Issue-Specific Activities and Initiatives Economic Infrastructure Development ─ A Holistic Response to Urban and Regional Issues Based on a Macro Perspective
The promotion of effective urban and regional development requires not only region-specific approaches, but also Of the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), relevant goals are shown in color. planning on a macro scale, keeping in mind the linkages with other regions and cross-border economic zones. The lack of utility infrastructure and frameworks for its With a view to developing sustainable economic operation and management hinders economic progress infrastructure, JICA establishes urban and regional in many developing countries. Thus, JICA assists in development plans which take stock of suitable social infrastructure establishment and the development of the systems and institutions. Based on these plans, JICA is economy in these respective countries. extending cooperation for the development of transportation Although rapid urbanization can boost efficiency in infrastructures and information and communication networks, economic activities and drive economic development, it as well as for strengthening the organizations and human can also trigger problems, such as the worsening of living resources which maintain and manage these infrastructures environments, traffic congestion, unstable security, as well and networks. as increased disparities between urban and rural areas.
Urban and Regional Development 1) Take an integrated and comprehensive approach on the diverse issues in the urban areas or region Overview of Issue 2) Emphasize capacity development across all administrative The world’s population has been estimated to increase to 7 agencies, social organizations and communities to advance urban billion people in 2011. Although only 13% of the world’s population and regional development lived in urban areas in 1900, rapid urbanization prompted the 3) Enhance regional administrative systems in line with the figure to increase by over 50% in 2006. This growth tendency is country’s state of affairs particularly pronounced in developing countries, and about 80% 4) Correct disparities between regions by promoting balanced of the world’s urban population is expected to be centered in regional development that recognizes the perspectives of its developing countries by 2030. residents The effects of rapid urban development may drive economic 5) Encourage balanced economic development that prevents the expansion but can also give rise to poor living environments, traffic negative effects of urbanization congestion, air and water pollution, increased garbage, lack of Based on the above, JICA will analyze urban and regional public security and the buildup of slums areas. It also widens problems, create a mid- to long-term vision, formulate the gap between urban and rural areas, which leads to several development policies and sector-specific development plans, and problems such as regional economic deterioration, outdated social propose action plans for their implementation. By implementing infrastructures and deficient public services. JICA believes that all issues cannot be resolved from an individual perspective and that a holistic approach to development in urban areas or regions is crucial to reduce these negative effects due to rapid urbanization.
JICA Activities JICA’s efforts to sustain urban and regional development in developing countries include both urban master planning and comprehensive regional planning. Also, it conducts surveys, Technical Assistance and cooperation to facilitate the execution of these plans, which contributes to economic growth and improved standards of living. A structural drawing of the future city proposed by The Study on Integrated Development Strategy for Danang City and Its Neighboring Master plans and development plans are formulated based on Area conducted in Viet Nam. The Study established a holistic development strategy and plan which achieves a balance between the following five perspectives: industry, tourism, commerce, and residential areas.
80 Concrete Initiatives 81 is to be
and
to time, same
which issues,
provide require develop
multiple country, upgrade poverty.
the
to challenge. need movement
to congestion
agricultural
same at
and
from and transportation
global
of big the
development
the of
indispensable a of
projects
initiatives
while for
transportation
traffic At
sustainably is sources
repair
is
ports
counterpart
sufficient broadly
of to for
the not contributed These
public account
funds
of means
more demand order growth. funding
of
development are development
infrastructure
and maintain, in railways,
the needed
take
to the is meet is
development
slow society Other
to
region elimination
rapidly.
modes securing
its
the roads, capital, growth
the and need
available economic the of
need which at
and and
rising
for the the
transportation supporting is funds private
in
assistance
and of countries, for
including infrastructure
looking
goods, services economic
infrastructures. environment introduction by public financing,
behind increasingly initiatives and
including the the instead
demand
structures left
developing worldwide,
impeded limited
Overview of Issue
necessary people
perspective Transportation In infrastructure, has angles, of initiatives areas Transportation high including climate change. significant sustainable growth. The aging all transportation secured, time are not being wasted. Furthermore, The enhance including through It in to to or
the and
their each
issues macro people
number plans on plans.
