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Sustainable Wetland Management in Lao PDR: a Case Study of Xe Champhone Wetlands

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Sustainable Wetland Management in Lao PDR: a Case Study of Xe Champhone Wetlands 3rd International Conference on Ecological, Environmental and Biological Sciences (ICEEBS'2013) April 29-30, 2013 Singapore Sustainable Wetland Management in Lao PDR: A Case Study of Xe Champhone Wetlands Thienthong Sopha and Alice Sharp Abstract--- This study assesses the perception of representatives Unfortunately, wetlands in Laos have been under pressures from three stakeholder groups, local communities, government from all the sources mentioned earlier as the management agencies and Non-Governmental Organizations towards the schemes have not been clarified. The Ramsar Convention on sustainable community-based management approach of Xe Wetlands came into force for Lao PDR on 28 September 2010. Champhone Wetland, Lao PDR. The analysis of stakeholders As of present, there are two Ramsar sites in Lao PDR. The involved in the utilization of wetland resources and the management two sites are considered to be ‘wetlands of international of Xe Champhone Wetland were accomplished by using strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis. Once the importance’. The two sites located in the southern provinces consultation with stakeholders was done, management activities were of Laos; Beung Kiat Ngong Wetlands in Champasak Province designed. and Xe Champhone Wetlands in Savannakhet Province. The Priorities of activities were analyzed based on four aspects; later wetlands, at present, do not have any management plan importance, impact, possibility and urgency. It was found that local and it now being threatened from conversion for agriculture, communities with different socio-economic background prefer collection of crocodile eggs, and disturbance to crocodile different management activities. hatching areas due to flooding caused by the construction of Keyword--- Xe Champhone wetland, wetland management, weirs. SWOT analysis, sustainability. The present study attempted to examine the strengths and weaknesses of the stakeholder, as well as opportunities and I. INTRODUCTION threats in external environment for Xe Champhone Wetland. AO PDR is rich in wetland biodiversity. Wetlands play a The intension was to develop strategy action plan for very important role in the lives of Lao people since the improving Xe Champhone Wetland planning through L stakeholder-based SWOT analysis with a view to make Xe majority of the people live in the wetland-rich Mekong Champhone Wetland conservation and wise use. basin and rely on wetlands for their dairy subsistence and income generation. Besides, wetlands provide a diverse range II. RESEARCH METHODS of valuable services to society[1]. Nonetheless, there are 2.1 Study Site numerous challenges that undermine the sustainable utilization Xe Champhone Wetlands is one of two wetlands designated and management of wetlands in Laos such as government as Ramsar sites upon Lao PDR’s accession to the Convention policies, socio-economic change and population pressure have on Wetlands (Ramsar Convention) in 2010. The Xe stimulated a need for more agriculturally productive land and Champhone Wetlands are in Savannakhet province. The site also commercial and residential development, particularly in covers an area of 12,400 hectares (ha) in Champhone, the last few decades[2].Therefore, wetlands need to be Xonbuly, Atsphone and Atsaphanthong districts (Fig.1). The managed in proper ways. Xe Champhone is one of a few areas in Laos where critically There are several method used to be apply in wetland e.g., endangered Siamese crocodiles (Crocodylou siamensis) have Fisheries management, irrigation management, valuable of been recorded. Also found in the areas are a number of water wetlands analysis and integrated wetland management. birds species particularly Lesser Whistling duck (Dendrocygna javanica), a few species of kingfisher, white- breasted waterhen (Amauronis phoenicurus). The wetland also support livelihood of local people who live surrounding the area of some 20,000 people from more than 40 villages by Thienthong Sopha, Department of Common and Graduate Studies, fish, livestock grazing and traditional rice cultivation take Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology (SIIT), Thammasat place in and all around the wetlands [3]. University, Thailand (Corresponding author). Tel: +66 85 076 9783. Email: [email protected]. 