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Establishment Studies of the Life Cycle of Raillietina Cesticillus, Choanotaenia Infundibulum and Hymenolepis Carioca

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Establishment Studies of the Life Cycle of Raillietina Cesticillus, Choanotaenia Infundibulum and Hymenolepis Carioca Establishment Studies of the life cycle of Raillietina cesticillus, Choanotaenia infundibulum and Hymenolepis carioca. By Hanan Dafalla Mohammed Ahmed B.V.Sc., 1989, University of Khartoum Supervisor: Dr. Suzan Faysal Ali A thesis submitted to the University of Khartoum in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Veterinary Science Department of Parasitology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Khartoum May 2003 1 Dedication To soul of whom, I missed very much, to my brothers and sisters 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank and praise, the merciful, the beneficent, the Almighty Allah for his guidance throughout the period of the study. My appreciation and unlimited gratitude to Prof. Elsayed Elsidig Elowni, my first supervisor for his sincere, valuable discussion, suggestions and criticism during the practical part of this study. I wish to express my indebtedness and sincere thankfulness to my current supervisor Dr. Suzan Faysal Ali for her keen guidance, valuable assistance and continuous encouragement. I acknowledge, with gratitude, much help received from Dr. Shawgi Mohamed Hassan Head, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum. I greatly appreciate the technical assistance of Mr. Hassan Elfaki Eltayeb. Thanks are also extended to the technicians, laboratory assistants and laborers of Parasitology Department. I wish to express my sincere indebtedness to Prof. Faysal Awad, Dr. Hassan Ali Bakhiet and Dr. Awad Mahgoub of Animal Resources Research Corporation, Ministry of Science and Technology, for their continuous encouragement, generous help and support. I would like to appreciate the valuable assistance of Dr. Musa, A. M. Ahmed, Dr. Fathi, M. A. Elrabaa and Dr. Iltigani Allam in identifying the insects' specimens. My special thanks will also be extended to Dr.Yahia, M. M. for offering me T. castaneum specimens. I am indebted to Dr.Mubark Elsidig, Mrs. Eatimad Awad and Mr. Mohammed Damona for their help in insects photographing. I do appreciate the unlimited help of Dr. Abdulwahab H. A. and Dr. Abdulbagi, M. A. in statistical analysis. 3 Deepest thanks to my colleague Kamal, H. Ali for his continuous help advice and assistance in computer work. Indeed, I wish to thank my friends and colleagues for their help and encouragement. Animal Resources Research Corporation, Ministry of Science and Technology, supported this work. My thanks are due again and forever to Almighty Allah who helped me to finish this work. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES Dedication……………………………………………………….. i Acknowledgements………………………………………………. ii Table of contents…………………………………….…………... iv List of Tables ………………………………………………….. xiii List of Plates …………………………………………………….. xv Abstract ………………………………..………………………… x Abstract………………………………………………………….. xii INTRODCTION 1 List of abbreviations …………………………………… 3 CHAPTER ONE: LITERATURE REVIEW 4 1.1. Poultry tapeworms……………………………….………… 4 1.2.Tapeworms taxonomy and morphology……………………… 4 1.2.1. Raillietina cesticillus………………………………….. 4 1.2.2. Choanotaenia infundibulum…………………………… 5 1.2.3. Hymenolepis carioca………………………….……….. 5 1.3. The life cycle of poultry tapeworms…………………….….. 6 1.3.1. The life history and biology of Raillietina cesticillus.... 7 1.3.2. The life cycle of Choanotaenia infundibulum….. 10 1.3.3. The life history of Hymenolepis carioca…………….. 11 5 1.4. Prevalence of Raillietina cesticillus, Choanotaenia infundibulum and.Hymenolepis 1 carioca……………….. 2 1.5. Pathogenicity of poultry tapeworms……………………….. 14 1.5.1.Pathogenicity of Raillietina cesticillus…………… 14 1.5.2. Pathogenicity of Choanotaenia infundibulum……… 14 1.5.3. Pathogenicity of Hymenolepis carioca……………. 15 1.6. Alphitobius diaperinus……………………………………... 15 1.6.1. Alphitobius diaperinus as an intermediate Host for cestodes and nematodes of poultry…………. 15 1.6.2. The economic importance of Alphitobius diaperinus. 16 1.7. Tribolium castaneum………………………………………… 17 1.7.1. Life cycle…………………………………….……… 17 1.7.2. Experimental infection of the meal beetles Tribolium Castaneum and T. confusum with tapeworms….. 18 1.8. Musca domestica………………………………………..…. 19 1.8.1. Life cycle. ………………………………………….. 19 1.8.2. Musca domestica and disease transmission…………. 20 1.9. Family Histeridae-Hister beetles…………………………..… 21 1.10. Family Anthicidae- ant-like flower beetles…………..…….. 22 1.11. Diagnosis and identification of poultry tapeworms………… 22 6 1.12. Control of poultry tapeworms………………………………. 22 1.12.1. Control of the intermediate host…………………… 22 1.12.1.1. Changing management practice…… 23 1.12.1.2. The use of insecticides…………… 23 1.12.1.3. The use of drugs………………….. 