Design of Rear Wheel Steering & Braking System for Self Propelled
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REV 2011 Formula SAE Electric – Suspension Design
REV 2011 Formula SAE Electric – Suspension Design Marcin Kiszko 20143888 School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Australia Supervisor: Dr. Adam Wittek School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Australia Final Year Project Thesis School of Mechanical Engineering University of Western Australia Submitted: June 6th, 2011 Project Summary This thesis covers the suspension and steering design process for REV’s entirely new 2011 Formula SAE electric race vehicle. The team intends to utilise four wheel-hub motors endowing the vehicle with all-wheel-drive and extraordinary control over torque vectoring. The design objectives were to create a cost-effective, easy to manufacture and simple race suspension that would act as a predictable development base for the pioneering power train. The ubiquitous unequal-length, double-wishbone suspension with pull-rod spring damper actuation was chosen as the underlying set up. Much of the design took place during low technical knowledge as none of the team members or supervisors had pervious experience in FSAE. As a result a great portion of the design was based on UWAM’s 2001-2003 vehicles as these were subject to similar resource constraints and preceded the complex Kinetics suspension system. The kinematic design of the wishbones and steering was completed on graph paper while design of the components including FE analysis was carried out in SolidWorks. The spring and dampers where set up for pure roll, steady state conditions. The major hurdle during design was overcoming the conflicting dimension of the electric wheel- hub motor and pull-rod. Most of the suspension components are to be made from Chrome Molybdenum steel (AISI 4130). -
Adaption and Evaluation of Transversal Leaf Spring Suspension Design for a Lightweight Vehicle Using Adams /C Ar
ADAPTION AND EVALUATION OF TRANSVERSAL LEAF SPRING SUSPENSION DESIGN FOR A LIGHTWEIGHT VEHICLE USING ADAMS /C AR FLORIAN CHRIST Master Thesis in Vehicle Engineering Vehicle Dynamics Aeronautical and Vehicle Engineering Royal Institute of Technology TRITA-AVE 2015:09 ISSN 1651-7660 Adaption and Evaluation of Transversal Leaf Spring Suspension Design for a Lightweight Vehicle using Adams/Car FLORIAN CHRIST © Florian Christ, 2015. Vehicle Dynamics Department of Aeronautical and Vehicle Engineering Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden ii Abstract This investigation deals with the suspension of a lightweight medium-class vehicle for four passengers with a curb weight of 1000 kg. The suspension layout consists of a transversal leaf spring and is supported by an active air spring which is included in the damper. The lower control arms are replaced by the leaf spring ends. Active ride height control is introduced to compensate for different vehicle load states. Active steering is applied using electric linear actuators with steer-by wire design. Besides intense use of light material the inquiry should investigate whether elimination of suspension parts or a lighter component is concordant with the stability demands of the vehicle. The investigation is based on simulations obtained with MSC Software ADAMS/Car and Matlab. The suspension is modeled in Adams/Car and has to proof it's compliance in normal driving conditions and under extreme forces. Evaluation criteria are suspension kinematics and compliance such as camber, caster and toe change during wheel travel in different load states. Also the leaf spring deflection, anti-dive and anti-squat measures and brake force distribution are investigated. -
Caster Camber Tire-Wear Angles
