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Ecological Aspects of the Tisa River Basin

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Ecological Aspects of the Tisa River Basin Ecologicalaspects of the TisaRiver Basin l0 yearsanniversary regional conference 2l,d - 246 March 2002. Tdrgu-Mures,Romania Editors A. Srirkfuy-Kiss and J. Hamar Tdrgu Mures-Szeged-Szolnok 2002 li TISCIA monograph series volume 6. Ecologicalaspects I of the Tisa River Basin l0 yearsanniversary regional conference 2l* -24^ March2002. Tdrgu-Mureg,Romania Editors A. Srlrkiny-Kissand J. Hamar TSrguMureq-Szeged--Szolnok 2002 Project financed by Frmdatia pentru Parteneriat Miercurea Ciuc Hrmgarian Environmental Pamership Foundation Budape$ Proiect No. T-ROOI-3 Edited by: Pro Europa f,eague & Tisza Klub **** * * * t * Pn0if * * EUROP}r. Liga Pro Euopa 4300 Tirgu Mrneg, P.O. Box l-154, Romania Tisza Klub for Environment and Nature 5001 Szolnok, pf. 148' HrugarY Editorial board: Iiszlf Gall6 MarianTraian Gomoitr Mszl6 Kdrmiiczi Dan Munteanu Mnl6 kfrkory ISSN 141&0,{48 ISBN 963 204619 6 PREFACE We havebeen exploring the rivers belongingto the Tisa River Basin for ten years, our work having been organized by the Tisza Klub, Szolnok, Hungary and the Pro Europa League Tdrgu-Mureg, Romania. The two nongovernmental organizations signeda cooperationagreement on2'lth April 1991.The most importantobjective of the cooperation was "the creation of a scientific database,with special regard to the commonriver valleys" and "the achievementof environmentaland educationalaims". For the survey of the common rivers we have recruited a multidisciplinary work-team of Romanian and Hungarian experts. The germinating power of the work has made our professionaland personalrelationship closer and closer.With a strong belief in our joint power, we have made bolder and bolder plans. More and more Romanian, Hungarian,Ukrainian and Slovakian colleaguesand social organizationshave been invited to cooperate. Our surveyshave been extendedto the Upper Tisa and its numeroustributaries. Working with nongovemmentalorganisations made us possible to invite well- known specialists from every country from the Carpathian Basin. We have revealed the real condition of the surveyedrivers, we have drawn the attention of the executive and supervising state institutions to the endangeredriver sections,to the natural riches we intend to protect, and we have elaborated a matter-of-fact documentation of environmental protection. Our results were published in the first four volumes of the Tiscia Monograph Series,with studiesabout the Mureg/Maros,the Someq/Szamos,the Crig/Koros and the Upper Tisa Rivers. There is an upcoming volume about the Bodrog River, too. After eleven years of working together we felt that the time has come to summarize and analysetogether our results, to draw the main consequencesbased on knowledge of more than ten rivers and to list the main tasks for nature- and environmentprotection. That is why we organisedthe "Conferenceof the Tisa River Basin Experts"on March 22-24,2002.We addressedthree questions to participantsin the conferenceinvitation: - Why are our rivers ill? - Are we taken seriousby the executive bodies? - How to go further? The answersfor the first question were given by the contributions presentedat the conference and in this volume, giving substantial cornpletion of the studies already published. The fact that the specialists' warning call is still inconvenient to executive bodies was clearly shown by the absence of their invited representatives.This gives the answer to our second question. We believe that the new EU Water Framework will Directive, which obliges the membersto treat the rivers as habitats,hopefully bring seriouschanges in EU-memberaspirant countries, too' in ih" "Ho* to go furth"r" questionis partially answeredby the paperspublished or this volume, when they present new methods of ecological water-qualification The discusstheoretical issues lite "Flood-plain researchat different spatial scales". databaseof river valleys it is participants agreed-designed that after compiling the first basic the ii-" fo. well monitoring schemesto follow the changing tendencies.In sametime, we should also concentrateon revealingcause-consequence relationships' The planningand executionof this work cannotbe doneproperly by nongovemmental organisations.We were delighted to see that our work was more and more supported by- universities and ."r.u."h centres like the Ecology Department of the Szeged university, the uzgorod university, the Debrecen university, the Babeg-Bolyai university, the Luciin Blaga University (Sibiu), the university of oradea,the Grigore Antipa Museum, the Fish Culture Research Institute at Szarvas, Environmental Agenciesfrom Szolnok,Debrecen and Gyula. The river researchinitialized by the nongovemmentalorganisations stimulated a seriesof cooperationsbetween