urban
facilitate of with
donors extending
individual,
developing function formulation developing
responsible an
is
development development address
on
institutional will
the
plans for the resolves
on
the
are
at of JICA
and in and internally-driven
increasing
that
capacities
which and cross-border regional regional
development
based development coordination an
a
scheme stage
the
and
comprehensiveness levels.
in efforts,
incumbent and and
people
social are organization’s
identify
is
development every approach plan
own adopt
It
to the regional
the
the
regional urban
develop urban
processes
an
approach there the
of for prioritizes organization to as
and their
for
must and
institutional master through than
organization’s a
well with order realize holistic
countries and
urban on
the
numerous a
urban diversify, sufficiently. In purpose to
as
rather
of
necessary
consistently approach the
counterpart is the cooperation
comprehensiveness
and
based
able processes,
it
date.
review societal needs
internally-driven
require for the
This
be to
to
which conducted
on at developing future,
to
that
resources, perspective, projects in has
comprehensively the prioritize
regional effectively
particular,
work
in implementation
implementing
issues important cooperation human own impact. other, JICA strives to maximize the development Comprehensive and Internally-Driven Processes JICA Internally displaced children in Northern Uganda attending class outside due to a shortage of classrooms. In the Amuru District in Northern Uganda, a Internally displaced children in Northern Uganda of the 20-year conflict, JICA is extending cooperation to establish a community development region headed towards reconstruction in the aftermath of internally displaced persons. model necessary for promoting the return and settlement must multiple is approaches. In for who mechanisms countries work cooperate developing countries. Regional Development from a Macro Perspective As and people organizational, cooperation of issues internally-driven regional individually. In the capital city of Bangkok, Thailand, the purple line of the mass transit system, connecting Bangkok and the neighboring Nonthaburi Province, is being constructed with the provision of ODA Loans.
changes in transportation methods; CO2 reductions through more to consider a variety of perspectives, including: “international efficient distribution means; and air pollutant control. transportation” for promoting the international flow of goods and people and the development of regional economic zones which JICA Activities transcend borders; “national transportation” which ensures JICA’s main goal for cooperation in transportation is the swift, people’s fair access to transportation and balanced national smooth and safe transportation of goods and people in order to development; “urban transportation” which supports sustainable vitalize socioeconomic activities and to ultimately improve income urban development and enhances living standards; and “rural levels and enrich people’s lives. transportation” for improving the living standards of rural areas It is not merely enough to simply build roads and bridges to which tend to be left behind from development. The aim of JICA establish freight and transportation infrastructure in developing is indeed to achieve “inclusive and dynamic development.” countries. The infrastructure also requires the establishment of a Cross-border Transportation Infrastructure plan to ensure an efficient transportation system, the development Cooperation may be required for the development of of human resources and the strengthening of organizations that transportation infrastructure in multiple countries, across national will appropriately maintain and manage the infrastructure, and the borders, e.g., those which connect an ocean-side country with a creation of social and institutional arrangements that support the landlocked country. organizations. JICA actively promotes participatory cooperation JICA views cross-border transportation as a way to promote with the residents and collaboration with NGOs with a focus on the integration of economic markets over a wide region across the beneficiaries, including users and residents, in view of who national borders. Cross-border transportation infrastructure will use the system and for what purpose. will require a holistic approach, including the development of In addition, cooperation for the transportation sector needs domestic infrastructure and border facilities, such as customs
Namibe Port in Angola which was repaired with Grant Aid Vietnamese airport officials visited Japan for training in Japan. The photo shows the officials receiving an on-site lecture about facility management at Narita Airport.