225 3rd International Conference on Ecological, Environmental and Biological Sciences (ICEEBS'2013) April 29-30, 2013 Singapore Therefore for our study the sample size is as follows: 2054 = 335 6.135 From the above calculation,푛 ≈it can be concluded that the sample size is 335. However, In order to get number that is close to what we calculated, we selected at least 18% out of the total households in each village; therefore the total of sample size of the respondents for this study is 370. Champhone District TABLE I VILLAGES SELECTION AND A NUMBER OF THE SAMPLE FOR EACH VILLAGE At least No. Villages Populations Households 18% of households Dong 1 788 120 22 Mueang Nong 2 1903 424 76 Lamchan Hua 3 664 112 20 Mueang Fig. 1 a) Location of Champhone District in Savannakhet Province Tha 4 1142 135 24 (Source: Socio-economic atlas of Lao PDR) Mueang Tha 5 188 122 22 Mouang Xakhuen 6 1710 290 52 Nuea Kengkok 7 1880 372 67 Nuea Kengkok 8 1748 292 53 Karng 9 Lamthen 553 92 17 10 Xe 625 95 17 Total 370 2.2 Methodology 2.2.1 Brief review of theoretical background: SWOT analysis could be a useful tool for the strategic planning process of environmental management. SWOT analysis is widely recognized and it constitutes an important basic for learning about the situation and for designing future procedures which can be seen necessary for thinking in a b) Boundary map of Xe Champhone Wetland strategic way[6]. This method identifies the strengths, Champhone district is a flat area, 54 kilometers northeast of weaknesses, opportunities and threats of an implemented plan Savannakhet municipality. With total areas of 1,114 km2, there (or management strategy/ practices) or for a new plan that will are 102 villages, 16,189 households, 18,549 families and be applied in the future. Firstly, the strengths of a plan maybe 109,040 people [4]. Around Xe Champhone, there are 45 the advantages for an organizations in implementing a plan or villages. Among these, there are number 20 villages located he benefits that arise from one already implemented by the within 1 km from the wetland. Out of 20 villages, 10 were organization. Secondly, the weaknesses of the plan could be selected for questionnaires survey (see Table I). In order to obstacles that should be avoided in order for an organized plan find a size of the sample, we can use the formula of Taro to respond sufficiently to designed goal. Thirdly, it seeks to Yamane[5] at a confident level of 95 percent. The formula is identify the opportunities associated with the plan and finally, shown as follows the method detects the threats that will be faced by the implemented plan from the external factors[7]. From = (1) 1 + 2.2.2 SWOT analysis of Xe Champhone Wetland 푁 푛 2 management: Where n = Sample size 푁푒 The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats N = Population size (SWOT analysis) were conducted from questionnaire surveys e = The error of Sampling and interview with the stakeholders. 226 3rd International Conference on Ecological, Environmental and Biological Sciences (ICEEBS'2013) April 29-30, 2013 Singapore The questionnaire consists of 4 sections: general 3.1.2 Weaknesses: According to the geography, Champhone information, indirect use of wetland water resources, district is located in the flat area and also surrounded by Xe ecological services, area problems and management issues. Champhone River and many lakes and oxbows. From that, However, this paper discus the result from stakeholders’ Champhone has been affected by natural disasters such as concerns over the problem and management issues. flood, drought and soil erosion very often. Since local income In this study the stakeholders were divided into 3 main generation is mainly based on agriculture therefore local groups, as followed: people are affected a lot for their living such as planting, - Local communities: Local people, head of each village farming, transportation and infrastructure both from flooding - Governmental offices: Ministry of Natural Resources in wet season and/or drought in the dry season. and Environment, Provincial Water Resources Office, Despite of living style of local people that are still based on Provincial Agriculture and Forestry Office, District natural resources, wildlife management in the area still have Investment Promotion and Management Office, District some problem such as over-hunting and illegal encroachment. Tourism Office, District Water Resources and In addition, number of monkey in Monkey forest is increasing Environment Office, District Agricultural and Forestry each year which interrupt farming and agricultural activities in Office, District Land Management Office etc. - Non-Governmental Organizations: International Union nearby villages. Moreover, the area still lack of the promotion, Conservation of Nature Laos (IUCN), Mekong River awareness raising and implementation of laws, regulations and Commission- Laos (MRC), World Conservation discipline about land use, chemical use, environmental and Society- Laos (WCS). investment to local people and investors. Additionally, The interview of local community was conducted during the supporting from governmental sectors is still inadequate, both questionnaires survey, while another two
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