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Fichas Tecnicas Perfil Para La Caracterización De Plagas SG/CEPS.026.2002 26 de febrero de 2002 3.22.48 FICHAS TECNICAS PERFIL PARA LA CARACTERIZACIÓN DE PLAGAS PREPARADO POR RAMIRO GÓMEZ QUIROGA - Consultor COLOMBIA. FEBRERO 2004 LAS OPINIONES CONTENIDAS EN ESTE DOCUMENTO SON DE RESPONSABILIDAD DEL(OS) AUTOR(ES) Y NO REFLEJAN POSICIONES INSTITUCIONALES DE LA SECRETARÍA GENERAL DE LA COMUNIDAD ANDINA.. 1 Nacional A1 Anastrepha ludens PERFIL PARA LA CARACTERIZACION DE PLAGAS 1. Organismo Causal. 1.1. Nombre de la plaga. - Nombre científico Anastrepha ludens LOEW 1873 - Sinonímia y otros nombres Trypeta ludens (LOEW) 1873 Acrotoxa ludens LOEW - Nombres comunes Español Gusano de la fruta Mosca mexicana de la fruta Ingles Mexican fruit fly 1.2 Nomenclatura taxonómica Reyno: Metazoa Phyllum: Arthropoda Clase: Insecta Orden: Diptera Familia: Tephritidae Género: Anastrepha Especie: ludens LOEW CODIGO BAYER: ANSTLU Notas adicionales 2 Biología, ecología y enemigos naturales - Biología y ecología Las especies de Anastrepha generalmente ponen los huevos debajo de la epidermis del fruto (y probablemente adyacentes a la semilla, por tener un ovipositor largo). La emergencia de la larva ocurre 6-12 días después y las larvas se alimentan por 15 a 32 días a 25°C. El estado de pupa ocurre en el suelo y los adultos emergen después de 15 - 19 días; la emergencia de adultos ocurre a través del año (Christenson y Foote, 1960). - Enemigos Naturales Antagonistas Lyssomanes pescadero Parasitoides Biosteres longicaudatus Doryctobracon crawfordi Peromyscus spp. 3 Sintomatología y daños Frutas atacadas por la mosca pueden presentar puntos como signos de oviposición, pero estos y otros signos de daño son difíciles de detectar en los estados iniciales de infestación. Pueden ocurrir muchos daños dentro de la fruta tales como túneles, antes de que se observen síntomas externos. En frutas muy dulces se pueden producir exudados azucarados. Indicadores: Frutas: deshechos de comida. 4 Medios de diseminación - Dispersion natural(biótica no biótica) Hay evidencia que los adultos de <<Anastrepha spp. >>pueden volar hasta 135 km (Fletcher, 1989) lo cual se constituye en un importante medio de dispersión. - Dispersión no natural En el comercio internacional, el principal medio de dispersión a áreas libres es el transporte de frutas que lunes, 24 de enero de 2005 Página 1 de 4 2 Nacional A1 Anastrepha ludens contengan larvas vivas. Las frutas que pueden transportar <<A. ludens>> son los cítricos y el mango conjuntamente con los melocotones y la guayaba. Hay también un alto riesgo de transportar pupas en el suelo o en plantas embolsadas que tengan frutos. 5 Situación fitosanitaria en la Sub Región Andina Nacional A1 6 Distribución geográfica AMÉRICA Belice Costa Rica El Salvador Estados Unidos Guatemala Honduras México Nicaragua 7 Hospederos Anacardium occidentale(Anacardiaceae) Secundario Annona cherimola(Annonaceae) Secundario Carica papaya(Caricaceae) Secundario Citrullus colocynthis(Cucurbitaceae) Principal Citrus aurantiifolia(Rutaceae) Secundario Citrus aurantium L.(Rutaceae) Secundario Citrus maxima(Rutaceae) Citrus sinensis(Rutaceae) Secundario Citrus x paradisi(Rutaceae) Secundario Coffea spp.(Rubiaceae) Mangifera indica L.(Anacardiaceae) Principal Passiflora edulis(Passifloraceae) Secundario Persea americana(Lauraceae) Secundario Prunus persicae (L.) Batsch.(Rosaceae) Principal Psidium guajava(Myrtaceae) Secundario Punica granatum L.(Punicaceae) Secundario Pyrus communis(Rosaceae) Secundario Malus domestica(Rosaceae) Secundario Annona reticulata(Annonaceae) Secundario Casimiroa edulis(Rutaceae) Secundario Citrus reticulata x paradisi(Rutaceae) Secundario Citrus spp.(Rutaceae) Secundario Cydonia oblonga(Rosaceae) Secundario Coffea arabica(Rubiaceae) Secundario Diospyros kaki(Ebenaceae) Secundario Annona muricata(Annonaceae) Secundario Annona squamosa(Annonaceae) Secundario Feijoa sellowiana(Myrthaceae) Secundario Inga spp.(Leguminosae) Silvestre Mammea americana(Guttiferae) Secundario Pouteria sapota(Sapotaceae) Secundario Psidium littorale(Myrthaceae) Secundario Spondias purpurea(Anacardiaceae) Secundario 8 Reconocimiento y diagnóstico - Morfología Larva En general no es posible identificar a <<Anastrepha spp.