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Case of Kenya Police in South Sudan, 2005-2015

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Case of Kenya Police in South Sudan, 2005-2015 FACULTY OF ARTS, DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY MA PROJECT THE ROLE OF POLICE IN MULTI-DIMENSIONAL PEACE-KEEPING OPERATIONS IN UNMISS: CASE OF KENYA POLICE IN SOUTH SUDAN, 2005-2015 By KIPLAGAT MAURICE SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF MASTER OF ARTS IN ARMED CONFLICT AND PEACE STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI 2019 DECLARATION This research project is my original work and has not been presented for examination at any other university. Signature.......................................................................Date......................................... MAURICE KIPLAGAT Reg. No. C50/79040/2015 The project has been submitted with my approval as university supervisor .................................................................................DATE..................................................... DR. HERBERT MISIGO AMATSIMBI ii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my wife Damaris Kilemi, my children; Dr. Brenda Jerotich, Brian, Beryl and Beverly. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the Almighty God for granting me strength and desire to write and complete this project. In addition, there are also various people that I would like to thank for their role in the writing of this project paper. Firstly, I would like to acknowledge the University of Nairobi, through the Department of History and Archaeology for giving me the chance to pursue my Master’s studies. Special thanks go to my supervisor, Dr. Misigo Amatsimbi for consistently finding time to go through the many drafts I handed to him despite his busy schedule. I extend my gratitude to Prof. V.G. Simiyu who helped in the shaping of the project’s proposal. A mention also goes to Departmental lecturers, among them, Prof. E. Wahome, Dr. M. Mwiandi and Dr. G. Gona for teaching me how to research and write. Secondly, it is with much gratitude that I thank Nicholas Aura, a classmate - who took time to assist in data transcription for this project. I am indebted to your invaluable assistance. Finally, to all my family, friends and classmates and departmental lecturers, I am grateful for the company, counsel and prayers you made for me to see out this demanding endeavour. Thanks to you all. iv ABSTRACT This project paper sought to assess the involvement of Police in Multi-dimensional Peace Keeping Operations, using the case of Kenya Police contingent within United Nations Police (UNPOL). The main objective was to examine the roles, challenges and achievements of Kenya Police component in the UN Peace Keeping Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS). The study set out to examine three objectives: first was the role of Kenya Police in UNMISS Peace Operation; second was the challenges that the police faced in delivery of their duties in South Sudan; and third, to assess the achievements/contributions made by Kenya police in the UNMISS Peace keeping effort. The research used Structural Conflict and Institutional theories attributed to Marx Weber and applied by David Klei and Michael White. The theories are complimentary and argue, in the case of the former that conflict in society lies within the way the society is structured. Structural inefficiencies such as marginalization, inequality and exclusion are triggers for conflict. Institutional theory advocates for existence of strong institutions that would ensure conformance to rules through coercion, normative and mimetic mechanisms. Data collection for this study began with the review of secondary documents retrieved from Jomo Kenyatta Memorial Library at the University of Nairobi and Kenya National Library on Ngong Road Nairobi. This was followed by review of reports and periodicals and later, interviews with twenty six respondents. The sample was selected purposively owing to the researcher’s knowledge of lead respondents. In addition, two focus group discussions were held in Parklands Sports Club, Nairobi. The study found out that Kenya has in many occasion contributed police for service in UN peace keeping missions around the globe. The Police in South Sudan work under UNPOL and have played a number of roles including protection of civilians in IDP camps, observing implementation of Ceasefire and termination of Hostilities Agreements and ensuring safe transportation and supply of relief aid to victims. The Kenya police have faced several challenges among them shortage of personnel knowledgeable about South Sudan and attacks by both rebel and government forces on camps. The police have been awarded medals for good work an indication of positive contribution to the UN Peace effort in South Sudan. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................ ii DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................ ix DEFINITION OF TERMS ............................................................................................................ xi MAP OF THE SOUTH SUDAN STATES .................................................................................. xii CHAPTER ONE BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Background to UN Peace Keeping..................................................................................... 3 1.2 Statement of the Research Problem .......................................................................................... 7 1.3 Key research Questions............................................................................................................. 8 1.4 Objectives of the Research ........................................................................................................ 8 1.5 Justification of the Study .......................................................................................................... 8 1.6 Scope and Limitations of the Research ..................................................................................... 9 1.7 Literature Review...................................................................................................................... 9 1.7.1 Causes of Conflicts............................................................................................................. 9 1.7.2 Role of UN in Peace Keeping .......................................................................................... 10 1.7.3 Conflict in Eastern Africa ................................................................................................ 15 1.7.4 Changing Nature of UN Peace Keeping .............................................................................. 17 1.8 Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................................... 19 1.9 Research Hypotheses .............................................................................................................. 21 1.10 Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER TWO SOUTH SUDAN: THE CIVIL WAR AND PEACE OPERATIONS 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 24 2.2 South Sudan: A History .......................................................................................................... 24 2.3 South Sudan as a Country ....................................................................................................... 26 vi 2.4 Geography of South Sudan ..................................................................................................... 27 2.5 The Socio-Economic Organization of South Sudan ............................................................... 28 2.6 Conflict between the South and North .................................................................................... 31 2.7 The Civil War in South Sudan ................................................................................................ 35 2.7 UN Peacekeeping .................................................................................................................... 41 2.7.1 The United Nations System ............................................................................................. 42 2.8 Post-Cold-War Era and the Evolution of the UN ................................................................... 46 2.9 UN Peace Keeping in South Sudan ........................................................................................ 48 2.10 Reinforcement of UNMISS .................................................................................................. 51 2.11 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 52 CHAPTER THREE 3.0 ROLE OF KENYA POLICE IN UN PEACE-KEEPING MISSION IN SOUTH SUDAN 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................
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