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Native of Earth: the Growth of Wallace Stevens

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Native of Earth: the Growth of Wallace Stevens 1 IJ&tivs of Eorth: The Gr-CKth of '^^cJllaco Sbcvens* -'Vrcj^h ?px:r-it-ual'' }3y 7<. D. ACKEdllM Doctor of PldloGcy-hy Univer^it.y of Flo 7:1 da 1 97 Dinssr cation presented to the Gi'ad-usi:© Council of ths linivcraAty or I-'Xorlaa iri. P&.y^txftl PuiriU.:nc.;n- Copyright by B. D. Ackemian 1971 In Memory of Jerry PilBFACS The rslationcbip between Wallace Stevens' pootr-y and his spiritual bylief hos frequently been nctod over the yoars, do/iirisnt atoms' attitudes have varied widely, but in the earlier days there ve.r. at If.act one arr>a of agreement: th'i Steveny vjaa v: ewod aa '^x coot of the imagination and sense'; standinfr over agraiwr^t the othv-^n^orldly a^n^ectn of tr?;J.lti on al boiief. In ^%^S GoivMirc. 3. Mcsnaon asked t "Jpon vjhat , , „ J s thia iraaal native order of Wallace Stevenj-; baf^od?" Ke ixnr.T'fi'r':-.? that iv v.'u.o not based on "hurnanitr-if' or ' on *'rol.-i [d o:i, but on "the di .-cciplir-.e of one viho is a c-.on- " noia-soi'jr of the sousei; Riid vhw -.jiRitiwiA-. e In 1 9.t3 "^vcr Wlrvtyri^ obsarvod x-bat "he gives us , , » the niost psrfoot laboratory of h'^doY..i->.vi to Lo found in literature. Stevens is releasfvd fz-oin all the restraints of Chi'ifiti- .''"^ tena^.v^oy of later cribioi«-ni fmity, . e lOit ic-crtar^Iuji hoxjevor-, has bean to find icays to link—not Geparalc--'i/he level or the poetry v^itli the idea of religious belief- In 19ij.9 J, Y. Cu;ining>ia;i y.oted that the "cenx-ral concern of ^' "The Uandyisn of Wallace Steven «, " 'J^e^iHf^l, 79 (Nov. '!92',>}; rpi;. 1^^- 2''VL.A5i:j-5.YJi£l?i2LilLJl:^^ ^ '•Wallaije Stevsna; Or i-ho ILrdonist's Progress,'' in On Jfiode-j^. yoeX^ (Hew York: Meridian, 1959), p. 3U. Article da'tc'd by 'JJinlTers in. postscript. to be at peace with h:.. is a concern Stevens' poetry . , • A ('^ o rcquir.C-^ ar.d with himself. He 3;.r."Ound3ngs, with bis woxOd, and the togetherness of hlm.oir for this an experience of ingrained something to satisfy the deeply Nature . feeling. "^ 1951 Roy Harvey lon.in-^s of bis religiou. ^ treating our problem of belief. pearca advised: "^t.^ens i. to move out of our culture unlike an Eliot, he has ref^.eed ^he solution for che problem in into ano^.her and t.o seek a of belief. Rather, he has discovery of a 'usable' form din.over of belief rather than tried to creato the object "VJhat ilichel BonaiAou observed: it/=^* anolly, in 1959 is this modem conscious^ nakos Steven, a modem poet ... then for ow^ Iost. beJx.f,^^ Ke nes3 that the ar^n compensate stood as the poe...c and moral added sic,.ificently. "I^der •> s. c^u. cnao.i, ^-. principle of an ordex- yroteotiag v-a beautiful .hapea md color.; it nore tha.i a source of ..,..,.xra,^v.n =^ . boor^^nes a 'suprs:::io fiction,* god. ."' anaiogoua to the idea of . tnis area for tbo past The prollem for oriticiom in "object, of belief'^ ^,,^ ^,../.^. >.P. been to des^cribe the SUvy..E/' 3 i.T,.p,H;iU.;l and Mcdemit-y: WaXXaco 3'? ". ''-'« Steven^Sf pp* 1 the Xx^iaginetion, '• U «.r,.,T^..-.^ c:-,:.v..-is; The Life of r^eU/esn Foetry 5 uv-a-'-c- ^n^^-r•s: some Re:iations (-.^.t.. I . i .. - . jAterarure, < end v,.inbln£,'' Cc^^Earative V which Stevens created, that is,, the fiction o.f the poetr7 itself. What terminology can roost fruitfully explain the level of Stevens' poetry and capturs the atmotphero peculicr to his poeria? As JajfTies Baird notes in his c-xcellent recent study, the trend of late has been to approach Stevens frcra a pbilo:-;ophical perspective. Baird goes on. to suggest limits to such on approach: "it seem.-, to mo mcr-e an imposition of the critic Ji will than an expocition of the poet at hand," KiJ ovn air;j is to htjcome a "transparency'" ;?o that t}ie ''coiri- raanding design'' can be the poet's, not the critic 'a, Baird seoa Stevens'' "encompassing subjricb" as the "poet's i'ensc of the woY>lci."; his own pirrpose, then^, is to trace tha lines of the "t^tal striir-turc" of tlie pMotrj-. BiAt evoii aftor ackuowledfti.'