82 Concrete Initiatives 83 is of to of of to as Ho
Ho
the
the the
with
mall. work areas Study urban
for of use
Thanh
for
holistic and
area to stations used of
terminal a for
full study
Ben a bicycles a
continue development
convenience,
major promote Hanoi as the
and people
development development in of present the to
assistance
the making will
Additionally, underground
introduction
standards to Development rider
commuting
cars
the the serve a development
an
surrounding
the for among to while
JICA for bikes,
order
across
order Hanoi.
the implementing will
providing in in in is
The significant increase in road traffic has made road congestion a critical issue. In Ho Chi Minh City, the average travelling speed of vehicles is projected to worsen from 23.8km per hour in 2002 to 13.3km per hour in 2020.
lots
technical
is enhance through and include
development
includes areas motor development of
2
through railway system,
JICA stations’ lines
of
addition
terminals station the
by will JICA forward,
This in and City parking which
for City,
urban
1 bus
systems train that urban companies
railway railway
Thanh as of school.
Minh
Minh formulation
the Lines
An image of an elevated bridge which An image of an elevated from central crosses Saigon River, heading the suburbs Ho Chi Minh City toward commuting of use railway and the Japan’s railway technologies and experience. well essential project (2008-2009). Furthermore, support urban of station connecting to other train lines. Moving Chi Ben development including railways. Chi facilities station proposal private along a A in in to
but the the
1 that and
City,
estate
systems targeted Line including
launched Minh supported operating harnessed
considered
real expected support for systems. railways require are
maintenance
in be
be expected Chi
maintenance. is
to commenced development JICA
for is standards
railway
Ho and being models, It
also
2012 also
and
is in has
in develop Hanoi
railway
will Thus, urban
project urban in lines.
operations
therefore models 1
only JICA
of
experience begin business with operation
technical rail
railway
systems
urban and
not
Line an operations of
railways must will
cooperation of
2011,
lacks along
City, urban
unique
the
in with
Cooperation
2017. railway
for specifications.
out experience
Nam in operators similar Minh development
development
a company
maintaining
possess
the Chi carry start
railway also development and new Japan’s connection Assistance for Maintenance and Development of Neighboring Areas Viet company open in 2017 and Line 2 in 2016. for urban Beginning Technical establishment Ho in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. Construction to while to establishment for Hanoi. Urban standard is be
for Hoi the
Chi car the
JICA rapid to plans
urban
Thang which to
Ho for system
signal,
JICA
19.7km
railways
a
possess of train between Ngoc
Japanese in
Loans
Both
Economic
mass Nam
development a
Tien), the Loans
area
transportation urban for traffic
of
ODA
expected Hanoi,
applied
toward
(11km Hanoi. around
the and In the urban
Suoi
1
the
be are ODA
between of shift of and urban
in
companies
4km a
Terms
(approximately Furthermore,
circumstances, and For through will
Line
of
City
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Dao)
Bat, (12km introduction of priority.
recommendation, systems,
products part provided 2
Viet Nam Urban Railway Program Urban Railway Viet Nam Line Minh these
Thanh the including Hung
Special utilized.
as
(STEP) Giap
formulation
the
of Japanese
Line
of Chi projects.
