Sensors and Measurements for Unmanned Systems: an Overview
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AI, Robots, and Swarms: Issues, Questions, and Recommended Studies
AI, Robots, and Swarms Issues, Questions, and Recommended Studies Andrew Ilachinski January 2017 Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. This document contains the best opinion of CNA at the time of issue. It does not necessarily represent the opinion of the sponsor. Distribution Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. Specific authority: N00014-11-D-0323. Copies of this document can be obtained through the Defense Technical Information Center at www.dtic.mil or contact CNA Document Control and Distribution Section at 703-824-2123. Photography Credits: http://www.darpa.mil/DDM_Gallery/Small_Gremlins_Web.jpg; http://4810-presscdn-0-38.pagely.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/ Robotics.jpg; http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-edia/image/upload/18kxb5jw3e01ujpg.jpg Approved by: January 2017 Dr. David A. Broyles Special Activities and Innovation Operations Evaluation Group Copyright © 2017 CNA Abstract The military is on the cusp of a major technological revolution, in which warfare is conducted by unmanned and increasingly autonomous weapon systems. However, unlike the last “sea change,” during the Cold War, when advanced technologies were developed primarily by the Department of Defense (DoD), the key technology enablers today are being developed mostly in the commercial world. This study looks at the state-of-the-art of AI, machine-learning, and robot technologies, and their potential future military implications for autonomous (and semi-autonomous) weapon systems. While no one can predict how AI will evolve or predict its impact on the development of military autonomous systems, it is possible to anticipate many of the conceptual, technical, and operational challenges that DoD will face as it increasingly turns to AI-based technologies. -
Mini Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAV) - a Review of the Parameters for Classification of a Mini AU V
International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace Volume 7 Issue 3 Article 5 2020 Mini Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAV) - A Review of the Parameters for Classification of a Mini AU V. Ramesh PS Lovely Professional University, [email protected] Muruga Lal Jeyan Lovely professional university, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.erau.edu/ijaaa Part of the Aeronautical Vehicles Commons Scholarly Commons Citation PS, R., & Jeyan, M. L. (2020). Mini Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAV) - A Review of the Parameters for Classification of a Mini AU V.. International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.15394/ijaaa.2020.1503 This Literature Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PS and Jeyan: Parameters for Classification of a Mini UAV. The advent of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) has redefined the battle space due to the ability to perform tasks which are categorised as dull, dirty, and dangerous. UAVs re-designated as Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) are now being developed to provide cost effective efficient solutions for specific applications, both in the spectrum of military and civilian usage. US Office of the Secretary of Defense (2013) describes UAS as a “system whose components include the necessary equipment, network, and personnel to control an unmanned aircraft.” In an earlier paper, US Office of the Secretary of Defense (2005) specifies UAV as the airborne element of the UAS and defines UAV as “A powered, aerial vehicle that does not carry a human operator, uses aerodynamic forces to provide vehicle lift, can fly autonomously or be piloted remotely, can be expendable or recoverable, and can carry a lethal or non-lethal payload.” John (2010) provided an excellent historical perspective about the evolution of the UAVs. -
Introduction to Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Flight
Introduction to Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Flight PEIMS Code: N1304670 Abbreviation: PRINUAV Grade Level(s): 10-12 Award of Credit: 1.0 Approved Innovative Course • Districts must have local board approval to implement innovative courses. • In accordance with Texas Administrative Code (TAC) §74.27, school districts must provide instruction in all essential knowledge and skills identified in this innovative course. • Innovative courses may only satisfy elective credit toward graduation requirements. • Please refer to TAC §74.13 for guidance on endorsements. Course Description: The Introduction to Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Flight course is designed to prepare students for entry-level employment or continuing education in piloting UAV operations. Principles of UAV is designed to instruct students in UAV flight navigation, industry laws and regulations, and safety regulations. Students are also exposed to mission planning procedures, environmental factors, and human factors involved in the UAV industry. Essential Knowledge and Skills: (a) General Requirements. This course is recommended for students in Grades 10-12. Recommended prerequisite: Principles of Transportation Systems. Students shall be awarded one credit for successful completion of this course. (b) Introduction (1) The Transportation, Distribution, and Logistics Career Cluster focuses on planning, management, and movement of people, materials, and goods by road, pipeline, air, rail, and water and related professional support services such as transportation infrastructure planning and management, logistics services, mobile equipment, and facility maintenance. (2) The Introduction to Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Flight course is designed to prepare students for entry-level employment or continuing education in piloting UAV operations. Principles of UAV is designed to instruct students in UAV flight navigation, industry laws and regulations, and safety regulations. -
