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Historic Landscape Study of East Bergholt and the Cultural Legacy of John Constable

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Historic Landscape Study of East Bergholt and the Cultural Legacy of John Constable Historic Landscape Study of East Bergholt and the Cultural Legacy of John Constable On behalf of East Bergholt Parish Council March 2021 | Project Ref 641 Project Number: 641 Authored by: Claire Browne / Anne Johnson Approved by: Jonathan Edis Date: March 2021 Document version M:\LC\Projects\Projects\641 East Bergholt\Reports\V5 Historic Landscape Study of East Bergholt | 2 Executive Summary A historic landscape study of East Bergholt • Most importantly, this study assesses has been undertaken to inform the the landscape sensitivity of key Neighbourhood Plan. The study considers areas around East Bergholt, from a the archaeological dimension of the heritage and cultural point of view. village that stretches back into prehistory, It warns of threats of potential the time depth of the landscape around damage by inappropriate large scale the village documented in Constable’s development, despite Conservation paintings and the modern heritage and Area and AONB status. landscape context of the village. The study has identified the following areas A unique approach and methodology has of archaeological and landscape sensitivity: been used in this study to determine landscape value. It considers the • The former heathland north of the significance of East Bergholt to Constable’s village has archaeological potential. legacy as well as the presence of archaeological and heritage assets. • The historic landscape pattern is still The key findings of the report are as evident north of the village and is follows: highly susceptible to visual impacts. • East Bergholt is a very special English village as the birthplace of the • The former East Bergholt Heath at the internationally renowned painter John centre of the village is sensitive to Constable, and was his inspiration encroachment and erosion of historic throughout his life. character and has important cultural associations with Constable’s work. It is recommended that the landscape • Constable’s iconic landscape paintings on either side of the Donkey Track is were not just of Flatford Mill; the protected. village and former heath were important subjects in his work. • The historic association of the medieval satellite hamlets and village • Most of the views in Constable’s greens has been weakened or lost due paintings remain unchanged today. to encroachment, including “Quinton’s These fields, tracks and hedgerow Area and land south of Gandish Road. now need a higher level of landscape protection. • Landscape and development guidelines are proposed to protect • The study charts the organic growth of the historic environment from East Bergholt since pre-historic times, inappropriate encroachment or from through Medieval changes to the 19th erosion of character. century, through to the 20th century and current times. The narrative describes the satellite hamlets, the • Greater recognition of the important field enclosures of the 19th century, association with Constable and close and the survival, currently, of the associations with the village and the openness of the heath. former heath warrants a higher level of protection. The historic landscape character can be strengthened and enhanced for future generations. Historic Landscape Study of East Bergholt | 3 Contents 1.0 Introduction 9 2.0 Historic Development of the Village 13 3.0 The Landscape of the River Stour and Vale 37 4.0 Appraisal of John Constable’s Paintings 57 5.0 Landscape and Heritage Sensitivity Appraisal 70 6.0 Summary 87 7.0 References 91 Appendices Appendix 1 Listed Buildings gazetteer and photographs Appendix 2 Suffolk Historic Environment Record List Appendix 3 Landscape Character Guidelines Appendix 4 AONB Management Policies Appendix 5 John Constable’s East Bergholt Works by Location Appendix 6 Figures (Maps) Separate Document Figures Fig. 2.1 Designated Heritage assets (whole parish) Fig. 2.2 Designated Heritage assets (detail within ‘Heart’) Fig. 2.3 Archaeological assets (whole parish) Fig. 2.4 Historic Landscape Characterisation Fig. 2.5 1733 Map on OS Base Fig. 3.1 Topography Fig. 3.2 Superficial Geology Fig. 3.3 Soils Fig. 3.4 Suffolk Landscape Character Areas 4 | Historic Landscape Study of East Bergholt - East Bergholt Neighbourhood Plan Fig. 3.5 Parish Scale Landscape Character Areas and Historic Village Character Areas Fig. 3.6 Views and Viewpoint Locations Fig. 3.7 Viewpoint Locations 1 Fig. 3.8 Viewpoint Locations 2 Fig. 3.9 Viewpoint Locations 3 Fig. 3.10 Viewpoint Locations 4 Fig. 4.1 John Constable Artist Locations Fig. 5.1 Landscape and Heritage Sensitivity Plates Plate 2.1: Satellite image, June 2018. Linear cropmarks south of the A12, on either side of the B1070 Plate 2.2: Satellite image, August 2007. Cropmarks south of White Horse Farm & west of Dene House Plate 2.3 1731. William Brasier. A Survey of the Parish of East Bergholt &c. Plate 2.4 Postcard of St. Mary’s Church Plate 2.5. 