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Zooarchaeological Perspectives from Maima Late Pre-contact Era Taíno Subsistence Economy and Diet: Zooarchaeological Perspectives from Maima by Shea Henry M.A., University of Idaho, 2012 B.A. (Hons.), Beloit College 2008 Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Archaeology Faculty of Environment © Shea Henry 2018 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Spring 2018 Copyright in this work rests with the author. Please ensure that any reproduction or re-use is done in accordance with the relevant national copyright legislation. Approval Name: Shea Henry Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Title: Late Pre-contact Era Taíno Subsistence Economy and Diet: Zooarchaeological Perspectives from Maima Examining Committee: Chair: Hugo Cardosa Associate Professor David Burley Senior Supervisor Professor Jonathan Driver Supervisor Professor Robyn Woodward Supervisor Adjunct Faculty Ross Jamison Internal Examiner Associate Professor Elizabeth Reitz External Examiner Professor Department of Anthropology University of Georgia Date Defended/Approved: January 2, 2018 ii Abstract Taíno peoples, the indigenous population of Jamaica, were all but eradicated by Spanish colonization through the first half of the 16th century, with few historical accounts to document their culture and lifeways. Taíno subsistence economy in Jamaica has been studied intermittently by archaeologists/zooarchaeologists over the past four decades. Archaeological excavations at the Taíno village of Maima on the north coast of Jamaica in 2014 and 2015 provide additional data to expand this endeavor. Beyond a context for Maima and Taíno research across the Caribbean more generally, this dissertation presents the results of the faunal analysis first for invertebrates, and then the vertebrate remains recovered from excavations. These data are examined for spatial differences between households, temporal variation in archaeological deposits, and the variety of habitats represented in Taíno exploitation patterns. This dissertation subsequently undertakes a Caribbean-wide comparative analysis of the Maima invertebrate fauna employing data from 22 other sites dating to the temporal interval 200 to 1500 A.D. This meta-analysis explores differences in Taíno subsistence strategies related to landscape, island location, and culture group variation; the latter including the Classic, Western, and Lucayan Taíno. Variation in subsistence pursuits, with one exception, relate only to a site’s distance from the coast and locally available resources. The results of this analysis contribute to the contemporary knowledge of the Jamaican Taíno with implications for understanding variation or lack thereof across the Caribbean. Keywords: Jamaica; Caribbean; Zooarchaeology; Pre-contact iii Dedication For Q iv Acknowledgements I would first like to thank my supervisor Professor David Burley for his role as my primary supervisor. I am indebted to Professor Robyn Woodward, as my committee member, without whom my fieldwork would not have been possible. As my committee member, she also introduced me to Caribbean historical archaeology and the unique circumstances of fieldwork in Jamaica. I would like to thank Professor Jonathan Driver, as my other committee member he has provided his knowledge about zooarchaeological analyses and insightful edits on my dissertation for which I am very thankful. I would also like to thank Dr. Ivor Connelly for his insights into Jamaican archaeology and for teaching me what happens when mixing lime and water in an enclosed space. I am very grateful to the Jamaican National Heritage Trust and the Seville Heritage Park for hosting me for two seasons of fieldwork. I would like to thank Mr. Wilbert Mitchell, Steve Edwards, Andre Collins, Zavia Cullum, and Fraiz Brown for their hard work in the field, and Deedee Williams for allowing us to excavate in her fields. I would also like to thank Dr. Elizabeth Reitz of the University of Georgia and Dr. Ross Jamieson for serving on my defense committee and for their knowledge and insights into my dissertation. I am grateful to Dr. Robert Muir for his instructions in statistical analyses in zooarchaeological studies. A very special thank you to Dr. Barbara Winter for her much needed positivity, support, and for the confidence she shows in me. I am grateful for the friendship of fellow students Antonia Rodrigues, Chelsea Meloche, Elizabeth Peterson, Kelly Brown, and Katherine Nichols, for their positivity and support. I am thankful for the help of my copy editor Heather Mitchell, thank you so much. I would also like to thank the Department of Archaeology for its financial and academic support through the years. Additionally, I am deeply grateful to the Department of First Nations Studies and Professor Annie Ross for the opportunities they have given me to teach, and to grow as an instructor, academic, and person. Finally, my sincerest thanks go to my partner Amanda for her continuous and unending emotional support. I could not have done this without you. v Table of Contents Approval ............................................................................................................................ ii Abstract ............................................................................................................................. iii Dedication ........................................................................................................................ iv Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... v Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. vi List of Tables ................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures................................................................................................................... ix List of Acronyms ............................................................................................................... xii Chapter 1. Introduction ................................................................................................ 1 Geography of the Caribbean ............................................................................................. 2 Maima and St. Ann’s Bay Geography and Habitats .......................................................... 4 Outline of Dissertation ....................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 2. Caribbean Culture History and Development: Earliest Migrations through Contact .................................................................................................... 7 Caribbean Culture History and Development .................................................................... 8 Taíno Culture and Practice ............................................................................................. 11 Jamaican Culture History and Archaeology .................................................................... 14 Contact and Colonialism in Jamaica and the Caribbean ................................................ 18 Marooning of Columbus in Jamaica ............................................................................ 19 Founding of Sevilla la Nueva ....................................................................................... 20 Use of the Ethnohistoric Record ..................................................................................... 21 Chapter 3. Faunal Analysis in the Caribbean and Jamaica ................................... 23 Faunal Studies in the Lesser and Greater Antilles .......................................................... 24 Faunal Studies in Jamaica .............................................................................................. 27 Faunal Studies and Environmental Effects ..................................................................... 29 Human Overexploitation of Fauna ............................................................................... 29 Trophic Levels in Fish .................................................................................................. 32 Terrestrial Extinctions or Extirpations .......................................................................... 37 Zooarchaeological Evidence for Species Translocation ................................................. 38 Social Hierarchies and Reconstructions ......................................................................... 40 Chapter 4. History of and Contemporary Archaeology at Sevilla la Nueva and Maima ................................................................................................................... 42 Seville Estate Heritage Park ........................................................................................... 42 2014 Survey and Initial Findings ..................................................................................... 47 2015 Excavations ............................................................................................................ 49 House Unit 7 ................................................................................................................ 51 House Feature 8 .......................................................................................................... 51 House Unit 10 .............................................................................................................
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