23 1.12.1.4. Biological control…….……………. 24 1.12.1.5. Mechanical barrier……….………… 24 1.12.2. Treatment of infected chickens…………………. 24 CHAPTER TWO: MATERIALS AND METHODS 26 2.1. Collection of chicken tapeworms…………………………. 26 2.2. Preparation of infective material……………………..…….. 27 2.3. Experimental insects………………………..……………….. 27 2.3.1. Tribolium castaneum……………………….……….. 27 2.3.1.1. Rearing and maintenance……………….…. 27 2.3.1.2. Formation of infected insect colonies…….. 28 2.3.1.3. Cysticercoids recovery…………….…..…... 28 2.3.2. Alphitobius diaperinus……………………………….. 29 2.3.2.1. Rearing and maintenance…………....…….. 29 2.3.2.2. Formation of infected insect colonies……… 29 7 2.3.3. Musca domestica……………………………...………. 30 2.3.3.1. Rearing and maintenance…………………... 30 2.3.3.2. Exposure to infection……………..……... 30 2.3.3.2.1. Embedding tapeworm gravid segments in sterile chicken manure …. 31 2.3.3.2.2. Maceration of the gravid segments. 31 2.4. Experimental chickens………………….…………..……… 32 2.4.1.Rearing and housing………..…………….………... 32 2.4.2. Administration of the infection……………….……. 32 2.4.3. Recovery of the mature tapeworms….……………... 32 2.5. Search for natural intermediate hosts for chicken tapeworms.. 33 2.5.1. Collection of data……………………….…….……. 33 2.5.2. Collection of samples……………………………… 33 2.5.3. Cysticercoids recovery……………..….………….... 33 2.5.4. Identification of potential insects………….….….… 34 2.6. Experimental design…………………………..………..….... 34 2.6.1. Experimental infection of Tribolium castaneum with different species of cestodes………………..……….. 34 2.6.2. Experimental infection of Alphitobius diaperinus…. with different species of cestodes…………….…… 34 8 2.6.3. Experimental infection of Musca domestica with different species of cestodes……………..….. 37 2.6.4. Experimental infection of White leghorn chicks with different species of cestodes…………….…… 36 2.6.4.1.Design of Experiment 1……………….…… 36 2.6.4.2.Design of Experiment 2………..…….….… 36 2.6.4.3.Design of Experiment 3…..……………….. 36 2.6.4.4.Design of Experiment 4………..………..… 39 2.7. Statistical analysis……………………………………...….…. 39 CHAPTER THREE: RESULTS 40 3.1. Establishment of some tapeworm species in adult Tribolium castaneum………….……………..……..….… 40 3.2. Establishment of R. cesticillus in adult T. castaneum……...... 40 3.3. Establishment of C. infundibulum in adult T. castaneum… 46 3.4. Establishment of H. carioca in adult T. castaneum……....… 46 3.5. Variability in infection between R. cesticillus, C. infundibulum and H.carioca………..……...……….…. 48 3.6. Effect of C. infundibulum infecting adult T. castaneum 48 on the mortality rate (%)……………………………...….. 40 9 3.7. Effect of the size of infective dose on C. infundibulum established in adult T. castaneum……………………….. 50 3.8. Effect of the size of infective doses on H. carioca established in adult T. castaneum……………………… 50 3.9. Effect of submerging gravid segments of R. cesticillus for five hours, in water on infection intensity, infection rate and abundance of infection………………………..………… 50 3.10. Establishment of some tapeworm species on A. diaperinus 52 3.11. Effect of starving A. diaperinus on establishment of C. infundibum…………….………………….…… 52 3.12. Establishment of tapeworm infection in M. domestica larvae 55 3.13. Establishment of tapeworm infection in the definitive host…………………………….……….. 56 3.13.1. Establishment of R. cesticillus in white leghorn chicks………..……….………… 56 3.13.2. Establishment of H. carioca in white leghorn chicks………………………... 59 3.13.3. Establishment of C. infundibulum in white leghorn chicks…………..……………… 59 3.13.3.1. Using cysticercoids established 10 in T. castaneum………………………… 59 3.13.3.2. Using cysticercoids established in A. diaperinus……………..……………… 59 3.14. Naturally infected intermediate hosts……………………... 59 CHAPTER FOUR: DISCUSSION 67 REFERENCES…………………………………………... 78 APPENDICES…………………………………………… 91 11 LIST OF TABLES Page 1 Adult Tribolium castaneum exposed to different cestode species, at different starvation periods (days), time of dissection post infection (days) and dose of infection.……………………………………………… 34 2 Alphitobius diaperinus exposed to different cestode species, at different starvation periods (days), time of dissection post infection (days) and dose of infection... 35 3 Musca domestica exposed to different cestode species, at different starvation periods (days), time of dissection post infection (days) and dose of infection... 37 4 White leghorn chicks exposed to infection with differ- ent metacestodes, with different age and slaughtered 15 days post infection (d.p.i) ………………………… 38 5 Establishment of some tapeworm species in three inv- ertebrate intermediate hosts…………………… 41 6 Mean infection intensity, infection rate (%) and abun- dance of infection of three cestode species infecting T. castaneum under laboratory condition…………… 45 7 Effect of C. infundibulum infecting adult T castaneum on mortality rate (%) under laboratory condition… 49 8 Effect of size of infective doses of C. infundibulum
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