Optimal Control of a Helicopter Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)
Scholars' Mine Masters Theses Student Theses and Dissertations 2011 Optimal control of a helicopter unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) David John Nodland Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses Part of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Commons Department: Recommended Citation Nodland, David John, "Optimal control of a helicopter unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)" (2011). Masters Theses. 5417. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses/5417 This thesis is brought to you by Scholars' Mine, a service of the Missouri S&T Library and Learning Resources. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. i ii OPTIMAL CONTROL OF A HELICOPTER UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE (UAV) by DAVID JOHN NODLAND A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the MISSOURI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 2011 Approved by Jagannathan Sarangapani, Advisor Kelvin T. Erickson Maciej Zawodniok iii iii PUBLICATION THESIS OPTION This thesis consists of the following two papers: paper 1, pages 10-57, D. Nodland, H. Zargarzadeh, and S. Jagannathan, “Neural Network-based Optimal Output Feedback Control for Trajectory Tracking of a Helicopter UAV,” to be submitted to IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, and paper 2, pages 58-91, D. Nodland, A. Ghosh, H. Zargarzadeh, and S. Jagannathan, “Neuro-Optimal Control of an Unmanned Helicopter,” in Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation Special Issue: Intelligent Behaviors in Military Unmanned Systems, 2012, to appear. -
Rigid Wing Sailboats: a State of the Art Survey Manuel F
Ocean Engineering 187 (2019) 106150 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Ocean Engineering journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/oceaneng Review Rigid wing sailboats: A state of the art survey Manuel F. Silva a,b,<, Anna Friebe c, Benedita Malheiro a,b, Pedro Guedes a, Paulo Ferreira a, Matias Waller c a Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal b INESC TEC, Campus da Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal c Åland University of Applied Sciences, Neptunigatan 17, AX-22111 Mariehamn, Åland, Finland ARTICLEINFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The design, development and deployment of autonomous sustainable ocean platforms for exploration and Autonomous sailboat monitoring can provide researchers and decision makers with valuable data, trends and insights into the Wingsail largest ecosystem on Earth. Although these outcomes can be used to prevent, identify and minimise problems, Robotics as well as to drive multiple market sectors, the design and development of such platforms remains an open challenge. In particular, energy efficiency, control and robustness are major concerns with implications for autonomy and sustainability. Rigid wingsails allow autonomous boats to navigate with increased autonomy due to lower power consumption and increased robustness as a result of mechanically simpler control compared to traditional sails. These platforms are currently the subject of deep interest, but several important research problems remain open. In order to foster dissemination and identify future trends, this paper presents a survey of the latest developments in the field of rigid wing sailboats, describing the main academic and commercial solutions both in terms of hardware and software. -
Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS): Regulatory Framework and Challenges
Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS): regulatory framework and challenges NAM/CAR/SAM Civil - Military Cooperation Havana, Cuba, 13 – 17 April 2015 Overview • Background • Objective • UAV? • Assumptions • Challenges • Regulatory Framework • UAS in ATM System • Emerging Situational Technologies • Recommendations Background Can an UAS operate in controlled airspace? Which technologies can be used to reduce the impact? UAS in civil applications Improve the regulations for UAS operations ICAO Global ATM operational concept (Doc 9854) UAV: “[a]n unmanned aerial vehicle is a pilotless aircraft, in the sense of Article 8 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation, which is flown without a pilot-in-command on-board and is either remotely and fully controlled from another place (ground, another aircraft, space) or programmed and fully autonomous.” Objective • This presentation provides an overview of the regulatory frameworks for the UAS activities and how to ensure safe operations in the ATS system. • It also addresses regional coordination between States and other stakeholders for UAS operations during natural disaster events. • It explains future challenges of the UAS into the ATM system. 6 Assumptions UAS is another user of the airspace The ATM should be able to allow the UAS operations The activities should include both civil and military air operations The first step is regulatory framework for the UAS in order to ensure safety integrated operations into the ATM system States to disseminate ATS procedures for UAS air operations UAVs applications Demand of RPAS for Military & civil operations International Military operations SAR, Coastguard / coastline and sea-lane monitoring Fire Services and Forestry Fire detection, incident control Owners / operators of model aircraft doing to commercial activity Many non-aviation businesses and entities importing RPAS Aerial photography, Film, video, still, etc. -
