Advanced C2 Vehicle Crewstation for Control of Unmanned Ground Vehicles
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AI, Robots, and Swarms: Issues, Questions, and Recommended Studies
AI, Robots, and Swarms Issues, Questions, and Recommended Studies Andrew Ilachinski January 2017 Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. This document contains the best opinion of CNA at the time of issue. It does not necessarily represent the opinion of the sponsor. Distribution Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. Specific authority: N00014-11-D-0323. Copies of this document can be obtained through the Defense Technical Information Center at www.dtic.mil or contact CNA Document Control and Distribution Section at 703-824-2123. Photography Credits: http://www.darpa.mil/DDM_Gallery/Small_Gremlins_Web.jpg; http://4810-presscdn-0-38.pagely.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/ Robotics.jpg; http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-edia/image/upload/18kxb5jw3e01ujpg.jpg Approved by: January 2017 Dr. David A. Broyles Special Activities and Innovation Operations Evaluation Group Copyright © 2017 CNA Abstract The military is on the cusp of a major technological revolution, in which warfare is conducted by unmanned and increasingly autonomous weapon systems. However, unlike the last “sea change,” during the Cold War, when advanced technologies were developed primarily by the Department of Defense (DoD), the key technology enablers today are being developed mostly in the commercial world. This study looks at the state-of-the-art of AI, machine-learning, and robot technologies, and their potential future military implications for autonomous (and semi-autonomous) weapon systems. While no one can predict how AI will evolve or predict its impact on the development of military autonomous systems, it is possible to anticipate many of the conceptual, technical, and operational challenges that DoD will face as it increasingly turns to AI-based technologies. -
Review of Advanced Medical Telerobots
applied sciences Review Review of Advanced Medical Telerobots Sarmad Mehrdad 1,†, Fei Liu 2,† , Minh Tu Pham 3 , Arnaud Lelevé 3,* and S. Farokh Atashzar 1,4,5 1 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York University (NYU), Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA; [email protected] (S.M.); [email protected] (S.F.A.) 2 Advanced Robotics and Controls Lab, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA 92110, USA; [email protected] 3 Ampère, INSA Lyon, CNRS (UMR5005), F69621 Villeurbanne, France; [email protected] 4 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University (NYU), Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA 5 NYU WIRELESS, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-0472-436035 † Mehrdad and Liu contributed equally to this work and share the first authorship. Abstract: The advent of telerobotic systems has revolutionized various aspects of the industry and human life. This technology is designed to augment human sensorimotor capabilities to extend them beyond natural competence. Classic examples are space and underwater applications when distance and access are the two major physical barriers to be combated with this technology. In modern examples, telerobotic systems have been used in several clinical applications, including teleoperated surgery and telerehabilitation. In this regard, there has been a significant amount of research and development due to the major benefits in terms of medical outcomes. Recently telerobotic systems are combined with advanced artificial intelligence modules to better share the agency with the operator and open new doors of medical automation. In this review paper, we have provided a comprehensive analysis of the literature considering various topologies of telerobotic systems in the medical domain while shedding light on different levels of autonomy for this technology, starting from direct control, going up to command-tracking autonomous telerobots. -
Panospheric Video for Robotic Telexploration
Panospheric Video for Robotic Telexploration John R. Murphy CMU-RI-TR-98-10 Submined in partial fulfiient of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Robotics The Robotics Institute Cknegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 May 1998 0 1998 by John R. Murphy. All rights reserved. This research was supported in part by NASA grant NAGW-117.5. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the author and should not be interpreted as representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of NASA or the U.S. Government. Robotics Thesis Panospheric Video for Robotic Telexploration John Murphy Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the field of Robotics ACC-. William L. Whittaka TheEis Cormittee Chair Date Matthew T. Mason- - Program Chir Y Date APPROVED: fL-4 36 JiiIff+? Pa Christian0 Rowst Date - Abstract Teleoperation using cameras and monitors fails to achieve the rich and natural perceptions available during direct hands-on operation. Optimally. a reniote telepresence reproduces visual sensations that enable equivalent understanding and interaction as direct operation. Through irnrnersive video acquisition and display. the situational awareness ola remote operator is brought closer lo that of direct operation. Early teleoperation research considered the value of wide tields of view. Howe~er. utilization of wide fields of view meant sacrificing resolution and presenting distorted imagery to the viewer. With recent advances in technology. these problems are no longer barriers to hyper-wide field of view video. Acquisition and display of video conveying the entire surroundings of a tclcoperated mobile robot requires innolwtion of hardware and software. -
