expenditure history relative to sewerage is not significant- since the only system is in Asmara, which spends about E $500,000 annually, E $4 million was snent recentlv in roverinp about 4 kms=. of onpn drains Tke Municipality contemplates further improvements in the system at the cost of some E S54 million

2?A( Addis Ahnhn thrnough thp AWIJA iRsZdvelPnnag A QsWragP npronAet, which will serve 110,000 people, and include 150 kms of sewers, a sewerage treatment plant and the purchase of six trucks to collect septic tank sludge. The estimated cost is E $14.26 million.

2.61 Despite the creation of the NWRC and its EO, there is still divided responsib4litUy fJor the provisior, of water supply to the rural an.d u.-ban sectors - 15 - of the Nation. Although there is co-operation between NWRC/EO and I.DMI, com- nlet-P c-n-ortiinat-inn nf Pffnrts is snmewhat diffiriilt- Neither aenrcv is properlv organized or staffed for maximum efficiency and effectiveness.

2.62 Finance of water supply and sewerage development is difficult, not only because nf the amounts nf mnney involveAd h a,t-1 nf the fi-cr l structure. NVIRC/EO funds for rural water supply development are in the Na- ti-na Rsget, but th.ose for Ur-±r.- ater suppIy a-cc- to the ITMI from. the proceeds of a portion of the taxes on imports and on the sale of petroleum 4 4 proAucts. Capital neeAd are 4n bht-h agencies a.dA reu ire forei n or international monies. There is no real clear-cut tariff policy established and en.forceA by the Government for e4ther raral or urba.- water supplles, anA consequently what reserves are generated are done so in a haphazard manner.

2.63 The PCO develops five-year plans for water supply, both urban and rurall,LI... ontI* 4.,theL*~ basilsU OUO of'.4. dataJOC U ar.dLMA info-ra-tion suppo L*LSLWF.'*4jlj ICSlied byLIed bothLJUU1& theL.&LZ_1 .An-RC/Ei.n L% Ln. a..da..'.. the MDMI. In neither agency, however, is there an adequate data and informa- to.Lo.collection system. A- a result, central plar-A..r.ir.g c.r.oLLL U= UdLLr on a rational basis. The need for a greatly improved data and information system

Ls critica.L.

2 .4 ThLere are great shortages ofL technical1 s ta,f LLL bUot 4g encies, LLU only limited use is made of expatriates and of consulting engineering firms, particularly in urban water supply proJLctLs. In VieW UL Lt1Ces past soIUL ra there is not now, nor will there be in the future, adequate technical service unrless decisi-ve action 'istaken. A strong infus'on of foreign techn'cal ex- pertise will be required in the forthcoming years.

2.65 In neither the rural nor the urban sector are operation and maintenance practices satisfactory. It will be useiess to buiid new faciiities if they are not properly operated and maintained. The lack of institutional structures for satisfactory operation and maintenance of systems is a major constraint to programme proposals, and will require positive and sustained action.

2.66 Training is badly needed throughout the rural and urban water supply operations - for administrative, technical and operational personnel. A care- fully planned programme will be required to cope with this critical deticiency.

External Assistance

2.67 Substantial aid has been provided to Ethiopia through multilateral and bilateral assistance agencies and there are numerous possibilities for continued assistance in Ethiopia's rural and urban water supply and urban sewerage development programmes over the next ten years. Although a co-ordinating mechanism is in existence in the Government, there is evidence that advanta- geous offers are not always utilized, and considerable delays take place inci- dent to negotiations. - 16 -

2.68 External multilateral agencies include the UN group - UNDP, UNICEF, WHO, IBRD/IDA. Bilateral aid countries include Canada, People's Republic of China, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Sweden, the UK, USA, USSR and Yugoslavia. It is to be noted that some of the assistance had not been utilized by March 1973, but is likely to, before the end of the Third Five-Year Plan in 1974.

2.69 Water supply activity through current and past bilateral assistance is summarized below: (Further details of this assistance are provided in Appendix 14).

Country Activity

Canada Desert Development - Preliminary activity in the Danakil Area - Eritrea and Tigre Provinces.

Peopleis Republic of China Unspecified funds (estimated E $600,000) for drilled wells as water sunnlv sources for seven urban towns (1973).

Finland Engineering assistance to AWSA and NWRC/EO.

France Fr. 1.5 million hydrological assistance to NWRG= Renort exnpcted in 19741

Fpderal Repnihlir nf Germannv DM 7.5 million - 8 town nrniprt initintpad Construction bids to be requested May 1974. TIM 1k-4nM 4 1millinn _-…---- - 12 tt-wintown projectn-rniprt agreement.narpnimnt- Actual project starting date dependent on sucepesful1 performance of 8 town, fifrst phase.

Israel Rural project study - TA-AT.L (1971).

Italy E $S80A0,0A00 for 4L t.nl plann ing studiesj (IQ96) E $500,000 for geological surveys and aerial topogap.hy (1967, 1969 -an 1970), E ',33 million - Lagadadi Dam - loan - Addis Ababa water supply P $240,000 fr-river studies (1971-1972) - one month hydrological study - Eritrea (1972).

.Japan US$8 million for groundwater studies.

Sweden Sw. Kr. 800,000 for Asella town water supply On tOm. U.K. Engineer to NWRC, 2 Pumps - Debre Markos throughl a reco.n.naissan.ce mission (19712

USA USo$0.54 ml'lion - s'x towns with self-help assistance (1968-1972) E $2.9 million - ASL allocations (1971-1973).

Yugoslavia Aisao port Qdevelopment and water supply (.1960) 40 Ethiopian engineers have studied in Yugoslavia anu tnere are about L'00 EthiopianI engineers (students) in Yugoslavia at present. Approximately 20 fellowships per year provided under a technical assistance programme. - 18 -

III. PROGRAMME PROPOSAL

The Fourth Five-Year Plan

3.01 The Government has not as yet established its niational policies, sector objectives or programmes for the Fourth Five-Year Plan. It has stated that "a more systematic approach to rural water supply will be made and national targets and priorities will be established within the framework of a prospective plan" and "in municipal towns systematic studies will be made-to determine the actual requirements and improvements that should be carried out."

3.02 A strategy paper prepared by the PCO indicated that the trend of Government was toward emphasizing integrated rural development in the Fourth Five-Year Plan, including the following broad preliminary activities in the water supply and sewerage sectors:

i. a more systematic approach to water supply in rural areas, including finance, administration, organization, technical solutions, design standards, self-help schemes, co-ordination with comprehensive agricultural and "minimum package projects" and special attention to arid and semi-arid zones;

ii. continued development of urban water systems, attention to the operation and maintenance of existing systems, and co-ordinatilon of efforts between MDMI and NWRC/EO, Ministry of Mines and Ministry of Public Health;

iii. consideration of water supply and sewerage systems in town planning endeavours;

iv. continued development of the water supply and sewerage systems of Addis Ababa and Asmara;

v. abatement of the pollution of rivers passing through urban areas;

vi. strengthening of the NWRC/EO and the MDMI;

vii. co-ordination of all water resources activities by the NWRC;

viii. possible inclusion, on the NWRC Board, of representatives of the Ministrv of Mines.

Genreral Conclusions

3.03 The Government of Ethionni must recognize the need to establish a long-range policy for water supply and sewerage development. Goals to 4 be effe''ect iv 1imn1vTm-ntndoi nrn 4sct4f4 ale muntv: i. be an integrated component of the socio-economic development plans of the n.ation.;

4i. demnn0Strsate substantial prongress over presernt posito4 n; and

4ii4i .F se target.* inA."* q.,--ti t_atv te,..4 that wrillA be reail undest OA_ and towards which progress can be specifically assessed.

3.04 Targets or goals chosen must fit the circumstances existing in

teLLL cour4LLLLJ .ryb.I tWoJU.U appearC. reasr.aJLLeLVAL=, thLe, tJ.LL1pL a pLrUgr4L1ue over the next ten years (Fourth and Fifth Five-Year Plans) that would sub- stantiaLLLy iLncrease thle AxistIng coverae in water supply i booth the rural and urban sectors from 2% to 6% and from 37% to 80%, respectively. Tiese figures do not include wa…er supples provided under i,-.vestment programmes L Lu L ..L UjJjL1-W4L L A. ~ U~b u LL L OLU~LL~&.V L~ for other sectors, such as under agricultural development projects. 3.05 The inability of Government to plan and execute more than i:he present inadequate water service is directly related to constraints inhibiting the effective and economical planning, design, construction and maintenance of water supplies. A major constraint has been the absence of policy, sector objectives (and targets) and programmes.

.3.06Vt i.e presert ffLstitutiUUS with responsibility for uroan ana rurai water supply are, with the exception of the Addis Ababa Water Sewerage Authority, unable to carry out more tcian tne present ±evei or development, which has not met the limited objectives of the Third Five-Year Plan. Lnese institutions (the NWRC/EO and the nvMI) have the following problem areas: i. a serious shortage of professional staff - a total of 11 Ethiopian and two expatriate engineers;

ii. no financial or tariff policy;

iii. no systematic and institutionalized procedures for assisting in and supervising the operation and maintenance of existing water systems; and

iv. a lack of reliable data and information.

With the existing constraints, there is little hope that an expanded programme can be successful in the near future. It will be necessary to make determined efforts to eliminate or minimize the constraints outlined above before either internal funding or external financial assistance can be effectively utilized. If this effort is made, it is probable that the Government's ability to absorb both technical and financial assistance will improve relatively rapidly.

3.07 The construction of systems alone will not constitute the accomplishment of established objectives. Companion action will be required in providing appropriate institutional arrangements for combined rural and urban water planning, engineering, finance, construction and operation and maintenance of facilities. Expatriate personnel must be utilized to bolster - 20 - staff until sufficient national engineers and technicians are available. 4 4 A d.namic and sustained tr nalr.innng- - Upoe sA--- -nn-A-not o fori professional staff, but for technicians and operators and maintenance men, as we'll as for clerical, adm4r.istrative and fiscall types. 3 .n0£' Pri.oritiles must be set realis-ically, ar.d a--.n.b ML ~.LL00 *tfl L%..OL, OWA.t*.A.0 OtLLS .LV...A.ULOt.L..U. 60VL. made to co-ordinate and expedite action relative to bilateral and multilateral technLical assistance, so as to avoiUd .LLg delays exper'lenceU iLr the past which have resulted in programme curtailment and abandonment.

Institutional Arrangements

3.09 A basic constraint which has long been a hindrance to successful water suppLy ana sewerage development iLn Ethiopia is tne divided institutional arrangement. The first step, which is mandatory to implement the proposed programme in the Fourtn Frive-Year Plan and subsequent Fiftn Five- Year Plan, is to improve the administrative structure. It has already been stated that the NWRC/EO and the water supply and sewerage section of the MDMI lack the required administrative and technical procedures and organization as well as adequate staffs to cope with the rural and urban water supply and urban sewerage needs of the country.

3.10 The alternatives which present themselves for improving the existing institutional arrangements are as follows:

Alternative No. 1

Retain the responsibilities and functions of each of the principal agencies (NWRC/EO and MDMI) but strengthen each agency by increased budgetary provisions, adequate staffing and maximum use of foreign experts.

Alternative No. 2

Establish the NWRC/EO as the sole interim agency with resporisi- bility for all water supply and sewerage programmes. Consolidate all budgetary provisions and staff in this organization with the ultimate aim of establishing a single unified agency such as a National Water Supply and Sewerage Authority at an appropriate time in the future.

Alternative No. 3

Divide responsibilities along functional lines, the Executive Organ of the National Water Resources Commission to have the responsibility for hydrological and hydrogeological elements. These would include the continuous inventory and allocation of available water resources, hydrological and hydrogeological surveys, development of groundwater and drilling of wells for community water supplies. The Municipalities Department of the - 21 -

Ministry of Interior to have the responsibility for planning, design, construction, mainte."nce and operation of all public water supplies in Ethiopia.

3.11 Alternative No. 1 has the advantage of continuity of operation withir. the eAisting in.stitutiornal framework. The division of responsibilities for urban and rural water supplies requires dual and sometimes duplicate f:acil4ities for data_ collect4or., tra-inir.g, Aesigr., construction and maintenance. The small number of trained Ethiopian professional staff ar 14v.2 kA__e .A IL4eee `_h> --- 4_agnce and co oAIna-to _oFh U.LvUU U u= LW=x:L L.1 LWU CuL LA J^L1%A L.Lo-vI v- s--J L...', -L.r6 A possible, presents practical difficulties.

3.12 Alternative No. 2 has the advantage of consolidating the national

J.fAorL ir a single ager.cy. I.Ye ratio.a .LOp&lLn.ir.g, pFlicy iul^eao establishment of priorities and training can be accomplished. Limited A.f.a iLa an. mUanipouwer resources should Ue abuLe Lo be more effectivelly utilized and a monolithic approach taken to a national problem. In addition, the ExecutLve OLgan, s pr'mLL1e flunct'Lon a,-,d ac;'1.L.LV.LJy is centreL~ inthLeAJIL N 0 total water resources field, including domestic water supplies. It presently has the largest number of experienced arnd qualified professional, sub-professional and technical staff, together with an administrative and management organization cons'dered the most amenable and susceptible to tle required improvement as proposed in the institutional development programme. The feasibility of estaDlishing a single agency in tne Luture, such as a National Water Supply and Sewerage Authority, has to be studied, but the single agency concept can proceed through an interim agency.

3.13 Alternative No. 3, while similar in many ways to Alternative No. 1, may have some advantage, through a dichotomy of functions and responsibilities, by minimizing or eliminating possible jurisdictional difficulties, but would not present optimum utilization of scanty professional manpower nor under this arrangement would the rural area receive adequate coverage. The NWKtC(E on the one hand is expanding its regional organization to five professionally staffed offices complete with workshops and stores to provide better services to the rural area while, on the other hand, the MDMI remains centralized in its coverage of the urban sector, this being considered the most effective way for this agency to carry out its many responsibilities to the municipalities of which water supplies and sewerage are but one. As in Alternative No. 1, duplicate facilities would more than likely be required and professional, technical and administrative staffs would remain divided. in addition, the provision of adequate coverage to both sectors as proposed during the Fourth Five-Year Plan in achieving planned targets remains in doubt. This arrangement would call for a very high degree of close co- ordination between the two agencies and, while possible, certain practical difficulties reduce its chance of successful attainment.

3.14 It is recommended that the Government adopt Alternative No. 2 as soon as possible and with the long-range expectation of creating a unified national institution such as a National Water Supply and Sewerage Authority. The Government has indicated, however, that while they accept that Alterna- tive No. 2 should be the long-term objective, they propose to adopt Alterna- tive No. 1 for the Fourth Five-Year Plan. During that period they will study the best means of amalgamating the two agencies. - 22 -

3.15 A National Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (NWSA), if and when established, could execute the planning, engineering, finance and construction operation of both rural and urban water supply and sewerage works. The operation and maintenance of such systems could then be turned over to local authorities, under suitable transitional arrangements, when they are fully operational with trained personnel and appropriate management and financial structures. Such an arrangement would provide the required national autonomy in the water supply and sewerage sector, permitting these systems to function as does AWSA. Within the framework of such a national agency, other financially viable systems could be operated by their respective cities. Initially, the NWSA (Alternative No. 2 on an interim basis) should operate all other urban (with some possible exceptions) and rural systems. An organization chart indicating the various functional units at both the national and provincial level is shown as Appendix 15. This organization structure is only given here as an example, and is not intended for implementation until detailed studies have been carried out by the selected national agency.

Finance an.l Accounting

3.16 Thle concept adopted bv the Sector Mission that only towns over 5,000 ponulation be considered urban for purnoses of the sector is based on the assumption that only the larger towns can reasonably be expected to operate financially viable water supply (and sewerage) service.

3.17 Even in view of this, rural xwater supplies and urban water sunplies and sewerage (w.hen provided), should be combined in a single agency and anDropriate utility accounting systems should be set uD to record and report income and expenses, value of plant, debt, service depreciation and unit costs so that rates may be established on a sound basis to ensure financial viabilitv. The AWSA system could be used as an example and m.di fi ed i-o fit urhan and rural systems throughout the Nationn The water supplv and sewerage fund of any municipality should be kept senarate from rot-he-r mi niri nl fundi.s and all water supply and sewerane shniildi he npaid fnr by recipients unless economic inability is definitely proven. A suggested accounting assistance progrnmme is outlined in Pronect 003.

3. 1 R Soie scstems may require subsidies initially, but, if well- managed, should eventually become self-supporting. Any "real" surplus (ij1-!n this c^nd4itin ei sts) can be turned over to the municipal general fund. This does not mean that excess receipts over expenditures, as was the case in one place visited, be taken into the general fund without providing a depreciation reserve or payment of debt.

3.19 Asmara would do well to establish its water supply and sewerage accounting on the,-su--este basis alsA. At- prset it.ae upyfn tLL.kJ*t bt' . .- aoLo A. l'. flL ['. ,OCL.1. O W aL.~L OUJj.L)' I.ULLU is separate (although it does not take into account depreciation), but

,sew LiEra Is included in the general fund. if sthe D L UU G successful in obtaining external financial assistance in the water supply and swerage area, as it nc,w is endeavour4ng to -lo, it mustLbe al toL - 23 - provide accounting records and reports to prove its viability for appraisal by lendine agencies.

3.20 In the noeration and maintenance of rural water installatinns, at least enough revenue should be collected to pay for those costs and appro- nrinatp ent arnacunting renrordq qhnu1d hp maintained for thp dtyrminnatInn nf appropriate charges. The experience in Hararge and Shoa Provinces indicates that some repenue c hnpe nhtained frem rtral water onperation

3.21 Su,fficiepnt fiund shnoult hpe aprpnriorted in the N,tinonnl Rudg1aoet for water supply and sewerage technical and operating activities and capital requirements. Exter.nal technical asiQtanra- grantts ar.d InAnoa vsnild be administered at the national level in the normal manner through the agency(ies) reespronsible for water supply ar.d sewrage.

Manpower and Traininr.

3.22 Besides an orga.nizationl conrsolidation for water supply and sewer= age development, the manpower constraint to programme accomplishment must be removed by:, -

4. ut414zlzng expariate en.gineers;

i'.. liLriLng addiLona.L EhLiopian engineers; anA .L.L. jLLZI.LLL.LI UU.L tLbULa. LLIIg eLbUp LL ULL.L. L~O ~ I iii. Lrairlrg o' ex±isting persuiiuel±. .fJJ .- - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~_ J- - I I

3.23 As at rFeruary 173/J the consoidated teCilnilCl force wcul have consisted of about 11 Ethiopian engineers, 2 expatriate geologists and 6 or o techinicians. rreciLse staui'Ing wL11 be UdetermLnedU by programme decisions and organizational arrangements, and the use of consultants; but it is estimated t'nat at least 15 to 20 more engLneers and 20 to 25 additional technicians of various skills will be required to cope with the suggested programme in its initial phasing. It is very roughly estimated that approximately 35 professional personnel, including 14 at the regional level, would be required. o support tLhis category, when the regional offices were operating, would require between 95 and 100 technicians, sub-professional, skilled workers, etc., at both the national and regional level.

3.24 The number of expatriates will depend on how successtully Ethiopian engineers are recruited, but five to seven additional expatriate sanitary engineers should be utilized during the tirst years ot the Fourth Five- Year Plan to train the younger, relatively inexperienced Ethiopian engineers, as well as to assist in the planning, design, construction and operation and maintenance of new systems and operation and maintenance of existing systems. An expatriate assistance programme is outlined in Project 004. - 24 -

3.25 Attracting engineers to careers in water supply and sewerage will be difficult until the agency(ies) responsible are strengthened, or a national water supply and sewerage agency is created. A proper classification and pay plan with appropriate provisions for merit pay increases and promotion could do much to change the situation and make employment attractive in the responsible agency.

3.26 Training of water supply and sewerage administrators, managers, accountants and supporting staff should be accomplished through existing agencies in Ethiopia, including the IEIPA and those listed previously in this report. UN assistance is also available. A training officer in the water supply and sewerage organization should be responsible for the training activity.

3.27 Training courses should be established for systems operators - water supply and sewerage (latter as needed). The UNDP Community and Rural Water Supply Proiect (Project 001) would allocate funds and personnel for training 100 operators, 50 in 1975 and 50 in 1976. Eventually it might be advisable to establish other internal training courses for administrative. fiscal and clerical employees. Such training could be extended also to municipal and awraia personnel concerned with water supply and sewerage administration and management. A training programme is outlined in Project 005.

Oneratlon ,nd Maintenance

3 28 A fiirt-her nrogramme conntraint to hb takpn into arcnitnt in dpupl- oping a comprehensive water supply and sewerage programme is the operation and maintena-nceo of owictingv systems and now installationc. nne-ratinn nan maintenance practices in both rural and urban water operations in Ethiopia are unsatis.f-^-ruunsaisfator.7 I. 'l',a is s-at-atne fo.ashortagef-rrm a ahnvt-nc,a ofrf pesrnland"mavarn,r~I orA lackln,VI nfof sta-,ards,ao,-nAor-A. training and supervision. tMany rural wells are not operable due to lack of mainrtenan-e arnd *.no¶lo 41 o nf npumn motor and ---. r-or parts - and also to well screen problems.

3.29 The agency responsible should develop simple standards and instructior.s for rurall anA urb.an systems Operators and maintenance men. Since literacy of personnel is limited, graphics and simple check lists shouldAb1e u. tJlzed-3. IDegion-al CULL * work-shops OuAS.anA stores sh-ould b-e establishled UL U U .. u %~.ULaL WSJ A111 J L.J OLULULi UV~ L. WLJ.R..0la and mobile maintenance crews utilized (as in Hararge). An operation and _~~~~-_- I------_ J __JJ_ n __n ,n rlma-Il.LtLILiltU dclt0X±0LZLl9;LLU t:LU6LIL LUI Ls UUtLXineU L I7 LUJL LL UV .