>> con certeza a partir de las características larvales. Descripciones de la larva de <<A. ludens>> son estipuladas por Berg (1979), Heppner (1984), Carroll y Wharton (1989), Steck et al. (1990) y White y Elson-Harris (1992). Como en otras lunes, 24 de enero de 2005 Página 2 de 4 3 Nacional A1 Anastrepha ludens especies de Anastrepha, la larva es blanquecina, con una longitud de 12 mm máximo, usualmente se alimenta de la pulpa de las frutas. Los dos ganchos bucales son fuertemente desarrollados y tienen la misma longitud. La parte anterior del cuerpo presenta una forma de cinta y es troncado en la parte posterior. Cada espiráculo posterior tiene tres aberturas situadas paralelamente o convergiendo sobre una placa esclerotizada. La larva de <<A. ludens>> puede ser diferenciada de <<A. fraterculus>> y <<A. obliqua>> por tener mas de 12 papilas bucales (comparado con las 8 o 9 que poseen las otras dos especies) y por tener la cauda papilar, encima y debajo de los espiráculos posteriores, situados en dos líneas en vez de una. Adulto <<A. ludens>>, como otra especie de Anastrepha, está separada de otros tefritidos por un caracter de venacion del ala simple; la vena que alcanza el margen se encurva hacia adelante antes de unirse al margen del ala. Además, la mayoría de las especies de Anastrepha tienen un modelo de ala muy característico. - Similitudes - Detección Todavía no existen atrayentes para machos de <<Anastrepha spp.>> Sin embargo se han capturado machos en trampas que utilizan amoniaco como atrayente. En trampas colocadas en cultivos de hospederos para la captura de <<Rhagoletis cerasi>> caen especies de Anastrepha , si ellas están presentes en esta área. Las trampas McPhail son utilizadas comúnmente para la captura de <<Anastrepha spp.>> (Drew, 1982) y cebadas con acetato de amonio (Hedstrom and Jimenez, 1988), caseína hidrolizada (Sharp, 1987) y levadura tipo torula (Hedstrom y Jiron, 1985). El número de trampas requeridas por unidad de área es alto (18 trampas por 0.4 has.) Calkins et al. (1984). La forma de la trampa y el diseño es importante. Epsky et al. (1995) y Heath et al. (1995) describieron trampas secas con atrayentes sintéticos. Blanco-Montero y Sanchez-Salas (1990) mostraron que la trampa McPhail tradicional era más efectiva que las demás. Métodos de diagnóstico para las moscas de las frutas que no utilizan la morfología de estas se están investigando, pero pocas especies han sido comparadas. Carlson y Yocom (1986), incluyeron a <<A. ludens>> en un estudio comparativo de seis especies de larvas y adultos utilizando hidrocarbonos de la cutícula de larvas y adultos. Estados de la planta afectados Estado de fructificación y post cosecha. Partes de la planta afectadas Frutas. 9 Acciones de control Establecimiento de requisitos fitosanitarios para la importación de plantas o partes de la planta hospedera(s). Frutas anonáceas, cítricas, mangos y guayabas procedentes de países afectados se deben inspeccionar para detectar síntomas de infestación y aquellos que sean sospechosos se deben abrir para verificar la presencia de larvas. Estas frutas deben provenir de áreas donde <<A. ludens>> no esté presente o de lugares de producción certificados libres mediante inspecciones realizadas regularmente 3 meses antes de la cosechas. 10 Impacto económico Las especies de Anastrepha son el mayor problema en la América tropical (Norrbom y Foote, 1989), con la posible excepción de la <<Ceratitis capitata>> introducida (EPPO/CABI, 1996). <<A. ludens>> es principalmente importante en especies de cítricos y mango. Es la mosca de las frutas mas abundante en algunas áreas en Guatemala (Eskafi, 1988) y Méjico (Malo et al., 1987). 11 Bibliografía 1. Villee, C.A. Biología. Nueva Editorial Interamericana S.A. de C.V. México, D.F. 1987.. 2. López-Jurado G. 1973. Nombres Científicos y Vulgares de las plantas más comunes. Temas de Orientación Agropecuaria. 3. Kimball, J.W. 1978. Biology, Fourth Edition. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., de Reading, Massachusetts, E.U.A.. lunes, 24 de enero de 2005 Página 3 de 4 4 Nacional A1 Anastrepha ludens 4. Sudgen, A. Diccionario Ilustrado de la Botánica. 1986. Printer Colombiana S.A. Editorial Everest. Bogotá.. 5. Pérez A., E. Plantas útiles de Colombia. 3ª. Edición corregida. Bogotá, Camacho Roldán. 1956. 831 p.. 6. Patiño, V.M. Plantas cultivadas y animales domésticos en America Equinoccial. Cali, Imp. Deptal., 1963.. 7. USDA, 1994. Treatment manual. Frederick, USA: USDA/APHIS.. 8. Ross, H.H. 1964. Introducción a la Entomología General y Aplicada. Ediciones Omega S.A. Barcelona.. 9. CAB International, 2002, 2002. Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford. Reino Unido. Base de Datos de CAB International. pp. 10. CARROL, L.E ; WHITE, I.M.; FRIEDBERG, A; NORRBOM,A.L.; DALLWITZ,M.J. y THOMPSON, F.C., 2002. Pest Fruit Flies of the World: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification and Information Retrieval.. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/Diptera/tephriti/pests/adults. USA. 11. EPPO, 2002. Plant Quarantine Information Retrieval System. Ver: 4.1. París. Francia. 12. EPPO, 1997. Quarantine Pests for Europe. 2002. Reino Unido. 1425 pp. lunes, 24 de enero de 2005 Página 4 de 4 5 Nacional A2 Bean common mosaic potyvirus PERFIL PARA LA CARACTERIZACION DE PLAGAS 1. Organismo Causal. 1.1. Nombre de la plaga. - Nombre científico Bean common mosaic potyvirus - Sinonímia y otros nombres
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