Capability Gap 7 “Deep Dive” Analysis
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AI, Robots, and Swarms: Issues, Questions, and Recommended Studies
AI, Robots, and Swarms Issues, Questions, and Recommended Studies Andrew Ilachinski January 2017 Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. This document contains the best opinion of CNA at the time of issue. It does not necessarily represent the opinion of the sponsor. Distribution Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. Specific authority: N00014-11-D-0323. Copies of this document can be obtained through the Defense Technical Information Center at www.dtic.mil or contact CNA Document Control and Distribution Section at 703-824-2123. Photography Credits: http://www.darpa.mil/DDM_Gallery/Small_Gremlins_Web.jpg; http://4810-presscdn-0-38.pagely.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/ Robotics.jpg; http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-edia/image/upload/18kxb5jw3e01ujpg.jpg Approved by: January 2017 Dr. David A. Broyles Special Activities and Innovation Operations Evaluation Group Copyright © 2017 CNA Abstract The military is on the cusp of a major technological revolution, in which warfare is conducted by unmanned and increasingly autonomous weapon systems. However, unlike the last “sea change,” during the Cold War, when advanced technologies were developed primarily by the Department of Defense (DoD), the key technology enablers today are being developed mostly in the commercial world. This study looks at the state-of-the-art of AI, machine-learning, and robot technologies, and their potential future military implications for autonomous (and semi-autonomous) weapon systems. While no one can predict how AI will evolve or predict its impact on the development of military autonomous systems, it is possible to anticipate many of the conceptual, technical, and operational challenges that DoD will face as it increasingly turns to AI-based technologies. -
Rigid Wing Sailboats: a State of the Art Survey Manuel F
Ocean Engineering 187 (2019) 106150 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Ocean Engineering journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/oceaneng Review Rigid wing sailboats: A state of the art survey Manuel F. Silva a,b,<, Anna Friebe c, Benedita Malheiro a,b, Pedro Guedes a, Paulo Ferreira a, Matias Waller c a Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal b INESC TEC, Campus da Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal c Åland University of Applied Sciences, Neptunigatan 17, AX-22111 Mariehamn, Åland, Finland ARTICLEINFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The design, development and deployment of autonomous sustainable ocean platforms for exploration and Autonomous sailboat monitoring can provide researchers and decision makers with valuable data, trends and insights into the Wingsail largest ecosystem on Earth. Although these outcomes can be used to prevent, identify and minimise problems, Robotics as well as to drive multiple market sectors, the design and development of such platforms remains an open challenge. In particular, energy efficiency, control and robustness are major concerns with implications for autonomy and sustainability. Rigid wingsails allow autonomous boats to navigate with increased autonomy due to lower power consumption and increased robustness as a result of mechanically simpler control compared to traditional sails. These platforms are currently the subject of deep interest, but several important research problems remain open. In order to foster dissemination and identify future trends, this paper presents a survey of the latest developments in the field of rigid wing sailboats, describing the main academic and commercial solutions both in terms of hardware and software. -
Geting (Parakilas and Bryce, 2018; ICRC, 2019; Abaimov and Martellini, 2020)
Journal of Future Robot Life -1 (2021) 1–24 1 DOI 10.3233/FRL-200019 IOS Press Algorithmic fog of war: When lack of transparency violates the law of armed conflict Jonathan Kwik ∗ and Tom Van Engers Faculty of Law, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1001NA, Netherlands Abstract. Underinternationallaw,weapon capabilitiesand theiruse areregulated by legalrequirementsset by International Humanitarian Law (IHL).Currently,there arestrong military incentivestoequip capabilitieswith increasinglyadvanced artificial intelligence (AI), whichinclude opaque (lesstransparent)models.As opaque models sacrifice transparency for performance, it is necessary toexaminewhether theiruse remainsinconformity with IHL obligations.First,wedemon- strate that theincentivesfor automationdriveAI toward complextaskareas and dynamicand unstructuredenvironments, whichinturnnecessitatesresorttomore opaque solutions.Wesubsequently discussthe ramifications of opaque models for foreseeability andexplainability.Then, we analysetheir impact on IHLrequirements froma development, pre-deployment and post-deployment perspective.We findthatwhile IHL does not regulate opaqueAI directly,the lack of foreseeability and explainability frustratesthe fulfilmentofkey IHLrequirementstotheextent that theuse of fully opaqueAI couldviolate internationallaw.Statesare urgedtoimplement interpretability duringdevelopmentand seriously consider thechallenging complicationofdetermining theappropriate balancebetween transparency andperformance in their capabilities. Keywords:Transparency, interpretability,foreseeability,weapon, -