3 Le 's suggestedu thIat thie fLieldsaniLtar'Laris (over I U00 'Ln numLLber) o.f the Ministry of Public Health be trained and utilized to assist in an active programllme of plant surveilllance (including water quality and operator irLstruc- tion). These sanitarians are stationed throughout Ethiopia and have sufficient euucational Dackgrounds to qualify therinfor this very worthwhile service. They would, of course, require training in this specialty. At present, however, they lack resources, mainly financial, and transportation for field investigations. Again, in this case, there are possibilities of using UNICEF assistance. This should be pianned and integrated into the programme. = 25 -

3.31 Drinking water quality standards for Ethiopia, now in process of bei;g finalized by the Ministry of Public Health, should be adopted and utilized in connection with this programme. As sewerage systems are built, similar sULVe'llanIce aiiu assistance could be provided by the public health sanitarians.

Planning-Data and Information

3.32 Basic information needed for planning is not readily available in

_ 1w _t ..__ _ %wi I^ o __ ,t_ _UT T. .. J &XA_ I_ J _t_1 _ _ eitbLLIer O-Le INWA4/ CEU UL LtII:l rLurIJ. Ln auu.X XoXuLt LU Les L4J.e Uata onL eaLi installation, systematic data and information collection and retrieval

syste-ms should be set up to en-Lsure thte CUWpilstiO.n of basiLc techLInical, physical, demographic, economic and financial information relative to the rural and urban water supply ana sewerage systems of the Nation, including Addis Ababa and Asmara. A suggested plan is outlined in Project 007.

3.33 Sector planning should be co-ordinated with national planning and should be presented in detail, with alternatives, for each Five-Year Plan period. It would be desirable also to update and extend the Plan one year annually so that there are always at least five years or advance pianning.

3.34 Such plans should include construction costs and engineering, operation and maintenance costs, taking into account, in all cases, expected inflation effects.

3.35 Most important to orderly water supply and sewerage development is effective co-ordination of planning on the part of the NWRC/EO with other agencies having water resources activities-MDIM, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of National Community Development and Social Affairs, Ministry of Mines, Ministry of Public Health, Ethiopian School Building unit and such Board-Administered Government Agencies as AWSA, AVA and EELPA. Represen- tation of these agencies on the NWRC Board is not enough-the NWRC/EO should have effective working relationships with them.

3.36 Specifically there should be co-ordination with such projects as "WADU;-Wollamo Agricultural Development Unit, ;;CADU -Chilalo Agricultural Development Unit, and the Minimum Package Programme of EPID-Extension and Project Implementation Department of the Ministry of Agriculture. Water supply for rural domestic use must be utilized wherever it can be found; and agricultural programmes, including stock watering, may lend themselves to joint use-as in the case of,Setit Humera.

3.37 An example of what can be done in determining basic water supply data and needs is available as the result of a study made in 1972 in 16 villages in the Awasa District (Awraja) in Sidamo Province (Appendix 16). The study showed that while most villages indicated a willingness to provide labour and money for water supply development, many people do not appreciate the value of potable water and hence will require education before they will pay for it. - 26 -

Economics

3.38 In view of the great need for water supply in the rural areas of Ethiopia, it is important that the benefits of rural water supply be established so as to facilitate national planning. It is suggested, therefore. as outlined in Project 008, that a socio-economic study be conducted relative to water supply in Ethiopia concurrently with the UNDP Community and Rural Water Supply Project. Such a study, which would relate to "before" as well as "after" conditions relative to community water supplies, would have benefits to both planning and executing agencies.

Suggested Improvement Needs

3.39 The investment programme is predicated on successful action in the following improvement needs:

i. an institutional arrangement is proposed which will establish the NWRC/EO as the sole interim agency with responsibility for all rural and urban water supply and urban sewerage programmes; the ultimate aim being the establishment of a single unified agency such as a National Water and Sewerage Authority at an appropriate time in the future as determined by the Government;

ii. a financial policy needs to be adopted which will gradually enable water supplies, both urban and rural, to generate funds through a tariff system which will allow not only satisfactory operation and maintenance of the systems but also provide local funds to match foreign construction assistance. It will be necessary to institute an appropriate budgeting and accounting system to implement these policies;

iii. a training programme for both professional and sub-professional staff will need to be initiated and continued for a number of years, as the development programmes expand. Foreign assistance as detailed in the study will be required to plan and execute this work;

iv. it being unlikely that within the near future, Ethiopian engineers and other professionals will be produced in sufficient numbers to enable optimal staffing to be achieved, dependence must be placed upon expatriate professional staff for a number of years. Proposals are made within the study for the provision of this staff;

V. the operation and maintenance of water supplies, while remaining a local responsibility, will need close support and supervision through regional centres. These centres should be initiated and staffed as soon as possible and provided with both workshops and an adequate inventory of spare parts; - 27 -

vi. the systematic collection, analysis, storage and dissemination of data and infnrmation needs to be started as soon as possible.

3.40 The imnlpmpntation of the Institutional arrangement nronosed is in 3.39(i). This may eventually lead to the need to establish a National Water Su-…l… and Sewer... Autoritv… It i8 readily apparent that the Nation's manpower and material resources must be pooled in order to efficiently meet the increasing dem-ands for water supply and aswerage services Of the total ten-year expenditure of E $9.7 million in the institutional programme, E $8.0 ml isQ to be -Vftl7 4rovde thvn,,oh mtl1t- 1At-Prq,1/hJ1fTtPrnl n1d and almost 70 percent of the total institutional investment will be needed in the Fourth F4ve-Year Plan, when the need to reorganize and improve infraQtr1rti1re is obviously the greatest. Investment Programme

3.41 The investe-----t programume recoTiurieended irn this report has been planned over a ten-year period, the Fourth and Fifth Five-Year Plans, consisting of two maIJor corItponelLs, an irwL-tu'LoLla.L aevelopment programme (Table I) and a rural/urban capital investment programme (Table II). The latter, while operating concurrently with the former, cannot be effectively executed unless institutional imprQvement is initiated and pursued as proposed. The rationale for the rural ana urban capital investment programme, during the Fourth Five- Year Plan at least, is quite simply in the case of the urban sector to more effectively utilize the existing bilateral assistance of the Federal Republic of Germany and the People's Republic of China, and in the rural area to implement a proposed uNDP Community and Rurai water Supply project to be subsequently followed up by IDA/IBRD credits for the construction of water supply systems. During the Fifth Five-Year Plan, tne pace of investment in both sectors would be increased. Further acceleration of investment in the rural sector would be considered in the light of achievements in the Fourth Five-Year Plan. It is felt that only with an improvement institutional infrastructure can existing DlLateral financial assistance be fully and effectively expended during the plan period. 3.42 The financial requirements of the proposed investment programme are shown in Tables I. II, III and IV. of this report. (The tables exclude Addis Ababa and Asmara in the urban area and the widely dispersed and nomadic populations in the rural sector.) The amounts of external financial assistance required from multilateral and bilateral sources are shown and identified where possible, as well as the amounts of counterpart Government budget necessary to support and effectively utilize the external assistance. The multilateral/ bilateral funds are composed of technical assistance for foreign professional staffing, training, some equipment and supplies, and cash for systems construction. The Government budget represents mainly the very necessary counterpart professional, sub-professional and technical personnel required for in- service training and acquisition of experience, along with some equipment and supplies and other ancillary services. 3.43 In the rural/urban capital investment programme (Table II), slightly less than 40 percent of the total ten-year capital investment is utilized in the Fourth Five-Year Plan. As the expected institutional improvement is attained during the Fourth Five-Year Plan, the Government will be capable - 28 -

of more effectively utilizing greater amounts of external assistance, together with its own increased resources in the Fifth Five-Year Plan and subsequent years. It will be noted tnat during tne rourtn rive-Year Plan in the urban sector, the present bilateral assistance of the Federal Republic of Germany of US>9.25 miiiion ana uS>0.b million of tne Peopie's Republic of China are proposed. In the rural area during the Fourth Five- Year Plan, UkNDP funds in the amount of approximately US$0.8 million are suggested in the execution of a proposed UNDP/WHO Community and Rural Water Supply project (Project 001) for six selected communities with IDAIIBRD loan funds of over US$8.6 million 1/ as a follow-up investment for water supply systems construction in 45 to 50 additional selected communities. An es,i:.dted US$2.8 million of the IDA/IBRD funds of US$8.6 million would be carried over into the Fifth Five-Year Plan depending on the commencement date of the proposed UNDP project. The external financial requirements in both rural and urban sectors for the Fifth Five-Year Plan would come from as yet unidentified multilateral and bilateral sources and supplemented by Government resources as shown in Table II. A summary of the multilateral/ bilateral assistance is shown in Table IV.

3.44 The total investment proposed over the ten-year period (Table III) is E $139.7 million, E $50.7 million in the Fourth Five-Year Plan and E $89.0 million in the Fifth Five-Year Plan. The execution of thiE; investment programme will result in the following populations having access to safe pipe-distributed water supplies:

Fourth Five-Year Plan (1974-1979): Rural 3%; Urban 57%.

Fifth Five-Year Plan (1979-1984): Rural 6%; Urban 80%

3.45 The PCO will recommend a higher level of investment in the draft Fourth Five-Year Plan, about E$ 110 million of which E$ 30 million would be for Addis Ababa, Asmara and the nomadic population. If this level of investment is achieved, it is estimated that about 5.2% of the rural population and 62.5% of the urban population would have access to safe pipe-distributed water supplies.

3.46 The Study Data Sheets 001 to 008 and Tables I and II are intended to indicate the extent of the construction and institutional development programmes that are required. The composition of individual projects need not follow these proposals but should be tailored to the availability of funds and supporting agencies. The proposed UNDP/WHO Community and Rural Water Supplv project (Project 001) should provide the opportunity to obtain valuable experience in the technical, financial and institutional aspects of water supply development in Ethiopia. This experience will form the basis for further planning for an expanded programme and is the essential forerunner to investment in the rural sector. In addition, the proposed UNDP/WHO Technical Assistance project (Project 002) will be required to define more precisely the problems in nine selected urban towns and to establish their requirements in water supply and sewerage. It must be noted, however, that Government must give the highest possible priority to these projects, even at the cost of the possible elimination of other projects, if the outlined investment in the Fourth Five-Year Plan, especially in the rural sector, is to be successful.

1/ The IDA/IBRD loan as well as the UNDP funds, are proposed by the authors as illustrative of the amounts required and imply no commitment by either agenry= April 3, 1974 TABLE I ETHIOPIA - WATE17R SUPPLY AIND SF>.TRAO]E SF.CTORT STUDY _INES:iF ' .PROORACRTs Foiurth and lFifth Five-Year Plans

Institutional Develonome-nt Prograjr,=e - Prooosed ipultilateral ard Bilateral Teclhlical. Assistance N/3: Miultil1ateral/Bilatera L G : Gove-marnt Exchange Rate: .L uSS = (D5 25 j.) zumounts are in constartt 1972 prices in thousands of E$ or U3$ as indicated.

_~~~~~~~~~~ ------______..____ _ CO,i f COh 00 0'06 00 [ oo8 Tbtal

i ./B G M/B G H/B 0 G './ G MIN/B G l/B G

US^ EIJ US) E; IJS' ES Us I) F: US,'i ED US'i ES USS9 = EA E.S

1971 -,75 j2 17 150 [30 32 180 122 49c 1,010 171 1975 - D76 32 17 210 1l30 32 180 122 552 1,135 171 1976-77l < 0)O 22 i2 180 122 32 22 512 1,052 193 19-77-73 360 29 32 lo 122 32 22 38 29 610 1,253 231 1978-79 420 3- 32 130 122 38 29 638 1,311 21-2

Eu 34 87 16o 610 44 58 5,761 993 USo' 64 1, 4Lo 2r0 900 64 76 2,804

1979-0 350 58 32 3,60 74o o0? _ 1980-8i 300 72 32 30 615 1C4 ~ i 1981-9'? 210 103 32 210 43v 14( 19372-8a 1';0 1`0 32 150 308 12 1983 -3, _ 90 151 32 190 185 1£3

Sub-total 160G _ . 2,278 o79 us: - 1,11-0 - *-1,110

Grand Tota:l E>; 343_ 606 320 610 44 58 8,039 1,672 ____- _so 64 2,550 260 9 C4 j 76 3,914 See Table I E m:nlanatory ljotes attac,hce-d TABLE I Explarnatory o.es Pre-investrre.nt ects 005 Preoaprat,ion. of W:ater SucPly an' Se..er^,e .vccountin- Syste-s aRd Veanuals for ?ural and Urban Operaticns. 004 Engineer-n, A,ssi?st.nce to 0ove--ne.t ALencj (iesj Reso:.sibie for '.:ater Sucply and Se:?erage. 005 Water Su?p;-y and ,e:.' _,e Trainin- Pror-_m (.echnicia,-s and cler-cal, administrative and fiscal personnel). 00(D6 WVater Su_D1 a-.L 3cucr: e CaeratioR a:n.d 1a.I'L.e-.c Tnorov . -;. ProGrarse . 007 Development of .,-ter Suanl] a^, S-.. t d Infor. ation Sk:sue, . 003 E]conomic I--vesi-:ation of Thvral S-aterSu-z?y.

!,ote: The Goverrnment counterpart investT:ent as shown in the TabI' eunder z recresenlts only th.e a.on.nt of funds required to suport the extprrnal Lnvestment shoi.nn under M/E, andl does n, ., include the proportion of the agenc,(ies) administrative budget that woould be allocated to water suprclies arnd sewerage nor does it include recurrent expenses. T'ese expendi.ture estimrates were not provided to the iTission, anr would have to be acdded by Government. ETHICPIA ATE:? SU??LY ' iD S7.-PA^E sTOS- 'T'JDY - INVEST: MT ?RAYME Fourth and Fifth Five-Year Plans

Rural a:nr lJUrtn Casital Invcswrten' Program7. Ey:PhannE Rate: 1 US') E$ 2.O5/15. A1:L amounts are in consta.nt 1972 prices in thousands of E$ or lJS$ ELS indLcated.

_RUP-L URBAN (Excl. widely dLspersed c° nomiadic population) (Exc]. Addis Ababa & Asmara)

001 i02 M/B Projects _---- 1 TtI - _ _- _._ _otal Total m4/B3 C; E$ M/B C- M/B G E$ _ Ul$ t -E'$ EC, . US; fE.t E.$ US$ I E>; L

3 rd fP 1717-74 170 350 105 | 455 _ _ _ .

sub-total E$ 170 SubtoalUsS$ 170 35 105 455

197L 1 - 84 75 620 1,275 3C05 1,580 33 68 23 1,5)4 3,170 1,3060 4,21 1,1410 1,571 y~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~04~,7 6 1975-76 621,C4.05 1,,25021,574 3,3235 1,075 4,670 153j4 315 4 4th FYP? 1976-77 3231,700 550 2,,D50 2,044 4,200 1,400 5,6o0 4th FYP ~~~~~~~2 2044,200o 1,400 1977-78 2,04:) 4,200 1,050 5,250 2,0445 45 5,960 13 315 2 2, 044C. ~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~4,2001,400 1978-79 :2,239? 4, 60c 1,150 5,750 292' 6,C 75 6,275

Sub-total ES$ 13,185 ;3),495 16,301 68 23 20,235 6,500 26,826 US$ 64 9,8~4S

1979--O :2,52 -2 5,800 1,0llo 7,2:50 2,769'- .5,1 &0 1,890 7,580 1980-C1 2,a9 6, 125 1,530 7,655 2, 80J 6o1l25 2,050 6 9 8,175 5th F'IP 1981-82 3,105 O6,5 D 1,0640 8,:D5 319 ,55 2,175 8,740 1982-33 3,4l) 7,0-00 2,3CC0 9,300 3,410: 7,CO 2,300 9,300 1983-84 ,- ,440 19' 4Lo2~3620 ,4 9,920 7,440 2, 480 9,920

Suzb-total E

tot~~~~1 ES ~~46,465 13,000 50.L,65 68 235,5 17,395 70,541 ura~~~ - US,- 22,1 33 2,2

T_'__-___. T_ . TCABLE IITExolanator; INotes Pre-investmrent Protec.s: 001 UND?Aflio Cor-murity and aural \Iater SUPpy Protect. 002 UD?,ATH0 Technical Assistance for Urban iater and S;:crage Project Iderntification.

Source of Investment Funrls: 1 UNOP Financial Assistance: USm¢90,0OC to PIoject 001; US -)53,CDO to Project 002. 2 TDA/3BRD Credits: US15,799,C00 to Project 031 during Fourth FYP; USt2,a23,0c0 during Fifth rYP; Total USc'3,622.C00 :3 Unideitified future 7iB Financial Assis'anrce -eu-qire-.nents, oif WhiLch ITS$6 m.iLion wouLd probably be IDA/I]3RD credLts. 4 Bilateral Assistance - Fedoral Reublic of Ger-any: U'D) ,2_0C0C for the 8 to.n (D:,7.4 million) and 12 to.rn (Dll.-1 million) urban water -ur lies. 5 Bilateral Assistance - Peonle's Rer;;blic of China: UT3SC0,CC0 for wells in 7 urban tonEs. (Estimate only)

Note:: The Coverniment counterpart investment as shown in the Table unaider "G" represents only the amount of funds required to support the external investment showrn under ?M/5', and does not include the proportion cf the agency(ies) administrative budget that would be allocated to water supplies and sewerage nor does it include recurrent exoensses. Thfese excenditure estimates were not provided to the Mission, and would have to be added by Government. ElHICPIA - WV,`,TFR SUP'LY A'3 SF..E:RAO-. S_CTOR STUMY

INV~S~TU2 PRO~?A?~ Fourth and Fifth Five-Year Plans

Exchange Rate: 1 USt = E2.0545 All amounts are irn constanti 1972 pzLces in thousands of E$

_'ota1 T3tal -/ 1 Governrme.nt Investment Institutional CacvLtal _ . t _ Ca_i_al_ Investment TnvcsInVrstman Invest,mentG Invost,.eni netmn Insti tutiional Capital

Rural/Urbari Rural Urbmn Rural/Urarn Rural/`rbnt | Rural UUrc.an Total

-.and G i.B/ and G P0./B and ,

197,3--74 _ 455 s_ .Lz--ZIZ _ 105 _ . _ 105 Sub-total E -455 r 455 | _ 105 1974--75 1,180 1,580o 4,,21 6,993 171 305 1,C83 1,559 sr- 1975--76 1,306 1,85 4,_70 7,82O I 171 440 1,120 1,731 19716--77 1,250 2,250 5,6CC 9,100 193 550 l,bOO 2,]8 t 1,487 5,20 5,9:0 12,E9 231977-78234 1,050 1, 445 2,729 1978--79 1,530 5,750 6,275 13,555 219 IL,150 1,475 2,844

Suib-total EV 6,754 i|6, C6,c 25I S2 E50,1-1 993 51,495 6,523 11,011

1979-80 830 7,250D 7,580 1,6go0 I90:L-40 1, 80 3,470 1980--81 719 7,655 8,175 16, 549 104 1L,530 2,050 3,634 4 1981-82 570 8,205 8,7o 17,515 140 :L, 64CI 2,175 3,955 1982-83 470 9,300 9,300 19,070 162 2,30C 2,3 00 4,762 1983-814 36 9,920 9,920 2C,203 183 ,480 2,4LIS0 5,1"3

Sub-total E- 2,957 42, 3T0 43,715 8,0I C| 679 9,400 10,W895 20,974

Grand Total E. 9,711 59,4 5 7 O,SLl 139.717 1J672 13000 17,418 32JC90

SCe Table I1I .;mlanatory Notez atta c:-_d TABLE IIT Explanatory N'otes

L/ Data from Total column, Table I sho-?ing B'(lOOOs) sun-,-nation of'/D and G funding. Data from Total colu-ns, Rural and Urban, re2nectively, Table II sho:wing EA(lOOs) summation of M/B and G funding. Y Data from Table r and Table II sho.i.nT total investment by t*3 and G in institutional development arid water suppily and sew,;erage in rural and ur'ban ar?as.