Operational Requirements for Soldier-Robot Teaming
CAN UNCLASSIFIED Operational Requirements for Soldier-Robot Teaming Simon Banbury Kevin Heffner Hugh Liu Serge Pelletier Calian Ltd. Prepared by: Calian Ltd. 770 Palladium Drive Ottawa, Canada K2V 1C8 Contractor Document Number: DND-1144.1.1-01 PSPC Contract Number: W7719-185397/001/TOR Technical Authority: Ming Hou, DRDC – Toronto Research Centre Contractor's date of publication: August 2020 The body of this CAN UNCLASSIFIED document does not contain the required security banners according to DND security standards. However, it must be treated as CAN UNCLASSIFIED and protected appropriately based on the terms and conditions specified on the covering page. Defence Research and Development Canada Contract Report DRDC-RDDC-2020-C172 November 2020 CAN UNCLASSIFIED CAN UNCLASSIFIED IMPORTANT INFORMATIVE STATEMENTS This document was reviewed for Controlled Goods by Defence Research and Development Canada using the Schedule to the Defence Production Act. Disclaimer: This document is not published by the Editorial Office of Defence Research and Development Canada, an agency of the Department of National Defence of Canada but is to be catalogued in the Canadian Defence Information System (CANDIS), the national repository for Defence S&T documents. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada (Department of National Defence) makes no representations or warranties, expressed or implied, of any kind whatsoever, and assumes no liability for the accuracy, reliability, completeness, currency or usefulness of any information, product, process or material included in this document. Nothing in this document should be interpreted as an endorsement for the specific use of any tool, technique or process examined in it. Any reliance on, or use of, any information, product, process or material included in this document is at the sole risk of the person so using it or relying on it. -
Geting (Parakilas and Bryce, 2018; ICRC, 2019; Abaimov and Martellini, 2020)
Journal of Future Robot Life -1 (2021) 1–24 1 DOI 10.3233/FRL-200019 IOS Press Algorithmic fog of war: When lack of transparency violates the law of armed conflict Jonathan Kwik ∗ and Tom Van Engers Faculty of Law, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1001NA, Netherlands Abstract. Underinternationallaw,weapon capabilitiesand theiruse areregulated by legalrequirementsset by International Humanitarian Law (IHL).Currently,there arestrong military incentivestoequip capabilitieswith increasinglyadvanced artificial intelligence (AI), whichinclude opaque (lesstransparent)models.As opaque models sacrifice transparency for performance, it is necessary toexaminewhether theiruse remainsinconformity with IHL obligations.First,wedemon- strate that theincentivesfor automationdriveAI toward complextaskareas and dynamicand unstructuredenvironments, whichinturnnecessitatesresorttomore opaque solutions.Wesubsequently discussthe ramifications of opaque models for foreseeability andexplainability.Then, we analysetheir impact on IHLrequirements froma development, pre-deployment and post-deployment perspective.We findthatwhile IHL does not regulate opaqueAI directly,the lack of foreseeability and explainability frustratesthe fulfilmentofkey IHLrequirementstotheextent that theuse of fully opaqueAI couldviolate internationallaw.Statesare urgedtoimplement interpretability duringdevelopmentand seriously consider thechallenging complicationofdetermining theappropriate balancebetween transparency andperformance in their capabilities. Keywords:Transparency, interpretability,foreseeability,weapon, -
Variety of Research Work Has Already Been Done to Develop an Effective Navigation Systems for Unmanned Ground Vehicle
Design of a Smart Unmanned Ground Vehicle for Hazardous Environments Saurav Chakraborty Subhadip Basu Tyfone Communications Development (I) Pvt. Ltd. Computer Science & Engineering. Dept. ITPL, White Field, Jadavpur University Bangalore 560092, INDIA. Kolkata – 700032, INDIA Abstract. A smart Unmanned Ground Vehicle needs some organizing principle, based on the (UGV) is designed and developed for some characteristics of each system such as: application specific missions to operate predominantly in hazardous environments. In The purpose of the development effort our work, we have developed a small and (often the performance of some application- lightweight vehicle to operate in general cross- specific mission); country terrains in or without daylight. The The specific reasons for choosing a UGV UGV can send visual feedbacks to the operator solution for the application (e.g., hazardous at a remote location. Onboard infrared sensors environment, strength or endurance can detect the obstacles around the UGV and requirements, size limitation etc.); sends signals to the operator. the technological challenges, in terms of functionality, performance, or cost, posed by Key Words. Unmanned Ground Vehicle, the application; Navigation Control, Onboard Sensor. The system's intended operating area (e.g., indoor environments, anywhere indoors, 1. Introduction outdoors on roads, general cross-country Robotics is an important field of interest in terrain, the deep seafloor, etc.); modern age of automation. Unlike human being the vehicle's mode of locomotion (e.g., a computer controlled robot can work with speed wheels, tracks, or legs); and accuracy without feeling exhausted. A robot How the vehicle's path is determined (i.e., can also perform preassigned tasks in a control and navigation techniques hazardous environment, reducing the risks and employed). -