BASIC WHEEL ALIGNMENT odern steering and ples. Therefore, let’s review these basic the effort needed to turn the wheel. suspension systems alignment angles with an eye toward Power steering allows the use of more are great examples of typical complaints and troubleshooting. positive caster than would be accept- solid geometry at able with manual steering. work. Wheel align- Caster Too little caster can make steering ment integrates all the factors of steer- Caster is the tilt of the steering axis of unstable and cause wheel shimmy. Ex- Ming and suspension geometry to pro- each front wheel as viewed from the tremely negative caster and the related vide safe handling, good ride quality side of the vehicle. Caster is measured shimmy can contribute to cupped wear and maximum tire life. in degrees of an angle. If the steering of the front tires. If caster is unequal Front wheel alignment is described axis tilts backward—that is, the upper from side to side, the vehicle will pull in terms of angles formed by steering ball joint or strut mounting point is be- toward the side with less positive (or and suspension components. Tradi- hind the lower ball joint—the caster more negative) caster. Remember this tionally, five alignment angles are angle is positive. If the steering axis tilts when troubleshooting a complaint of checked at the front wheels—caster, forward, the caster angle is negative. vehicle pull or wander. camber, toe, steering axis inclination Caster is not measured for rear wheels. (SAI) and toe-out on turns. When we Caster affects straightline stability Camber move from two-wheel to four-wheel and steering wheel return. -
People Transport Vehicles
PEOPLE TRANSPORT VEHICLES Ingersoll Rand (NYSE:IR) is a $14 billion global business driven by a purpose to advance the quality of life by creating and sustaining safe, comfortable and efficient environments in commercial, residential and industrial markets. Our people and our market-leading brands, including Club Car®, Ingersoll Rand®, Thermo King® and Trane®, are committed to helping meet growing, critical needs for clean and comfortable air, secure homes and buildings, safe and fresh food, energy efficiency and sustainable business practices around the world. Club Car Ingersoll Rand Alma Court Building Lenneke Marelaan,6 BE-1932 Sint-Stevens-Woluwe Belgium +32 2 746 1200 [email protected] Visit our website! Its good to be green! You have a long list of tasks to do every day, and you need a reliable work partner. You’ll find one in Club Car’s line of transportation and utility vehicles. Our cars help you move those ever-growing lists of tasks from the to-do list to the job-well-done list. Although you may have 1000 jobs, you need only one Club Car to help you complete them all. A WARRANTY AS RELIABLE AS OUR VEHICLES. Club Car’s worldwide dealer network provides quality service and prompt support for your vehicles. Our vehicles are backed by the industry’s best 2-year limited warranty. Our batteries are backed by a 4-year warranty. Our warranties represent our promise that you’ll enjoy worry-free performance when you choose Club Car. Job 98: for the shrewd surveyor. Work crews appreciate the rugged durability of our Transporter 4 and the ability to bring their gear with them on the job. -
MODELING of MULTIBODY DYNAMICS in FORMULA SAE VEHICLE SUSPENSION SYSTEMS a Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Purdue University
MODELING OF MULTIBODY DYNAMICS IN FORMULA SAE VEHICLE SUSPENSION SYSTEMS A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Purdue University by Swapnil Pravin Bansode In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering May 2020 Purdue University Indianapolis, Indiana ii THE PURDUE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL STATEMENT OF THESIS APPROVAL Dr. Jing Zhang, Chair Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering Dr. Hamid Dalir Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering Dr. Lingxi Li Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Approved by: Dr. Jie Chen Head of the Graduate Program iii Dedicated to loving memory of my mother and grandmother. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express sincere gratitude to my advisor Dr. Jing Zhang for providing guidance and being an incredible source of knowledge throughout my research work. I would like to thank members of advisory committee, Dr. Hamid Dalir and Dr. Lingxi Li for sharing their thoughts and feedback which helped me broaden my perspective of research work. I would also like to thank Mr. Jerry Mooney for his valuable inputs for my thesis. I would like to thank IUPUI and entire staff of Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering for providing support and assistance during various stages of my research. I would also like to thank my lab mates Tejesh, Harshal, Michael Golub, Jian, Xuehui and Lingbin for their support. Lastly, I would like to thank my aunt and all my family, for supporting me both financially and emotionally , along with my friends, Madhura, Tripthi, Jay, Fermin, Sailee and Riddhi for always being with me throughout my graduate journey. -
Columbia's Utilitruck Is Built for Work on College Campuses, Park Systems
2 Shown With Options Columbia’s Utilitruck is Built For Work on college campuses, park systems, military bases or industrial complexes. With zero emissions, your Utilitruck is even friendly to indoor environments! Frequently used in commercial fleets, you can rest assured the Utilitruck will also have a positive impact on your bottom line! The Utilitruck is engineered for safety, with 4-wheel hydraulic brakes, an AC-powered drive system, and automotive-grade lighting, controls and steering. 1 Hard Door Cab 2 Aluminum Van Enclosure 3 Utility Strobe Light 1 2 3 Dimensions Power Train Width : 47 in. Motor: 48-volt, AC induction, NEMA class H temperature rated Step Height: 12.5 in. Batteries: Eight, 6-volt, 232 amp hour, 122 minute, deep cycle Ground Clearance: 7.5 in. Controller Rating: 450 amp Performance Chassis Max Speed: 19 MPH Brakes: 4 Wheel hydraulic, front discs, rear drums, automatic parking brake Front – Double A-arm independent coil spring over shock absorbers Range 1: Up to 40 miles Suspension: Rear– Independent leaf springs with rubber helper springs Tires: 205/65-10 10-ply DOT rated tire 2+2 | 4 Passengers 2X | 2 Passengers Length: 131 in. Length: 113 in. Wheel Base: 74 in. Wheel Base: 74 in. Turning Radius: 219 in. Turning Radius: 219 in. Rated Capacity 2: 1,000 lbs. Rated Capacity 2: 1,000 lbs. Vehicle Weight: 1,600 lbs. Vehicle Weight: 1,500 lbs. 2XL | 2 Passengers 4+2 | 6 Passengers 4X | 4 Passengers Length: 137 in. Length: 155 in. Length: 137 in. Wheel Base: 98 in. Wheel Base: 98 in. -
2020 Volkswagen Tiguan: Standard Driver-Assistance Features Enhance the Award-Winning Compact Suv
Updated 4/14/20: Updated description of ACC with Stop and Go and release timing for Car-Net features OCTOBER 3, 2019 2020 VOLKSWAGEN TIGUAN: STANDARD DRIVER-ASSISTANCE FEATURES ENHANCE THE AWARD-WINNING COMPACT SUV → Next-generation Car-Net® and Wi-Fi standard on all models for MY 2020 → Standard Front Assist, Side Assist, and Rear Traffic Alert → Available wireless charging → MSRP starts at $24,945 Herndon, VA — The 2020 Volkswagen Tiguan combines Volkswagen’s hallmark fun-to- drive character with a sophisticated and spacious interior, flexible seating, and high- tech infotainment and available driver-assistance features. New for 2020 For the 2020 model year, the Tiguan is offered in five trims—S, SE, SE R-Line Black, SEL, More information and and SEL Premium R-Line. Tiguan models receive a modest value alignment, with Front photos at Assist, Side Assist, and Rear Traffic Alert becoming standard on all models. media.vw.com In addition to the newly standard driver-assistance features, all models are equipped with the next-generation Car-Net® telematics system, as well as in-car Wi-Fi capability when you subscribe to a data plan. Wireless charging is available, starting on the SE trim. The new Tiguan SE R-Line Black trim features 20-inch black aluminum-alloy wheels, black-accented R-Line® bumpers and badging, fog lights, a panoramic sunroof, front and rear Park Distance Control, and a black headliner. The Tiguan SEL model adds upscale features like a heated steering wheel, auto-dimming rearview mirror, and rain-sensing wipers. The SEL Premium R-Line adds a new heated wiper park, standard R-Line content, and 20-inch wheels. -
Q1. How Does the Toe Angle of the Tires Affect the Acceleration of a Vehicle?