Variety of Research Work Has Already Been Done to Develop an Effective Navigation Systems for Unmanned Ground Vehicle
Design of a Smart Unmanned Ground Vehicle for Hazardous Environments Saurav Chakraborty Subhadip Basu Tyfone Communications Development (I) Pvt. Ltd. Computer Science & Engineering. Dept. ITPL, White Field, Jadavpur University Bangalore 560092, INDIA. Kolkata – 700032, INDIA Abstract. A smart Unmanned Ground Vehicle needs some organizing principle, based on the (UGV) is designed and developed for some characteristics of each system such as: application specific missions to operate predominantly in hazardous environments. In The purpose of the development effort our work, we have developed a small and (often the performance of some application- lightweight vehicle to operate in general cross- specific mission); country terrains in or without daylight. The The specific reasons for choosing a UGV UGV can send visual feedbacks to the operator solution for the application (e.g., hazardous at a remote location. Onboard infrared sensors environment, strength or endurance can detect the obstacles around the UGV and requirements, size limitation etc.); sends signals to the operator. the technological challenges, in terms of functionality, performance, or cost, posed by Key Words. Unmanned Ground Vehicle, the application; Navigation Control, Onboard Sensor. The system's intended operating area (e.g., indoor environments, anywhere indoors, 1. Introduction outdoors on roads, general cross-country Robotics is an important field of interest in terrain, the deep seafloor, etc.); modern age of automation. Unlike human being the vehicle's mode of locomotion (e.g., a computer controlled robot can work with speed wheels, tracks, or legs); and accuracy without feeling exhausted. A robot How the vehicle's path is determined (i.e., can also perform preassigned tasks in a control and navigation techniques hazardous environment, reducing the risks and employed). -
Increasing the Trafficability of Unmanned Ground Vehicles Through Intelligent Morphing
Increasing the Trafficability of Unmanned Ground Vehicles through Intelligent Morphing Siddharth Odedra 1, Dr Stephen Prior 1, Dr Mehmet Karamanoglu 1, Dr Siu-Tsen Shen 2 1Product Design and Engineering, Middlesex University Trent Park Campus, Bramley Road, London N14 4YZ, U.K. [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] 2Department of Multimedia Design, National Formosa University 64 Wen-Hua Road, Hu-Wei 63208, YunLin County, Taiwan R.O.C. [email protected] Abstract Unmanned systems are used where humans are either 2. UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLES unable or unwilling to operate, but only if they can perform as Unmanned Ground Vehicles can be defined as good as, if not better than us. Systems must become more mechanised systems that operate on ground surfaces and autonomous so that they can operate without assistance, relieving the burden of controlling and monitoring them, and to do that they serve as an extension of human capabilities in unreachable need to be more intelligent and highly capable. In terms of ground or unsafe areas. They are used for many things such as vehicles, their primary objective is to be able to travel from A to B cleaning, transportation, security, exploration, rescue and where the systems success or failure is determined by its mobility, bomb disposal. UGV’s come in many different for which terrain is the key element. This paper explores the configurations usually defined by the task at hand and the concept of creating a more autonomous system by making it more environment they must operate in, and are either remotely perceptive about the terrain, and with reconfigurable elements, controlled by the user, pre-programmed to carry out specific making it more capable of traversing it. -
Sensors and Measurements for Unmanned Systems: an Overview
sensors Review Sensors and Measurements for Unmanned Systems: An Overview Eulalia Balestrieri 1,* , Pasquale Daponte 1, Luca De Vito 1 and Francesco Lamonaca 2 1 Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy; [email protected] (P.D.); [email protected] (L.D.V.) 2 Department of Computer Science, Modeling, Electronics and Systems (DIMES), University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The advance of technology has enabled the development of unmanned systems/vehicles used in the air, on the ground or on/in the water. The application range for these systems is continuously increasing, and unmanned platforms continue to be the subject of numerous studies and research contributions. This paper deals with the role of sensors and measurements in ensuring that unmanned systems work properly, meet the requirements of the target application, provide and increase their navigation capabilities, and suitably monitor and gain information on several physical quantities in the environment around them. Unmanned system types and the critical environmental factors affecting their performance are discussed. The measurements that these kinds of vehicles can carry out are presented and discussed, while also describing the most frequently used on-board sensor technologies, as well as their advantages and limitations. The paper provides some examples of sensor specifications related to some current applications, as well as describing the recent research contributions in the field. Citation: Balestrieri, E.; Daponte, P.; Keywords: unmanned systems; UAV; UGV; USV; UUV; sensors; payload; challenges De Vito, L.; Lamonaca, F. Sensors and Measurements for Unmanned Systems: An Overview. -