Increasing the Trafficability of Unmanned Ground Vehicles Through Intelligent Morphing
Increasing the Trafficability of Unmanned Ground Vehicles through Intelligent Morphing Siddharth Odedra 1, Dr Stephen Prior 1, Dr Mehmet Karamanoglu 1, Dr Siu-Tsen Shen 2 1Product Design and Engineering, Middlesex University Trent Park Campus, Bramley Road, London N14 4YZ, U.K. [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] 2Department of Multimedia Design, National Formosa University 64 Wen-Hua Road, Hu-Wei 63208, YunLin County, Taiwan R.O.C. [email protected] Abstract Unmanned systems are used where humans are either 2. UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLES unable or unwilling to operate, but only if they can perform as Unmanned Ground Vehicles can be defined as good as, if not better than us. Systems must become more mechanised systems that operate on ground surfaces and autonomous so that they can operate without assistance, relieving the burden of controlling and monitoring them, and to do that they serve as an extension of human capabilities in unreachable need to be more intelligent and highly capable. In terms of ground or unsafe areas. They are used for many things such as vehicles, their primary objective is to be able to travel from A to B cleaning, transportation, security, exploration, rescue and where the systems success or failure is determined by its mobility, bomb disposal. UGV’s come in many different for which terrain is the key element. This paper explores the configurations usually defined by the task at hand and the concept of creating a more autonomous system by making it more environment they must operate in, and are either remotely perceptive about the terrain, and with reconfigurable elements, controlled by the user, pre-programmed to carry out specific making it more capable of traversing it. -
Sensors and Measurements for Unmanned Systems: an Overview
sensors Review Sensors and Measurements for Unmanned Systems: An Overview Eulalia Balestrieri 1,* , Pasquale Daponte 1, Luca De Vito 1 and Francesco Lamonaca 2 1 Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy; [email protected] (P.D.); [email protected] (L.D.V.) 2 Department of Computer Science, Modeling, Electronics and Systems (DIMES), University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The advance of technology has enabled the development of unmanned systems/vehicles used in the air, on the ground or on/in the water. The application range for these systems is continuously increasing, and unmanned platforms continue to be the subject of numerous studies and research contributions. This paper deals with the role of sensors and measurements in ensuring that unmanned systems work properly, meet the requirements of the target application, provide and increase their navigation capabilities, and suitably monitor and gain information on several physical quantities in the environment around them. Unmanned system types and the critical environmental factors affecting their performance are discussed. The measurements that these kinds of vehicles can carry out are presented and discussed, while also describing the most frequently used on-board sensor technologies, as well as their advantages and limitations. The paper provides some examples of sensor specifications related to some current applications, as well as describing the recent research contributions in the field. Citation: Balestrieri, E.; Daponte, P.; Keywords: unmanned systems; UAV; UGV; USV; UUV; sensors; payload; challenges De Vito, L.; Lamonaca, F. Sensors and Measurements for Unmanned Systems: An Overview. -
Teleoperation of a 7 DOF Humanoid Robot Arm Using Human Arm Accelerations and EMG Signals
Teleoperation of a 7 DOF Humanoid Robot Arm Using Human Arm Accelerations and EMG Signals J. Leitner, M. Luciw, A. Forster,¨ J. Schmidhuber Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence (IDSIA) & Scuola universitaria professionale della Svizzera Italiana (SUPSI) & Universita` della Svizzera italiana (USI), Switzerland e-mail: [email protected] Abstract 2 Background and Related Work We present our work on tele-operating a complex hu- The presented research combines a variety of subsys- manoid robot with the help of bio-signals collected from tems together to allow the safe and robust teleoperation of the operator. The frameworks (for robot vision, collision a complex humanoid robot. For the experiments herein, avoidance and machine learning), developed in our lab, we are using computer vision, together with accelerom- allow for a safe interaction with the environment, when eters and EMG signals collected on the operator’s arm combined. This even works with noisy control signals, to remotely control the 7 degree-of-freedom (DOF) robot such as, the operator’s hand acceleration and their elec- arm – and the 5 fingered end-effector – during reaching tromyography (EMG) signals. These bio-signals are used and grasping tasks. to execute equivalent actions (such as, reaching and grasp- ing of objects) on the 7 DOF arm. 2.1 Robotic Teleoperation Telerobotics usually refers to the remote control of 1 Introduction robotic systems over a (wireless) link. First use of tele- robotics dates back to the first robotic space probes used More and more robots are sent to distant or dangerous during the 20-th century. Remote manipulators are nowa- environments to perform a variety of tasks. -
