Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) Author(S): Lucas A

Natural History, New Records, and Notes on the Conservation Status of Cyanophrys bertha (Jones) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) Author(s): Lucas A. Kaminski, Sabrina C. Thiele, Cristiano A. Iserhard, Helena P. Romanowski, and Alfred Moser Source: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 112(1):54-60. 2010. Published By: Entomological Society of Washington DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797-112.1.54 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.4289/0013-8797-112.1.54 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is an electronic aggregator of bioscience research content, and the online home to over 160 journals and books published by not-for-profit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 112(1), 2010, pp. 54–60 NATURAL HISTORY, NEW RECORDS, AND NOTES ON THE CONSERVATION STATUS OF CYANOPHRYS BERTHA (JONES) (LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE) LUCAS A. KAMINSKI,SABRINA C. THIELE,CRISTIANO A. ISERHARD, HELENA P. ROMANOWSKI, AND ALFRED MOSER (LAK) PPG-Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, C.P. 6109, Campinas SP Brazil 13.083-970 (e-mail: lucaskaminski@ yahoo.com.br); (SCT) Departamento de Biologia e Quı´mica, Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul—Campus Santa Rosa, RS 344—km 39, C.P. 489, Santa Rosa RS Brazil 98900-000 (e-mail: sabrina. [email protected]); (CAI, HPR) PPG-Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre RS Brazil 91.501-970 (e-mail: CAI [email protected], HPR [email protected]); (AM) Avenida Rotermund 1045, Saõ Leopoldo RS Brazil 93.030-000 (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract.—The natural history of the potentially threatened hairstreak butterfly Cyanophrys bertha (Jones) is discussed, and the morphology of its penultimate and last instar larvae and pupa are described and illustrated. New distribution records from southern Brazil are provided. Based on morphological and ecological traits of immatures and adults, the conservation status of this species is discussed and compared with other sympatric Eumaeini. Key Words: Atlantic rainforest, Conura, florivory, host plant, immature stages, IUCN Red List, myrmecophily, Neotropical, parasitoids DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797-112.1.54 The Brazilian Atlantic rainforest has mountains from 15 to 238S latitude been considered a hotspot of diversity, (Brown and Freitas 2000). characterized by high levels of ende- Cyanophrys bertha (Jones), an en- mism—about 50% overall and more demic hairstreak butterfly of the Atlan- tic rainforest, has been recorded in than 95% in some groups (Brown and moist evergreen and seasonal deciduous Brown 1992). Despite this, the last forests in the coastal mountains of remaining forests continue to be under southern Brazil from 800 to 1,400 m severe anthropogenic pressure (More- elevation (Robbins and Duarte 2005). llato and Haddad 2000). For butterflies, This species has been listed as ‘‘vulner- the highest species richness document- able’’ in the IUCN Red List (see Brown ed for this biome occurs in the coastal 1993, 1996; Gimenez Dixon 1996; Mielke and Casagrande 2004). Recent- * Accepted by Robert R. Kula ly, Robbins and Duarte (2005) pub- VOLUME 112, NUMBER 1 55 Figs. 1–7. Some of the life phases of Cyanophrys bertha on its host plant Pyrostegia venusta.1, Inflorescence of P. venusta, scale bar ¼ 1.0 cm; 2, Freshly emerged adult, scale bar ¼ 1.0 cm; 3, Penultimate instar, scale bar ¼ 0.8 mm; 4, Last instar in lateral view, scale bar ¼ 1.4 mm; 5, Last instar in frontal view, scale bar ¼ 1.4 mm; 6, Pupa immediately after molting, scale bar ¼ 0.8 mm; 7, Pupa one day after pupation, scale bar ¼ 0.8 mm. 56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON lished a phylogenetic analysis and a Santa Rosa County (’3km)and synopsis of the genus Cyanophrys, surrounded by a mosaic of pastures including comments on the relatively and plantation land; the entire area basal position of C. bertha and its originally was covered by Subtropical conservation status. Atlantic Forest (seasonal deciduous Only 13 museum specimens of C. Atlantic Forest). bertha are known (listed in Robbins and All inflorescences of Pyrostegia ve- Duarte 2005) from seven localities in nusta (Ker-Gawl.) Miers (Bignonia- four Brazilian States: two from Minas ceae) (Figs. 1–2) within the study area Gerais, one from Saõ Paulo, three from were inspected. Two penultimate instar Parana´, and one from Santa Catarina. and one last instar larvae of C. bertha Two published records from the States were discovered and taken to the of Rio de Janeiro (Brown 1993) and Rio laboratory for measurements and