A Low Cost Prototypal Robotic Platform for Underwater Survey in Shallow Water
Advances in Robotics & Mechanical Engineering DOI: 10.32474/ARME.2020.02.000150 ISSN: 2643-6736 Research Article A Low Cost Prototypal Robotic Platform for Underwater Survey in Shallow Water Conte G*, Scaradozzi D and Ciuccoli N Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy *Corresponding author: G Conte, Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Received: November 12, 2020 Published: November 30, 2020 Abstract A small, innovative robotic platform for underwater surveys in shallow water is proposed. The platform integrates a The mechatronic structure and the control architecture of the platform are described together with its functional features. Tests commercially available, remotely operated, underwater micro vehicle and a specifically designed and constructed actuated buoy. geolocalizing underwater targets. to validate the implemented constructive solutions are briefly reported, together with functional tests to assess usability in Keywords: Marine robotics; Remotely operated vehicles; Autonomous surface vehicles Introduction functional structure surface and underwater vehicles may be Remotely operated underwater vehicles or ROV are a fundamental tool for inspecting underwater structures in e.g. paper, we describe the development of a small prototypal hybrid costly, complex to operate and logistically demanding. In this robotic platform that overcomes these limiting characteristics. The of an ROV with a surface autonomous vehicle or ASV, which harbour areas, rivers, natural and artificial lakes. Integration platform integrates an actuated buoy, as surface component, and acts as a bridge for communication with a remote station, can The idea of coupling cooperating autonomous surface vehicles and a micro-ROV, as underwater component. The bouy and the micro- significantly increase autonomy, versatility and efficiency [1,2]. -
Diseño Y Simulación Del Sistema De Locomoción De Un Robot Hexápodo Para Tareas De Búsqueda Y Rescate
ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS INDUSTRIALES GRADO EN INGENIERÍA EN TECNOLOGÍAS INDUSTRIALES Trabajo Fin de Grado Diseño y Simulación del Sistema de Locomoción de un Robot Hexápodo para Tareas de Búsqueda y Rescate Tutor: Dr. Antonio Barrientos Cruz Alumno: Jesús Tordesillas Torres 12431 Curso 2015/2016 Página dejada intencionadamente en blanco “Again, I was watching every person coming down, looked at their face, just to make them happy that they were getting out and we were going in and everything was okay” Kirk Long, bombero en el 11-S Página dejada intencionadamente en blanco Agradecimientos Con mucho gusto puedo dar los agradecimientos a muchas personas. Lamentablemente, en la primera página sólo se puede poner un nombre, pero es justo reconocer que este proyecto no hubiese sido posible sin la ayuda de muchos personas cercanas. En primer lugar, como no, gracias a mi familia. Gracias a mi madre por la lectura atenta y revisión del trabajo. Gracias a mi padre por la ayuda en la revisión del encoder del banco de ensayos. Gracias a mis hermanos Pablo y Alberto por acompañarme en las pruebas en el campo. Y no sólo gracias por eso: gracias, simplemente, por estar ahí. También le debo dar las gracias a mi tutor Antonio Barrientos y al tutor externo Jorge. Gracias por estar siempre apoyándome incluso en las situaciones en las que parecía que todo estaba perdido. A Antonio también le debo dar especialmente las gracias por sus clases de Dinámica de Sistemas y de Robótica: gracias por tu motivación en las clases y gracias por la cercanía a los alumnos. -
A Survey on Unmanned Surface Vehicles for Disaster Robotics: Main Challenges and Directions
sensors Review A Survey on Unmanned Surface Vehicles for Disaster Robotics: Main Challenges and Directions Vitor A. M. Jorge 1,*,† , Roger Granada 1,* , Renan G. Maidana 1 , Darlan A. Jurak 1 , Guilherme Heck 1 , Alvaro P. F. Negreiros 2, Davi H. dos Santos 2 and Luiz M. G. Gonçalves 2 and Alexandre M. Amory 1,* 1 School of Technology, Pontíficia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90619-900, Brazil; [email protected] (R.G.M.); [email protected] (D.A.J.); [email protected] (G.H.) 2 Department of Computer Engineering and Automation, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil; [email protected] (A.P.F.N.); [email protected] (D.H.d.S.); [email protected] (L.M.G.G.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (V.A.M.J.); [email protected] (R.G.); [email protected] (A.M.A.) † Current address: Electronics Engineering Division (IEE), Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, São José dos Campos, SP 12228-900, Brazil. Received: 29 December 2018; Accepted: 31 January 2019; Published: 8 February 2019 Abstract: Disaster robotics has become a research area in its own right, with several reported cases of successful robot deployment in actual disaster scenarios. Most of these disaster deployments use aerial, ground, or underwater robotic platforms. However, the research involving autonomous boats or Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs) for Disaster Management (DM) is currently spread across several publications, with varying degrees of depth, and focusing on more than one unmanned vehicle—usually under the umbrella of Unmanned Marine Vessels (UMV). -