JICA
technologies
assistance the
Ben on and the Tran
highest and
Ho
plans, and
system Japanese
City, light
for Loan and
the
construction
Lam
JICA is extending assistance for the introduction of urban railway systems in both Hanoi In Viet Nam’s major cities of Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, rapid economic growth and communication parts, ODA plans of public transportation. Based master delivered railway, Partnership supported recommended in the master plan. Because recommended advanced transit Drawing on Japan’s Experience and Technologies In
Holistic Assistance for the Introduction of Viet Nam’s First Urban Railway System First Urban Railway of Viet Nam’s the Introduction Assistance for Holistic integrates which initiative, development railway urban holistic a is This City. Minh Chi Ho and ODA Loans, Technical Cooperation, and private partnerships,planning; construction; operation, maintenance andand management; and coversurban development the stages of along railroads. urbanization in recent years have caused an increase in traffic volume of motorbikes and vehicles. This has worsened traffic congestion and raised concerns about adverse effects on economic and social activities. Furthermore, vehicle traffic has contributed to the grave problem of air pollution. Minh Long providing construction station) the Gia between had Case Study and immigration offices; the development of a regional network allowing a region- wide flow of people and goods; simplified border crossing procedures to promote cross-border transportation; and the development of soft infrastructure, such as human resources development. The aim is to vitalize the economies of the countries and region by promoting cross-border transportation, and its development will also require planning and implementation through multilateral cooperation. Nonetheless, JICA recognizes
that the benefits of cross-border The satellite hub antenna and the Japan-Pacific ICT transportation may yield disproportionate Center constructed with Grant Aid at the University of the South Pacific in Fiji, in order to serve as the gains to economically stronger regions, as hub facility for ICT in the Oceania region. Technical Cooperation projects currently being implemented well as lead to crimes and the spread of include the establishment of new ICT bachelor’s diseases such as HIV/AIDS. JICA takes into degree courses and the enhancement of the satellite communication network. account the possibility of these negative impacts in advancing its cooperation while
considering measures to address them. A class being held at the ICT Center Lab
Information Technology (IT) 1) Improve IT policy-planning capabilities: Dispatch advisors to support the formulation of IT policies in such areas as national Overview of Issue strategy concerning electronic communication and development Information technology (IT) has been advancing remarkably of relevant industry. in developed countries. Applicable in the administrative, 2) Develop communication infrastructure: Formulate a plan to social and economic fields, IT has been used to computerize develop central communication networks and rural communication central government operations (e-governance), educate via the infrastructure, and reinforce their maintenance and management Internet (e-learning) and facilitate digital trade and commerce systems. (e-commerce). IT also has the potential to support a variety 3) Improve aid effectiveness and efficiency through IT use: of improvements, including increasing the efficiency of the Increase project effectiveness and efficiency by adopting IT economic and social systems of countries, raising productivity, in government administrative departments and using IT for and enhancing the quality of life. cooperation projects in a variety of sectors, including education, In many developing countries, however, the spread of IT health care, and commerce. has been slow. This has led to a digital divide with developed 4) Train skilled IT personnel: Implement a human resource countries, which in turn has worsened economic disparities. development project to enhance the capabilities of technicians and policy planners in order to further spread IT usage. This step JICA Activities comprises a large proportion of JICA’s IT support efforts. JICA believes closing the digital divide is necessary to increase 5) Broadcasting: Extend cooperation to spread Japanese-style the effectiveness and efficiency of various cooperation programs. digital terrestrial broadcasting, which can withstand interferences By promoting IT use in developing countries, JICA is contributing and permits stable reception, etc. to the elimination of the digital divide. At the G8 Kyushu-Okinawa Summit of July 2000, Japan asserted its stance to help bridge the digital divide in developing countries through distance learning and other means. The Japanese government also announced its plan to use ODA funds more effectively and establish IT bases in 30 locations. Through these actions, JICA has also tackled efforts to correct the digital divide in developing countries mainly in Asia [ See the Case Study on page 72]. IT Policies Linked to Social and Economic Development JICA offers the following five approaches to address the delayed introduction of IT in developing countries:
84 Concrete Initiatives 85 is of in of
for
We the the the the the the the the
and and port
Port
help
JICA only
other
Port’s broad cargo to which of
to Sudan
for goods
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will generate six installed, not enhance port,
provision acquiring Juba
share
to prices
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create Sudan. as
Juba also resources
to
of
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at to cooperation to organization
North
2011 distribution
us through Cooperation
improve the advantage provision facilities the management Furthermore,
management
concern,
efficiency
organizational
management also were to efficient and
but
well
project smooth cooperation by of lower resources
and this aim South
the staff
the and
and the contribute and a take with capabilities
that
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goods
port as will gained delivered and
human
March
culture,
for are
expected
order Japan.
the and of attention
of
strengthen and This be of
is
Sudan, budget
South
its only including in raise
of
human
safe Technical to
roles for from
which
handled
our through share will capabilities management
enable Sudan
its which including port’s
This
ports project
not
the
the Cooperation the also management, handling,
South
equipment
to will port experience goods by will
of the
maintenance (plan) cargo and opportunity
maintenance
The between
of products
devote handled,
addition, management training
South promotion port but
promote
courses system products.
