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The Time Scales of Continental Rifting: Implications for Global Processes
spe500-11 1st pgs page 1 The Geological Society of America 18888 201320 Special Paper 500 2013 CELEBRATING ADVANCES IN GEOSCIENCE The time scales of continental rifting: Implications for global processes Cynthia J. Ebinger* Department of Earth Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA Jolante van Wijk* Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5007, USA Derek Keir* National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK ABSTRACT The rifting cycle initiates with stress buildup, release as earthquakes and/or magma intrusions/eruptions, and visco-elastic rebound, multiple episodes of which combine to produce the observed, time-averaged rift zone architecture. The aim of our synthesis of current research initiatives into continental rifting-to-rupture pro- cesses is to quantify the time and length scales of faulting and magmatism that pro- duce the time-averaged rift structures imaged in failed rifts and passive margins worldwide. We compare and contrast seismic and geodetic strain patterns during dis- crete, intense rifting episodes in magmatic and amagmatic sectors of the East African rift zone that span early- to late-stage rifting. We also examine the longer term rifting cycle and its relation to changing far-fi eld extension directions with examples from the Rio Grande rift zone and other cratonic rifts. Over time periods of millions of years, periods of rotating regional stress fi elds are marked by a lull in magmatic activity and a temporary halt to tectonic rift opening. Admittedly, rifting cycle comparisons are biased by the short time scale of global seismic and geodetic measurements, which span a small fraction of the 102–105 year rifting cycle. -
Assessing Seismic Risk in Ethiopia
www.gsdrc.org [email protected] Helpdesk Research Report Assessing seismic risk in Ethiopia Siân Herbert 20.01.2013 Question Identify data on, or ways to assess, seismic risk in Ethiopia. Where possible, identify what the data suggests about the absolute levels of risk, the relative levels of risk compared to other countries, and which populations are particularly vulnerable.1 Contents 1. Overview 2. Seismic risk 3. Seismic hazard 4. Vulnerable populations in Ethiopia 5. Suggested websites 6. Additional references 1. Overview This report identifies data, literature and maps on seismic risk in Ethiopia. In this report seismic risk, as a concept, is understood to be the product of seismic hazard (the probability of harmful seismic phenomena) and seismic vulnerability (the degree of loss from seismic phenomena – human and economic). 2 There is limited literature available in this area. Abeye (2012) argues that an updated seismic hazard map of Africa is long overdue. In a case study analysis of the Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa, a 1999 1 This is the second GSDRC query examining seismic risk in East Africa, the first paper focussed on Kenya. See - http://www.gsdrc.org/go/display&type=Helpdesk&id=964 2 See - http://www.ehs.unu.edu/elearning/mod/glossary/view.php?id=8&mode=letter&hook=R&sortkey=&sortorder UNIDSR report identified challenges such as an absence of previous seismic risk assessment, few specialists and limited practice in seismology and earthquake engineering, low awareness of earthquake disaster risk at the political level, and limited financial resources (UNIDSR, 1999, p.23). Key findings include: . -
Bearing Witness
Bearing Witness Practices of journalistic witnessing in South Sudan RICHARD STUPART A thesis submitted to the Department of Media and Communications of the London School of Economics and Political Science for the de- gree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, June 2020 1 declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 97,944 words. 2 abstract This thesis explores the practices and normative tensions of journalists reporting on conflict in South Sudan, based on a combination of semi-structured interviews with journalists based in Nairobi, Kampala and Juba, as well as ethnographic observation of an investigative reporting trip to the Malakal protection of civilians site in Upper Nile state. This thesis addresses two research questions, asking how journalists’ practices are enabled and constrained in the context of South Sudan, and what normative tensions arise during their practices of journalism. To these questions, this thesis develops three arguments. -
Local Earthquake Magnitude Scale and B-Value for the Danakil Region of Northern Afar by Finnigan Illsley-Kemp, Derek Keir,* Jonathan M