Note: The Government counterpart investment as shown in the Table under "G" represents only the amount of funds required SUupport to the external investment shown under "I%M/B", and does :not include the proportion of the agency(ies) administrative budget that would be allocated to water supplies and sewerage nor does it include recurrent expenses. These expenditure estimates were not provided to the Mission, and would have to be added. by Government. TABLr. TV StJYA,Y O7 'O.UTTT4T-PA:L/BlILATERAL ASSISTA,.CE REQUIRED FOR TNvFST.VMFNT P_ROGRAMg-E

Exchange Rate: 1 US^Z = Et2.C051'5 All amounts are in constant 1972 prices in thousandB of E$ witlh equdvalent US$ iLn parentheses

Instittinal T Ru-al Urban - Total Multilateral/Bilateral Assistance - (USe) Ei

THIRD Ft'? (Terminal Yr. L973-74) UNDP (170) 350 (170) 350

Sub-total M1/3 (170) 350 (1707) 350

FOURTH ]YP ('1974J-79) Unidentified future (2,804) 5,761 (2,804) 5,761 UNDP (620) 1,275 ( 33) 68 ( 653) 1,343 IDA/IBPD (5,800) 11,910 (5,800) 11,9:3 Federal Republic of Gerr.nra (9,25C) 19,005 (9,250D) 19,C0, People's Republic of China ( 598) 1,2,D ( 593) 1.23^D

Sub-total :./B (2,8D04) 5,761 (6,420) 13,185 (9J,831) 20,3D03 (19,105) 39,24`9

FIFTHl 7:L? (1979-S14) Unidentified future (1,110) 2,273° (7,205) 14,,800 (15,9k4) 32,820 (2h,289) 49,898 I:DA/IER"D (8,823) 18,120 (8,823) 18,120 __ _ _ - - . _-- ___-- ______- ______- -- 1 Sub-total Ni/B - (1,110) 2,2,o (1_,028) 32,920 (15,,3,4) 32,°20 (33,112) 68,018

Total 1./1B _ (,5,914) C)9 (22,618) 46 455 j (25,855) 53,123 (52,387) 107,617

FoR*, No. 3a16 INTFRNATIOIJAI nFVELopsPlNT INIERNA1IOqAI RANK FOR INTERNATIO(JAL FINANCE (11-69) ASSOCIATION RECONSTRUCTION 1"D DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION

PREINVESTMENT PROGRAM - STUDY DATA SHEET No.: 001

I. . . I . I S . I . Arca: Selected towns aind villages of Country: 3ect(s): thre proposed first 25 Awra as Loca LTIIOPIA Water Supply Self Governnment Project: Sioa,

I2'Ubssi, S idaaeIU.__._ I. NAMEri.~OF~~~~~~~~~~ -.PROPOSED STUDY: UNDP//WH10 Conmuntitity and Rural Water Supply _,Project _ 2. PURPOSE:To strengthen and guide activities in the development of a national rural water s_Il-nly prn rarwPnxoer the next ten years at least to enable the natinn to make provision of s;Zfe water to its rural inhabitants; to assist in establishin)g adequate institutional iii[rastrLcture for the planning, design, execution, lllmn1tenalnce and operation of rural watei supLplies; to assj.st in establishing reasonable tariff policies for rural water supplies. 3. SCOPE: (a) I'repare finial engineerinig designs for six (6) selected rural villages, including preparation of quantity estinmates, tender documents and specifications. (b) I.xploration of water sources, drilling required wells,-their development and testing, installation of casing and screen, anid installation of pumping equipment. (c) Construction of the water supply systems, includling transmission and distribution, mains, storage faciiities, anid thie required house connections and public taps. (d) P'repare qualntity estimnates of materials and tlheir cost for 45 to 50 additional selected towns and villages for follow-up investmenit by exLernal, multilateral assistance. (e) Investigate the most appropriate way to provide safe water supplies to adjacent med iu density rural areas. (f) Provide training for water supply system operators, technicians, professional and u. BACKGROUND: (a) (elated 5tudieS (b) other Available Data (c) Expected Data Problems (a) A request to UNDP should be made (see Data Sheet 002) to UNDP for technical assistance to definle and invesLigaLe problems and develop possible projects in water sewerage fur the towns of Asmara, Massawa, Aseb, Dire Dawa, Jimmna, Nazret, M'ekele, Dessie and Gondar. (b) BSoth the NWRC and the Ministry of Mines liave groundwater data, and the MDMI have data and information on exis t ing survey and mapping of the selected towns and villages.

5. TIMING: (a) Duration,&nd Phasing of Study (b) Desired Starting Date (ai) 'Ihei project wqould have a duiration of two yeairs iviti items 3(a) to (c) covering th pilot nrn&rgyu-(all!m beninpelonio,lto ror in t-1- first- 15 months, and1 itm 3(di and (e) in tilt followiig 6 ilmontlhs. Item 3(f) to be provided during the project and professional fellowships after project completion or near end of project. 6 _ON(b)I Januarv 1974. 6. CO!-IMENTnN POTENTIAL STUDY SPONSORS: Application will be made to UNIDP for the complete project and since this project presents a somewhlat different concept than regular large scale UNDP pre-investllient projects, this project should have intimate liaison and support from the 1I51). It is a;nticinat--n, alt-Is no com-mitssn-t is imple-d, t-I' InA/TIRD funds could be utilized for tIle construction of the additional selected 45 to 50 towns and villages.

. PROiJECT(S) EXPECTED To RESULT FROMiSTUDY (1 . known): (a) Description (b) Estimated Investment (US$ equivalent) It is expecterd thar valuabsle experience in the technical, 12 to 15 million finaincial and inistitutional aspects of water supply (c)Financing Need and Potential Source development will be gained by the Covernment. It will produce an estimated 45 to 50 additional town US $ 8.6 to 10 million and village water supply systems. World Bank Group

8- ORDER OF MAGNITUDE OF STUDY COST (US$ equivalent): Sheet Prepared by: J. Robinson -- IP 790,00US- -Dept. or Agency: PIP/EHn/0O Government US $ 200,000 (E$ 410,000 Equivalent) Date A5 Juy 1973

9. STAFF'S COIENT ON PRIORITY RANKING OF STUD>; This project shouldSheet Revised by: be given the highest possible priority by Government |tem(s) Revised: so as to initiate a dynamic and organized rural water o supply prograjme for Etciopia. This is a first Dept. or Agency: I priority project. Date: Fonu No. 386.01 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL FINANCE (11-691 ASSOCIATION RECONSTRUCTlCN AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION

PREIIVESTMENT PROGRAMt - STUDY DATA SUPPLEMENT No.: 001 (to be filled in wien possible)

|.T'NTATIV TFIGTpL Number^.1 fSciaist Te ...... -- Total4 -.=M.h (a)Foreign Professional Staff: -|

International project staff - Sanitary engineer, 3 36 Consultants in uaniagenmnt I (financial analyst) and trainir,g Subcontractor (Consulting Firm)

Total: 1 _3 36 (b) Local Professional Staff: Engineers, hydrogeologists 7 1 168

(c) Local Supporting Staff : Various: Surveyors, Draugllt_sAen, 21 504 W ~~~~~rillers*~.LJ.L.tO , etc-nc-_=sCL \ot 1ftJ I.& ltkCI-.b-11 I 2. TENTATIVE STUDY BUDGET (US$ equivalent) Foreign |(in Local Total Currency Ikind)Currency . (a)Professional Staff Costs and subcontract (580,000) 682,100| 166,113* 848,213 (b)Equipmcnt , , 49,050| 20,686 69,736 (c)Other (Travel, non-prof. staff, etc.): i;cl. trainlig, 59,000. 12,168 71,168

(d)Total 790,150 198,967 989,117

3. OTIliERCO!$IENTS * includes supporting staff and professional staff

For details see Project Document,.

Supplement Prepared by: Dent, or Anencyv Date:

Supplement Revised by:

Deor Agency: FoRm No. 386 INTERNATII$IAL DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL FINANCE t11.691 ASSOCIATION RECONSTRUCTION MND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION

PRFINVFSTMFNT PROG.RAM - STUDY DATA SHEET No.: 002

Area: Nine Towns in seven ProvinrIs Country: Sector(s):

ETIIIOPIA Water Supply and Sewerage

1. NAMIE OF PROPOSED STUDY: Urban Water Supply and Sewerage Project Identification

2. PURPOSE: 'rO review the water supply (and sewerage) problems in urban places ranging in population from about 20,000 to 250,000 to determine the extent of need for engineering

a-n feasibiitXy sLUUdCi alLU sUUbtseueniL capILL invstmilVS.

3. SCOPE: (a) Study tlhe present water supply and distribution systems to determine needs, present and future. (b) Determine the severity of health hiazards as the result of a lack of sewerage. (c) Draft terms of reference for required engineering and feasibility studies. (d) Make estimates of costs of necessary enginieering and feasibility studies and rough estimates of capital investments required for works needed. (e) Review the financial structures of eachi place and determine whether financially viable water supply and sewerage operations are feasible. (f) Suggest methiods of solving the problems discovered.

4. BACKGROUND: (a)Related Studies (b)Other Available Data (c)Expected Data Problems (a) The Ministry of Interior Municipalities Departme'nt has made preliminary studies of sonic places except those in Eritrea - Asmara, Aseb and Massawa. Also the Immediate UNDP Comlmunity and Rural Project - No. 001. (b) Master planning of Asniara is being done by Studio Mezzedimi and the Municipality has applied to the Government of Ethliopia for about E$ 7.5 million for water supply and sewerage improvements. Master plans (General) of five of the nine towns were prepared by consultants in 196?-68. (c) I ohul t1ingZ and tiscaL data are somuewliat less thlan reliable in most towns. 5. TIMING: (a)Duration and Thasing of Study (b)Desired Starting Date (a) The work should take about four to six months - for field work, report writing and review. (b) 1 July 1974 or sooner.

[6. CDI.AENT ON POTENTIAL STUDY SPONSORS: This work could be done through a WI{O/UNDP assisted proiect utilizing a consultant (Sanitary Engineer) - supplemented by a finance specialist (to review fiscal data).

7. PROJECT(S) EXPECTED TO RESULT FROM STUDY (ifknown): (a)Description (b)Estimated Investment (US$ equivalent) A group of proposals for engineering and US $ 8-10 million (water suply) feasibiityshuld proects reslt. (c) 25-30 million (eeae feasibilicy projects sliould result. (c)Financing Need and Potential Source US $ 5- 6 million (water supply) 15-oi million (sewerage) Multilateral or bilateral sources 8. ORDER OF MAGNITUDE OF STUDY COST (USs equivalent): Sheet Prepared by: T. Jacobi and US $ 33,000 - UNDP Dept. or Agency: PIPJEH/WHO US $ 11,200 - Government of Ethiopia Date: 27 March 1973

9. STAFF'S COMMENT ON PRIORITY RANKING OF STUDY: Sheet Revised bvy This is a second priority project, important in item(s) Revised: l I determining the needs of some of the maior cities D- o A of Ethiopia aside from Addis Ababa. ! ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Date: _ ___ _ I __ I _ _ _ FORm No. 386.01 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR INlERNATIFNAL FINANCE (11-69) ASSOCfAlION RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION

PREINVESThENT PROGRAM - STUDY DATA SUPPIIMENT No : 002 (to be filled in when possible)

I TENTATIVE STAFFING Type of Specialist Number on Team Total Man-Months

(a) Foreign Professionai Staff: I

Sanitary Engineer | 6 Finance Specialist 1 6

Total: 2 1

L/oca PrfesinanwA'-_':s :;,Municipal Engineers 9 3 Liaison Representative 1 2

12. TENTATIVE STUDY BUDCET (USt equivalentl Foreinn Local Total Currency Currency

(a) Professional Staff Costs 'l oo)nnn .f-600 35.600

(b) Equipment (cI Other (Travel, nnn-nrnf. staff, etr.) 3,000 5,600 8,600

(d) Total $ 33,000 1 1,200 | 44,200

3. OTHER COl'llENTS The towns to be studied are as follows:

1971 Estimated Capital Cost - E$ lOOOs Province Town Population (lOOOs) Water Sewerage Total

Beghemdir Gondar 37 2,000 6,000 8,000 Eritrea Aseb 16 2,000 3,000 5,000

Asmara 233 2,000 5,500 7,500

Massawa 20 2 4,000 u,U6,,50u HarargeI Dire Dawa 64 1,000 10,000 11,000 Kefa Ji-.l 45 2,0 7,0 rI 9,0

Shoa Nazret 43 1,000 7,500 8,500 Tigre Mekele 29 3,000 4,500 7,500 Wollo Dessie 47 3,000 7,500 10,500

Total 534 $17,500 $55,500 $73,000

Suppiement rrepared by: J. Robinson Dept. or Agency: PIP/EH/WHO

IDate: 27 March 1973

Item(s) Revised:

Dept. or Agency:

Date: I _ Fonu. Nn. 386 1NTEPNAITiaAL DtvErtPMLNT INTERNATIONAI eA,NK FOR !NTERNATJONA1 I NANrF I I 1 69! ASSOCIATION RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION

PREINVESTMENT PROGRAM - STUDY DATA SHEET No.: 003

Area: -I Area: jcountry: SeCtor(s): Nationwide ETIIIOPIA Water Supply and Sewerage

I NAE OF PROPOSED STUDY: Preparation of Water Supply and Sewerage Accounting Systems and Manuals for uraland !banOperationns (2. PURPOSE: To develop standard water supply and sewerage accounting systems and manuals for rural anid urbani operations.

[3. SCOPE: (a) Study present accounting systems used by individual towns and by the NWRC and |IDMI for water supply accounting (b) Consider the suitability of the system used by AWSA for use in water supply and sewerage accounting in other places (urban and rural) in Ethiopia. (c) Develop a standard water supply and sewerage utility accounting system, with manuals, for use in urban and rural installations.-

4. BACKGROUND: (a) Related Studies (b) Other Available Data (c) Expected Data Problems (a) PAS, a US management consulting firm, is providing assistance in fiscal management to AWSA (Addis Ababa) and has developed acceptable accounting standards. (b) Ihere is no other really acceptable system in use in Ethiopia for water supply

a[ia sewerage acco0 -UntLIL LnL1. (c) Most other municipalities in Ethiopia use a system prescribed by the Ministry of Interior, except As,,ra - not mucl field study, should be -ncessaYr.

5. TIMING: (a) Duration and Phasing of Study (b) Desired Starting Date (a) Thie basic work should not take more than a year to complete, but an additional year of implementation assistance should be provided. (b) Work should be started as soon as possible - 1 July 1974 or earlier.

6. COM lENT ON POTENTIAL STUDY SPONSORS: Work could be done thirough UNDP or a bilateral agency utilizing a finance and accounting consultant by direct hire or througih a contractual arrangement with a firm.

7PROJECT(S) EXPECTED TO RESULT FROM STUDY(iknw) (a) Description (b) Estimated Investment (US$ equivalent) No project would result from thle study the product would be a standard utility accounting system for (c) Financing Need and Potential Source water supply aul sewerage operatiL.or in Ethiopia.

8. ORDER OF MAGNITUDE OF STUDY COST (US$ equivalent): Sheet Prepared by: T. Jacobi and i - .~ J. Robinson US $ 64,000 - foreign currency Dept. or Agency: PIP/EH/WHO US $ 17,000 - local currency Date: 30 April 1973 9. STAFF'S COMMENT ON PRIORITY RANKING OF STUDY: Sheet Revised by: This is an important project to insure sound fiscal Item(s) Revised: data in future water supply and sewerage operations Dept. or Agency: in Ethiopia. It should be co-ordinated. with the LDet.o _ information system - see Project 007. It L. cfnqdrpi-- _ ___-__ a first orioritv Droiect FORM No. 386.01 iNTERNATICNAL DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIuNA.L BANK FOR INTERNATiONAL FINANCE i I1.6n) ASSOCIATICN RECNSTRtJCTION AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATIO

PREINVESTMENT PROGRAM - STUDY DATA SUPPLEMENT No.: 003 (to be filled in when possible)

Ii. TENTATIVE STAFFING Type of Specialist Number on Team Total Man-Months (a) Foreign Professional Staff:

Ucility Accounting Specialist 1 24

Total: |1 24

(b) Local Professional Staff Utility Account 1 24

d (c)Local Supporting Staff : -Cerical 1214

'C. TENTATIVE STUDY BUDGET (US$ equivalent) Fruteignf LCd;Ioa Currency Currency Total

(a) Professional Staff Costs US $ 7 ,(0 67 000 (b) Equipment (c) Other (Trdvel, non-prof. stai,, enltc.): 40 1 x 1,0

(d) Total t$ 6A4000 | $ 17 000 $ 81.000

3. OTHER COM9IENTS

Supleenaupimlt111 repPepred by-T6.J. Jacobi Robinson ar.d Dept. or Agency: PIP/EH/WHO Date. 10 May 1973

Supolement Revised bv:] Item(s) Revised: ! uept. or Agency: Date: Fom. No. 386 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENr INlERNATIONAL BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL FINANCE (11.69) ASSOCIATION RECONSTRuCTION AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION

PREINVESTMENT PROGRAM - STUDY DATA SHEET No.: 004

Area: Country: Sector(s): Nationwide | ETlIOPIA Water Supply and Sewerage

Engineering Assistance to Government Agency(ies) responsible for Water II. INAlpE OF PROPOSED STUDY: To ~~Supply and Sewerage. 2. PURPOSE: To suppleinent and train technical staff of the Government Agency(ies) until |naLional staff is adequate.

3 SCOPE, rovide expatriate operational engi.neers to. (1) participate and direct water supply and sewerage planning, design and construction, (92 trairn Ethiopian engneears in the above nopratins (3) develop standards for typical rural and urban water supply and sewerage systems

4. BACKGROUND: (a) Related Studies (b) Other Available Data (c) Expected Data Problems (a) Not oertinent. exceot for possible input from UNDP Project 001. (b) Materials developed and in the files of the National Water Resources Commission and in thle Municipalities Department of the Ministry of Interior. (c) Infordation on existing systems - see Project 007

5. TIMING: (a) Duration and Phasing of Study (b) Desired Starting Date (a) TInirial assignments should be for two years but it should be expected that the total progranumme will last for ten years. (b) As soon as possible - 1 July 1974 or sooner.

6. CO0iMENT ON POTENi AL STUDY SPONSORS: Work could be done through bilateral programmes.

7. PROJECT(S) EXPECTED TO RESULT FROM STUDY (if known): (a) Description (b) Estimated Investment (US$ equivalent) Water supply programmes (urban and rural) amounting US $ 60-65 million to capital investments of E$ 10-11 million or more (c) Financing Need and Potential Source per year for 10 years (to 1984). Foreign component - about US $ 45-50 millior., IDA Credit and/c bilateral aids and grants.

8. ORDER OF MAGNITUDE OF STUDY COST (US$ equivalent): |oSheet Prepared by T obino and US $ 2,550,000 - foreign currency (10 year cost) Dept. or Agency: PIP/EH/11110 US $ 295,000 - local currency (10 year cost) Date: 10 Mnv 1973

9. STAFF'S COMMENT ON PRIORITY RANKING OF STUDY: Sheet Revised by: Such technical assistance is essential until Item(s) Revised: sufficient national staff is available and capable of c on. c assisance should be ctu Dept. or Agency: for at least ten years. This considered a first Date: pri.lity !fe FORM No. 386.01 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL BANK FO0R INTERNATIONAL FINANCE (11-69) ASSOCIATION RECIAsSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION

PREINVESTMENT PROGRAM - STUDY DATA SUPPLEMENT No.: 004 (to be filled in when possible)

I TENTATIV. STAFFING Type of Specialist N.,umberor, Te-1 Total Man-M,nths (a) Foreign Professional Staff:

Sanitary Lngineers - Water -Sewerage See attacred sheet

Total: _ l

(b) Local Professional Staff): Total National Staff (Sanitary ) and Water engineers of MDMI.and See attached sheet | (c) Local Supporting Staff ): NWRC) - Various l

I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Cr e c C _ r e c _ .______. _ _ _ _ r2. TEHTATIVE STUDY BUDGET (US$ equivalent) Foreign Local Total §~~~~~~~~~ Curency ~ ~~~~~~~~~~Currec (a) Professional Staff Costs 2,400,000 280,000 2,680,000 (b) Equipment 50,000 5,000 55,000 (c) Other (Travel, non-prof. staff, etc.): 100,000 10,000 110,000

(d) Total 2,550,000 | 295,000 | 2,845,000

Supplement Prepared by: T. Jacobi and J. Robinson Dept. or Agency: PIP/EH/WNHO Date: 10 Nay 1973

Supplement Revised by- lItem(s) Revised: b Dept. or Agency: Date: Provision is made for assistance under several programmes of bilateral assistance for expatriate engineers in increasing numbers to a maximum of 14 in 1979 and tllereafter decreasing as Ethiopian engineers have been trained. Phasing of this assistance is tabulated below:

I |ear Ethiopian Engineers Expatriate Engineers 1 l | , , F , . . | ~~~~~~~~~~~Totali |Year (on ||e Cost ( ( | Cost |Engineers (on (nw I E$ (on (nw E$ I Rea'd

han req'd) (10s) 1hand) I req'd) ( 1974-75 11 1 1 1 5 1 135 1 17 11975= I1 11 1 1I 1 I 19 19 l j1976-77 11 3 18 1 10 | 285 1 25 1977-78 ii 4 25 i2 345 27 1978-79 11 5 33 14 405 30

1979-60 11 8 54 12 1 345 1 31 1980-81 11 10 69 10 285 31 1981-82 11 15 105 7 195 33 1982-83 1 111 18 127 1 I 5 I 135 1 34 11963-84 1 11 I 21 I 149 1 3 75 1 35 1

Total 58(I 2j400

FO'OMNo. 386 INIERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL BANK rOR INTERNATIONAL FINANCE (11.69) ASSOCIATION RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION

PREINVESTMENT PROGRAM - STUDY DATA SHEET No.: 005

1Area: Country: Sector(s): Nationwide ETHIOPIA Water Supply and Sewerage

I1. NAIIE OF PROPOSED STUDY: Water Supply and Sewerage Training Programme

2. PURPOSE: To develop a local traininig programme for water supply and sewerage technicians and clerical, administrative anid fiscal personnel.

3. SCOPE: (a) Determine training needs for staff of Government Agencies. (b) Develop and implement an in-service and local training programme. (c) Develop foreign training plan for key technical and management staff of the a ,overnmentAgency(ies) responsible for waLer supply and sewerage.

4. BAKGR0ND-.(a) Related Situdi-es (b) Othe Available Data (c) Expected DWata Problems

(a) Account should be taken of previous training activity - national and foreign.

(b ) Prograimme should be co-ordi.nated with UNDP/NWRC m.-n-be.et i-prove.ent project. (c) Not relevant.

5. T;MING: (a) Duration and Phasing of Study (b) Desired Sta,ting Date (a) An initial study period shiould be for two years. More assistance may be required after this period. (b) 1 July 1974.

6. COMMENT ON POTENTIAL STUDY SPONSORS: Assistance could be provided by UNDP, UNICEF or thirouglh bilateral aid.

7. PROJFCT(S) FXPF.TFrD TO RESULT FROM STUDy (If knownl: (a) Description (b) Estimated Investment (US$ equivalent)

Thi wr-,n,.,ould be n cullnnAr e of the Fourth --- and Fifth Five-Year Plans of the Government in (c) Financing Need and Potential Source watepr ~supply and seweraoe.

