onitoring status of action against commercial sexual exploitation of children ESTONIA 2nd EDITION This publication has been produced with the financial assistance of the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), The Body Shop International, The Oak Foundation and Irish Aid. The views expressed herein are solely those of ECPAT International. The support from these donors does not constitute endorsement of the opinions expressed. This publication was compiled by Alessia Altamura with the assistance of Francois-Xavier Souchet, Anjan Bose, Laura Jokinen and Mark Capaldi. This report was also developed in collaboration with Tartu Child Support Centre, the ECPAT group in Estonia. Extracts from this publication may be reproduced only with permission from ECPAT International and acknowledgment of the source and ECPAT International. A copy of the relevant publication using extracted material must be provided to ECPAT. Copyright © 2012, ECPAT International (2nd Edition) Design by: Manida Naebklang ECPAT International (End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes) 328/1 Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand www.ecpat.net [email protected] Estonia|2 Estonia|3 CONTENTS Glossary 4 Foreword 5 Methodology 7 Estonia: Introduction 9 National Plan of Action 16 Coordination and Cooperation 18 Prevention 22 Protection 26 Child and Youth Participation 35 Priority Actions Required 36 Annex 40 Endnotes 50 Estonia|2 Estonia|3 GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ACRONYMS • AGIS: Framework programme • ICT: Information and Communication concerning police and judicial Technology cooperation in criminal matters • INHOPE: International Association of • CBSS: Council of Baltic Sea States Internet Hotlines • CoE: Council of Europe • INSAFE: European network of Awareness Centres • COPSAT: Joint Cooperation between Police and Social Service against • IOM: International Organization for Trafficking project Migration • CRC: Convention on the Rights of the • NCP: National Contact Point Child • NGO: Non-Governmental Organisation • CSEC: Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children • NPA: National Plan of Action • EGCC: Expert Group for Cooperation • OPSC: Optional Protocol on the Sale of on Children at Risk Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography • EU: European Union • ROBERT: Risktaking Online Behaviour • HDI: Human Development Index Empowerment through Research and Training project • ICSE: International Child Sexual Exploitation Database • UN: United Nations Estonia|4 Estonia|5 FOREWORD At the First World Congress against children from commercial sexual exploitation. Commercial Sexual Exploitation of The Rio Declaration and Call for Action Children (CSEC) held in Stockholm in strongly urges all stakeholders, including the 1996, governments from around the world private sector, to continue their due diligence first gave recognition that commercial in taking the necessary follow-up actions to sexual exploitation of children is a global eliminate CSEC. The Rio Call for Action crime of epidemic proportions. The emphasises the obligation to uphold the Stockholm Declaration and Agenda for rights of the child as identified in existing Action - a strategic framework for actions international human rights and child rights against CSEC - was adopted by the 122 instruments. It also offers a framework for governments participating in the Congress in the accountability of all duty-bearers of order to guide a systematic global response children’s rights, particularly governments, against the sexual exploitation of children. in the fight against sexual exploitation of children and re-affirms the continuing The outcome document of the First World relevance of the Agenda for Action, first Congress was soon followed by the Optional agreed to in Stockholm twelve years earlier. Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child This report, as part of the Second Edition prostitution and child pornography (OPSC). series of country monitoring reports Adopted in 2000 as a legally binding produced by ECPAT International, provides treaty of the United Nations, the Optional a comprehensive baseline of information on Protocol (and other relevant international all manifestations of CSEC in the country treaties) reaffirms the urgent need for and an assessment of achievements and political will and concrete actions from challenges in implementing counteractions governments to ensure that children in their (including the participation of children countries can live free from all forms of and young people themselves) to eliminate commercial sexual exploitation. CSEC. The report, which follows the framework of the Stockholm Agenda for In 2001, high-level delegates from 136 Action, serves as an instrument for the governments, local and international non- sharing of information and experiences governmental organisations and children and among various stakeholders and duty-bearers young people, convened in Yokohama for within the country as well as internationally. the Second World Congress to review the It also suggests concrete priority actions achievements and challenges in combating urgently needed to proactively advance the CSEC as well as to identify new priorities national fight against CSEC. Furthermore, needed to bolster and enhance action. Seven this report enables the monitoring of the years later, the World Congress III in Rio de implementation of international instruments Janeiro provided the largest global platform on child rights, related to commercial sexual to date for delegates from 137 governments exploitation that have been ratified by the to renew their state’s commitment to protect concerned state. Estonia|4 Estonia|5 The production of this report is achieved within the Secretariat and for the generous through extensive collaboration within support of its donors that helped make the ECPAT global network. ECPAT the finalisation of this report possible. The International would like to thank ECPAT contributions of all involved have greatly member groups in the countries assessed, strengthened the monitoring of the Agenda local and global experts and other for Action and the heightened collaboration organisations for their invaluable inputs to needed to fight the new and evolving this report. ECPAT International would also complex manifestations of commercial sexual like to express its profound appreciation of exploitation of children. all the hard work of its dedicated team from Estonia|6 Estonia|7 METHODOLOGY The Agenda for Action against Commercial information from different sources and parts Sexual Exploitation of Children provides a of the world. detailed framework and categories of actions to be taken by governments in partnership Desktop research has shown a continuing with civil society organizations and other lack of information in the areas of Recovery, relevant actors for combating commercial Rehabilitation and Reintegration. After sexual crimes against children. Broadly, these extensive efforts to collect information actions are focused on: 1) Coordination and relevant to these areas for each of the Cooperation; 2) Prevention; 3) Protection; 4) countries covered, it was decided that as this Recovery, Rehabilitation and Reintegration; information was not consistently available, and 5) Child Participation. The Agenda the reports thus focus only on those areas for Action is thus the formal and guiding of the Agenda for Action where verifiable structure used by governments that have information can be obtained. Thus, the report adopted it and committed to work against covers: Coordination and Cooperation; CSEC. As such, the Agenda for Action Prevention; Protection and Child and Youth is also the main organising framework for Participation, and where information on reporting on the status of implementation of recovery, rehabilitaton and reintegration, the Agenda as seen in the World Congress was available, it has been included under the II of 2001, the Mid-Term Review meetings country overview. These 2nd Edition Reports held between 2004 and 2005 and the World also reflect a greater focus on integrated and Congress III in 2008. It has been used in the inter-sector collaboration for the realisation same way to structure and guide the research, of the right of the child to protection from analysis and preparation of information sexual exploitation, including the need presented in these reports on the status nationally for comprehensive child protection of implementation of the Agenda in the systems. individual countries. Research of secondary sources, including Preparatory work for this 2nd Edition report CRC country and alternative reports, OPSC involved a review of the literature available country and alternative reports, the reports of on sexual exploitation for each of the the Special Rapporteurs, as well as research countries where ECPAT works. A number and field studies of ECPAT, governmental of tools were prepared, such as a detailed and non-governmental organizations, glossary of CSEC terms, explanatory regional bodies and UN agencies, provided literature on more difficult themes and the initial information for each report. This concepts and a guide to relevant CSEC- information was compiled, reviewed and related research tools, to assist researchers used to produce first draft reports. In-house in their work and to ensure consistency in and consultant specialists undertook a similar the gathering, interpreting and analysing of process of review to generate information