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 107, No. 2, pp. 521–531, April 2017, doi: 10.1785/0120150253 Ⓔ Local Earthquake Magnitude Scale and b-Value for the Danakil Region of Northern Afar by Finnigan Illsley-Kemp, Derek Keir,* Jonathan M. Bull, Atalay Ayele, James O. S. Hammond, J.-Michael Kendall, Ryan J. Gallacher, Thomas Gernon, and Berhe Goitom Abstract The Danakil region of northern Afar is an area of ongoing seismic and volcanic activity caused by the final stages of continental breakup. To improve the quantification of seismicity, we developed a calibrated local earthquake magnitude scale. The accurate calculation of earthquake magnitudes allows the estimation of b-values and maximum magnitudes, both of which are essential for seismic-hazard analysis. Earthquake data collected between February 2011 and February 2013 on 11 three-component broadband seismometers were analyzed. A total of 4275 earthquakes were recorded over hypocentral distances ranging from 0 to 400 km. A total of 32,904 zero-to-peak amplitude measurements (A) were measured on the seismometer’s horizontal components and were incorporated into a direct linear inversion that M solved for all individual local earthquake magnitudes ( L), 22 station correction fac- C n K M A− tors ( ), and 2 distance-dependent factors ( , ) in the equation L log log A0C. The resultant distance correction term is given by − log A0 1:274336 log r=17 − 0:000273 r − 172. This distance correction term suggests that attenuation in the upper and mid-crust of northern Afar is relatively high, con- sistent with the presence of magmatic intrusions and partial melt. -
Brazil Country Handbook 1
Brazil Country Handbook 1. This handbook provides basic reference information on Brazil, including its geography, history, government, military forces, and communications and trans- portation networks. This information is intended to familiarize military personnel with local customs and area knowledge to assist them during their assignment to Brazil. 2. This product is published under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Defense Intelligence Production Program (DoDIPP) with the Marine Corps Intel- ligence Activity designated as the community coordinator for the Country Hand- book Program. This product reflects the coordinated U.S. Defense Intelligence Community position on Brazil. 3. Dissemination and use of this publication is restricted to official military and government personnel from the United States of America, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, NATO member countries, and other countries as required and designated for support of coalition operations. 4. The photos and text reproduced herein have been extracted solely for research, comment, and information reporting, and are intended for fair use by designated personnel in their official duties, including local reproduction for train- ing. Further dissemination of copyrighted material contained in this document, to include excerpts and graphics, is strictly prohibited under Title 17, U.S. Code. CONTENTS KEY FACTS. 1 U.S. MISSION . 2 U.S. Embassy. 2 U.S. Consulates . 2 Travel Advisories. 7 Entry Requirements . 7 Passport/Visa Requirements . 7 Immunization Requirements. 7 Custom Restrictions . 7 GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE . 8 Geography . 8 Land Statistics. 8 Boundaries . 8 Border Disputes . 10 Bodies of Water. 10 Topography . 16 Cross-Country Movement. 18 Climate. 19 Precipitation . 24 Environment . 24 Phenomena . 24 TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION . -
Working Paper Or Information Paper
APIRG/19 WP/14 Appendix 3.2J INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION VOLCANIC ASH CONTINGENCY PLAN AFI REGION First Edition - October 2012 THIS DOCUMENT IS ISSUED BY THE DAKAR AND NAIROBI ICAO REGIONAL OFFICES UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE APIRG 1 Page 2 of 32 Volcanic Ash Contingency Plan – AFI Region FOREWARD Within and adjacent to the Africa and Indian Ocean (AFI) Region there are areas of volcanic activities which are likely to affect flight in the AFI Region. The major volcanoes in the region are located in the following States: Algeria, Cameroon, Cape Verde Islands, Chad, Comoros Island, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, France (Reunion Island), Kenya, Madagascar, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Spain (Canary Islands, Madeira), Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda. The names of the concerned volcano are listed in APPENDIX K (source: Smithsonian Institution). This document is the AFI Air Traffic Management (ATM) Volcanic Ash Contingency Plan which sets out standardised guidelines and procedures for the provision of information to airlines and en-route aircraft before and during a volcanic eruption. Volcanic contamination, of which volcanic ash is the most serious, is a hazard for safe flight operations. Mitigating the hazards posed by volcanic ash in the atmosphere and/or at the aerodrome cannot be resolved in isolation but through collaborative decision-making (CDM) involving all stakeholders concerned. During an eruption volcanic contamination can reach and exceed the cruising altitudes of turbine-powered -
The Ends of Slavery in Barotseland, Western Zambia (C.1800-1925)