1731. William Brasier. Plate 2.5. Historic Postcard Flatford Mill Bridge Plate 2.6. 1731. William Brasier. Extract. Plate 2.7 1731. William Brasier. Extract. Plate 2.8 William Brasier. Extract. Plate 2.9. 1733. William Brasier. Plate 2.10. The site of East Bergholt House in the Village Heart today. Plate 2.11 Hodskinson’s Map 1783 Plate 2.12 Map Extracted from Vaughan Plate 2.13 1817. Enclosure Map. Extract. Plate 2.14 1817. Enclosure Map. Extract. Plate 2.15 The Remnant Village Green Today Plate 2.16 Agricultural Heritage Plate 2.17 Cassini Old Series (1805-1874) Plate 2.18 Designated Heritage Assets - The Heart Plate 2.19 Church of St. Mary Plate 2.20 The Old Hall Historic Landscape Study of East Bergholt | 5 Plate 2.21 Stour House Plate 2.22 Moss Cottage, John Constable’s Former Studio Plate 2.23 The Gables Plate 2.24 Designated Heritage Assets - Rectory Hill and Burnt Oak Plate 2.25 Dairy Cottages on Rectory Hill Plate 2.26 Designated Heritage Assets - Gaston End and Quinton’s Corner Plate 2.27 Chaplins Plate 2.28 Quinton’s Cottage Plate 2.29 Designated Heritage Assets at Flatford Plate 2.30 Bridge Cottage Plate 2.31 Willy Lott’s Cottage Plate 2.32 Miller’s House and Cottage Plate 2.33 Valley Farmhouse Plate 2.34 HLC Extract of the former East Bergholt Common and Heath Plate 2.35 HLC Extract of Post 1950s HLC Type Plate 2.36 Old Photograph East Bergholt’s Agricultural Heritage Plate 3.1 Parish Landscape Character Areas Plate 3.2 Views and Viewpoint Locations Plate 3.3 Viewpoint 2 from Woodgates Road across former heath Plate 3.4 Historic Village Character Areas Plate 3.5 1733 Map of former heath overlaid on modern OS map. Plate 4.1 John Constable (1799-1804) © The National Portrait Gallery Plate 4.2 John Constable Artist Locations Plate 4.3 Spring: East Bergholt Common. (1814) Oil on Panel. © V&A Plate 4.4 East Bergholt. (1813) Oil on Cardboard. © Yale Center for British Art Plate 4.5 View of the Riber valley today Plate 4.6 East Bergholt. (1808) Oil. © Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge Plate 4.7 Current day view from the Donkey Path towards the Rectory Plate 4.8 View Towards the Rectory East Bergholt. (1813) Oil. © Public Domain Plate 4.9 View of East Bergholt Over the Kitchen of the Garden of Golding Constable’s House. Pencil. 1812-1816 © V&A. Plate 4.10 East Bergholt House. Oil on millboard. 1811© V&A. The V&A description of this painting is as follows: “This panoramic view depicts Constable’s birth 6 | Historic Landscape Study of East Bergholt - East Bergholt Neighbourhood Plan place, with East Bergholt church to the left... Constable recalled with delight the scenes where his ‘ideas of Landscape were formed’ and ‘the retrospect of those happy days and years’”. Plate 4.11 East Bergholt Church North Archway of the Ruined Tower. Pen and Watercolour. C.1805 © V&A. Plate 4.12 Current view of the north archway Plate 4.13 Fen Lane, East Bergholt. Oil on Canvas. 1817 © TATE Plate 4.14 View from Fenbridge Lane today Plate 5.1 Areas of Potential Archaeological and Historical Sensitivity (Areas A-E) Plate 5.2 The Landscape Partnership East Bergholt Landscape Capacity Appraisal Map Plate 5.3 East Bergholt Landscape and Heritage Sensitivity Historic Landscape Study of East Bergholt | 7 1.0 Introduction 1 Introduction 1.1 Heritage Collective has been commissioned has a time depth which is unusually well by East Bergholt Parish Council to documented by Constable’s paintings of the undertake a study of the historic landscape Dedham Vale. It is a complex landscape, of East Bergholt, with the intention that involving many areas which have distinct the document becomes a cornerstone of characteristics and values. Our study has the Neighbourhood Plan and an important had to be multi-faceted, seeking to fuse part of the framework for future decisions three broad strands: on changes and development. A study of this kind encompasses a range of disciplines and skills, which is we have • what is significant in the material collaborated closely with colleagues in culture of the past; Landscape Collective and Archaeology Collective, in order to present a comprehensive approach. Like many • what is important in the visual villages, East Bergholt has a history to tell, enjoyment of the landscape: and, and it has an archaeological dimension finally, that stretches back into prehistory. It is unusual, however, in having a close association with the nationally important • the historical and artistic context. painter, John Constable (1776-1837), illustrating certain connections between the We have structured our study by looking Georgian landscape and the contemporary 1.4 first at the historic development of the landscape. village and archaeological resource and the landscape character of today. An appraisal 1.2 Our study, therefore, has had to be framed of John Constable’s paintings of East with an understanding of the modern Bergholt follows, exploring the significance heritage and landscape policy context of the village and its setting to his work (not least of which is the Dedham Vale and development as internationally AONB and recent extension of the Suffolk renowned artist.
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