and
of the
and is to
the effects, In cargo in cheaply.
of many cooperation, Port with the
years the and technologies
disparities
Japan development as establishment implemented Technical of
like
commercial that facilities port expected management excellent more
four
conduct
facilities’ port volume allow facilities
diverse
Juba well technical the
an
hope From Our Counterpart
development between the two areas. also economic through reconciliation commercial of distribution will area premises. sanitation conditions of the Furthermore, next Infrastructure Linking the South and North The Eng. Maurice Rehan Director General – Directorate of River Transport / Ministry of Transport This cargo safety project the port improve structure establishment would I at major the is technology discipline. knowledge river mechanism. will the regional among the other ports. The of statistics. handling capabilities, development effective parallel as were trained. of the a a is In to of
by
the Aid the
civil port
port
on pier,
since water South study. and which
in
further
JICA
for the
demand develop 2011. the
While of provided centered
to
35m
Grant mainly
expanded by
volume
agreement equipment, to a
completed.
full-fledged
period Port, inland July working an
of
200m) training the during
in order is
survey
the been cranes. transport peace plans
in
accompanying Republic repairing
handled
procure River development and
of
handling
JICA integrates
the as
cooperation, transition the
JICA
constructed including transportation
been freight
increase
damaged Juba already
point began well
after introduction cargo to
which
as had
vitalization the preparatory
large-scale has independence 2013,
emergency
were equipment
approximately the
freight
JICA six-year Cooperation,
follow-up promptly a
an central
Pier: Length approx. 200m × width 18m width × 200m approx. Length Pier: Aid
in (by increasing agreement, cargo a
independence,
fiscal also which
as the as
obtained economic
Immediately handling
promote on Juba Port. The Grant By infrastructures, pier warehouse, humans, mechanized date including anticipated cooperation of reached, has through
Technical
to
peace developing
well
view country’s new and Sudan due the management. Both Hard and Soft Infrastructure Following cargo as JICA war, facilities route. was serves for Warehouse and and Warehouse Management Office Management (Existing 35m pier) 35m (Existing an are not and and and
made River, is
Sudan lifeline in
Sudan, arterial
war,
through a has Nile
advancing South Kenya
the
assistance Agreement
as
civil Port for South the Sudan
goods
the
capabilities of of Sudan
Southern
of
Administrative Office Administrative
Peace Juba through serves
of
North provided 20-year However,
route the
required a
between route is
and North, southern and
water
the 2005 and distribution South Sudan The Project for Improvement of Juba River Port / The Project for Enhancement for Enhancement / The Project Port Juba River of for Improvement The Project Sudan South Sudan in Southern of Inland Waterway Capacity and Management of Operation
Sea
reconstruction Guard Station Guard transportation ground
in
country in South Government
concluded consistently Comprehensive inland
the Red the and
the
reconstruction.
port the has The of smooth
the
which with linking
reached
established
Water transportation by the Nile River is critically important to South Sudan which does not not does which Sudan South to important critically is River Nile the by transportation Water central was Autonomous While at present the port handles bulk (stacked separately) cargo primarily, the use of containers will dramatically improve the efficiency and safety of cargo handling work. After Lifeline Supporting the Reconstruction Diagram of the Juba River Port Expansion Project (at completion, forecast) Diagram of the Juba River Port Expansion Project progress towards reconstruction. The complete Contributing to the Building of a New State through Port Distribution Promotion Port Distribution State through of a New to the Building Contributing border any ocean. JICA, coupled with the plan to construct a pier, etc. at Juba Port through port’s the strengthen will which project Cooperation Technical a commenced has Aid, Grant will JICA 2011, July in independence obtaining Sudan South With capabilities. management the to contributing to view a with infrastructure soft and hard both for cooperation promote through the promotion of the distribution system. building of the new state post-war North was road limited. outside a linking supporting along Uganda. JICA Case Study