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Operating Mode Classification Using Deep
aerospace Article Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Operating Mode Classification Using Deep Residual Learning Feature Extraction Carolyn J. Swinney 1,2,* and John C. Woods 1 1 Computer Science and Electronic Engineering Department, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK; [email protected] 2 Air and Space Warfare Centre, Royal Air Force Waddington, Lincoln LN5 9NB, UK * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) undoubtedly pose many security challenges. We need only look to the December 2018 Gatwick Airport incident for an example of the disruption UAVs can cause. In total, 1000 flights were grounded for 36 h over the Christmas period which was estimated to cost over 50 million pounds. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach which considers UAV detection as an imagery classification problem. We consider signal representations Power Spectral Density (PSD); Spectrogram, Histogram and raw IQ constellation as graphical images presented to a deep Convolution Neural Network (CNN) ResNet50 for feature extraction. Pre-trained on ImageNet, transfer learning is utilised to mitigate the requirement for a large signal dataset. We evaluate performance through machine learning classifier Logistic Regression. Three popular UAVs are classified in different modes; switched on; hovering; flying; flying with video; and no UAV present, creating a total of 10 classes. Our results, validated with 5-fold cross validation and an independent dataset, show PSD representation to produce over 91% accuracy for 10 classifications. Our paper treats UAV detection as an imagery classification problem by presenting signal representations as images to a ResNet50, utilising the benefits of transfer learning and outperforming previous work in the field. -
Downloadfile/566729524649660/Duartefigueiredo Thesis.Pdf (Accessed on 20 May 2021)
drones Article Development of a Solar-Powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Extended Flight Endurance Yauhei Chu †, Chunleung Ho †, Yoonjo Lee † and Boyang Li * Department of Aeronautical and Aviation Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; [email protected] (Y.C.); [email protected] (C.H.); [email protected] (Y.L.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +852-340-082-31 † Authors have contributed equally. Abstract: Having an exciting array of applications, the scope of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) application could be far wider one if its flight endurance can be prolonged. Solar-powered UAV, promising notable prolongation in flight endurance, is drawing increasing attention in the industries’ recent research and development. This work arose from a Bachelor’s degree capstone project at Hong Kong Polytechnic University. The project aims to modify a 2-metre wingspan remote-controlled (RC) UAV available in the consumer market to be powered by a combination of solar and battery-stored power. The major objective is to greatly increase the flight endurance of the UAV by the power generated from the solar panels. The power system is first designed by selecting the suitable system architecture and then by selecting suitable components related to solar power. The flight control system is configured to conduct flight tests and validate the power system performance. Under fair experimental conditions with desirable weather conditions, the solar power system on the aircraft results in 22.5% savings in the use of battery-stored capacity. The decrease rate of battery voltage Citation: Chu, Y.; Ho, C.; Lee, Y.; Li, during the stable level flight of the solar-powered UAV built is also much slower than the same B. -
Hezbollah and the Use of Drones As a Weapon of Terrorism
Hezbollah’s Drones Hezbollah and the Use of Drones as a Weapon of Terrorism By Milton Hoenig The international terrorist group Hezbollah, driven by resistance to Israel, now regularly sends low flying drones into Israeli airspace. These drones are launched and remotely manned from the Hezbollah stronghold in Lebanon and presumably supplied by its patron and strategic partner, Iran. On the U.S. State Department’s list of terrorist organizations since 1995, Hezbollah has secured its presence in Lebanon through various phases. It established a strong social services network, and in 2008 it became the dominant political party in the Lebanese government and supported the Assad regime in the Syrian Civil War. Hezbollah’s drone flights into Israeli airspace Hezbollah’s first flight of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) or drone, into Israeli airspace for reconnaissance purposes occurred in November 2004, catching Israeli intelligence off guard. A Mirsad-1 drone (an updated version of the early Iranian Mohajer drone used for reconnaissance of Iraqi troops during the 1980s Iran-Iraq War), flew south from Lebanon into Israel, hovered over the Western Galilee town of Nahariya for about 20 minutes and then returned to Lebanon before the Israeli air force could intercept it. Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah boasted that the Mirsad could reach “anywhere, deep, deep” into Israel with 40 to 50 kilograms of explosives.1 One report at the time was that Iran had supplied Hezbollah with eight such drones, and over two years some 30 Lebanese operatives had -