Design of a Reconnaissance and Surveillance Robot
DESIGN OF A RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE ROBOT A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY ERMAN ÇAĞAN ÖZDEMİR IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AUGUST 2013 Approval of the thesis: DESIGN OF A RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE ROBOT submitted by ERMAN ÇAĞAN ÖZDEMİR in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Canan Özgen _____________________ Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. Süha Oral _____________________ Head of Department, Mechanical Engineering Prof. Dr. Eres Söylemez _____________________ Supervisor, Mechanical Engineering Dept., METU Examining Committee Members: Prof. Dr. Kemal İder _____________________ Mechanical Engineering Dept., METU Prof. Dr. Eres Söylemez _____________________ Mechanical Engineering Dept., METU Prof. Dr. Kemal Özgören _____________________ Mechanical Engineering Dept., METU Ass. Prof. Dr. Buğra Koku _____________________ Mechanical Engineering Dept., METU Alper Erdener, M.Sc. _____________________ Project Manager, Unmanned Systems, ASELSAN Date: 29/08/2013 I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Erman Çağan ÖZDEMİR Signature: iii ABSTRACT DESIGN OF A RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE ROBOT Özdemir, Erman Çağan M.Sc., Department of Mechanical Engineering Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Eres Söylemez August 2013, 72 pages Scope of this thesis is to design a man portable robot which is capable of carrying out reconnaissance and surveillance missions. -
Robotics For
TECHNICAL PROGRESS REPORT ROBOTIC TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE SRS 235-F FACILITY Date Submitted: August 12, 2016 Principal: Leonel E. Lagos, PhD, PMP® FIU Applied Research Center Collaborators: Peggy Shoffner, MS, CHMM, PMP® Himanshu Upadhyay, PhD Alexander Piedra, DOE Fellow SRNL Collaborators: Michael Serrato Prepared for: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Environmental Management Cooperative Agreement No. DE-EM0000598 DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor any of its contractors, subcontractors, nor their employees makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe upon privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any other agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. FIU-ARC-2016-800006472-04c-235 Robotic Technologies for SRS 235F TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................................... -
US Ground Forces Robotics and Autonomous Systems (RAS)
U.S. Ground Forces Robotics and Autonomous Systems (RAS) and Artificial Intelligence (AI): Considerations for Congress Updated November 20, 2018 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45392 U.S. Ground Forces Robotics and Autonomous Systems (RAS) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) Summary The nexus of robotics and autonomous systems (RAS) and artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to change the nature of warfare. RAS offers the possibility of a wide range of platforms—not just weapon systems—that can perform “dull, dangerous, and dirty” tasks— potentially reducing the risks to soldiers and Marines and possibly resulting in a generation of less expensive ground systems. Other nations, notably peer competitors Russia and China, are aggressively pursuing RAS and AI for a variety of military uses, raising considerations about the U.S. military’s response—to include lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS)—that could be used against U.S. forces. The adoption of RAS and AI by U.S. ground forces carries with it a number of possible implications, including potentially improved performance and reduced risk to soldiers and Marines; potential new force designs; better institutional support to combat forces; potential new operational concepts; and possible new models for recruiting and retaining soldiers and Marines. The Army and Marines have developed and are executing RAS and AI strategies that articulate near-, mid-, and long-term priorities. Both services have a number of RAS and AI efforts underway and are cooperating in a number of areas. A fully manned, capable, and well-trained workforce is a key component of military readiness. The integration of RAS and AI into military units raises a number of personnel-related issues that may be of interest to Congress, including unit manning changes, recruiting and retention of those with advanced technical skills, training, and career paths.