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Sources of Infection Diversity of Parasites

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Sources of Infection Diversity of Parasites 11/22/2016 Parasites Past and Future: Anticipating Emerging Disease Risks for the Poultry Industry Dr. Jeb Owen Department of Entomology Washington State University Sources of Infection • Soil and Feces • Bird‐to‐Bird Contact • Infrastructure • Vectors “Past” Parasites and Pathogens Diversity of Parasites • Coccidia Nematodes: 14 species infective to chickens • Tapeworms – Ascaridia galli – Capillaria caudinflata • Roundworms – Capillaria contorta – Capillaria obsignata – Cheilospirura hamulosa • Sticktight fleas – Dispharynx nasuta – Gongylonema ingluvicola • Chicken mites – Heterakis gallinarum – Oxyspirura mansoni • Lice – Strongyloides avium – Subulura brumpti • Bed bugs – Syngamus trachea – Tetrameres americana • Argasid ticks – Trichostrongylus tenuis Cestodes (tapeworms): 5 species infective to chickens • Mosquitoes – Choanotaenia infundibulum – Davainea proglottina • Pox virus – Raillietina cesticillus – Raillietina echinobothrida • Avian influenza virus – Raillietina tetragona 1 11/22/2016 Southern Diversity of Parasites California Nematodes: 14 species infective to chickens Study ‐ UCR – Ascaridia galli – Capillaria caudinflata – Capillaria contorta – Capillaria obsignata – Cheilospirura hamulosa – Dispharynx nasuta – Gongylonema ingluvicola – Heterakis gallinarum – Oxyspirura mansoni – Strongyloides avium – Subulura brumpti Amy Murillo – Syngamus trachea – Tetrameres americana – Trichostrongylus tenuis Cestodes (tapeworms): 5 species infective to chickens – Choanotaenia infundibulum – Davainea proglottina – Raillietina cesticillus – Raillietina echinobothrida – Raillietina tetragona Brad Mullens Diversity of Parasites The changing production environment: Housed Commercial Backyard Flocks (SoCal) Increasing complexity and decreasing biosecurity • Northern Fowl Mite • Northern Fowl Mite • Chicken Body Louse • Chicken Red Mite • Knemidokoptes Mite • Chicken Body Louse • Chicken Head Louse • Chicken Fluff Louse • Chicken Wing Louse • Shaft Louse • Sticktight Flea 2 11/22/2016 Parasite Exchange (NFM Microsatellite Structure) 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 USDA –OREI Project Avian Biodiversity: Impacts, Risks and Descriptive Survey (A‐BIRDS) Disperse Inoculate Exchange Pathogens Contaminate Inoculate Infrastructure‐ Vector Animal Contact Contact Feces Contact Feed/Water Contact CONVENTIONAL ORGANIC ORGANIC MIXED Wild Bird Density and Diversity Measured t‐test P = 0.06 Landscape Variables Birds Captured • Fecal samples • Blood & Serum samples • Trachea swab Density PCR Bird • Insect prey • Pathogen / Parasite Identities Wild ELISA • Infection history • Ig Profile No Livestock Livestock 3 11/22/2016 t‐test P = 0.06 Wilcoxon P = 0.06 Invasive Richness Species Species Bird Wild Proportion No Livestock Livestock No Livestock Livestock Poultry‐Focused USDA Proposal Burns et al. (2012) Canadian Veterinary Journal. USDA‐ORG Proposal 2017 Infection Risks for cage‐free and pastured poultry Landscape and Wild Bird Effects on Disease Risk 4 11/22/2016 Call for collaboration! Questions? Infection Risks for cage‐free and pastured poultry Landscape and Wild Bird Effects on Disease Risk Tolerance in a complex environment? Co‐Infections Homeostasis Tissue Repair Diet Variation Growth Egg production Feed conversion Abiotic Stress 5.
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