ORDER OF MAGNITUDE OF STUDY COST (US$ equivalent): Sheet Prepared by: T. Jacobi and US $ 260,0A - f co J. Robinson ~~~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 Vr Aeny:liy PIP/EH/WHO US $ 155,750 local currency (10 year cost) Date: 10 May 1973

9. STAFF'S COMIIENT ON PRIORITY RANKING OF STUDY: Sheet Revised by: A well defined, sustained training prograimne is IItem(s) Revised: essential for successful water supply and sewerage D development in Ethiopia. This is a first priority Dept. or Agency: project. D

l a c l ______FoPM No. 386.01 iNTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR INIERNATIONAL FINAN CE (11-69) ASSOCIATION RECONSTRUCTION ANO OEVELOPMENT CORPORATION

PREINVESTMENT PROGRAM - STUDY DATA SUPPLEMENT No.: 005 (to be filled in when possible)

|. TENTATIVE STAFFING Type of Specialist | Number on Team [ Total Man-Months (a) Foreign Professional Staff:

Training Specialist 4 96

Total: 4 96

(b) Local Professional Staff: Counterpart Training Office-r 4 480

(c)Local Supporting Stda'f. Va rio us

2. ,TENTATiVE STuDY BUDGET (uS$ equivalent) Foreign Locai Total Currency Currency

d (d) Proehona-d Sta osts 24,0 68,50 3 r0,0 |(b) Equipment 12,000 34,500 46,500

- 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-llr cq -cn C_ c (c) Other (Travel, non-prof. staff, etc.): o, U00 0' I275 u,60

(d) Total 260,000 1S 7So 4 1S750

3. OTHER CODI*!ENTS

J. Robinson I I lauppimienL__s_ rrepa-reou oy:w ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~T_T:rr)hi n-1r Dept. or Agency: PIP/EH/WHO Date: 1o May 197 3

RiunnI mnnt RpvigpdP hv *

Item(s) Revised: Dept. or Agency:

Date: FoRu No. 386 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL FINANCE I1-.69) A550CIATION RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATiON

PREINVESTMENT PROGRAM - 5IUuY UATA SHEEI No.: 006

! Area: Icoun+.- ISp,Ctor(SI- Nationwide ETHIOPIA Water Supply and Sewerage

I. NAME OF PROPOSED STUDY: Water Supply and Sewerage Operation and Maintenance Improvement Programme 2. PURPOSE: To improve water supply and sewerage (future) operation and maintenance practices and establish standards for future use.

3. SCOPE: (a) Review existing rural and urban water supply system operation and maintenance praccices - ruture sewerage. (b) Develop staffing and procedural standards for the operation and maintenance of such systems in Ethiopia. (c) Develop training (in co-ordination with the Training Project - 005) and

organi. V PCeraio La Lop ar.IdTmc sUper v iUl y L.'

SACKGOUND:(a) Related Studies (b) Other Available Data (c) Expected Data Problems (a) None (hb Minimnl (c) Will require extensive field visits.

5l. TIMING: (a) luration an' Phasing oh Sutudy (b) Desired Starting Date (a) The initial project should be for two years with the expectation that it will be extended for a total of five years. (b) 1 July 1974.

6. COIffIENTON POTENTIAL STUDY SPONSORS: Possible assistance may be expected from UNDP, UNICEF or bilateral sources.

7. PROJECT(S) EXPECTED TO RESULT FROM STUDY (if known): (a) Description (b) Estimated Investment (US$ equivalent) Proper maintenance and operation of existing and --- future water supply and sewerage systems in (c) Financing Need and Potential Source Etniopia.

8. ORDER OF MAGNITUDE OF STUDY COST (US$ equivalent): |Sheet Prepared by: T. Jacobi and IUS $0,000O - fo-- 4 rn (5 -ea cot I nt A J. Robinson i's'.- -si. --.iCt L --LLLIy \,J yCOt I - 6 ~UL - Agency. PIP/EHi/W`HO US $ 29'7,000 - local currency (5 year cost) |Date: 10 May 1973

9. STAFF'S COMMENT ON PRIORITY RANKING OF STUDY: |Sheet Revised by: l Maintenance of the existing and future water supply [Item(s) Revised: l and sewerage systems must be done properly to Dept. or Agency: preserve the capital investments. This is a first

priority- project. -___e:__ _ FORm No. 386.01 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL FINANCE (11-69) ASSOCIATION RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION

DDCIMKICCTUC:UT DDnAOAU - ETIInV nATA CZIIDPI PFMIT Nn 006 I%U I 1flv LVI I1.WL I .... - I VA-fl * VVI I W'z . (to be filled in when possible)

I TENTATIVE STAFFING Type of Specialist Number on Team Total Man-Months (a) Foreign Professional Staff: Sanitary Engineers experienced in water supply and sewerage operations or well experienced superintendent of such operations 5 300

Total:I _ j_300

(b) Loca! Pofessiona Staff: Counter-art - r9ral/urb n 540 Operators (training) 50 er yr 250 500 (c) Local Supporting Staff Clerical - driver 540

2. TENTATIVE STUDY BUDGET (USS equivalent) Foreign 'Local Total Currency | Currency l (a) Professional Staff Costs : 750,000 I 162.000 I 912,000 (b) Equipment 125,000 54,000 179,000 (c) Other (Travel, non-prof. staff, etc.): 25.000 81.000 106,000 (d) Total 900,000 297,000 1 1,197 ,000

3. OTHER COMMENTS

Supplement Prepared by: T. Jacobi and J. RoUiLSlUIL Dept. or Agency: PIP/EH/W-10 Date: 10 llav 1973

Supplement Revised by:] item(s) Revised: DeDt. or Agencrv | Date- l FORM No. 386 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL rINANCE ::0 : ATA N RE COtNAT R UC TV ANOD.'4 UEV LLrOPMELN TCORPORAT. v

nor iu,,reer -^rnnn LA, _ VIrMV-r nAUA ClurrT 'Jo. 007 PREINVES-ImENT PROGRA1m - SIUUIU U AI ___I____H.:_00

Area: iCountry: |Sector(s):

Nationwide ETliIOPIA Water Supply and Sewerage

Water Supply and Sewerage Data and Information System Development 1.NAME OF PROPOSED STUDY:

2. PURPOSE: To develop a simple, comprehcnsive data and informationi recording, retrieval and reporting system relative to water supply and sewerage operations in Ethiopia.

3. SCOPE: (a) Review existing information and reporting relative to-water supply systems (rural and uirban? in Et:hinpia - that of Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority, the NWRC/Executive Organ, and that of towns under Municipalities Department, Ministry of Intierior . (b) On the basis of tlle review develop forms and reports as part of a system usable for both rural and urban water installations and also urban sewerage systems (for future use).

U. BACKGROUND: (a) Related Studies (b) Other Available Data (c) Fxoected Data Problems (a) Study made of rural water supply in Sidamo Province, Awasa District (Awraja) 1972 (b) The Addis Ahaba Wat-pr and Sewerage Authoritv is receiving management assistance and should have a usable reporting system which could be used in part. (c) Existing reporting is minimal - hienice the need for this proiect.

5. TIMING: (a) Duration and Phasing of Study (b) Desired Starting Date (a) The study will require field travel and implementation assistance so that at least a two-year program-me would be desirable (b) 1 July 1976.

6. CO'41ENT ON POTENTIAL STUDY SPONSORS: Ihe project could be financed by UNDP or through bilateral assistance.

7. PROJECT(S) EXPECTED TO RESULT FROM STUDY (if known): (a) Description (b) Estimated Investment (US$ equivalent) No capital works would result, but planning in the - water supply and sewerage area will be greatly Jc) Financing Need and Potential Source facilitated by good basic data resulting from the system.

8. ORDER OF MAGNITUDE OF STUDY COST (US$ equivalent): Sheet Prepared by: T. Jacobi and US $ 64,000 - foreign currency Deot. or Agencv: JIPREo/Tnso US $ 21,000 - local currency Date: 10 May 1973

9. STAFF S COiiiMENT ON PRIORITY RANKING1OF STUDY: Sneet xevised by: IMost important to the success of planning, design anI

tmanagement of wateor supplyr and sewerage systems in', ______Revised: _Item(s) Ethiopia. Shiould be co-ordinated or even combined Dept. or Agency: with Accounting System Project - See Project 003. Date: Thlis is a second priority project. FORm No. 386.01 INTERNATIOINAL DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL FINANCE ; i ;69;1. ASSOCIATION tCutNSTFUCiI !ON AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION

PREINVESTMENT PROGRAM - STUDY DATA SUPPLEMENT No.: 007 (to be filled in when possible)

(1.TENTATIVE STAFFING Type of Specialist Number on Team | Total Man-Months (ax Foreign Professional Staff:

IT -i'l-ity Management Speciaist 1 24 (Experienced in water supply and sewerage data collection and reporting, such as an engineer who has worked in an administrative capacity)

IIuLdl. I. L

(b)Local Professional Staff : Administrative Assistant ' 2 48

12. TENTATIVE STUDY BUDGET (US$ equivalent) Foreign Local Total Currency Currency l (a) Professional Staff Costs 60,000 r 6,000 66,000 (b) Equipment (c) Other (Travel, non-prof. staff, etc.): 4,000 15,000 19,000

(d) Total 64,000 21,000 85,000

3. OTHER COWtENTS

T. Jacobi and |Supplement Prepared by: J. Robinson Dept. or Agency: PIP/EH/WHO Date: 10 May 1973

[Supplement Revised by:| Item(s) Revised: Dept. or Agency: ! ______|Date: l ______te FoRm No. 386 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMFNT INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR INIERNATIONAL FINANCE .169) ASSOCIATION RECONSTRUCTI ON AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION

PRE INVESTMENT PROGRAM4 - STUDY DATA SHEET No.: 008

|are; cLounEry: |ector;s;- Nationwide ETHIOPIA Water Supply and Sewerage

1. NAME OF PROPOSED STUDY: Economic Investigation of Rural Water Supply

2. PURPOSE: The general objective would be to provide infornmation and insight to form a basis for resource allocaLions and decision-makinig in the rural area.

3. SCOPE: (a) Conduct village case studies to obtain socio-economic data for feedback into the planning process. (b) Perform a liaison function relative to complementary investments, making contacts with other agencies responsible for rural infrastructure, to provide pianning inputs for achievenment of maximum cost-effective design. (c) Design practicai, workabie financiai procedures consistent with scheLLLe designs and payment capacities of the beneficiaries.

14. BACKGROUND: (a) Related Studies (b) Other Avaiiabie Data (c) Expected Data Problems

(a) Principally the Rift Valley and Awash and Chion Area Study Oroject 001), but also the otlher studies resulting from the 1973 Sector Study (See Projects 002 and 007). (b) Very little other data is available. (c) The project will require considerable field investigations.

5. TIMING: (a) Duration and Phasing of Study (b) Desired Starting Date (a)The study should last for two years - initially - possibly longer, dependent on thle re-sul-ts lobtained.-

(b) 1 July 1978.

6. COUT1ENTON POTENTIAL STUDY SPONSORS: Due to the World Bank's interest in the economic aspects of rural water supply, it is suggested that IBRD/IDA be approached to support the study.

o7 PROJECT(S) EXPECTED TO RESULT FROM STUDY (if 4no-): (a) Description (b) Estimated Investment (US$ equivalent)

;eaniLngful daita, not now available relative to the socio-economic features of rural water supply in (c) Financing Need and Potential Source

8.ORDER OFMA&GNITUDE OF STUDY COST (US$ equivalent): |Shet Preard by T.T: JacobiRobinson and US $ 76,000 - foreign currency Dept. or Agency: PIP/EH/WHO US $ 28,500 - local currency Date: 14 May 1973 19.STAFF'S COMMENT ON PRIORITY RANKING OF STUDY: Sheet Revised by: l This is considered an important study from the Item(s) Revised: standpoint of pointing the way toward better economiD r analysis of rural water supply activity. This is a

!:dpriority pLroject. UDate FORM No. 386.01 INTERNATICNAL DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL FINANCE (11.69) ASSOCIATION RECONSTRuCTION AjqD DEVELOPMENT CORPORATrIN

PREINVESTWENT P,ROGRAM - STUDY DATA SUPPLEMENT No.: 008 (to be fi!!ed in wihen possible)

|I. TENTATIVE STAFFING Type of Specialist Number on Team Total Man-Months

(a) Foreign Professional Staff: 24 Econom ist/Planner with dgree in eonrmiec,. 1 24. agriculture, or engineering, with post-graduate work in nrolert nlannina and aorionl,,ural or engineering economics and with reasonable field experience

Total: | 1| 24

(b) Local Professional Staff Economists/Planners 3 72

2. TENTATIVE STUDY BUDGET (US$ equivalent) Foreign i Local Total Currency I Curren~cy______(a) Professional Staff Costs 60,000 9,000 69,000 (b) Equipment 10,000 4,500 14,500 (c) Other (Travel, non-prof. staff, etc.): 6,000 15,000 | 21,000

v_) Total._ .. 76,000 28, 500 104,500

13. OTHER COMMENTS

II'Ti . Ic b and Supplement Prepared by: j I Dept. or Agency: PIP/EH/W110 LDate: 14 May 1973

|Supplement Rcvised by:

Item(s) Revised: l Dept. or Agency:

!Date: ! ! . Appendix 1

ETHIOPIA - WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE

SECTOR STUDY

Background Infozmation

Page

Geography and Climate 1

Geology and WVater Resources 2

Appendix 1 Page 1 of 5 pages

ETHIOPIA - WATER AND SEWERAGE SECTOR STUDY

Background Information

Geography and Climate

The main physical characteristics of Ethiopia are the central highland complex of mountains and plateaux which cover approximately one- half of the surface area. The highland region is traversed from the northeast at the Red Sea to the southwest in Kenya by the Great Rift Valley, and is surrounded by lowlands, which are particularly extensive in the eastern and south-eastern part of the country. The land ranges in elevation from below sea level in Tigre Province to 4,550 metres at Mount Ras Dashen in Begemeder Province.

Average rainfall varies from less than 100 millimetres per year along the Red Sea, the French Territories and Somalia in generally the north-western and eastern area to over 2,500 millimetres per year in the southwest. In the central highland region, rainfall ranges from 800 to 1600 millimetres per year, and is generally adequate to support some form of rainfed agriculture, but in the drier and lower areas this becomes progressively less productive, and impossible in the semi-arid and arid areas in the northeast and east. Most of the rain occurs during a period from June to September, although these are the driest months of the year along the Red Sea. There is generally a gap of two months between short and long rains. There is a substantial need for the development of domestic water supplies in a great many areas to make permanent habitation possible, and in many of the river valleys, notably the Awash and Wabi Shebelle there is considerable potential for the further development of irrigation.

Temperatures range from less than 50C in Goba to over 40°C in Assab and Massawa; the range in the central highlands and Addis Ababa is from 60C to 25°C. The climate varies from the extremely hot desert of the Danakil depression below sea level, which is said to be one of the hottest places on earth, up to the heights of the Semien mountains rising to over 4,000 metres with an Alpine environment and frost a normal occurence. Between these extremes lie a very wide variation of rainfall and temperature conditions. Appendix 1 Page 2 of 5 pages

Geology and Water Resources

Ethiopia's geology varies widely from heavy 'black cotton" top soil to a variety of rock formations, generally favourable, however, for the development of groundwater for water supplies. Systematic geological mapping and mineral surveys began in 1968 with the establishment of the Geological Survey Department of the Ministry of Mines, rather late in terms of building a reservoir of data and information relative to the geology of the country. These activities have been mainly carried on in explcitation of mineral resources and included interpretation of aerial photographs, rock and stream sediment sampling for geochemical analysis, mapping and test drilling. The same department is also presently engaged in investigations of geothermal and hIydrogeological resources, and information is not yet forthcoming. The newly established National Water Resources Commission/Executive Organ is also engaged in both hydrogeological and hydrological investigation in various areas of the Duntry.

Some geological and hydrogeological data can be extracted from partial examination of past investigations that have been undertaken in certain areas of the country, mainly for the purpose of ground and surface water sources, e.g. in the Ethiopian Plateau and Rift Valley. Geological data on the plateeu is found in the Blue Nile Project publications, while data on the Pift Valley is available in the studies on the Geothermal Project.

The Ethiopian Plateau is covered by the Trap volcanic series, the thickness of which varies from about 2,50C metres at Mount Ras Dashan in the north to some 200 metres in the south and west of Ethiopia. The Trap series is mainly composed of basalts, ignimbrites and trachytes ith random reliefs of fossil soil between volcanic flows. The prevailing opinion is that the lower parts of the series are most basic in character, composed of various volcanic flows. Lacustrine intercolations are found as lenses among the flows; they are usually composed of sandstones, limestones and silica-rich rocks. Judging by the appearance of the paleomezosoic sediments in some of the deer, gorges of the plateau, it is very probable that the Trap series in the vicinity of Addis Ababa are underlain by sediments composed of sandstone, limestone, gypsum and clay.

The Trap series are known to cover a considerable area in Ethiopia and constitute a potential aquifer in the highlands. However, the lack of su_fficient data on the properties of the lava flows, their alteration products, erosion, fracturing etc., prevents am accurate definition of the properties of the Trap as an aquifer or to divide it into sub-aquifers. 'When drilling in the Trap series in locations where there is no existing well in the immediate vicinity, it is difficult to predict the geological cross section, the depth to the static water level or the yield. In several wells drilled in the Trap series, artesian conditions prevailed, but due to the lack of substantial geological information, no definite explanation could be given for the nhenomennn. Appendix 1 P`ge 3 of5 pages

It is possible that laterites and massive lava sheets may be responsible for the formation of aquifers and also for local subdivision of aquifers. Most of the springs in the Trap series are a result of the variations in the lateral permeability of the rocks. Wells penetrating into fractured zones are apt to show high yields. Fracturing may be regarded as the favourable factor for successful well drilling in the Trap series. Underground water generzlly moves through fault fractures, which are often widened by the solution of some mineral components of the fractured rock. The flow of groundwater in the Trap series is usually turbulent, as compared with the laminar flow in the homogeneous sedimentary aquifers.

Very few drillings have penetrated into sand lenses which represent ancient stream beds trapped in between consecutive volcanic flows. Such sand lenses constitute good water bearing strata as they are constantly fed by the fractured systems in the volcanic rocks.

The Rift Valley, because of its rapid subsidence, is very rich in clastic sediments represented mainly by large alluvial fans on its margins. Lacustrine sediments are generally dominant all along the Rift Valley and the Afar triangle and in the northern part of the Rift Valley and of redeposited volcanic ash, silty and sandy clays and, to a lesser extent, of diatomites in the middle and southern parts of the Rift Valley. The sediments in the Rift Valley are interbedded, intruded and overlain by various volcanics, such as basalts, trachytes, ignumbrites and obsidians. Large exposuresof light and porous pumice are found as beds of rounded pebbles in the lacustrine sediments and as masses of volcanic matter.

The Rift Valley (including the Awash lowlands) differs considerably from the plateau, topographically, geologically and hydrologically. The Rift Valley acts as a drainage basin for large surface water flows and may be regarded as an indication of ample recharge to existing groundwater aquifers in the region. In certain zones of the region, the water has been subjected to geothermal and salinatiorn influences, and may as a result be hot, brackish and corrosive. Water bodies in the Danakil depression move along the topographical slope. The lakes and the rivers (including the Awash Valley) constitute a different hydrological regime to that of the underground water: but there is in certain cases some mutual influence. Hot and mineral springs are known to exist at the bottom or at the margins of some of the lakes.

In the Danakil depression and the Awash Valley the groundwater table is relatively shallow and varies in depth between 50 and 1CC, metres. The potential aquifers in the regions are either porous lava formations or pyro- clastics, mainly pumice and in some locations two independent aquifers, one shallow and one deep, have been discovered. The present output of existing wells has been determined mainly by the capacity of available pumping equipment, rather thar by the properties of the aquifer or the well. Though the average exoected yield is relatively low, the chances for securing water in most locations within the regions discussed appear to be quite good. A endix 1 Page OfO 5 pages

There are fourteen major river basins in Ethiopia, most of which are part of international river systems. The most prominent among them is the Blue Nile basin which supplies about 85 per cent of the N4ile discharge downstream. Nine of the major rivers and ten of the country's major lakes are listed in the following tables:

RIVERS

Name Length in Km

Inside Ethiopia Outside Ethiopia

Ahay (Blue Nlile) 800 650 lWabi Shebelle 1000 130 Genale 480 378 Awesh 1200 - Omo 760 Tekeze 608 - Mereb 440 _ Baro 277 - kngereb 220 -

LAKES 2 Niame Size - Km

Abayp 1160 Abiyata 205 swas a 129 Oh .mc 551 h:!aIc250 ijan Rrio 230 Sh;1-: L409 ina 3600

Mihjle a nunber of river gauging stations are utilized ky the N\,AC/EO -nd the AVA to determine and record flows on some of these rivers and their tributaries, there is still relatively little known about the hydrology of the countrn. Certain intermittent streams lend themselves to catchment of rainfall for w.ter supply or a few are fed by springs. During heavy rains, in most cases, the stream flows are swift and carry much water and debris from the highlan(ds, but their flows are in the nature of short-lived flash floods, and their chalnnels bcome dry stream beds for the rest of the year. Several streams flow into lakes which in turn drain into other lakes having high salinity concentrAtions, e.g. Lake Shala in the central lakes region is a salt-water lakle. ArnriiY 1 Pa'ge-o-f 5 pages

dater resource develoRnment on a large scale has .taken plaeq to date only in the Awash basin, where three major hydroplants are under operation. A^.fourther schPm.e, Findraa, in the Blue NilA bhain is lindAr construction and a fifth project is under study in the Wabi Shebelle basin. Large scale irrigation is limi.ted at this time to the Awash basin, while new irrigation developments have been started in the Rift Valley lakes area A d 1-,- . 1+r+ +.a Avria,+.aA +.e% h-rina r-nniAarn'EhA areas in the lower valley under irrigation.