.jg the limits oT the philociOijru. oai approach, and after illustrating the design of Stevens' s-^nst of the world, the critic still facos the problc::: of the spii'l r-ual dimension of the poetrj'. The level iUiOV-^ the poetry and the belief uiiit-.; is yst to be dcsci'ibed, rJov. is the sensory vjorld of Stevens' poetry related to hir.. belief? It is my conviction that they can be brought together only \vhen we ujiders £.m)d t)aat Stevena- poetry is fundar'iOCit^.ily ".niytbin." Baird birc^self assorts in the couvse of hli; study that for Stevoj's "the txue poeb in any a-;e is a make).- of a canon, for the iraaginatioii at its hiF.hest reach. „ The arc of rhc """ canon is, then, the r>:i\i.or px^ojection of a xr.yth, o . » But (BaltirrLo:-G Hop.kins -'li-^-?P-'i!LJ^^-'l!? J^J?.^iL^°^ : Joaus Press, I96TD, "pp'l "iTx-x.^v, yvlir xxv, c:2'i~?..2; vi o , ;Ui y:s\r:.u >/ays is St3ve;aa' voi-r-e mythic j, anci just hovf la-^ the bG3.ior anci the poetry roiMied? MVmy critics lieve mentioned the my^r.ic elora-^nts o'f Stev::i;.-i ' poetry, CannliighaTr^i onc^ of Ine first, vjroto ihau Si.evens "constriioted a. seriee of .secular n^vths , ^ , that Hffyyri- the traditional rt;ligiou3 feel.ing of "iobillty and unity of exporience, " brd added thet "tho tTiyths reme.'ln ,^'' ^ unconTli'jcing and arbitrary, . „ Northrop Fxye'c! cisaay o-o Sto'/eiis in 1957 demonatratod that Stovvuj..-/ poetry at; a v/hcJ,o could be seen as "m;^thic." Starting v/ith a gwne'A^'.isIy inclusive idee of myth, I^'ryo ia able to provide r-:a indij;- pen.^>able r'nsight into the rolar.ioiisbip botw-^^n the r-ersorj world of the poetry and the abstract belief of th? pee te He laaintii'ins : "Potts . .-, , see indi vidart-.! and cila^G a.a jiiota- pbcric'^j.ly identical: in othsr x.ord? they work with jryths , . , . Such inyths „ « * play a lr.ri\e roj.e in 5^te\'ons• ir.u^'Terv. " Frye Roes oii. to qivota the follcjwJ.riK lino;:, i'rom "An Ordinary Evening in Ncu Kavcn'': Why , th en , i n^l ux r who has divided the world, tvha. b ontreprensur? No jm.oii. The self, the chrysalis of all .taor ot^casio divided in i.he lei^ux's of b3.u:-- day And iiiore, in branchings aftor davr One part. rleld fast tftr)ac::lou.aly in coiiiaxon eartl; Arid one frOiV.. central earth tn ooiatral ^ky And in x^.'oonli L; extensioua of them in obe mind Sop.rched out avich Mnajeaty ys it could find. ' ' "Tradition and Modsrixity, p.. 'i 3ft v:..i Pryo observes: "^uch poo ory ::oui'ids relif^iou?, ar.d in. fact doo3 have th'u infinite perspective or religion. , , . S>.xqi\ ImzffiSiLKO riay or ic^y not go with religious coxaraitroent : in itstjli It is simply poetry apealdng as poetr;^ xnu.'jt v/hen it 8 gets to a. certai.n pitch of metaphorical concentration.'' For FcjOy then, it in this level or pit.ch of the poetry which unitea tho individual sjid the class — aiid this level is mythicc 1 believe that in tnl;. dimension of Stavsns' pOi>try can. 'oe foivcd the record of his fresh spiritual, the point of cor'.tact between his devotion to sensoi'y experience ana his spiritual btO.isf in the imagination of luan. My methocj throiigiiout this study will be to cor.ceii- trate, vrhen feasible j on Steven a' longer poeras, where •Ais mythic elements are usually laoat conspicuous. My primary air-i Ifi to trace the main line ox Steveno* spiritual devolvv- ment. Biit ray final purpose is to provide a pe3;'spective for appreciating the significejiCQ of the poetry; itself. Before launching into the study proper, thou-jii> X wen i- to clarify further the idea of poetic niyth. Hy Introduction s-irvft3'-3 the mythic characteristics and the development of Ste-.'en.;^' poetry in ordf\r' co orrbablish a base for the detailed explorations of the subsequent chapte-:'^, ^ "Tlie Realistic Oriol?: A Study of Wallace Stevsn^j, " The Hudson Review, 10 (Aut^oimi '1957): rot, in W>0.1a(^_Jit7'voxis : A Go 1 1 o"c ti on o f Cr i ti c al Es says 1?', _ , pp. viii TABLE OF GONTKTTS Page ABSTRACT . ...... x INTRODUCTION: THE "PT.ESH SPIRITUAL" 1 Char>toi' X. SAB1T AUGUSTINE MID THE MUD OP BRAZIL: II, "THE MULES THAT ANGELS RiDE": HAT^IOKIi^ " - ^ hi III. "PROM THE E/^RTK ¥E GAME": MYTHIC IMAGERY ... 69 J\\ "MORE THAU SuDARIUK" : IpSAS_OFJ}BISIl Al^D TMS MAt? lvI TH_?I^ BL'OE OlnT Af'"" .'IT..... 109 V. THE "LAST AND TALLEST FRRO'-' t FAfiT/;i__OF A WpiiI,D AiJD IjOTES TOl^RD A 5U?T^/^>^'.£^lCTI0N , , 1 3^ VI. "OF SKY, 0? SEA, L/.RGE EABTU, LAHGE AIIl"; TR-felT SP ORT TO SUKl^ER « 'l 7^ _ VII.
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