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Terzu Daya 2004.Pdf ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE SEASONAL DYNAMICS OF TSETSE AND TRYPANOSOMOSIS IN SELECTED SITES OF SOUTHERN NATION, NATIONALITIES AND PEOPLES REGIONAL STATE (SNNPRS), ETHIOPIA BY TERZU DAYA DEGAGA JUNE 2004 DEBRE ZEIT, ETHIOPIA ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE SEASONAL DYNAMICS OF TSETSE AND TRYPANOSOMOSIS IN SELECTED SITES OF SOUTHERN NATION, NATIONALITIES AND PEOPLES REGIONAL STATE (SNNPRS), ETHIOPIA A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University in partial fulfillment of Degree of Master of Science in Tropical Veterinary Medicine BY TERZU DAYA DEGAGA JUNE 2004 DEBRE ZEIT, ETHIOPIA II SEASONAL DYNAMICS OF TSETSE AND TRYPANOSOMOSIS IN SELECTED SITES OF SOUTHERN NATION, NATIONALITIES AND PEOPLES REGIONAL STATE (SNNPRS), ETHIOPIA BY TERZU DAYA DEGAGA Board of Examiners Signature Prof. Ph. Dorchies __________________________ Prof. Feseha Gebreab __________________________ Dr. Wondwossen Abebe Gebreyes __________________________ Dr. Giles Innocent __________________________ Dr. Andy Catley __________________________ Dr. David Barrett __________________________ Academic Advisor Prof. Getachew Abebe ___________________________ III DEDICATION This work is dedicated to Jesus Christ, who is overall, God blessed for ever for that he crowns my soul with lovingkindness and tender mercies. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................... VII LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... VIII LIST OF ANNEXES ............................................................................................................. IX LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................ X ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................. XI ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... XII 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................... 4 2.1. Morphology and life cycle of tsetse fly and trypanosome .............................................. 4 2.1.1. Morphology of tsetse fly ........................................................................................... 4 2.1.2. Life cycle of tsetse fly ............................................................................................... 4 2.1.3. Morphology of trypanosome ..................................................................................... 5 2.1.4. Life cycle of trypanosome ......................................................................................... 6 2.2. The distribution, habitat and importance of tsetse fly in Africa ...................................... 7 2.3. The distribution of tsetse flies and trypanosomosis in Ethiopia ...................................... 9 2.3.1 Early records (up to 1950’s) ....................................................................................... 9 2.3.2. Records in 1960’s and 1970’s ................................................................................... 9 2.4. The distribution of tsetse and trypanosomosis in southern region since 1980. ............. 13 2.4.1. Tsetse fly ................................................................................................................. 13 2.4.2. Trypanosomosis ...................................................................................................... 15 2.5. Pathogenesis of trypanosomosis .................................................................................... 18 2.6. Diagnosis of trypanosomosis ......................................................................................... 19 2.7. Tsetse and trypanosomosis control ................................................................................ 20 2.7.1. Vector control.......................................................................................................... 20 2.7.2. Trypanosomosis control .......................................................................................... 21 2.8. Drug resistance .............................................................................................................. 23 2.8.1. Mechanisms and genetics of resistance to trypanocides ......................................... 24 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS ...................................................................................... 25 3.1. Study area ................................................................................................................... 25 3.2. Study design ............................................................................................................... 28 V 3.2.1. Sample Size ............................................................................................................. 28 3.2.2. Study type ............................................................................................................... 29 3.2.3. Data analysis ........................................................................................................... 32 4. RESULTS ........................................................................................................................... 33 4.1 Questionnaire .................................................................................................................. 33 4.2. Tsetse survey ................................................................................................................. 36 4.3. Parasitolgical results of cross sectional study................................................................ 38 4.4. Haematological results .................................................................................................. 43 4.5. Association of trypanosome prevalence, PCV value and tsetse apparent density ........ 45 4.6. Risk factors on trypanosome prevalence ....................................................................... 47 4.6.1. Age .......................................................................................................................... 47 4.6.2. Sex ........................................................................................................................... 49 4.6.3. Interaction of risk factors ........................................................................................ 49 4.7. Longitudinal studies ...................................................................................................... 50 4.7.1. Parasitological findings ........................................................................................... 50 4.7.2. PCV findings ........................................................................................................... 51 5. DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................................... 51 6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................... 58 7. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 60 8. ANNEX ............................................................................................................................... 71 9. CURRICULUM VITAE .................................................................................................... 79 VI LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Distribution, habitat and importance of tsetse fly ......................................................... 8 Table 2. Tsetse and trypanosomosis survey result of Rift valley belt ...................................... 16 Table 3. Tsetse and trypanosomosis survey result of Omo belt ............................................... 17 Table 4. Trypanosomosis survey result in Gamu Gofa ............................................................ 17 Table 5. The ratio between different trypanosomes in animals at Omo and Rift valley belts . 17 Table 6. Trypanosomosis survey result of Rift valley belt ....................................................... 18 Table 7. Samples collected for parasitological survey at Gadala PA ....................................... 29 Table 8. Samples collected for parasitological survey at Badaye PA ...................................... 29 Table 9. Tsetse flies and tabanids catches during late and early wet seasons .......................... 37 Table 10. Tsetse flies and tabanids catches during early and late dry seasons ......................... 38 Table 11. The prevalence of trypanosomosis in early and late wet seasons ............................. 39 Table 12. The prevalence of trypanosomosis in early and late dry seasons ............................. 42 Table13. Proportion of parasitaemic and aparasitaemic cattle of Badaye and Gadala PAs ..... 43 Table 14. Mean PCV value of parasitaemic and aparasitaemic cattle by seasons .................... 43 Table 15. The mean PCV value of cattle by seasons ................................................................ 44 Table 16. Comparison of mean PCV between parasitaemic and aparasitaemic cattle ............. 44 Table 17. Drug sensitivity of trypanosomes in Zebu cattle
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