Appendix 2 ETHIOPIA - WATER SUPPLY AND SEWEFAGE SEGTDR STUDY Population Density and Political Subdivisions 1971] Province --,Area. PoDulation Per,entage AwraJa-T Number Number Persons per 1000 kme ~ RuiaTUrbarotal Per km Rura'L Urbarn-' Number Pop/2km 2 |eds 2 /Household

;(]L0OOs) | l Fr ss-to Weredas Towns-i Rural Urban

1. Arussi - 24 802 49 85 36 94 6 3 25-44 22 27 5.0 3.7 2. Bale - 125 659 26 685 6 96 4 5 2-`52 17 11 4.3 N.A. 3. Begemder - 74 1519 9( 1609 22' 94 6 7 7-64 2.8 133 4.4 3.3 4. Eritrea - 118 31507 139299 16 78 9 9 2-56 23'" 174" N.A. 3.8 5. Gemu Goffa - 40 749 35 784 20 95 5 4 10-351 18 9 4.3 3.4 6. Gojaim - 62 1509 9C) 1599 26 94 6 7 3-77 38 16 4.5 3.0 7. Hararge - 260 2276 171 2450 9 93 7 7 2-62 30D 35 5.1 3.5 8. Illulbabor - 47 588 29- 613 13 96 4 4 3-.58 21 17 4.1 3.8 9. Kefa - 55 | 1194 741 1268 23 j 94 6 6 7-88 315 30 3.9 3.6 1O. Shoa - 8'9 3885 i 1119 5004 59 78 22 11 26-'L27 67 95 5.0 3.8 ]L1. Sidamo - 117 2078 12j 2203 19 94 5 6 2-178 216 43 4.8 3.8 12. Tigrie - 66 15165 ' 128 1693 26 ! 92 8 8 26! 4 40 4.5 3.7 13. Wollega -. 71 1529 53 1582 22 97 3 6 lo- o50 49 44 5.0 3.8 14. WollD - 79 1761 109 1870 24 94 6 12 11-L34 27 44 4.4 3.3 Total - 1222 21621 248C 241Io (Ave.) (Av8.) (Ne.) =5 4515 718 4 7 -A7 2l6~~~~l24110 202489 90 ~ ~ ~ ~~1r_- (Av~.) (A e.) Sources: Statist:Lcal Abstract 1971, Central Statistical Office, Tables B.1 and B.2, P.26 (modified by 1972 rural revisions) Awrajas - Statistical Bulletin 6, Central Statistical Of'fice Weredas and Towns - Bulletin 5, Central Statistical Office Notes: 1/ Rural only. 2/ A Town has - (a) housies in rows (b) at least one bar (c) at least one hotel (d) at least on'e shop, and at least one weekly market. 3/ From map. 4/ Towns over 2000 populatiLon.

Appendix 3

ETHIOPIA - WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE SECTOR STUDY Morbidity and Mortality from Predominant Communicable Diseases (Notifiable)

1971

Province Amoeb- Bacillary b/ Relaps- Typhoid Typhus 1971 Pop. IF.U.OP-. Malaria ing & P.T. lOOOs ~entaa~ ~ ~ Fever Fever

1. Arussi - 851 1017/2 693/1 229 2668/1 254 112/1 480 2. Bale - 685 596 1137 158 233 4 370 356 3. Begemdir - 1609 682,/2 389/4 588/3 943/1 354/2 47 1li9 4. Eritrea - 1889 889 1400 177 8422/4 - 72/3 _ 5. Gemu-Goffa - 784 148/1 796 188 2053 162 1 5 6. Gojam - 1599 568 970 448 1824 1047/1 67 568 7. Hararge - 2450 1296,/32 1145/20 133 1467 35r 14 46 8. Illubabor - 613 181 608/2 107 754/1 57/1 8 3

9. Keffa - 1268 1310/1 872 1408 2230/2 618/1 16 237

10. Shoa - 4152- 3932 2057 893/2 2609/4 506/1 80 181/3

11. Sidamo = 2203 1556 3084 xgg9 /0 3873 15C9/I 082/1 41

12. Tigre - 1693 1289 1086/1 805/1 1197 138 29/3 230/1 13. Wollega - 1582 3467 1519 669/2 4955 551/6 26/2 204/1 14. Wollo - 1870 1405 913 308/2 2577 156 77 37

15 AAdis Ababa - 82 2588Q/2- 78J/2. 528/7 -- - z4f9/14 194 76/1

Total 2092 40 /30 7Q,/9 - 36155/13 4700/29195/1O?613/17

Source: Ministry of Public Health, Epidemiology Division Note: Cases/deaths without Addis Ababa

b/ fever of unknown origin Appendix l

ETOPIA - WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE SETOR STUDY

AN ORDFER To PRlVIDE FOR THE ESTABLISHmENT OF A NATIONAL WATER REOURCES COMMISSION

1. Short Title

3. Establishment 4. Purposes 5. Powers and Duties 6. Limitations on the Powers of the Commission 7. Delegation of Authoritv 8. Composition of the Commission 9. The Board 10. Committees !i. The Executiv,e Organ 12. Annual Report 13. Power to Issue Regulations 14. Effective Date Appendix 14 Page 1 of 4 pages

31st Year -No. 3

ilkT /4 ATho T rr G A r7 t f1l' A 7. INfl.~~_~O.J t-L LX I JL _ ' 1.X_ L.i J-4 J

C O N TEN TS )"Peron" shall mean any natural person or any legal 1 9 7 1 eDtity whether established under the Civil Code or ineorporated under the Commercial Code; Order No. 75 of 1971

National Water Resouroes Commission l , e Order ...... Page 12 i tive department or administration of the Government whether enjoying independent juridical status or nor, ORDER iNo. 75 OF 1971 | xandshall include aU persona who are to any degree OlDERNo7Orepositories of the power or authority of the state, such AN ORDER as government officiab, agenst and servants of the TO PROVIDE FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT Government and Public Administrations; OF A NATIONAL WATER RESOURHUWS C.OMMlSSION I j (6) "Watvr Authority" shaU mean a Water Authority de- CONQUERING LION OF TIlE TR1BE OF JUDAH ' s ignated under Article 5 (2) (e), (f) or (g) of this WlULE,SELASSIE I Order; ELECT OF GOD, EMPEROR OF ETIIIOPIA : (7) "Watemo,k."_ . ... w t

WHEREAS, Articlo 130 of Our Constitutioni of 1955 iP. use, control, or protection of water anA all associated hbues Our Government wilh a trust for the protection Of tho na. works. jtural resources of the Empire, including water, and charges tOur Government to take such measures as may be necessary forl 3. Establishment thrirr e i |There is hereby established a National Water Resources-

IWH-IEREAS. Article 1228 of the Civil Code riires thati Commiasion aa an autonomous organ of the Goverament.

a competent authority be appointed to control and protoct cer- s. Purpo3ea tain water for the use of tho connmunity; anid i l (1) The lyurposes of the Commibsion shnU b;c WHEREAS. in order to provido for the snore efficient de- (a) to ensure the optimum development and use of _elop "'-' of . u -'o --' " the nation's inland water resources; it has become necessary to constitute a commission to hoocrespon. b 1ible for aU malters relating to the investigatton, use, eontrol, (h) to ensure the c-ordination of all activities which protection, management and administration of the water rour- mayunsuence the quality, quantity, distrindution ce of the Empire; or use of water; and (c) to ensuse the application of appropriate atand- NOW, THEREFORE, In accordanco witlh Artiele 27 of ards and techniquea for the investigation, use.

Ou"r Const-itutiorl t andon}Cb...... r it.. .~i,,t.. ,j (h,,. C.5.octl oS M bStersa, lcontrol, protection, managemen administra-t and We order as foUows: tion of water.

(2) In pursuit of its purposes, the Commission shaU liave i. Short Title regard to the necd to make proper provfiono for: This Order may be cited as the "National Water Resources r Comnmiasion Order, 1971". (a) adequate supplies of suitable water for domestic use, for watering of animals, for irrigation and agricultural piurposes, for urban and industrial

2. De/linitiorns use, for the generation of hydro-electricity and

P .tor ransporatiorlwnavigation In this Order, unless the context otherwise requires: f ana rceroatton;

(1) "Commission" shall mean the National Watcr Resour- ces Commi'sion established by Article 3 of this Or. i (b) adequate facilities for drainage, the safe disposal der; of sewage and industrial effluents axid the con- troi and prevention of poluiuon end disease; (2) "Water District" shall mean any Water Wistriet de- I clared under Article 5 (1) (d) of this Order; thei(c) ontrol and prevention of flooding, soll ero jsion and of damage to water.shed areas; (3) "Executive Organ" shall mean the Executive Organ referred to in ArtirI.. 8 .Ad 1I of t-x OLd:- i (J ) the protection of inland fisheries, fauna and flora 'C,. C __ _ and the reclamation of land. _ Appendix 4 Page 2 of 4 nages

SPowersFs wers and DutiesDulies ~~~~ (c) give directives to any Public Authority or Water (1) The Commission sha1l, in accordazice with the law, Authority: have ad powers necessary for the attainment of ib (i) as to the manuer in which it shall exercise purposes. Without limiLing the generality ot tUe ioe-. kt functions, powers and duties related to going, the Commission, ohaU inaccordance with the water confirred or imposed on it by law or tw, Ihave the. folowing powern end duties: anT enactment:

(a) require that all plans and proposals relating to (ii) to exercise such functions, powers, and dut- the investigation use, coniro;, protectioni ian- ies in accordance with any administrative gemcnt and administration of water propared by arrangements made by the Commision; and any person be submitted to it and approve, dis (iii) to undertake, uibject to such qualifications approve, or amnend such plans and proposals, pro. and rmatrictions as the Commission may do. vided th th Cmmisinmyromtiettermine, any action in accordance with the vided that the Commission may from time to IswI -s o. A- irabte promote tile time exempt certain types of plans or proposals p of he oCoosnis thn from tihe requirements of this paragraph; | I I(d require that all pia,m and- roposi-s retin-, la (b) autltirze and tontrol the construction, operation water prepared by any Public Authority he 6ub.| and maintenance by any person of water msciuitted to it and approve, disapprove or amend works as it may specify; such plano and proposals, providcd thna tile Com mmission may from time to tinma exempt ccrtaia (c) direct, subjcct to ouch qualifcations or restric- typrs of plans or proposals from the requiremcats tions as it may determine, any person to under- of this paragraph; take any action necessary or desirable to promote (s) designate a Water AuthDrity for any Water Dis- the purposes of the Commission; triet so constituted under sub-Article. (1) (d) of this Article;i (d) declare any area to be a Water District for the inveotigation, use, control, protection, manage- (f) dne te.,.. any Pulaie Authority To ue a Water ment and administration of water or for dealing Ahi with any emergency which may arise; (g) recommend the e-stlist,eni of P,,tli, Autb^ . rity to act as a Water Authority; (e) determine the allocation o favailablc water bet. (h) designate the Executive OrVan to act as a Wat r wean difrn ssoye fuenay ;Authority for any Water District or to act as an (f) provide for the isue, renewal, suspcnsion and Interim Water Autbority pending the establish. canceUation of licences, pernite and concessions ment of a Public Authority under foregoing para. for the use of water and for the construction, I graph (g); mantnacnvce and operation of ainY w-Acr EW-1-; (g) prescribe water rates aud ocrvice fces andt (i) PeriodicaUy review the plans and proposals, and provide for the collection of the se; and supervise the activities of Water Authoritits or I Public Authorities relatinig to the investigation, (h) carry out such other functions and take h usecontrol, protlion, manaemcnt and ad other measures as it may be empowered by law, m stion of water, and if nUcea-y rise or amend such activities,rlans and proposals in (2) In addition to the foregoing, the Commission shaU lightlieht ofofhpr prevailing tvities, economic, plan financialcand and socialsocals have the following powers and dutics: conditions;

(a) advise the Government and Public Authorities a on any matter or proposal relevant to the purpos- cacos es of the Commission and in particular advise cooperation and coordination between such Wa'to er Authorities and as to their relative functions, the appropriate person or body; designate more than one Water Authority for j any Water District, either for different parts of I as to t hleie of Public Autori- such District, or to perform dirferent specifiet| ties under paragraph (g) of this sub-Article; functions in connection with the purposes for whioa the District is constiuteLd; on any sla!!er rclatirg.ii) to 1he provi-ion of | (k) arrange and conduct discussions with or between funds for the investigation, ulse, control pit- Water Authorities and PuMic Authorities or tction, maniagement or administration of their appropriate representatives; water; and (I) resolve any dispute bctween Public Authoritics (iii) as to such laws and enaetments t may, and/or Water Authlorities relating to the investi- from time to time bnenecessary or decsirable gation, use, control, protcetion, management and for the better investigation, use, control, adiainistration of water; and protection, management or administration of waler; im) crer to the rimne Diinirter for enforcement bD I bim any ease of non-compliace with a directive (b) As a malter of priority formulate and place be- itaued uader paragraph (c) and (i) of taia sub- fore the Council of Ministers a draft Proclama- Article. tins for inational water legislation;_, ___ Appendix 4

page > of 4 pages

6. Limitation on the Powers of the Commission , L t Nothing in this Order shall -bo constructed as limiting the (1) The present Water Resources Department of Our i-I functions, powers end duties relating to the invesigation, use, nistry of Public W.r.-- szid Water Rves s' aU, control, protection, management and administration o£ wftcr from the Cffeetive date hereof, become tie executive conferred or imposed by any other law or enactment oa any organ of the Commissiotn and shaU be knowni as the Public Authority, provided that the Commission shaU have sudh 'National Resources Executive Organ. " supervisory, directory and costroUisag powers as provided heroin. (2) It sltall be headed ly a General Manager wbo shall lie appointed by Us. 7. Delegation of Autlority The Commission mav earrv out its activitr bv delcgation (3) The General Manager shall be a profe5sional person withconidebicexperience in the mnanagemetit, con- of authority to any Publie Autbority or Water Auth'ority it' the ihcnieal xeinei h aaecl,cn extent it is necessary:~~~:::l~~ri:: U~~ror desirablo ~~tr~~~a for~~~c -the efficeint administra-trlandeJom- trol, and developmenttofwe of water resources.esuc. tion oi tile activities of the Commission. (4) The General Manager shall he tihe chicf executive of the Executive Organ and shaU, subject to the supervi- I 8. Composition of thft Commission sion and direction of the Board. be responsible for the I 'rhe Comumission, shall have: proper administration and operation of the activities (1) a Nationlal Water Resources Board 9! Commissioners of the ComViission. (refcrred to herein as the "Board"); and (5) Witihout limiting the generality of the foregoing, the (2) an Executive Orgsii; General Manager shall. in particular:

9. The Board (a) prepare and submit to the Board detailed pro. posais for the annual bud6et of the Commission; (1) The Boar! shall consist of: (a) the Minister of Public Works and Water Resour- (b) employ, promote, transrer, and discharge all personnel, atid fix their salaries and allowasces in ces. Chairman; I conformity wvith the directive3 of the Co:uinis- (i) tlhe Mtinisters of Agriculture; Intcrior; Public, sion, made in accordance with the Central Per. Hc31tll; Communications, Telecommunications soncl Agency and Public Service Order (Order and Pc-sts; Land Rcfonn and Administration; No. 23 of 1961) as amended and regulations National Community Development and Social issued thereunder; Affairs; Forcilp Affair-; or theinr r-nre-entativn. with the rank of Vice-Ministem or above; (e) effect al expenditures in accordance wvith the ap- (c) tho Head of the Planning Commission Office; proved annual budget and the work program. (d) the General Manager of the Awash Valley Autho. res of the Commission; and rity; (d) present to the Commission nn annual repost con- (e) the Genieral Manager of the Ethiopian Electric taining an audited statcmcnt of the TeCeipts and Light and Powver Authiority; cxpenditurcs of tilc CotumisFion. (f) tlle General Manager of the Executive Organ; (6) The General 'Manager may delegatee part of his fune- and tions and powers to employees of the Commission `o (g) tile General Manager of oUy ; the extent necessary for tbe el:iciency management of Ilo uiay he nppoinited as a mnen her of the Com- "eg who smisy be appointed as a member of the Coin- ~ , the business of the Commission: provided, that thc Mission liU Us.baifs. person who acts on o_f the -ener'I Atr

(2) All powvcrs of the Commission provided herein and in Isis absence shaU be subject to prior approval by in Oi.-r I-nhs shti h,e vested in tihe Board. the Board.

(3) The Board shall determine its own rules of procedure. (7) For the purpose of assisting the Board in obtaining

(4) The ,luorum for any meeting of the Board shall be a expert technical advice the General Manager may majorits of its members. establish such committce to advise the Executive Or- ga aas hinc fi;S -whoscwhoseiiem ra nmy 4azawue re. 10. Comillittee,s prsentatives from any Public Authority, or fron (1) The Primiie NMinister may. on the reconmmendation of any imnroveasent area ore oii.aasari-tian of html. the Commission, appoint temporaty or standing com- owners establislied under Article 1501 to 1508 of the niittecs whieh tiiay include mnenibers from the Minis- . . r S __ t_...... _.__ ne_CGvil Code or from any otlher group of wacusr lritS ox OutioUicreceJus,iwvry auu TOU.c . riUoaiUc,. Foreign Affairs and 'MIines; or from any othcr Public (8) The General Manager shall make recoimmn,tations Authority, or any other person. The terms of refer. (8.) Inernl ;Man .- - - r n a etice of aniy suchI comlinttecs shall be fixod from time -i -- 1 -i 1.00 t tiime loy lite Bojrd. competence of the Conmmission and, subject to the control and direction of tte Board shall: (2) Anty ronintjiitlee constituted uitler 4he ItreVioLIS provi. (a) collect and analyso information and data requir- mions m ay eo-npt njiy person or atiyr reprawnltative of ony Pu ay o-opteA citry peson orv any ritrsclmtivee in ad for the making of decisions by the Board; and

an advixory capacity. (b) perform aU such functions and dutics wlieh the Board may from time to time assigni or direct; and enittres Illay roerive written or oral sulbiniflsionf from I any perton on ainy mater witsisa tho eompeteneen of (e) execute, operate or maintain any water works the Commission, which t'he coeitsizssion may from tiua to timeo direct. Appendix h_ Page 4 of 4 pages

(9) Without limiting the generality of the for.,gin. tbo] General Mlanager shall, subject to tbc dirction of tbe Board asd in conjunction with such Public Authori- ties as the Conmmission may designate, be responsiMle ,-.: (a) the preparation of plans for the investigation, enntrl, nrotectioul, manaetnment or admaini- | tration of the water resources of tihe nation; ! (bi) the systematic gauging and recording of thb volume and flow of rivers, streams and lakes and I the collections of other hydrological And ihydro- 1, meteorological data;

(c) exploration and drilling to ascertain the existence and locaiou oi unduer&ound wa:cr and^t viour, quanitity and quality tbereof; (d) uie publication ^d the results of all such gauging, collection, drilling atld exploration;

(e) the execution and enforcement of decision made by the Comni.ssion;

(f) the execution and enforcement of all laws affet- ing water anl of any regulations made by the Commission or by any Public Authority; (g) thle iWsuing, renewal, cancellation or suspension of aay licences, permits or concessions, nt ay b required by law for the use of water, for the con- struetion. oteration or maintenance of water workes;

(b) the c,uliection of any scrvice fees, waters rates or rTve1lues rclatilng to the use or colutrol of water v hich may be imposed in accordance with the low;

(i) the advising and instructing of any person, or Public Auithority with regard to matters coucemn- ing inc invCstigation, use, cotiurol, protet..on. mana-gement or alministration of water;

(j) thc Co0tInUation of suchI activities as are beo- ing uiidertaken by the present Water Relources Departmnc.t a Ouir T.,itry o P-'ilicn vro.- and Water Resources at dbe date of this Order;

(k) tho prcparation of such part of the Commission's arru!u,c wh:ich affrects ihe aettcs of..... | cr Public Authorities.

12 Aunn,iu Rc;srt 'Ih'lr Couuu,uituiu,n shall su,lnuit an ninual report of its acti- viils to the 1rimiie Aliiiister.

!3 P(ngj-wr !:o !-'!:w !;-'u aia!ns

Tuloe ( nlisni,iou ilay issue 11-gulations for tho prolicr car- ryigg out of the l,lnvisin-s nf lii. Order

14. Effectife )atle This Order ihall ciiter into force oni tLe date of its publication in the Ncgnrit Gazota.

Done at Addia Ababa, this 27th day of October, 1971.

TSAHAFE TAEZAZ AKLILU IIAIITE WOLD Printe Mlinister and Minister oI Pen Anpendix 5

OU'TLINE

Assistance in the Activation (strenatheninz) of the Executive Organ of the National Water Resources Commission

1972

ETHIOPIA

TTNTDP Proj ect =- MTPT,*70/ r l /A1 kl,Ail

Natural Resources - Water Development

I. Background

II. The Project

III. Financial Data

IV. International Staff

Appendix 5 Page 1 of 4 pages

I 3ackground

Ethiopia with a population of about 25 million covers an area of 1 .250.000 sq.km. The centre and the western part of the country con- sists of a mountainous plateau - its highest point reaching 4,400 meters - and is cut into two parts b- the great Rift Valley. The northern anc. eastern part consist of semi-desert and desert lowlands. There are great variations in DreciDitation. both areal and seasonal.

A nlrmber of rivers among which the alue Nile. the Wabi Shcbelle and the Awash have their origin on the highlands.

Knowledge of the water resources of Ethiopia is scarce; detailed hvdrological surveys have been made for only three of the fourteen major river basins and hydrogeological information is very scanty, alt.hougch groiundwater develoynent is belietved to be Dromising in certain areas. Water resources development has been undertaken so far only in the Awash Basinj where three hvdronower n1ants are in onera- tion. A fourth plant is under construction in the Blue Nile basin while a fifth is unrier consideratinon. LTrge scale irrigatinn exists only in the Awash 3asin, but it is expected that large areas could be hrn-nrht. uin(dpr irrignatinn in the dFni Rhphpllp RP.sin- TTrhan wntpr supply is still unsatisfactory in many towns and comparatively little has heen done in rpenr't. of' rulral water mspply. Water-borne diseases are a major health problem in the country.