the institutesof nei ghbour coun tries : "Investigation of - between 1999-2001during a two year researchproject intitled (Research the Natural Resourcesof the i,IureS River for Sustainable Development" member Support Scheme of the bpen Society Support Foundation) a conunon eight researchteam of the Babeq-Bolyaiand DebrecenUniversity surveyedthe whole lenght of the Mureq/lvlarosriver, registeringthe changesoccured since the l99l survey. - the..Researchof the hibitat-corridors on Tisa river and its tributaries" project is the founded by the Hungarian Environment Protection Ministry and it is listed among for Nature conservation. ^projects -- coordinatedby the Europeancentre a complex research programme to study the freshwater living communities Ldpug/Ldpos,the SomeS/Szamos exposedto ryanide and heavy metal pollution in the the Arany und th" Tisa rivers, supportedby the Hungarian Acaderny of Scienciesand J6nosFoundation of the Hungarian Academy of Science' - Investigation of the f.isk of Cyanide in Gold Leaching on Health and Environment in central Asia and central Europe (Inco copernicus Project). We woud like to thank the help of those specialistswho were not participating directly in our river expeditionsbut followed our work and gave us advice: Dr' L6szl6 Gall6, Head of Ecology Department at Szeged University; Prof. Dr. Marian Traian Gomoiu, Academiciari,-Deputy General director of the National Institute of Marine Dan Geology and Geoecology,-p.of"ttor of the ovidius University constan{a;Dr. Munte-anu,Academician,-Birdlife Romania; Dr. Gyorgy Devai, Head of the Ecology Department at DebrecenUniversity and Dr. J6nosTardy. Special thanks are addressed to to Frofessor L6szl6 Gall6 and Dr. L6szl6 Kormoczy who offered us the possibility publish our results in volumes of the Tiscia monograph series' ANDREI SARKANY-KISS JOZSEF HAMAR ProEuropa League Tisza Klub Tirgu Mureq,Romania Szolnok, Hungary TISCIA monograph series (2002), 6, 7-16 FLOOD-PLAIN RESEARCHAT DIFFERENT SPATIAL SCALES Ldszl6 Gall6 Abstract This paperpresents the rnainphilosophy, aims and somepreliminary results of the joint Rumanian-Hungarian ecological project carried out in the terrestrial habitats of River Mureq/Maros flood plains. The studies,scoping different spatial scalesfrom the microcosmsto the regions,have revealedthe specificitiesof plant communitiesin very small patches(ant mounds), the role of an ant supercolony in struchrring spatial pattern of the whole ant community, the differential effect of exogenousfactors on the habitat selection of plant and different invertebrate assemblages,the restricted potential corridor function of the terrestrial habitatsalong River Mureq/Maros, and the scale-dependenceof the faunaland communitysimilarities. Keywords: River Mureq/Iv1aros,ecological communities, community organization, scales,scale-dependent pattems. Introduction There are two main paradigm shifts in the contemporaryecology. One is the recognition and acceptanceof random processesand non-equilibrium dynamics (Pickett and White 1985, Diamond and Case 1986, Gall6 1998 and the citations therein), which includes the application of stochasticmodels, and the other is the change of the traditional spatio-temporalhabitat scale of the classical ecological sfudiesto both smaller (microcosm)and larger (landscape,region) directions(Lucas 1992,Haines-Youing et al. 1993,Farina 1998,Marg6czi 1998,Gaston and Blackburn 2000). Both views openednew perspectivesfor the ecologicalresearches and their applications.Although the different patterns,processes and mechanismsof different ecological(supraindividual) biological units (e.g.populations, communities etc.) have been intensively studied and/or interpreted at different scales, the nomenclature remainedvery poor and besidesthe few namesalready given, such as metapopulation, sigma-communititesetc., many are yet missing(Table 1). The scaleenlargement has been manifested in such theories and fields of studies, as interdemic selection, the dynarnics of the metapopulations,metacommunities and sigma-communities(Wilson of the turn of interestto 1975,Hanski and Gilpin 1997,Hanski 1999).As an indication deal with the large-scale the macroscales,even new disciplineshave appeared,which (e'g' landscape ecology' ecological research and coniervation management and Blackburn 2000)' -ac.J".ology, Haines-Youinget al. 1993,Farina1998, Gaston important for the river The applicalion of the large"+caleapproaches is especially bring community and research in the carpathiariBasin. These sorts of approaches closer to each population ecology, faunisticsand floristics, as well as biogeography th: i1P:rtalce of the biotics ottrer. et larger spatial scale, we have to emphasize for decadesand it anI faunistics;,wtrictr has been a neglecteddiscipline lnoristics of the main sciences snoula get back it,
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