Download Monograph [PDF]
NANOTECHNOLOGY...| 1 IDSA Monograph Series No. 48 October 2015 NANOTECHNOLOGY THE EMERGING FIELD FOR FUTURE MILITARY APPLICATIONS Sanjiv Tomar 2 | SANJIV TOMAR Cover Illustration Courtesy: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-XfhWNz2_bpY/ T3dVp2eYz1I/AAAAAAAARDY/Y3TZBL4XaHU/s1600/ 1325267213444.png available at http://fortressaustralia.blogspot.in/ 2012_04_01_archive.html Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, sorted in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo-copying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA). ISBN: 978-93-82169-58-1 Disclaimer: It is certified that views expressed and suggestions made in this monograph have been made by the author in his personal capacity and do not have any official endorsement. First Published: October 2015 Price: Rs. 200/- Published by: Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses No.1, Development Enclave, Rao Tula Ram Marg, Delhi Cantt., New Delhi - 110 010 Tel. (91-11) 2671-7983 Fax.(91-11) 2615 4191 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.idsa.in Cover & Layout by: Geeta Kumari Printed at: M/S A. M. Offsetters A-57, Sector-10, Noida-201 301 (U.P.) Mob: 09810888667 E-mail: [email protected] NANOTECHNOLOGY...| 3 Contents Acknowledgements 5 Abbreviations 6 Introduction 9 1. ADVENT OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 13 1.1. A Brief Historical Account 13 1.2 What makes nanoparticle properties so alluring? 16 1.3 Nanomaterials 19 2. NANOTECHNOLOGY R&D INITIATIVES AND THE CURRENT GLOBAL LANDSCAPE 23 2.1 United States 24 2.2 China 25 2.3 Russia 27 2.4 Japan 28 2.5 European Union 29 2.6 India 30 2.7 Pakistan 33 2.8 South Korea 33 2.9 Elsewhere in the World 24 3. -
Brain-Computer Interfaces: U.S. Military Applications and Implications, an Initial Assessment
BRAIN- COMPUTER INTERFACES U.S. MILITARY APPLICATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS AN INITIAL ASSESSMENT ANIKA BINNENDIJK TIMOTHY MARLER ELIZABETH M. BARTELS Cover design: Peter Soriano Cover image: Adobe Stock/Prostock-studio Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.html. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. R® is a registered trademark. For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR2996. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-1-9774-0523-4 © Copyright 2020 RAND Corporation Summary points of failure, adversary access to new informa- tion, and new areas of exposure to harm or avenues Brain-computer interface (BCI) represents an emerg- of influence of service members. It also underscores ing and potentially disruptive area of technology institutional vulnerabilities that may arise, includ- that, to date, has received minimal public discussion ing challenges surrounding a deficit of trust in BCI in the defense and national security policy commu- technologies, as well as the potential erosion of unit nities. This research considered key areas in which cohesion, unit leadership, and other critical inter- future BCI technologies might be relevant for the personal military relationships. -
Rail Transit Capacity
7UDQVLW&DSDFLW\DQG4XDOLW\RI6HUYLFH0DQXDO PART 3 RAIL TRANSIT CAPACITY CONTENTS 1. RAIL CAPACITY BASICS ..................................................................................... 3-1 Introduction................................................................................................................. 3-1 Grouping ..................................................................................................................... 3-1 The Basics................................................................................................................... 3-2 Design versus Achievable Capacity ............................................................................ 3-3 Service Headway..................................................................................................... 3-4 Line Capacity .......................................................................................................... 3-5 Train Control Throughput....................................................................................... 3-5 Commuter Rail Throughput .................................................................................... 3-6 Station Dwells ......................................................................................................... 3-6 Train/Car Capacity...................................................................................................... 3-7 Introduction............................................................................................................. 3-7 Car Capacity...........................................................................................................