In the past the dispersion of responsibilities for water resources among man.y Government mTin.istries and agencies has handicnpped wa ter development. Recognizing the strong need for coordinating water re- soufrces activities, a Mn+Atinn1 laiv Pqsournpce . -nmmission consistng% of high level representatives from Government ministries and agencies ./asestblihedlate t971 h%,r Tm.per4l nyA-"

The Commiission started its work early 1972 anQd ther is now a need for further defining and implementing concrete institutional details of its o ,naniz,ation.a opr-ation arnd to mnode .ize wa+er legis lation. There is urgent need for strengthening the Executive Organ of th,e TTi.w= Com,u.-ission itn the discipline of pl-3-,ng ------cs legsla tion, administration, engineering and hydrology. Also, a long term pFrogr -mJ-,e for,, wa-te reso nnces deeln.en re I-inbe established,no -'6fr4 a.I ,ac ..iI -0 it.. .. .i2i,L- V-L~. -) ~AtJA v.. *SW. UV UC , within the framework of the preparations of next five year plan which is. to start in-+1907. A prograrn.e fhorn wral and urb,an -ater,nl needs to be prepared.

There are plans to increase the n umber of professional staff of MIhe v.-at--iv -has - _fcert4aiite ULiSithen.,R J.VIVL 1:1Eecutive VL.AU.L V Orgar,A.L 6-AA - .L 6C~LI1 AC.O cU.L.LJLULV..L U L.4. L.4.A._L±U±tc. to enable it to fulfill its obligations as cooperating agency in this project. Appendix n

According to the text establishing the National Water Resources

Co-ni11Un_LZLJ.LU, -i -- oneWMI (JofV U.L thetA U-u3 - e U0,4.Z-Vsoo f .dL t-s4ir._kAU"LLD - L LL.14 jJt_.LJ..L-MLLA6erfo-l__- L.,'4ts task will be to consider environmental implications of proposed water development actIvi ties.

The present project wil11 last till Ju-ne 19714, this is till ute end of the present Ethiopian Third Five Year Plan period. The Govern- ment envisages a second phase of' the project for a period of two to three years which is to start simultaneously with the beginning of the Eourth Five Year Plan in July 1974.

II The Project

(a) Long term objectives.

The Government has established recently a National Water Resources Commission, the purposes of which are:

To ensure the optimum development and use of the nation's inland water resources;

To ensure the coordination of all activities which may influence the quality, quantity, distribution or use of water; and to ensure the application of appropriate standards and techniques for the investigation, use, control, protection, management and administration of water.

the project is to assist the Government in further activating and making fully effective the Executive Organ of the National lVater Resources Commission known as the National Resources Executive Organ (N.W.R.E.O.).

(b) Immediate Objectives

The project will primarily provide institutional support to the National Water Resources Executive Organ of the newly created National ovater Resources Commission. Its activities are directed at providing the proper institutional foundations for overall water resources development on the national, regional and local scale.

Specifically, the present first phase project aims at the following objectives:

1. To assist in identifying the organizational, administrative and legislative pioblems of the National Water Resources Commission and in developing the detailed administrative and legal framework within which the National dater Resources Executive Organ (NvJREO) optimally accomplish its task of comprehensive water administration. A_ppe__d x Page 3 of 4 pages

2. To establish a long term programme of inventory of the nation's water resou.ces and to start undertaking the in-service training required for the implementation of such a programme.

3. To assist in the establishment of a Planning and Coordination Unit in the NWREO and in the preparation of a programme for water resources develonment within the framework of the Fourth Five Year Developr,ent Plan vihich is scheduled to start in July 1974.

4. To assist in the initial strengthening of the NKRE0 in respect of water resources engineering and water supply.

5. To provide fellowships in subjects relevant for the implementation of the water resources development programme of the Fourth Five Year Plan.

6. To prepare the second phase of the project which is envisaged by the Government to start simultaneously with the Fourth Five Year Plan.

III Financial Data

A. Contribution requested from the UNDP US Dollars

Project Personnel 259,470 Training 44,500 Equipment 44,500 Niscellaneous 1 7,000

Total: 365,470 B. Propo7e-d Governm,ient CounterPart Con8-kuio.4-

4 The~~~propose cc ove!nrnm.nninn contr.4hibution ,. iXi be in kind.

Ethiopian Dollars

Project Personnel 371 ,400 'T.ve4n; e 7A b^Z .&6~ aJULL** I jV) J'.vv 4 Equipment 170,600 M4celelaneous 1 59AA

LrLL4aAId Tal4 a EIhJiop.ar, $i)670 Appendix Page 4 of 4 pages

IV. International Staff

Personnel Man-14onths

Project A4anager 22 F-xDert - Water Leeislation and Administration 22 4vdhometeornlooist 18 Water Resources Economist 18 CODn Fn1 t.ants - Hydrogeology 3 - hvrpl L.qtpr .Rnnnlv 3

- Data processing 2 - Cost Accolntin-g 2 - Engineering 2

- Pes onnenl ,nanar.a,,en+ 1 - Others - water 3 1 a - planning

_ I R1- fV-- - rights admin.

--. ar.el ORGANIZATION M:INIST71R OF MUNlIC IPALITII3S DT3PARTI!ENT STATSI MINISTRY OF INITERIOR IIPERIAL . ETHIOP:EAN GOV-RNI3REENT

xLl____ 1973 VICE MINIST7ER

LAl,-l AIM INS)R~~~~~~~~~33ECTION INFOPMATIOkl Personnel B .nd

Advancement - Firance Committee Commiittee

Personnel 1 Technical Welfare and . Division Division Accounting

TownmTopography Roads and and KBridges lniE nvironmental B Engineering

)ography | I Water and. | LCadastral 1 Topography jSewerage ia tl

ORGUANI ZAT ION IIINISTRY OF PUBLIC H[EALTH AND BNVIRONT4ENTAL M]ALTH DIVISIOM IMPERIAL ETHIOPIAN GOVERNIENT ]L973

LE_DISE ] L BOARDS ]

_ i strarj- %-ere'taryj

Central J.ab. Malaria Planning c hnLical Ai. General IMedi] arnd Resea~cbJc [fjadicat on i:ice Of'fice .cjl Corporati n

Health Edu- MEDICAL Administra- Legal. and cation and SERVICES ti.on Inspection Train:ing DEPARTI MIT Department Department Depar-tmen_t _

21 _ Med:ical Pharmacy andi ENVIRONM1)rI NTAL Epidem-iology Health Servic es Laboratory HEALTH: Divi sion S tati.stics __ Division_ Div.ision _ _ ]Divi.sion. Division Head -m 1strati LDe-olt L

I'tlater ,Tn-d m Foodstuif s O°ccu-oat-;onm Gene-!ral.,RIu: \Js__Qer!Tastevrater _B_ and BeveraoosterIg Health__ I ,n;rnand Port

Appendix 3

IETHIOPIA - WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE Page 1 of 3 pages SECTOR STUDY Urban 'Water Systems by Province 1972

iProvi.nce Town lopula-i No. of No. of S Trans-- Produc- I OIsumPp- Type Distribu- Source tion House Meters Stand- mission ition tion of tion -.1970 (Connects., pipes I Surf. Gr. Pump Grav. /day lcd Ti-eat- Sto age lOOOs __ |||mSent M

1. ARUSSI 1. Assela 17 8D | 95 15 x x 256 15 B + C 675, 2. Dera 2 i 40 47 7 I x 21 10 A + C 100 3. Bokoji 2 4 | x 40 18 |lOO …_.-- _ ~ _, -- _ . _ - . _.-

2. BALE (NC)NE) '. i I

3. ]BEGENDER 1. Gondar 35 i15 x x x 00 11 C 400 2. Kola Deba 5 18x x 80 | 17 Bc 3. Setit Hunera ' 30 1 |x x200 7 1 C 20

4. IERITLEA 1. Adi'Kuala 7 I 103 58 1 x x ( io 83 !C loc1 2. Adi'Ugri 13 63:D 630 - x x 750 57 c 150 3. Agordat 16 770 ;770 2 !x X 1450 29 C | 125 4. Aseb 16 1020 1020 16 ix xI 2000 i 122 c 400' 5. Deke,mhare 11 530t 530 - 1 (10 94 c 20c, 6. Ginda 7 19 19 - XI x X 125 ! 9 C 30 7. Keren j 22 1100 1100, 3 I 700 32 !c 20 8. Massawa i 25 1711 1711 9 x 2x72r00 108 c 500 9. Tessenei 8 265 265 4 53 10l 26_ .x _450 5. GOMU GOFFA 1.Arba Minch 7 20 21 10 x |x 3 0 C 22c,

6. GOJAMl 1. Debre Markos 27 20 23: 3 x x | 1 50 6 '15 12. Bahar Dar 22 ii 6 [x ;200 9 A + C 90 Appendix 8 Page 2 of 3 peges

Province Town Popula- No. of No. of No. of Source Trans- Produc- Consump- Type Distribu- tion Houise Meters Stand- _mission tion tion of tion -1970 Cornects pipes Su . Gr. Pump Grav. M /day lcd Treat- Storage .lOOOs _ent m

7. HARARGE Alem Maya .1.5 4 X X A + C 200 2. Asbe Teferri 10 10 X X 2L0 22 C 100 |. Dire Dawa 61 1108 1108 38 X X 19'50 32 C 950 4. Gode 1 X X '50 50 A + C 150 Harar 45 2500 7 X X 1280 E 28 A + C 1(00 6..Jijiga 8 X X

8. IL!LUBAEOR :1. Bumo Bedele 3 13 X tI X | 50 20 A + C 135 2. Gambela *2 4 X L5 7 J 15, ; ~~ ~ ~~~~_. _- __ ------__._ 9. KAFFA 1. Agaro 12 I4 X X 10o 8 :150 2. Jima 42 i X X 10(0 24 :100

10. SHOA 1. Akaki 17 5 X X X 450 26 170 i i2- Alaba 5 6 , I100 22 | 20 3 Arusi Negele 4 15 X X 1(0 24 20 4 De.bre 'Berhan 15 1 X X| 210 14 70 .5.Debre Sina 4 X X 100 25 20, ibi Debre Zeit 28 ].410 1394 6 | X X 1000 36 200 7. Fiche 11 X X 150 14 50

Ij. Ha,gere Hiwot 10 . X X 117 12 100: 9MJo 9 X 50 6 110. Nazaret 39 I I 11. Sheno 2 2 X Xi 100 48 20 j12. Welenchiti 8 1 X X 40 5 5' ;13. Zwai L 3 X L i 730 AppMndix 8 Page 3 of 3 pages; _ _ _7N of No. 7 rovince Towrn Popula- No.o No off|N.o INo. of i Sorc TTran,s-I PrdcProduc- ConsupC u;>- TypeT !Distribul- tion House Meters Stand- misslon ion tion of ,ton -1970 Connects., pipes Surf.! Gr. Pump Grav.l M /day lcd I Treat- Stto5age lOOOs ment M'

Ill. SIDAMO 1. Dilla 13 X X 200 15 I I 150 2. Kibre Mengist 8 X X 50 6 5 3. Negele 8 . . 60 7 5 4. Wollamo Sodo 12 400 61 10 X X 200 17 600 5. Yirga A:lem 1 . 2. X X 500 36 C 30 6. Yabelo 4 2 X X I40 11 30 i12. TIGIRE 1 . Abi Addi 6 1X 80. 13 50 '2.. Adwa 16: X X 200 13; 100 -,3 . Axum 13 .... 6 , X ...... X 200. .. 16/ 150'' i 4. Inda Selassie 8S 1 1 X! X 80! 10 i 201 5,. Makale 28 X X 500_i_ _1 1

'13. WEILEGA 1. Dermbi Dollo 7 ' X X 80 11 1 50 . Ghimbi I2 8 X

14. WOIIO 1. Almiata 5 : xX 50 10 100 2,. Combolcha 5 3 X 1001 21 150 3.Dessie 46; 6 x X 800 i 17 1400 4,. Woldiya 9 . 114_xi 50 5 20

Notes: Total - 58 towns Type of Treatment: A - Rapid sand filter B - Slow isand filter C - Chlorination Source: Municipalities Department, Technical Division, Ministry of Interior

Appendix 9

ETHIOPIA WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE SECTOR STUDY

Sixty Town Water Supply Programme of the Mid-1960's

Table A: (Groun "A towns! Prnvinn.inl nanitals or towns with 15,000 populations or over

Table B: Group "B" towns; towns with populations of 6,ooo to 15,000

Table C: Group "C" towns; towns with populations of 6,000 or less

Appendix 9

rage 1 o l I pages

The accompanying Tables A, B and C show the 60 towns that were slieuuieulUor riew wal,er supply systems Wid iHpImprovements to existIng systems during the Third Five-Year Plan. Of the 60 towns, 33 towns that were to have received assistance during the Third Five-Year Plan are now planned to received this assistance during the Fourth Five-Year Plan.

OfI the J to-Wns, eAtZ:.L1 UtWI-n ar LII thIeUZULein fU £- ~ pUWt i pro.ect) of the bilateral assistance programme of the Federal Republic of Germany, and 11 are in the second phase (12 town project) of the same programme. Fourteen of the remaining towns are to be included in a planned 25 additional town project in the Fourth Five-Year Plan.

The remaining 27 towns listed in the 60 town pro.ect are not scheduled for assistance, or information is not available regarding plans for said towns. Ap,DndixL 9 Pagre 2 of 4 pages

TABLE A

WIRi/JlJ F'Fib YEAR PLti A'2'EER;U1Pi IC'.'F i.CP

EN GROTP 'A" TCWN_-

_.:pu lat I ',- r 't ' MM., woater' ._ _ Entimated Tow0. -c .o.a r Investrmnt Brf'?f rem:arkr on. nature _ _ _ - / P't v- . 'Provi.t r :-nai; P r 1s.0 y t"s1 LG dr! ;v,"r . r I naZ I o r a7;.-.iipL:zeow v,fryFt

-" C-~'a - 0 Dr-.C 7<', G C 1_o) -1) 50 110 11 000 Gr. p 2 000 CrjO New Wor:

2 ' P nr 6 000.' 5s1 75 r5ff 0l 7 500 I) 3'40 000 Dlntrlbution 3y!; ' only I

? -~5se 41 CO9 52 O,O 75 'YX: 1-0 7 5DO Spr. P 3 000 000 New Work I I Condar 1 ' 0O 4:2 CX 60 COO 36 45 100 6 000 : <;)< P 2 500 000 New Work 51C 5r90000 5000 7_5 45 10XJ 7 5X) ) P 2 200 000 New Work I ' ra:;reth 27 XC 00,C'; 56 5GC0 305 40 100 5 650 5(hR P 310 000 Et.'rsa1or 11 3 7 M-ele L'4 rz, 33 co5 0(. 4° l/i01 508 coo Z; P -1 oo 000 New WgorkW.am I 2 e Debrezeit 2) 500 31 0CO 41 XI .,. 801 -i 7 i r. P 150 000 Extension of wells TI 2 9 Debrefnarcos 22 00 '5nC6xt 45 O .55) '0 B0 3600 G:. P 500 000 Part of work cornplete

1 11 Lekemet 13000 16 500 30 ccC 3,0 40 80 2 400 S(i) P 600 000 New Work II 2 12 Ylrga Alern 11 XD 15 500 25000 70 40 80 2000 Spr. T' I'0000 New Work 11

13 Gore 8) 000 L'L CNV 15 Coo ;-5 40 60 | 900 r. p 560 G00 New Work II 2 14 oO 7 90 600 |12' C 25 40 60 720 U U 500 000 New Work II 2 15 Arba M1rnh 4 500700 9 5-, 25 40 60 500 S(R) P 300 000 Extension I

Tt!lAT F:thh 16 000 000 Notes:: Tables A, B and(C) ,Source:p Ministrv of 1. Townis included in the 8 town, first phase, of the Federal Republic of Gernarny Tr.te or , Nn i Lnal. iti biLateral assistance prograTmme to be implemented in Uhe Fourth. Five-Year Pla: Depar't,ent., Techni<

ThDW FIVE YEAR PLAN WAThR SUIPPLY PROJECT ltrvu7SIq*0TI SW9"ARY DATA GROUP "B" 'rO.NS

population ~ Water demand Kax water Source Means Estimated ------~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~declafdInvestment Bri-ef remnarks on nature Preenw1n L cp / da PC yrso (Provisional) aLrd stage of project 3 present 10 yrs 120 ,yrs M /day spy deir EtA $

1 Axum 14 000 119000 25000* 25 40 60 1500 U U1 1000O000 11,lw Work: 11 32 Adwa 1300 16800Bo 24000o 25 40 60 1400 Spr Piznp Y90000 r"iI _ WlarSY o 100 15"0 >22000 2 40 60 1320 S(R) G 20000 m1 4 Dilla 10700o 12 400 19300 25 4o 60 1160 lOr P 90 000 Pgkrt o.C-'rkIK Compi tted E-xtenzton 5 Debre rae 9 400 112 600 17 *'Yi P', 40 60 1I020 S (R) P 170o 000 NecwVomk 6 Aktekd 9 300 1.3 500 20 000O 25 1*3 61) 1 200 :,pr 8E0 000 In,-provev!er.t TT kdditiornal 14ines 7 Agairo 9 000 15 000 25 00C0 25 40 60 1 500 (,R) 920o 000 Nf;w War}k I 2 G-hion 8 800 1,600 35700 25 40. 60 940 3,pr P, 8000oe P 9 Wrldii. ~~~~~8700, 1.1400 14 4kX) 25 40 60 865 S(R) P) 200 000 " I 10 Maa1h'-w 8 600, U. 500 115 Cy)1) 25 40 60 900 3pr P 70 000 U 2- 11 1Ha9,ere RVwot. 8 450 12 900" 15 Pc,0 25 40 60 1 010 :3 ( I'1 330 000 "L 1- 12 !Hozsans 8 100, 9 601) 11 700C '25 40. 61) 705 S(O) P) 770 000 " 1- 13 Shbashewen.e 8 000 .11800 17 51) 25 40 60 1050 S (R) or Gor P 21l00)000 ' S (L) 14 3etit (Om hager) 8 000 9 500 11 BOO $" k 0 70 ()p3000. I 3 -- 15 Gi-rbl 7 700 n 400o 16 8c0o 25 40 60 1- 010 , (3) p 140 000) "ii 16 Asbe Tefeiri 7 500 3.0 500 13 300 25 40 60 800 Spr P) 55 000 Pakrt of wcvl. don' -, r further construzt1or, 17 Ind& &'ela;7sie 7 400 10 000 13 400 25 40 60 805 S (3) p 190 000 t4ew W'or): ITI l Debre Tabore 7 100 9 50 12 80K 25 40 60 770 Ui Ui 300000 "1 I

19 oro 7000 9 400 i2 ?c 215 40 60 765 (Or P) 320000 " I 203nt 6800 9 200 124C00 25 40 60 74 Gr- P 000 21 Fich'e 6 700 9 000 120(0m 25 40 610 720 ',Pr -,P70000 .1III 22 Gliga ~ 6400 9 700 12 600 25 40 60 760 Gr P) 1~'50000 III 23 1)eir*dDolu 6 200 8 800 12 700O 25 40 60 765 Or P) 11.0 000 "III 24 Bati 6000o81001 3 cc0 25 40 60 660 Gr P) 815000 "III

IOTAI. Eth $ 7 9DO 000

EXPIANATION OF 5WB01P0LE Gr - Ground Water, wells (deep or, shallow) S(L) - Surface water fr-om laktes T 11rtCe Vrnitr, (R - a rivrers inte c ipe'l-ior, IMuni. it i e S, Spr -Springs & infiltLrationi pits

- ravity -Unknown

II ro:ect toa sat-fvi Tr..n terane on3, AipenlIex_ Psoe Uof' T*i*rqrc

TABLE- C

SUMM~ARYOF DATA FO. I1WESTI¶E?4T FOR~ TIAF CONSTPIJOTION OF WATER0SUPPLY PRITFCTS IN GROUP 'C' 10DWNS

Po;.ul.ti ~~~~~~~~Watej'demandn 'lax wat~ Mais Estimated. P oTiul n t; ti ~~~dear.an1 u'lp Men investmenit Birief remarks on nature Pre.nt10wr-n Lit~ can /da 20 yr., of (?rovisignal) and stage of project prcspnt 10 yris 0yrs ?.l/day ~ l ~ F:th $

c- o B0C 000 5 4 6 s ()11~~ P 2.00 000 New work I I 6y' 700 25 40 650 2( 130 800

t g a~~~~~~~~j ~~~~~~~~~ 000 ~~2 I1170 Iio

15 ' , (C'~5C m ~ 0 '0 46o U u 170 000 1

"100 5 ''0. ~~~74,00 2 0 '45,1030 S)P 180 0'X " ow: ODO 20, 0 ll4o 3(r4) P 4-90 0CC' ' '~' Al~M-ya .,'05A) 55r0 74Ck 20, 40 6 445 4000 II

:Inl.; i r 0C) 10 69001oo 201 40 ISO 405 SfR) p 150 000 "U

.1 3 600 5 1(20 3~~~ 0 j0 4 05 s (R) p 47C00 " "CI

2 12 Deor 070 rOCO 1<7/9' 20 0 4 Cy U U 16000 O

13 NegloeBrsna" 3 7/)O 4 JC 6100 20 lic IS0 370 U U 16000 " ' I

!4 Oul i' 3, 30 400 6 20 40 0 340 U U 35000 " " I 21 0~~ 23 50 4 400 590 20 413 60o 355 7;()p 120 0C0 I 16 ½2r 2 c0' 600~C' 5?)00( 20 I) IS0 Y.0 s(n) p 100000 II '5: 1 B sckss 2 O 2 3)03000 2' 0 6 210 Spr G 150 0OCCI l' 7B~'00i(-1 2 250 -2 900 3700 20 40 60O 2'20 Opr P 4000wo

19 Der& I1600 12900 4700 20 40 60O 280 0(p) P 210 00CC' " " 5 , 20 flrmb'~19. 1 70012 200 280(1 20 40 60 ~ 170 S(R) p 120 000CI 21 ?wa! 13, <7"I 22490 210 40 60 1>45 fs(l,) p 18000oo TOTAI Eth ±. 3 600o 000

cSourci: I 4 flSr of

~)D~r'-Lo,9r, r'chn JcPl. Appendex 10

L;rTITnVOTA WAT.T 0 TTIOTV AWM CTJrPV.flWA rv TO Q1mTrTv £:*I .L VI .L - Sf1 ft iV 1 LI,. f 1 - V *s - aWL Lt- U -.lV. Reported MuniciDal Revenue and Expenditure Summary 1970-1971