Q1. How does the toe angle of the tires affect the acceleration of a vehicle? Ans:- The toe angle identifies the exact direction the tires are pointed compared to the centerline of the vehicle when viewed from directly above. Toe can also be used to alter a vehicle's handling traits. Increased toe-in will typically result in reduced oversteer, help steady the car and enhance high-speed stability. Increased toe-out will typically result in reduced understeer, helping free up the car, especially during initial turn-in while entering a corner. Q2.What is caster angle? What are the reasons behind giving a positive caster angle to the vehicle? Ans:- Castor angle is the angular displacement of the steering axis from the vertical axis of a steered wheel in a car, motorcycle, bicycle, other vehicle or a vessel, measured in the longitudinal direction. The purpose of this is to provide a degree of self-centering for the steering — the wheel casters around in order to trail behind the axis of steering. This makes a vehicle easier to control and improves its directional stability (reducing its tendency to wander). Positive caster increases negative camber when the wheels are turned due to the geometry of the suspension components. This is good for cornering as it maximizes the area of tire that is in contact with the ground on the outside front wheel, which is under the most load during the turn Q3. What is the reason behind brake-fade? Ans:- Brake fade is caused by a buildup of heat in the braking surfaces and the subsequent changes and reactions in the brake system components and can be experienced with both drum brakes and disc brakes. -
Link Pin Disc Brake Kit Installation Guide Products: #4202
Link Pin Disc Brake Kit Installation Guide Products: #4202 1 - Loosen front wheel lugs. Chock rear tires, jack up the front of the car, place jack stands under the front end, and lower the car onto the jack stands. 2 - Remove front wheels, grease caps, axle nuts, and brake drums. the outer wheel bearing into place and install the 3 - Remove rubber flex brake hose from the hard- spindle nut and washer. Adjust bearing free-play and line, be careful not to round off the hex nut on the torque per factory specs. original hardline; it is best to use a brake line wrench 13 - Mount the caliper, but only hand-tighten the bolts for this job. You will also need to remove the spring at this time. Install the new brake lines supplied in the clip that holds the rubber flex hose in place. kit. Use the factory spring clip to secure the brake hose. 4 - Remove the three bolts and washers that hold the backing plate in place and slide the backing plate NOTE: Depending on your specific vehicle modifi- assembly off of the spindle. cations and clearance requirements, calipers can be installed with the brake line on the top or bottom. 5 - Clean and inspect the spindles looking for wear However, to properly bleed the air from the brake on the bearing journals. This is a good time to inspect system, the calipers should be unbolted from the your link & king pins as well. mount and rotated around the rotor so the bleeder 6 - Test-fit the new inner bearing on the spindle valve is above the brake line. -
TX3 Data Sheet Hybrid
Hybrid Model The All-New 4x4 2019 TX3 TX3 | Limited Edition 2019 Gas Power Plant Hybrid Battery Pack Engine 1.5L Gasoline Engine 30kw Diesel Voltage & Capacity 96v, 200ah Engine Type 4 cylinder / 16 Valves Motor 96v 3 Phase Dual AC Charge Cycle >700 @ 80% D.O.D. Max Power 80 kw @ 6,000 RPM Max Power 90 kw Charge Time 3 Hours @ 70A Torque 140 NM @ 3,000 RPM Torque 360 NM @ 0-2800 RPM Range 190 Miles (40 miles Only electric) Cooling System Liquid Cooled Transmission Standard Equipment On-The-Fly 2WD/4WD Engagement Front and Rear Differential Locker CVT Heavy Duty Power-Assisted Four-Wheel Hydraulic Disc Brakes Transfer Case High / Low / Reverse Full Tubular Roll Cage Differential w Pneumatic Locker (Rear/Front) 2.83 Ratio Dimensions Four-Point Seatbelts Rear Final Drive 2.10 Ratio L/W/H 159”/72”/68” LED Headlights and Taillights Wheel Base 120” 2” Rear Hitch Receiver Brakes Ground Clearance 17” Electric Power-Assisted Rack-and-Pinion Steering Hydraulic Disk X4 12.36” Diameter Curb