Kent Academic Repository Full text document (pdf) Citation for published version Hogan, Jack (2014) The ends of slavery in Barotseland, Western Zambia (c.1800-1925). Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) thesis, University of Kent,. DOI Link to record in KAR https://kar.kent.ac.uk/48707/ Document Version UNSPECIFIED Copyright & reuse Content in the Kent Academic Repository is made available for research purposes. Unless otherwise stated all content is protected by copyright and in the absence of an open licence (eg Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher, author or other copyright holder. Versions of research The version in the Kent Academic Repository may differ from the final published version. Users are advised to check http://kar.kent.ac.uk for the status of the paper. Users should always cite the published version of record. Enquiries For any further enquiries regarding the licence status of this document, please contact: [email protected] If you believe this document infringes copyright then please contact the KAR admin team with the take-down information provided at http://kar.kent.ac.uk/contact.html The ends of slavery in Barotseland, Western Zambia (c.1800-1925) Jack Hogan Thesis submitted to the University of Kent for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2014 Word count: 99,682 words Abstract This thesis is primarily an attempt at an economic history of slavery in Barotseland, the Lozi kingdom that once dominated the Upper Zambezi floodplain, in what is now Zambia’s Western Province. Slavery is a word that resonates in the minds of many when they think of Africa in the nineteenth century, but for the most part in association with the brutalities of the international slave trades. -
Support to National and Local Resilience Building
United Nations Development Programme Country: Eritrea Programme Document Programme Title Eritrea-Support to national and local resilience building initiatives Outcome 5: Strengthened national and sectoral resilience building and climate risk management SPCF Outcome Outcome 6: Poor and vulnerable households have improved access to, and utilization of quality food and enhanced livelihood opportunities. Outcome 7: Eritrea is on track towards the achievement of MDG targets for environmental sustainability. UNDP CP output 3 of SPCF outcome 7: Community resilience to climate change Expected Country increased Programme Output UNDP CP Output 4 SPCF outcome 7: Capacity of national institutions to undertake adaptive and mitigation assessments enhanced. 1. An enabling environment for resilience-building established at national level Expected Results: 2. Sustainable livelihoods opportunities enhanced for vulnerable communities in Southern and Northern Red Sea Region and other drought affected regions 3. Enhanced community resilience to disasters, shocks and stresses Implementing Partner: Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Labor and Human Welfare Brief Description Eritrea is in the Horn of Africa region and within the Great East African Rift Valley. These regions are very well known to be prone to natural disaster such as drought, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, etc. Drought is the most common hazard affecting large areas particularly the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands that cover an important part of the country’s landscape and hosts approximately 30% of the population and more than 60% of livestock population. Over the years, drought has continued to damage key livelihood activities including agriculture, livestock, water and natural resources, biodiversity among others often triggering acute food insecurity, conflict over resources and placing a heavy strain on both the local and national economy. -
How the Variety of Satellite Remote Sensing Data Over Volcanoes Can Assist Hazard Monitoring Efforts: the 2011 Eruption of Nabro Volcano T
Remote Sensing of Environment 236 (2020) 111426 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Remote Sensing of Environment journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rse How the variety of satellite remote sensing data over volcanoes can assist hazard monitoring efforts: The 2011 eruption of Nabro volcano T ∗ Gaetana Ganci , Annalisa Cappello, Giuseppe Bilotta, Ciro Del Negro Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania, Osservatorio Etneo, Catania, Italy ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Satellite remote sensing is becoming an increasingly essential component of volcano monitoring, especially at Lav@Hazard little-known and remote volcanoes where in-situ measurements are unavailable and/or impractical. Moreover HOTSAT the synoptic view captured by satellite imagery over volcanoes can benefit hazard monitoring efforts. By MAGFLOW monitoring, we mean both following the changing styles and intensities of the eruption once it has started, as Satellite remote sensing well as nowcasting and eventually forecasting the areas potentially threatened by hazardous phenomena in an Numerical modelling eruptive scenario. Here we demonstrate how the diversity of remote sensing data over volcanoes and the mutual interconnection between satellite observations and numerical simulations can improve lava flow hazard mon- itoring in response to effusive eruption. Time-averaged discharge rates (TADRs) obtained from low spatial/high temporal resolution satellite data (e.g. MODIS, SEVIRI) are complemented, compared and fine-tuned with de- tailed maps of volcanic deposits with the aim of constraining the conversion from satellite-derived radiant heat flux to TADR. Maps of volcanic deposits include the time-varying evolution of lava flow emplacement derived from multispectral satellite data (e.g. EO-ALI, Landsat, Sentinel-2, ASTER), as well as the flow thickness var- iations, retrieved from the topographic monitoring by using stereo or tri-stereo optical data (e.g. -