Amount - Eth. $1000s Number with Province - No. wTth No. of I N water revenue Towns Total Total Surplus

______IIRevenue Expend. ((Deficit) S

1. Arussi - 3 10 350 361 (11) 6 4 _ 2. Bale - 0 10 175 121 54 6 2 2

3. Begemdir =3 11 599 637 (38) 8 3 =

4. Eritrea - 9 3045 2298 747 9 0 - 5. Gemu Goffa- 1 6 92 115 (23) 1 3 2 6. Gojam - 2 19 426 454 (28) 12 6 1 7. HJuararge - 6 ,1788 1712n 76 6 I J.fS0 L I~LL ± f .LC. Li.Li 8. Illubabor - 2 9 227 211 16 3 3 3 9. Kefa - 2 9 868 1336 (468) 5 4 - 10. Shoa - 43 1646 1545 101 16 23 4

I~ 04..5.... - 'I'aI ' -77Z I.A. 11aJ!A.UO-I5I ia,mo - 6Li.. 161,7 JL ~ II\.Lt.J.L)0 6)

12. Tigre -5 15 952 680 272 12 3 -

13. Wellega - 2 11 359 766 (407) 5 5 -

14. Wollo - 4 13 382 766 (384) 11 2 -

Total 201 11,521 $11J775 (254) 112 73 16

Source: Municipalities Department, Ministry of Interior

Notp.q 1_/ nDoes nnt. jnelude Ascmaraqv g Does not include Addis Ababa

App 4 'ilI

Page 1 of 2 pages ETHIOPIA - WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE SECTOR STUDY Mnicipal Wlater R1evenues an,. Expenditure 1970-71

1 1970 Amount - Eth. $1000s Proviunoe~ *Iw1±±Pe-i .±ly Popu- IIl | lationi Revenue I Expenditurel Surplus | lOOOs j | (Deficit)

1. Arussi 1. Assela 17 4.9 1.2 3.7 2. Dera 2 30.1 2.0 28.1 3. BakoJi 2 3.4 N.A. 2. Bale None - - - 3. Begemder 1. Gondar 35 65.3 10.0 55.3 2. Wolla Diba 5 4.7 0.5 4.2 3. Setit Humera 30 2.0 o.6 1.4 4. Eritrea 9 towns No Information 5. Gemu Goffa 1. Arba Minch 7 8.0 3.7 4.3 6. Gojam 1. Debre Markos 27 22.2 0.9 21.3 2. Bahir Dar 22 54.2 3.01.2

7. Hararge 1. Alem Maya 5 6.4 - _ 2. Asbe Teferi 10 17.b - - 3. Dire Daw 61 8.4 - - 4. Gode 1 - - - 5. Harar 45 168.1 - - 6. Jijiga 8 0.1 - -

T=IllihAhor 1. Bno Bedele 3- - = 2. Gambela 2 - 3.9 - 9. Kefa 1. Agaro 12 2.5 8.8 (6.3) 2. Jimma 42 44.3 19.5 24.8 10. Shoa 1. Akaki 17 18.6 19.9 (1-3) 2. Aloha 5 7.4 , 3. Arusi Negele 4 10.4 0.2 10.2 - 4. Debre B erhn 1, 2.4h 9.0 19.4 5. Debre Sina 4 1.5 1.2 0.3 nke- 74 44 nQ 7Q 7 "d n Q s. e'Lea -. , I-C.I. 7 7. Fiche 11 6.3 3.3 3.0 8. tagere Hlwot 10 7 4 6 9. MoJo 5 19.1 -4.1 15.0

11. Sheno 2 0.9 0.0 0.9 12. Welenchiti 8 9.7 0.3 9.4 13. Zwai 3 3.9 - 3.9 Appendix 11 Page 2 of 2 pages

| | ~~~~1970 |Amount -Eth. $1000s Province I Municipality I Popu- I A E lation Revenue Expenditure Surplus ! ______I I______loo0 s II I Der ic it)

11. Sidamo 1. Dilla 13 - - 2 K(ibre Menast R 8.7 9=7 (1.0) 3. Negele 8 - - 4. Wollamo oNdn 12 18R7 8.5 102 5. Yirga Alem 14 22.0 6.9 15.1 6. Yabelo 4 1.0 - 1.0

12. Tigre 1. Abi Addi 6 - 1.0 (1.0) 2. Adwa 16 0.7 3.6 (2.9) 3. Axum 13 9.1 2.8 6.3 4. Inda Selassie 8 - 2.0 (2.0) 5. Malale 28 36.8 38.1 (1.3) 13. Wellega 1. Dembi Dollo 7 30.0 - 30.0 2. Ghimbi 8 0.8 = 0.8 14. Wollo 1. Alamata 5 0.8 - o.8 2. Combolcha 5 5.8 1.2 4.6 3. Dessie 46 45.6 54.7 (9-1) 4. Woldiya 9 - -

Total hn- places 01 '7 4

Source: Municipalities Department, Ministry of Interior Appendix 12

ETHIOPIA - TWATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE SECTOR STUDY Rural Water Revenues - Hararge Province

1972

Chargq Total Annual Estimated Awraja - Place per m' Revenue Purc asei Population Eth. $ Eth. $ M

1. Degehabur

- Aware 2.50 1637 650 1000

2. Dire Dawa

- Millo 1.25 2359 190 1000 - Shinile 1.25 17360 1090 3000

3. Harar - Bareda 1.25 5400 4320 10000

4; Jijiga

- Elahmar 2.50 1344 540 1000

- L3 - Tugochale 2.50 1550 620 7000

5. Kabridehare

- Shekash 2.50 247 100 3000

6. Worde - Agerwoin 2.50 4354 1740 4000 - Bokh 2.50 3732 1490 6000 - Galadi 2.50 394 160 1500 Sub-total 23362 12140 43500 Miscellaneous 4607

Total 27969

Souree! National Water RouRpq (reeo. .missionn r Hararge Office

Notes: No sales - Jne to September - rain High sales - October to February - dry Moderate sales - March to May - little rain

Appendix 13 nflOPI nr - E Eii,nTn C'MrflTn r ANTTh C. STO.RlnnC STnMint r-T

Rural W.qtpr Revenues - Shoa Provinee

Month of January - 1973

Month's Monthly Estimated Awraja - Place Revenue Purihase Population Eth. $ M-

Yerer and Kereyu 1. Choba Chora 550 440 4500 2. Dengore 850 680 8000 3. Elalaber 300 240 2000 4. Arerfi 450 360 6000

5. Fate 240vr-0 /VU 6. Melka Gilo 200 160 3000 7. Wajitu 50 40 1500 8. Dire Cheleba 50 40 2000

Haikoch and Butajira 1. Bora 150 120 1500 2. Dugda No. 1 150 120 2000 3. Dugda No. 2 100 80 2000 4. Koshe 700 560 4000 Total $ 3850 3080 9500

Source: Community Water Supply Division NWRC/EO

Note: The charge is Eth. $1.25/M3

Appendix 14

ETHIOPIA - WATER AND SEWERAGE SECTO'R STu-DY

Bi-Lateral Assistance Summary

1. Canada 2. Red Sea Desert Development Society 3. People's Reoublic of China 4. Finland

6. Federal Republic of Germany 7. Israel 8. Italy 9. Japan

inv. Qwe-cen 11. United Kingdom 12. USAID 13. USSR 14. Yugoslavia

Appendix 14

Paze 1 of 7 pages

Bi-Lateral Assistance

Summarv

1. Canada

Canada has provided some assistance in the past to the Geological Survey arnd in the a-ri- M+turall1 sec-tor (re1latire +to cat+tl diseass), bu.t. in +Atr supply. On the basis of CIDA activity elsewhere in Africa, it would seem that 4 4-^-'d b a pot-r.t+a1 source of asist.cin then -m, - sein"vs r sc,

2. P'JL.ed Se'1a Deser Develor^.1'.ent Socie

A p-4va4e, not-f.r-profi, C -a.^adi4-rAg---ncyr = the Ped Sea De Development Society (DD) - represented in Ethiopia by Mission teams, has made 4 4 4 s-u4.-. e4 o4' .anA 4 s 4nn erene 4- ; rsr.r *^."-4 sacQ ^ a 0 t .. 1 o 04-4 FA tiQnl a i O VlOIAS V- W L .J. UV0- U-VO -* Y LIV . A. -- vJ L * o . v a, _ 4J'.Jw , U pJ J for the Danakil Tribe living in north-eastern Ethiopia (Tigre and Eritrea n Pro-nrces). Q., ec, c,An,,n4+,P4 a- 4 nw..Ired are Thito (p--latio 'Tr1 I -.eder (population 300) and Badda (population 4,000) plus the Danakil Depression (b0elow sea le-vrel) -an -urrodir.- - ertr-nld-100,000 reore -I,A-IA persons. The IEG does not appear to be able to deal with DD because it is not

a govermLenItl agencj;y. QLUcil aI1IJLoa 1as O taJens1U UReeJL ±I UUsIJI1 V ';e e oACLLI in water supply does not appear to have been too effective.

3. People's Republic of China

China has offered a E $200 million loan to the IEG, a portion of WhLI.c1 is expected tuo be useu fLor water s-up'i. A brief dLescr' ti.-pto 1 o .n Lfth project with some details is attached.

4. Finland

Finland is providing some technical assistance in the form of engineers - one to work with A'wAt and one with NWRC/EO. .&llere adre also sevra.l engineers and architects working in the Ministry of Public Works.

5. France France has concentrated on hydrological assistance to the NWRC; a report is expected in 1974 - the cost Fr.Fr. 1.5 million. It is also assisting on the l4be Shabelle project to the extent of Fr.Fr. 14 million, but is not expected to be involved in water supply.

6. Federal Republic of Germany

Germany is developing water schemes for 8 towns (first phase) with a loan of DM 7.4 million - 50 year, 10 year grace period, interest 3/4 percent. GWE consulting engineers are doing the work. Cpen tenders will be published in May 1974. (See Table I) Append.x _-! 4

Page 2 of 7 pages

A second loan - DM 14.4 million is for 12 additional towns - same loan conditions as the first one. Commencement of the second phase will be when the first is under way in a satisfactory manner. (See Table II)

7. Israel

Israel is not in a position at this time to provide assistance, although the 1971 Tahal study was financed by the Government of Israel. Training is provided in Israel for Technical Assistants.

8.I taly

Italy provided E$800,000 for general planning studies of 41 towns, the results of which were published in 1968; this was a MDMI Project.

In 1967, 1969 and 1970 Italy provided E$500,000 for geological studies and aerial photography - a PCO and NWRC/EO (water resources department) project.

Italy provided an E$33 million loan for the construction of the Legedadi Dam for the Addis Ababa water supply system.

In 1971-72 it financed three river studies - Tkezzie, Mereb and Barka - by Electro-Consult of Milan. This was a 30 percent IEG and 70 percent GOI project, the Italian portion of which cost E$240,000. It may be continued.

Italy financed a reconnaissance survey of Eritrea and in 1972 provided a Hiydrological Engineer to study the Massawa water supply system (one month).

An Italian Consultant - not financed by the GOI, provided assistance in ]972 to the South Range Development Project.

In 1972 Italv extended a US$to million loan to IEG. the details of which have not yet been determined. It is, however, in three parts:

Amount US$ million Characteristics

1. $30 -pure loan - tied 2= t8 -to help balannce of payments - not tied 3 12 -supplier credit =i Total -35 Appendix 14

l'age 3 of 7 pages

9. Japan

The Government of Japan is participating to the extent of US$8 million in groundwater studies in Ethiopia through the Agricultural - Indus- trial Development Bank (AID) and the Nissho Iwai Trading Company - essentially an agricultural project. Finalization is expected in March 1973.

10. Sweden

Swedish assistance to Ethiopia in the water supply area amounted to almost 800,000 Sw.Cr. - for the town of Asella. Additional assistance may be extended in the future in the water supply area.

11. United Kinodom

The United Kingdom is providing an engineer to the NWRC and gave two water pumps to the town of Debre Markos. In June 1972 a British reconnaissance mission studied urban water needs in Ethiopia. but to date there has been no action in connection with it by the IE3.

The IEG has accepted from the U.K. an offered (November 1972) L5 million interest-free loan - 25 years, 7 years grace period, untied, the use of which has not yet been determined.

12. United States

USAID, in the past five years, has provided uS$540,ooo for the installation of self-heln water systems in six towns with a nonulation of 30nnn nersons. An fmhoff tank was installed on the main campus of HSI University.

USAID also has been indirectly involved in water development through it:7 ASL finnnninry of TFfl (Anitl hiirbdt Prniet-tsq Dring FY I971-73, TUATD/TET A3L allocations for water development totalled E$2.9 million - E$1.8 million for river basin studies and E$1.1 million for groundwater investigation and well-drilling. There are no current USAID funds for water supply projects.

13. USSR

The USSR has not provided assistance to IEG in water supply - only for ±t e 1refinery atAsab. Th.ere appear to be no lirm;iedi;ate p-rospect for sc as;. stance.

1l4. Yugoslavia

Yugoslavia provided in 1960 a US$10 million, 3 percent 10 year tied loan 4iich since has been extended annually. Some US$3T2 riDllion of thIs has not been used - the IEG may allocate it as it sees fit. AppPU1nUdL. 144

Page 4 of 7 pages

Past activity has included:

1. The "Tisabelle'; hydroelectric project on the Blue tile at Bahr Dar. 2. Hydro and gold mine development at Adola. 3. Asab port development, including some water supply. 4. Construction of the Addis Ababa Cement Factory - 80,000 tons per year.

A new Yugoslav loan to IEG is being considered. A Yugoslav contractor - Union aigineering - built some water works for Gondar and Dire Dawa - the towns paid for this service.

There is a Technical Assistance contract between Yugoslavia and IEG which has resulted in the placement of 10 or 12 Yugoslav experts in the btnistry of Industry, Ministry of Agriculture and PC0.

Yugoslavia provides 20 scholarships annually to Ethiopia; 40 Ethiopian engineers have studied in Yugoslavia to date. There are about 100 Ethiopian students in Yugoslavia at present.

Ethio-Chinese Water Supply Project

Using the loan obtained from the Republic of China, during the first phase, 20 wells are planned to be drilled. Out of the 20 wells about 16 of them would be for urban communities and the remaining 4 for rural areas. The Chinese Loan would be used to provide complete water systems for seven urban comnunities and four or more rural areas. The complete system wou:Ld include water well drilling, testing, developing, casing, screening, installing pumps, providing main supply lines, storage reservoirs, distribution systems, etc.

The seven so-called urban communities for which the Chinese Loan would provide complete water supply systems are:

1. Gonder 2. Maichew 3. Adigrat l. Gelemso 5. Burie 6. Bonga 7. Wondo

Tle selection of the two or more rural areas for the four wells has not yet been finalized.

The drilling operation of the project is planned to start early October 1973 and the water supply system will follow. A good part of the work is envisaged to be coiapleted before the end of the Third Five-Year Plan but part of it would be carried over to the Fourth Five-Year Plan period. Appendix 14

Page 5 of 7 pages

It is hoped that this work will continue as phase II in the Fourth Five-Year Plan and an amount equal to about E $3,000,000 has been proposed as possible expenditures during this period. The NWRC Board has appointed the M1wC/EO to act as a Co-ordinating Agency for the project.

Even though the preparatory work for the project is already under way there is not yet an approved budget for the 1973-74 fiscal year. The present expenses are being met from the EQ Community Water supply budget. These expenses would be refunded when the proposed budget is approved. It is expected that the Loan will take care of both the foreign and local expenditures. This arrangement is at present under discussion by both parties. oo~~~~~I4 t7t77 4,r7r }p Il|n n I (- I IG> VY'r Irn

QOGCCG8 O5'j" 1 co,-, OoLl?ZZ 0 5t72 ' a10T n2 °() OOO9v ? £R879 L Z '3 OTO ooOft Lgrn v's6 ,ii3 - I.G qur- o , cv k £ JLO/ CC' .14,; T.A I. t ,; l _ OOOUWooo6oc? O6411o66 6 6 'CT uot.owo )8 Z ZO 69'7 .792 GO "OTIS .eUewuus .C- , ,7

8 (OO^5C)'CGCO64 6 OLL% 7S. , 6079'Ol , C1L ,L 0O2JT T : .)o oLl-~5iD i.,71 0,-1) ob COL ', TUT"D

TJ'~~7. "j---- FN~~110"S

-l ",-rT""" rA''T ..T

(uoTreLUwGTdwT xapurt)

7NM90 .qIO 0IIrldWd TV'UI2;GZ

aG14 JO

IWMVDOHd HDNVISISSV 'I8ILV9HI

I IarV.L

1 J -0 9 asld

tTT x TpuGadUy Appendix 14 TABLE II Page 7 of 7 pages

BILATERAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME of the FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY 2Ti.lLVI 'rLf-TOIS WATE- SUPPLY 7'KOJU,LT

(implementation shall start in 1974)

Io T 1 9 1| ,STI, 'AT1D COS.

1.0. TOWBN PR0VI-JCE 1975A I 1935IJ5 199519- ~~~~OFESTOF 1TD1ST. STACESTAGE

|~~~ ~ __ ~ _~ ._ _ I ______I L';T T. 1 XArba Miiinch 'Gemu Gofa 8,500 r 15,700 22,000 | 4269000.00 2 'Co.bolcha {'ollo 5,550 j 8,600 13,300 326,250.00 3 L,l e ;iarkos:uGojam 9 ,9(9.) ,UU iOO 599220 (k).0904u0.0 4 D:-bhrc Zeit ,Shoa 33.5o 0 52 i500 ii 1OO0 1 c2c0C.0C 5 'Dder I;ararge 4,900 6,60o0 9,300 306000.00 6 C' ion jShoa 12, 100 j 179900 265505 32~C!0.o0

'7 !.tWr ;'iwo,~ IQVoa , 119400 1 6'^ .~ 2340 =19004J 3n ( cwa jiThie s 13C6-6 | 2O,?53 209936 O^6,3C,OO 9 u |Illubabor 1 7,300 12,150 1 3,600 7739,100.00 0i I'il,'I Alem j.,iamo 0 $!fuu 1S,DU 2 9bU( 0u 1,170,60.O0I , 11 'oj'o Stoa 10,000 14.60O0 22e700 509.300.00 12 A ;nssa Si-amo 15,90CO 22,000 j 3'0,00 0 1,500,OOOC0

|T.OTAL: , 509829 2259438 3319806 9 877, 850.00

he ostimated cost will be about 20;' more upto the end of implementation.

Appendix 15

ETHIOPIA - WATER SUPPLY AND

SEWERAGE SECTOR STUDY

Organization and Staffing

Proposed National Water Supply and Sewerage Agency

Chart

Table

OU'LINE; ORGANIZkTION

PROPOSED NATIONAL WAI'ER SUPPL'Y AND [MANAG 7] J SEWERAGE AGENCY A1711LII L~L ETHIOPIA

[Administrati Finance Technical PersonnEl Accounting Chief illing & Collection Engineer _ Tariffs; _-

1 -

1 On~Deration and _ 2 Engineering rerationta,nd Equirnent 1

Planning , ande _Programmning _ . _ Transmisision _ _ _ . 1 Data & Info Distribution Purchasing _= = = _ _ = = = Warehousinp: {Design -Treatmernt __Survey - ]Drafting eriDrnentq l Ests. & Sinecs,. RePain;. Maint.

Construction Sunervision _ , _ ---- Equin. & Suonlies Laborator Distribution Water Cwa[lity Control [. _(Da_ Regio)nal , __ __, , , Fngirieer 0 x

Note- The! 14 Provincre3 _ I - _ _ k could be grouped r Operation [Equipment [dministraticon Awrajas in 5 to 7 regions | and | and ancl L_ _ - mU in 5 L_ndMaintenanc l Supplies_o7regions I _an~ Financeand Weredas Appendix 15 Tab]p Page 2 of 2 pages Approximate Staffing - National Water Supply and Sewerage Pgency

ETHIOPIA

CATEGORY LEVF Professional National Rerional Total

CF. with SR. _il if'iontion- and/or SF.

A Chief Rnaineer & Dpnutv 2 2 B Planning 3 3 C Design & Construction Supr. 11 11 D Operation & Maintenance Trans, Dist & Treatment 1 8 9

Sub-Total 17 8 25

E Chemist, Chemical Engineer or SE with chemical background 1 1

F Accol-tant, Billing & Gollection Tariffs & Personnel (Training) 4 24 28 G Warehousing and Purchasing 1 8 9

Sub-Total 6 32 38

TOTAL 23 40 63

Supoort Personnel

Technicians, Sub-prof, etc.,

but no't secretariala , drivers, et-c. B 6 6 C 44 44 D 18 56 74

E44 F 16 16 G 14 36 50

TOTAL 2 92 194

Note: The first training course for systems operators of the "Immediate Programme" would include 100 persons. Appendix 16

ETHIOPIA - WATER AND SEWERAGE SECTOR STUDY

RURAL WATER SUPPLY STUDY AWASA DISTRICT (AwraJa) SIDAMO PROVINCE

'I V7,1

Report prepared by Ervin Frank. WHO Sanitarian, Provinnial Ilealth Department

Tntroduntion

Survey of Ryral Water Sources Local Resources Restraints Summary - Conclusion Table

Appendix 16 Page I of 5 pages AWASA DISTRICT RURAL WATER SUPPLY SURVEY 1972

Introduction Presently, there is no need to prove the well known fact that a large number of diseases are directly related to the lack of safe water. It is also not possible to express this fact with figures or statistics because of the lack of information. In Ethiopia. as in maxty other developing countries, these diseases rank among the most common, particularly in the rural areas. Consequently, programnes directed to improve water sources in the rural areas are considered of significant importance by nearly all medical experts in the country.

