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GREEN, James Robert. the FIRST SIXTY YEARS of the OFFICE of NAVAL INTELLI­ GENCE

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GREEN, James Robert. the FIRST SIXTY YEARS of the OFFICE of NAVAL INTELLI­ GENCE MASTER'S THESIS M-534 GREEN, James Robert. THE FIRST SIXTY YEARS OF THE OFFICE OF NAVAL INTELLI­ GENCE. The American University, M.A., 1963 History, modern University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE FIRST SIXTY YEARS OF THE OFFICE OF NAVAL INTELLIGENCE by James Robert Green Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of the American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Signatures of Committee: Chairman: ^ Dean College Date: Date 1^ \]k^ 1963 The American University Washington, D.C. /•viVitKiCAN UNiV l i b r a r y WASHINGTON. D. C. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PREFACE The writer of this paper was formerly an instructor at the U. S. Naval Intelligence School. The execution of that duty included the presentation of an introductory lecture on the history of Intelligence, a lecture which contained a section on the development of the Office of Naval Intelligence. In the preparation for the first of these presentations, it was found that the only references available at the Intelligence School were fragmentary notes in cloak-and-dagger type literature and one classified paper published by the Office of Naval Intelligence. A study of the classified paper revealed that there were gaps in content and that much of the contained material was archival in nature - material which should have been avail­ able in unclassified sources. This generated a curiosity as to how much unclassified material was available on the subject of the Office of Naval Intelligence. This paper is, in part, a result of that curiosity. This paper is also designed to serve as a reference for unclassified presentations on Naval Intelligence. The organization is tax supported and has benefited in the past from the activities of alert civilians. It is felt that there should be a return for this interest. It is thought, -ii- Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. too, that an introduction of this sort may be of benefit to a naval officer contemplating a career or an assignment in Intelligence. An unclassified paper to this end can be made available as a library item. To achieve this avoidance of classified matter, the research for this paper has been limited to material avail­ able in the Library of Congress, the National Archives, the unclassified section of the Navy Department Library, and to various memoirs, books, and articles in public print. With the exception of some photographs of personalities, no material has been drawn from the present files of the Office of Naval Intelligence. This omission is deliberate. It should be stated as a matter of course that the opinions and conclusions expressed in this paper are those of the writer and are not to be construed as the official views or policy of the Department of the Navy. The first sixty years of the Office of Naval Intelli­ gence were chosen for study because this period spans Naval Intelligence from the small but interesting beginnings of the Office through the Intelligence debacle of Pearl Harbor to the Intelligence victory of the Battle of Midway. With the advent of World War II, the Office of Naval Intelligence commenced assuming its present organization and functions which are still classified. This, and significant gaps in available unclassified material make it necessary that a paper in this area wait for a later research. -iii- Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTEOTS Page PREFACE ........................................ ii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS............................. v INTRODUCTION . ................................... 1 Chapter I. EARLY INTELLIGENCE ....................... 5 II. THE BEGINNINGS OF O.N.1.................... 10 III. O.N.I. AND THE EARLY ATTACHES............. 20 IV. THE WAR WITH S P A I N ....................... 3lf V. 1899 - 1 9 1 6 ............................. 1+2 VI. THE FIRST WORLD W A R ..................... 5O VII. THE INTER-WAR P E R I O D ..................... 72 VIII. THE ROAD TO PEARL H A R B O R ................. 89 IX. SOURCES OF INTELLIGENCE OF F I C E R S .......... iq1+ X. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ................. 112 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................... II7 APPENDIX ......................... 136 -iv- Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page Navy General Order Number 292 ..................... 6 LT Theodorus Bailey Myers Mason ................... 16 LT Raymond P. Rodgers............................ 16 LCDR French E. Chadwick........................ 23 CAPT John R. Bartlett............................. 35 RADM Roger W e l l e s ................. 51 Organization of O.N.I. - 1 9 1 7 ..................... 62 Organization of O.N.I, - 1922 ..................... 75 RADM Theodore S. Wilkinson ....................... 90 -V- Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. INTRODUCTION The subject of Intelligence has an aura of cloak- and-dagger excitement, of the sensuous femme fatale, and of super-secret government hush-hush activity to it, and not without reason. There are some true stories in Intelli­ gence which would put the machinations of some of the detec­ tive fiction writers into a category with Peter Rabbit, who showed neither good Intelligence on MacGregor or his garden nor good intelligence in going there in the first place. But this aspect of excitement completely submerges the plain fact that most Intelligence is simply the collection of information which is readily available, and its arrangement in usable form, with the complementary operations of veri­ fication, dissemination, and filing. As a consequence, the popular writers in the field have sought the sensational, which is indeed the exceptional, and the literature on the vastly more important but workaday section of Naval Intell­ igence is extremely sparse. This paper presents the story of this workaday Naval Intelligence against the backdrop of the Office of Naval Intelligence, the central headquarters of the activity. The Office of Naval Intelligence, or familiarly, O.N.I., has three main functions. First and foremost is the —X— Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. -2- collection, processing, and dissemination of a vast fund of useful information on foreign powers. Ifuch of this information is encyclopedic in nature and ranges from fifth grade geography, through graduate economics, to the realms of technical weaponry, with the emphasis, of course, on the naval aspects. The second function is one of security, protecting naval information, material, and personnel from the effects of espionage, sabotage, and subversion. Much of this function is effected through the formulation of policies and procedures, though some counterintelligence investigation is done in the field. The third function is one of criminal investigation in areas where the particulars of naval jurisdiction present peculiar problems. Civilian O.N.I. agents do not have the power of arrest and, consequently, are limited in effective­ ness to areas where naval authorities do have the power of arrest. Where non-naval personnel or areas are involved the matter is handled by other agencies of the Government. This third function is primarily police work. Every large organization needs police protection. The Navy's requirement in this area is too small to warrant a separate office so the function has been assigned to O.N.I. The second function, that of security, has to do with safes, locks, the classification of material, and the countering of penetration attempts. It is essentially military in nature, though perhaps a rough parallel could Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. “3- be drawn with the efforts of the auto companies to protect the designs of their new models. In the course of this work there is much liaison with other military counterintelli­ gence agencies and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The main aspect, that of foreign information, is strikingly similar to the management of a large metropol­ itan newspaper, with the naval attaches, district offices, and fleet units as reporters; the Washington office as the central editorial and production staff, complete with analysts, files, and a printing press; and the Naval Estab­ lishment and the Intelligence Community as a public. There is even an exchange service and a clipping arrangement. A good share of the foreign information comes from the foreign press, the foreign technical publications, and the trade journals. While there are many points of similarity, and Intelligence and the working press often use parallel sources of information, there is sufficient divergence in requirement and use of material between the two that the purposes of Intelligence can not be served solely by subscription to the wire services. The reporting activities should perhaps be explained. A naval attache is an officer attached to a diplomatic mission for the purpose of reporting news and events of naval interest. He follows the foreign trade and profes­ sional journals, maintains liaison with the naval head­ quarters of the
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