Je-S Combined
NERC Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SN2 1EU Telephone +44 (0) 1793 411500 Web http://www.nerc.ac.uk/ COMPLIANCE WITH THE DATA PROTECTION ACT 1998 In accordance with the Data Protection Act 1998, the personal data provided on this form will be processed by NERC, and may be held on computerised database and/or manual files. Further details may be found in the guidance notes Large Grant Document Status: With Council PROPOSAL NERC Reference: NE/L013932/1 Large Grant NOV13 Organisation where the Grant would be held Research Organisation Organisation University of Edinburgh RiftVolc Reference: Division or Department Sch of Geosciences Project Title [up to 150 chars] Rift volcanism: past, present and future Start Date and Duration a. Proposed start b. Duration of the grant 01 September 2014 60 date (months) Applicants Role Name Organisation Division or Department How many hours a week will the investigator work on the project? Professor Kathryn Principal Investigator University of Edinburgh Sch of Geosciences 7.5 Whaler Professor Ian Graham Co-Investigator University of Edinburgh Sch of Geosciences 1.13 Main Co-Investigator Dr Eliza Calder University of Edinburgh Sch of Geosciences 1.8 Co-Investigator Dr Andrew Bell University of Edinburgh Sch of Geosciences 1.8 Technology Is this project technology-led? No Describe the type of technology being developed and its application to NERC science; an indicator of the level of maturity of the technology should be included (up to 500 characters). Collaborative Centres Please check the the appropriate button if this proposal is being submitted under the auspices of either NCAS or NCEO, and has been explicitly agreed with the centre administrator. -
South and Central Somalia
BRIEF REPORT JULY 2020 COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION (COI) South and Central Somalia Security situation, forced recruitment, and conditions for returnees newtodenmark.dk © 2020 The Danish Immigration Service The Danish Immigration Service Farimagsvej 51 4700 Næstved Denmark Telefone: +45 35 36 66 00 newtodenmark.dk July 2020 All rights reserved to the Danish Immigration Service. The publication can be downloaded for free at newtodenmark.dk The Danish Immigration Service’s publications can be quoted with clear source reference. SOUTH AND CENTRAL SOMALIA SECURITY SITUATION, FORCED RECRUITMENT, AND CONDITIONS FOR RETURNEES Contents Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................................ 2 1. Executive summary ......................................................................................................................... 3 2. Introduction, Methodology and Disclaimer ...................................................................................... 4 3. Political developments .................................................................................................................... 5 3.1 Federalism versus centralism .................................................................................................................. 5 3.2 National Elections .................................................................................................................................... 6 4. Actors in the conflict – capacity and -
Varet [email protected] Keywords: Afar, Danakil, Red Sea, Calderas, Fracture Zone, State Border, Peace
Proceedings, 8th African Rift Geothermal Conference Nairobi, Kenya: 2 – 8 November 2020 Geothermal for Peace: Exploration and development of the large Bidu-Dubbi geothermal prospect along the border of Ethiopia (Bidu Woreda, Afar Regional State) and Eritrea (Southern Denkhalya subregion, Southern Red Sea Region). Jacques Varet [email protected] Keywords: Afar, Danakil, Red Sea, calderas, fracture zone, state border, peace ABSTRACT Bidu was for a long time known as the “Bidu Sultanate”, whose resistant Sultan Yassin Haysma was captured and killed by Mussolini’s army in 1931 at the age of 39. This traditional Afar region was divided between Ethiopia to the West and Eritrea to the East. It now forms the Bidu Woreda of the Afar Regional State in Ethiopia, and the Southern Denkhalya subregion of the southern Red Sea Region in Eritrea. This region is characterized geologically by an important volcanic system trending NE-SW, in a transverse direction with respect to the dominant “Red Sea” trend (NNW-SSE). The area is characterized by the presence of 3 large recent-quaternary strato-volcanoes with calderas with diameters ranging from 5 to 8 Km, with an extension NE in the large Dubbi lava field, and one smaller silicic cone SE. Nabro, the largest, is known for its recent volcanic eruptions (2011-2012). It is located in Eritrea as Dubbi, also historically active. Mallahle, and Sork’Ale volcano are located in Ethiopia and are characterized by fumarolic activity another older caldera is partly buried under more recent volcanic products SW of Mallahle. Dubbi is dominantly made of fissure basaltic eruptions of which the last reached the Red Sea in 1861.