The essential nurnose of this renort is to provide information which could be used to prepare recommendations for a rural water supply administrative organization for the entire eountrv.

Matters relatina to a water survev conduted hv sanit-arians in 16f villages of the Awasa District, to the principal restraints to establishing water supnnlv systpmk- in ?'1-r I' rmmiinJtie; andi to the loealR rP.onrces available to such a programme are discussed in this report.

Survey of Rural Water Sources The accompanying table regarding rural water sources in Awasa District summarizes those characteristics pertenant to development of a rural water supply programme. This information was gathered by provincial and health centre sanitarians during a sanitation survey of .16 villages in this district by questioning a sample of 84 householders and the village leaders and by observing problems during the first half of 1972. Information regarding the location of these villages, directions to get there, and letters of introduction to each village leader were given to the surveyors by the District Governor. This assistance was essential for completing the survey rapidly and for obtaining the cooperation of the public. For a more complete description of the survey, see the report "A Rural Sanitation Programme as based on Survey Data", prepared by project 4001 personnel and the Sidamo Provincial Health Department.

As shown by the table, all leaders indicated that better water supplies were needed and that villagers would provide labour. Money was also promised by 13 of the village leaders. All of the present water supplies were found to be open to contamination. Women or children were the usual water bearers. carrying large earthenware jugs holding 15 to 20 litres for long distances. In some cases water was purchased from businessmen who obtained the water and carried it in metal barrels or in containers carried by donkeys. The price paid was E.50 cents-to E$ 1.00 for 80 litres. Water sources utilized were quite varied as were the recommended improvements. Some typical situations are as follows:

In Shamena, there is no water for much of the year during the drv season. Cisterns are used to store a little water from roofs but there are no dug wells, springs, or streams, and the soil will not hold water in ponds. Water Appendix 16 Page 2 of 5 pages

is trucked in during the dry season but, for the most part, people leave 4 w4 h4-1,their cattle anA return dur in te -, ny season. T aake Awasa i4 about VtA. LILA %LIU ±LJ. t.L U, Ve.A. Wi - L- - -A.t. u.- L.J..LAJ Q'.U..%L-1t lfC.G jIU 20 km away. There is a need for engineering consultation to help in this village, to decide if water should be pumnped fromr the lake, if a well should be drilled, or if a surface pond could be constructed.

In Sidini, a pond is utilized as the water source for the village and the surrounding people. The water is highly contaminated with mud and. silt, frogs, and by cattle being watered. The pond which collects water during the rainy season, was dug out of clay soil by the villagers several years ago.

In Wondo Gunette, water is removed from a river about 2 km away by a series of ditches dug throughout the town. Although there is no shortage of water, it is ohuirouslv entnaminated by animals, by washing elot.hing and by people. A plentiful water supply is available from a spring about 3 km upIl f1Prom the towna .

1I.L.. . 1. W A % Tne total cost of improving water supplies in the District is estimated to be E$ 150,400. This estimate is based on general knowledge of prices and the amount of work involved for making the improvements rather than upon engineering plans and cost estimations of the plans. It was also considered that local resources would be used in the work. Obviously, additional engineering consultation is needed on these various schemes in order to obtain more accurate cost estimates and plans.

The following data indicates the land area and population of the Awasa District compared to the Average District in the country.

Area - Km 2 Poni i ation Ethiopia 1,221,900Q(1) 24,319,000 (1) Awasa District 960 (2) 70,000 (2) Average District (516) 2,368 47,129

(1) Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia of 1970, Central Statistics Office (2) The Awasa District Governors Office estimates that between 60-80,000 persons live in the District.

Local Resources Among the resources available to a -rural water supply agency, the most important is the desire of the people for water facilities. All of the leaders of the 16 villages surveyed stated that the visage needed a better water supply and that the villagers would participate either with labour or with money for the projects. Small villages with an acute water shortage will contribute considerable sums of money. Tulla, a village of about 100 houses, contributed nearly E$ 15,000 for a water supply which is now under construction. Appendix 16 Page a of 5 pages District Development Committees have been organized in rural areas where Community Development Village Level Workers are present. Landowners in the Awasa Distrint nontribute arnroximatelv E$ 15.000 annually to this Committee for various improvements including water supplies. This activity S s s +-h Awasa T ria+ct^+roernor, whon is vTery interest.ei in using some of this money for development of an organization capable of supply ri water tUo each village ad to proviLde maintenace f.or te systems developed.

Among the local Government agencies desiring to participate in a rural water supply programme are the Health Department, the Ministry of Communmity Development and the Ethiopian School Building Unit. The role of the sanitarian in the Health Department is to: (1) promote good water supplies, '2) educate the public regarding use of safe water, (3) inspect water supplies and, in some cases, (4) to assist communities in installation and repairing water supply systems. The Community Development Village Level Workers are responsible to promote better water supplies and they have helped install many of them- They are partieularly trained to orzanize eommunity activities and to work with the District Development Committees. Tne Ethiopiar. Schoro1 BuiIdrA rn- aTrslit+ lccalIsco e in snuplyir4n them wi+l water. Of the 16 villages included in the survey, there are 8 schools; on'ly of' these 'a' water.

Restraints There are numerous restraints to establishing water sunnlv systems in rural communities. The amount of money necessary for some projects is beyond the ability of some communities to accumulate, either for invest;;ment purposes or for maintenance of a system. In some instances communities do have some

A.LJI1-4 Vi YJ.Le.u 1 _: _ 2. .1 |______n.._|__|a______- - _ _ XI_-_ n'ss of -va'er an'u 't, ey ars.~i. re: ]u t: Luk;antv d.u11 L tvu pocyJy 2LUL- V asiy~ .1LJU~&~I.~UU11Jy1 uvt_11::ss1:Xi us' .Vu; r. safe water.

Although the National Water Resources Commission has primary responsibility for rural water supply, it is not well known or understood what its relation- ship is with other local agencies such as Community Development, Provincial .lealth Departments, the Ethiopian School Building Unit, and the local governing agencies which are interested in participating in a rural water supply programme. These groups are involved to a limited extent in provision of water supplies, but they are greatly hampered by lack of engineering and technical support.

The fact that populations are dispersed over large land areas and live in '-ctt.PrPe vil lages precludesn" a l proportiovn orf v'in'l people fror. enjoying community water supplies. In the Awasa District there are roughly 70,000 persons in an area of 9 rouhly 13000 persons in the municipality of Awasa and about 10,000 in the 16 villages with concentrated populations in the Awasa District, according to survey data. Thus, about 47,000 people, or 67 percent, live in areas where it is very difficult to provide sufficient quantities of safe water - in highly dispersed and scattered housing. Appendix 16

.~' '_C,v- lWS

Tm1ck of educatio n an knowlpeip of t.hp niieh1it regardino the valuei of safe and protected water creates a problem for obtaining funds for improve- mhentIs, I.or maintenancefff . of projectAs, and f water safet while stored in homes. Chlorination, boiling or filtering water is not seen as a value

to many people; thus, they may be unwilling t carr-y:fo out suclh activities or to pay for them. In general, people are far more concerned with the quantity of water that they can receive and they do not know wnat a safe water is or its value to preserving health.

Summary - Conclusion The problem of lack of data regarding conditions of water supplies in rural areas anu .uin the ot-hier 51 Distrcts canl be s.ved by u-±li±lr lvueua resources such as sanitarians and governors on a district basis in making sanitary surveys similar to the one presented here.

Local officials and agencies such as governors, health departments, community development staff, etc. should participate in a national water programme from the planning stages on; and this should include financing of particular local projects.

The role of sanitarians and other local personnel should be clarified and regularized in the context of a national water supply programme. Adenuatp eonnsqidpration shoulidli hp crivpn to smtisf'Vin their npeeds to help carry out their duties. These would include adequate transportation to re-ach vi,rl 1l,r1 agce

Er-iineeringO services tou asis -n-ri -ehric,-n -esne must be made available at the local levels. Most of the rural village projects would be of a simple nature (protectlon of springs or wells, improvement of ponds, installation of infiltration galleries in rivers, installation of pumps - either hand or small electrical types, etc.) and within the ability of local personnel to carry out. However, standard designs, plan approval, training, and financial matters must be carried out by engineers or other expert personnel, who must also be available for the more difficult projects and problems.

The establishment of criteria for determining priorities must be Ponsidered and the informatinn made available to local g'oups.* The size of a village, the cost of a project, the willingness to participate, and the forAeed water are some oIf' the fI.Dactors to be considered. FJAor example, 4.-..a-Athz need of water may be graded into three categories: (1) villages without adequate quantities of water, (2') villages which are using highly contaminated water sources, and (3) villages with adequate quantities of water, but which need further protection. This would constitute only one factor, although a very important one. Anoendix 16 Table Page 5 of 5 pages RP.RAL WATER SOUIRCES AWASA DISTRICT SIDAM0 PROVINCE 1972

Location T N f Present Improved Cost- Village Dist.-Place Water Water Eth.$ Remarks_g (km.) Source Source lOOOs

Tulla 14 - Awasa AWR 100 Pond Soring 45 G,DP,ST,DL, SOR, ,CH

Sidini 3 - Tulla DWR 30 Pond Impd.Pond 4 ST,DL Wome 10 - Tulla DWR 100 Pond Spring 30 DL,DP,ST,DL

Manecho 20 - Tulla DWR 50 f,ug Protected 1 HP,ST,DL well well Shamena 31 - Awasa DWR 103 Cistern Cistern 2 ST,DL -roof -roof Arbe Gebaya 3 - Shomana DWR 250 Pond Improved 4 SR,F,CH,DL - Pond

Mulete 2 - Shomana -DWh 300 Dug Protected 1 HP,ST,DL well well Wondo Genette 48 - Awasa AWR 350 River Snring 30 G,ST,DL Bussa 6 - Wondo AW- 51 River River & 20 DP,ST,DL Filtration Maribo 2 - Bussa AWR 30 River River & 5 G,ST,DL - Filtration frsm Russa nump Guguma 17 - Wondo DWR 350 Dug well Protected 1 HP,ST,DL Spring well Gurara 2 - Guguma DWR 60 River Protected 1 HP,ST,DL Soring well

Wyege 6 - Guguma DWR 76 Soring Soring / Protected Spring

Tobco 4 - Awasa AWR 100 Swam- Protected 4 Elect.Pwmn Monoooly well ST,DL Gimbi 1 - Tob.Mon. AWR 60 Swamo Protected 1 ST,DL,from well Tobacco Mon. Aladi 1 - Tob.Mon AWR 25 Swamn Protected 1 ST,DL,from

we,ll1A.A. TLobUacco MhJion.

Codes: 1/ AWR - all weather road; DWR - dry weather road 2/ G - gravity; DP - diesel pump; ST - storage tank; SR - storage reservoir DL - distribution line; F - filter; CH - chlorination; HP - hand nump

-5 Less than Eth, '$1000

Appendix 17 Page 1 of 5

ETHIOPIA - WATER AND SEWERAGE S E T0R SU`JIY

Principal Contacts

Government of Ethiopia

National Water Resources Commission - Executive Organ

1. H. E. Ato Assefa Mengesha, General Manager

2. Ato Teshome Workie, Head Technical Division

3. Ato Dawit Kiflegzy, Chief, Community Water Supplies

Ministry of Interior, Municipalities Department

1. H. E. Ato Teferra H. Selassie, Vice Minister

2. Ato Demese Abebe, Chief Engineer

3. Ato Asefa Demessie, Chief Planner

4. Ato Alem-Al-Azar, Chief, Water and Sewerage Unit

5. Ato Tecle Gebremichael, Water and Sewerage Engineer

6. Mr Hristoshov, Planning Adviser

1.H.E A to 'YroA,ananes ',{1.Grer-ima, Vice Minister,V1-4Pulc Health 0-.4c

2. H. E. Ato Mesfin Fanta, Vice Minister

3. Ato Kelkilew Tadesse, Chief of Division EH

4. Dr. A. Catipovic, WHO Planner

5. Mr Woldu MThary, Sanitary Engineer

6. Mr Frank, Sanitarian Princioai Contacts (contd.) Appendix 17 Page 2 of 5

Planning Commission Office

1. H. E. Ato Hailu Yemenu, Vice Minister

2. Ato Stephanos Egube Selassie, Economic Infrastructure

3. Ato Aclog Desta, External Assistance

4. Mr L. Kalderen, Project Director, Harvard Advisory Group

5. Abdulahi Hasen, Central Statistical Office

Ministry of Agriculture

1. Mr Tsakakssin (SIDA), Extension and Programme Implementation Department

2. Mr H. Linder , Assistant Head EPID

3. Ato Gedion Shone, Soil Conservation

Ministry of Mines

1. iMr J. S. Tooms, Manager, UN Geological Survey

2. Ato Tacesse Belaehew. Geologlst

Imnerial Ethionian Institute of Public Administration

1. Ato Tesfa G. Hawariat, Research and Publications

2. Ato Kassaye Adam, Education

3. Dr J. H. Khosla, UN Training Adviser

Haile Selassie I University

1. Dr Makonntn Wnolde-Amlak. Assoniate Dean of Engineering

Ministry of Finance

1. H. E. Ato Ashenafi Shiferaw , Vice Minister

2. Ato Woldemariam Cirma, Assistant Ministry of Finance and Credit Princinal Contacts (contd.) Appendix I7 Page 3 of r

Ethi.or,ian 'Tour's'tandu Hotels Ir,vest-ment Corporation

1. Ato Abdul Jelil Mohamed, General Manager

Tmrerial Highway Authority

a1. Ato Abashawl Wolde Mariam, General Manager

2. Ato Shimeles Asfan Executive Assistant and Planning and Programming Head

Local Official (By Province)

Eritrea

1. Grazmach Temesgen Kidane, NWRC/EO

2. Dr Tucolde, Provincial Medical Chief

3. H. E. Lt. Gen. Debebe Hailemariam, Governor General

4. H. E. Cantiba Haragot. Mayor of Asmara

5. Ato Afework Berhane, Director General, Asmara

6. Dr Engr. Carlos Mazetti, Chf Asmara

7. Geom. Martinelli, Sewerage Superintendent, Asmara

8. Ato Mebrahatu Negussie, Budget and Flnance Officer, Asmara

9. Grazmach Asfaha Woldeghiorgis, Water System Accountant

10. Arturo Mezzedimi, Master Planning Studies, Asmara (Head of Firm by that name)

Harrarge

1. Ato Asefa Alemu, NWRC/AO

2. Col. Desta Gemeda. Governor, Dire Dawa Awraja

3. Ato Fikre Makonnen. Director of Municipality. Dire Dawa

4. Ato Balambras Mohammead Husscin, Gmmiinity T)Avolomnnt Dire D

5. H7. IL. eJlazmlt c WIorlkenehl Wloldemar.uel, Deputy Governor Ger,eral, Harrarge

6. Major Haile Mariam Lencho, Chief Administrator, Harar Municipality

.... Harrarge contd. Princinal Contacts (contd.) Appendix 1? Page 4 of 5

7. Ato Ayele Habtemechele, Chief Engineer, Harar

8= Ato Alpmavehu PplAka- TAhoratorv Technician. Harar Water Plant

mAtr.Jn. rr-l m n + U W.+--tt

Kefa

1. Kegnazmatch Taddassa, Governor of Agaro Awraja

Shoa

1. H. E. Ato Hailu Sebsibie, Vice Mayor. Addis Ahaba

2. Ato Nega Ranta. General Manager- AW.SA

3. Ato FShimpIls, Enginee,r AWSA

L, At.o Te.mcn7 ATSAtngineer,

Sidamo

1. Ato Mama Duballo, Awasa Awraja Governor

2. Ato Kebedeferis, Provincial Sanitarian

15. Mr Ervin Frank, WHO Sanitarian

4. Dr Guevera, WHO Senior Adviser Princ_iral Contacts (contd,) AppendIIx 17 Page 5 Of 5

United Nations Agencies

~,rurV

Dr. P. Chasies, WrHO Representative

Dr. A. CatiDovic, Planner, Ministry of Public Health

Dr. Souerlich, Epidemiologist

IBRD/IDA

Mr T. Finsaas, IBRD Representative

Mr Jalil, Programme Officer

T nT)1Y

Mr F. G. Seib, U1NP Resident Director

Mr V. Furst, Deputy

Mr Ake T. Nerman, Assistant

UNICEF

Mr A. E. McBain, Representative in Ethiopia

Mr A. Demere, Programme Officer

BiJ)jlat1eral Aece

i. Canada - Mr Gautnier 7. italy - Mr Sanguini

2. Finland - Mr Rekola 8. Japan - Mr Tanaka

3. France - Mr Boucher 9. Sweden - Mr Karlen

4. Germany - Mr Seeger 10. U.S.A. - Mr Ernst

5. Great Britain - Miss Harrison 11. U.S.S.R. - Mr Kimpetienko

6. Israel - Mr Eman 12. Yugoslavia - Mr Radulovic

13. Desert Development - Canada - Mr Wardroper

Appendix 18 Page 1 of 3

ETHIOPIA - WATER AND SEWERAGE SECTOR STUDY Reference Materials

World Bank Materials

1I.. ~ Recent U~I.& -conomifI.ccnoi Performancef~I .~II1. anA Future Prospects in.~£ Ethiopia,VlI'IJ±.V I. (of IV) Main Report, November 9 1972, Country Programmes Department I, Eastern Africa, Report 9-ET.

2. Appraisal Report on the Addis Ababa Water Supply and Sewerage Project -

EL-iopia, Report I .iUT-f6 -Ma rc 2 h r41972

World Health Organization Materials 1. Community Water Supply Development Ln Ethiopia. WHO Document EM/ES/115, June 1968.

2. Report on Improved Community Water Supply for Ethiopia. July-September 1968. WHO Document EM/ES/121 IR 0374 dated January 1969.

3. Assignment Report - Advisory Assistance to the Awash Valley Authority

/I_T., -I h_ _ 2_\n)n^ _^e _t__-1 t_/ )- 1, _ ___ (E:.nvir onm entalu-a Aspecut), 14 Uly-20 oSptUmbeur 1969, EMa/^S/l4D, January 1970. R. A. Williams.

4. Assignment Report - Water Pollution Control in Ethiopia, 16 January- 7 February, 1970, P. Benedek.

5. Report on Visit to Ethionia. 17-27 February 1970. Dr. S. Falkland, S. F. Project Co-ordinator, WHO/EMRO, April, 1970.

6. Draft Assignmcnt Report - Review of Water Supply and Sewerage Disposal

Questionnaires M. A. Porter, 12.23 March 1972 - Ethiopia.

7. Environmental Health Service Project, Ethiopia - 3001, 1972 Annual Review Report, C. W. Bov6e - Kelkilew Tadesse, 15 November 1972. Reference Materlals (contd.) y - 1V Pare 2 of 5

Government of Ethiooia Materials 1. Central Statistical Office, PCO a. Survey of Major Towns in Ethiopia, Statistical Bulletin No.1, December 1968. b. Urbanization in Ethiopia, Statistical Bulletin No. 8, August 1972. c. Population of Addis Ababa, Statistical Bulletin No.9, July 1972. d. PoDulation of Ethiopia, 1964-1967, Statistical Bulletin No.6, (Awvrajas). e. General Weredo (Sub-district) Information in 13 Provinces, Statistical^n Bullein4r No.5, .rVeytm 1er 1971. f. Statistical Abstracts - 1969, 1970, and 1971 (issued February 1973).

2. Third Five-Year Develonment Plan. l96l-l965 (EcG.), 1968-1973 (a.GC.)

3. Environmental Problems - Policies and Action in Ethiopia - Report prenared in the Regional and Community Development Section of the Planning Commission Office, Office of the Prime Minister, April 1971.

4. Proposals for Hydrological Investigations for Water Supply, NWRC/EO, May 1972.

5. Application to tne uNDi'P for assistance in Activation of NWRRC/EO, July 1972.

6. Review of Strategy for Water Resources, PCO, November 1972.

LTNDM Xaterials 1. IND7 Report on Dovelonment Assistance to Ethiopia in 1971 - Report prenared by the Resi(dent Representative of the United Nations Development

2. Antiual Rteport for 1971 for the Inter-Agency Consultative Board. Prenared hv Resident Ropresentative, UNDP, March 1972.

3- 1Background Paper - 1974-1978, January 1973. Re'erence Materials (contd.) Appendix I Page 3 of 3

Other Sector Studies 1. Tanzania, 1972 (April) 2. Yemen, 1972 (December)

Miscellaneous Materials 1. Terms of Reference Report for a Master Plan for Rural and Urban Water Supply Development in the Empire of Ethiopia, de Leuw, Cather

TnTerntio-I. InT- Engineers, Chlc-g, UTSA = AAAJi Ab,. .tLf JtS14 L -A SL- AA5- ~ S. 4 A-Eii4 4, *4 - _ - l~.A ----- * ---- Ethiopia. November 1968. 2. The feasibility study of the Addis Ababa Water Supply and Sewerage Project, Volume 1, General report, prepared by BCOEM (1970). 3. The final report on the establishment of the Addis Ababa Water Supply andd Sewerage AuthAority, prepare'" 'UN 'PAS I(1970).I 4. Rural Water Supply Systems in the Empire of Ethiopia. Application for IBRD loan for pre-investment study. Addis Ababa, July 1971. 5. An Order to Provide for the Establishment of a National Water Resources Commission, Order No.75 of 1971,'Negarit Gazeta, Addis Ababa, 27 October 1971.

6 Budget Proclamation 'or Ile Governm,ent ler-vices, 19JE..( Juy192 7 July 1973 - G.C.) Proclamation No.308 of 1972, Negarit Gazeta, Addis Ababa, 7 July 1972. 7. Water and Its Quality, TWRC/EO Ato Biirru Ittissa, August 1972. 8. Summary of the Swedish Assistance to Ethiopia. Swedish Development

Assistance Offiee, Addis Ababa, 1 Stb 1972.