anal- Grande do Sul (Draudt 1919–1920) are yses. These larvae were reared in plastic not confirmed by voucher specimens containers (about 400 ml) with fresh (Robbins and Duarte 2005). Beyond cuttings of P. venusta with floral buds. these museum specimens and a few Containers were cleaned daily, and food notes on adult reproductive and feeding was offered ad libitum. Shed head behavior (Brown 1993), no information capsules and pupal exuvia were pre- is available about the natural history of served for measurements. Vouchers of this species. the immature stages and parasitoids Because such data are essential for were deposited at the Museu de Zoo- understanding the population dynamics logia (ZUEC), Universidade Estadual of any species and can be important for de Campinas, Campinas, Saõ Paulo, developing conservation strategies of Brazil. endangered butterflies such as C. bertha Morphology.—Measurements were (e.g., Otero and Brown 1986, Francini made using a micrometric scale mount- et al. 2005), we provide novel informa- ed in a Leicat MZ7.5 stereomicro- tion on the natural history and general scope. This scope also was used to morphology of the early stages of C. examine details of the external mor- bertha. Moreover, we report four new phology. The head capsule width of distribution records of this species from larvae is the distance between the most southern Brazil, confirming its occur- external stemmata (as described in rence in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Freitas 2007). Larval and pupal lengths and discuss the current conservation were taken by measuring in dorsal view. status of this species by comparing it Color patterns in vivo of immature with other sympatric Eumaeini species. stages were captured using a Samsungt L100 digital camera. Morphological MATERIALS AND METHODS terminology follows Stehr (1987) for Collection and rearing.—Observa- larvae, Duarte et al. (2005) for pupae, tions on C. bertha and the collection and Fiedler (1991) for ant-organs. of immature stages were conducted from July to August 2008 in a small RESULTS secondary forest fragment (’24 ha.) on Natural history of Cyanophrys ber- the campus of Universidade Regional tha.—Larvae are solitary and florivo- do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande rous, feeding on reproductive tissue of do Sul (278510S, 548290W; 312 m P. venusta, a common Neotropical vine a.m.s.l.), Santa Rosa, Rio Grande do which blooms from the beginning of Sul, Brazil. This fragment is close to May to September in southern and VOLUME 112, NUMBER 1 57 southeastern Brazil (Gobatto-Rodrigues length 0.93–1.19 cm (n ¼ 3), width at and Stort 1992). Each larva fed on the A1 0.41–0.54 cm (n ¼ 3). bud with its retracted head extended New records.—PARANA´ :1/,Pieˆn, into the plant tissue. We did not observe Trigolaˆndia, 900 m, 22 March 2007, I. symbiotic interactions with ants. The Rank & A. Moser leg. (DZUP, Uni- last instar lasted seven days (n ¼ 2); versidade Federal do Parana´, UFPR, pupation lasted 18 days (n ¼ 1). Two Curitiba, PR, Brazil). RIO GRANDE DO larvae were parasitized by wasps of the SUL:1?, Derrubadas, Turvo State Park, genus Conura Spinola (Hymenoptera: 350 m, January 2006, C. A. Iserhard Chalcidoidea); the wasps emerged from leg. (CLDZ, Coleçaõ de Lepidoptera do the pupae. Departamento de Zoologia, Universi- Immature stages of Cyanophrys ber- dade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, tha.—Penultimate instar larva (Fig. 3): UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil); 1?, Onisciform with hypognathous head Nova Petro´polis, 750 m, 16 January retracted beneath thorax. Body divi- 2005, A. S. Prestes & A. Moser leg. sions inconspicuous, without dorsal (CLAM, Collection of Lepidoptera projections. Head light brown, protho- Alfred Moser, Saõ Leopoldo, RS, racic shield white, body whitish green Brazil); 1?, Santa Rosa, Campus UNI- with two cream bands, one lateral and JUI, 312 m, 31 August 2008 (ex-larva), one subdorsal, spiracles brown. Tegu- S. C. Thiele leg. (MZSP, Museu de ment covered by short translucent setae Zoologia, Universidade Estadual de Saõ and some conspicuous darker setae in Paulo, Saõ Paulo, SP, Brazil). dorsal area. Head capsule width 0.76 mm (n ¼ 2); maximum total length 7.09 DISCUSSION mm. The early stages of C. bertha are Last instar larva (Figs. 4–5): Mor- similar to those of other known Eu- phology similar to penultimate instar; maeini in terms of general morphology body without dorsal projections. Head and biology. The larva is typically light brown, prothoracic shield white, florivorous with an onisciform body and body uniformly light green, spira- and a retracted head, and the pupa lacks cles light brown.

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