'Precise' Strikes: Fractured Bodies, Fractured Lives
Israel’s drone wars: An update ‘Precise’ strikes: Fractured Bodies, Fractured Lives Front Cover image: Israel’s Heron TP drone at Tel Nof Air Force base, February 2010. Credit: UPI/Debbie Hill. Note: The term ‘drone’ is used interchangeably with ‘Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)’ Drone Wars UK is a small British NGO established in 2010 to undertake research and advocacy around the use of armed drones. We believe that the growing use of remotely-controlled, armed unmanned systems is encouraging and enabling a lowering of the threshold for the use of lethal force as well as eroding well established human rights norms. While some argue that the technology itself is neutral, we believe that drones are a danger to global peace and security. We have seen over the past decade that once these systems are in the armoury, the temptation to use them becomes great, even beyond the constraints of international law. As more countries develop or acquire this technology, the danger to global peace and security grows. Published by Drone Wars UK Drone Wars UK Written by Chloe Skinner Peace House, 19 Paradise Street November 2019 Oxford, OX1 1LD Designed: Chris Woodward www.dronewars.net www.chriswoodwarddesign.co.uk [email protected] ‘Precise Strikes’, Fractured Bodies, Fractured Lives | Israel’s drone wars: An update | 1 Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 3 2 “A RAPIDLY-GROWING DIVISION”: Israel’s drones and their operators 5 3 “ACCESS, PERSISTENCE, ACCURACY.” The humanitarian claims made for drone technology 8 4 “IN A MATTER OF SECONDS, THEY WERE CUT TO PIECES.” Life -
Geting (Parakilas and Bryce, 2018; ICRC, 2019; Abaimov and Martellini, 2020)
Journal of Future Robot Life -1 (2021) 1–24 1 DOI 10.3233/FRL-200019 IOS Press Algorithmic fog of war: When lack of transparency violates the law of armed conflict Jonathan Kwik ∗ and Tom Van Engers Faculty of Law, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1001NA, Netherlands Abstract. Underinternationallaw,weapon capabilitiesand theiruse areregulated by legalrequirementsset by International Humanitarian Law (IHL).Currently,there arestrong military incentivestoequip capabilitieswith increasinglyadvanced artificial intelligence (AI), whichinclude opaque (lesstransparent)models.As opaque models sacrifice transparency for performance, it is necessary toexaminewhether theiruse remainsinconformity with IHL obligations.First,wedemon- strate that theincentivesfor automationdriveAI toward complextaskareas and dynamicand unstructuredenvironments, whichinturnnecessitatesresorttomore opaque solutions.Wesubsequently discussthe ramifications of opaque models for foreseeability andexplainability.Then, we analysetheir impact on IHLrequirements froma development, pre-deployment and post-deployment perspective.We findthatwhile IHL does not regulate opaqueAI directly,the lack of foreseeability and explainability frustratesthe fulfilmentofkey IHLrequirementstotheextent that theuse of fully opaqueAI couldviolate internationallaw.Statesare urgedtoimplement interpretability duringdevelopmentand seriously consider thechallenging complicationofdetermining theappropriate balancebetween transparency andperformance in their capabilities. Keywords:Transparency, interpretability,foreseeability,weapon, -
Variety of Research Work Has Already Been Done to Develop an Effective Navigation Systems for Unmanned Ground Vehicle
Design of a Smart Unmanned Ground Vehicle for Hazardous Environments Saurav Chakraborty Subhadip Basu Tyfone Communications Development (I) Pvt. Ltd. Computer Science & Engineering. Dept. ITPL, White Field, Jadavpur University Bangalore 560092, INDIA. Kolkata – 700032, INDIA Abstract. A smart Unmanned Ground Vehicle needs some organizing principle, based on the (UGV) is designed and developed for some characteristics of each system such as: application specific missions to operate predominantly in hazardous environments. In The purpose of the development effort our work, we have developed a small and (often the performance of some application- lightweight vehicle to operate in general cross- specific mission); country terrains in or without daylight. The The specific reasons for choosing a UGV UGV can send visual feedbacks to the operator solution for the application (e.g., hazardous at a remote location. Onboard infrared sensors environment, strength or endurance can detect the obstacles around the UGV and requirements, size limitation etc.); sends signals to the operator. the technological challenges, in terms of functionality, performance, or cost, posed by Key Words. Unmanned Ground Vehicle, the application; Navigation Control, Onboard Sensor. The system's intended operating area (e.g., indoor environments, anywhere indoors, 1. Introduction outdoors on roads, general cross-country Robotics is an important field of interest in terrain, the deep seafloor, etc.); modern age of automation. Unlike human being the vehicle's mode of locomotion (e.g., a computer controlled robot can work with speed wheels, tracks, or legs); and accuracy without feeling exhausted. A robot How the vehicle's path is determined (i.e., can also perform preassigned tasks in a control and navigation techniques hazardous environment, reducing the risks and employed).