Weight 2,700 lbs. Aircraft-Grade Aluminum Skid Plate Calipers X4 Single Piston, 1.89” Diameter Hybrid Curb Weight 3,100 lbs. Armored Steel A-Arms and Trailing Arms Parking Brake Hand Actuated Payload 2,700 lbs. Rear Cargo Box with Tailgate Hybrid Payload 2,300 lbs. Rims and Tires Towing Capacity 2,700 lbs. Options/Accessories Rim Type HD 16’ x 8” | 5 Bolts Cargo Box | W/L Rear 69”/70” 9,500-lbs. Winch Tire Type Toyo MT 265/75R16 Front 38.5”/34” PRP Seats (optional Heating & Color Schemes) Performance Spare Wheel Suspension Top Speed 65 mph Dual 7-Gallon Fuel Tanks (14 Gallons Total) Four-Wheel Independent Suspension (Fox Shocks) Front Approach Angle 77 degrees Half/Full Door System Rear Trailing Arms 13.5” Wheel Travel Rear Departure Angle 75 degrees Canopy Front Dual Arms 14” Wheel Travel Turning Radius 23 feet Automotive Windshield + Wipers + Washer Rear Load Compensators Climbing Angle 70% Cabin Heating System Side Slope Angle 60% TOMCAR.COM [email protected] | 866 - 4 - TOMCAR . -
Angles and Measurements 1
Angles & Measurement Adjustments Camber Caster Ride Height Droop Roll Centers/Camber Gain CAMBER Camber aects the car’s side traction. Generally more negative camber means egative____Positive N increased grip in corners since the side-traction of the wheel increases. Adjust front camber so that the front tires wear flat. Adjust rear camber so that the rear tires wear slightly more on the inside. The amount of front camber required to maintain the maximum contact patch also depends on the amount of caster. Higher caster angles (more inclined) require less negative camber, while lower caster angles (more upright) require more negative camber. The amount of front camber required to maintain maximum tire contact largely depends on the amount of caster. A steeper caster angle requires more camber, while a shallower caster angle requires less camber. Front Camber Rear Camber More Negative Camber = More Steering More Negative Camber = Decreases Traction Entering and While Cornering Less Negative Camber = Less Steering Less Negative Camber = Increases Rear Traction Entering and While Cornering to a Point CASTER Caster describes the angle of the front steering block with respect to a line perpendicular to the ground. The primary purpose of having caster is to have a self-centering steering system. Caster angle aects on- and o-power steering, as it tilts the chassis more or less depending on how much caster is applied. It is generally recommended that you use a 10 steeper caster angle (more vertical) on slippery, inconsistent and rough surfaces, and use 5 1 a shallower caster angle (more inclined) on smooth, high-grip surfaces. -
Calculation of Dynamic Forces and Analysis of Front Upright for ATV
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 07 Issue: 04 | Apr 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 Calculation of Dynamic Forces and Analysis of Front Upright for ATV Kritika Singh1, Kanishka Gabel2 1,2Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract – Paper presents the calculation of various 1.1 Vehicle Specifications dynamic forces that acts on the front upright (also called Knuckle) of an ATV so that we can precisely design and The ATV was designed for the BAJA SAEINDIA event. Thus analyze the uprights. Precise calculation of forces leads to it’s designing is done according to the rules specified in the the optimization of weight. Uprights play an important role rulebook [1]. in carrying the complete wheel assembly with itself. Loads of Table -1: Vehicle Specifications the tires are directly transferred to the Uprights, making it more prone to failure if not properly designed with the right forces. The Front Upright has a steering arm, brake caliper Dimension Front Rear mounting, upper and lower suspension arm attached to it. Lower the weight of the Front Upright, higher is the Overall length, width and 1.97 m, 1.54 m and 1.51 m dynamic stability of the vehicle as it contributes to unsprung height mass. Wheelbase (L) 1.34 m Key Words: Front Upright, ATV, A arm, Dynamic forces, Knuckle, Vehicle Dynamics, Analysis Track width (B) 1.32 m 1.27 m Height of center of 0.56 m 1. INTRODUCTION gravity (H) The Front Uprights are the most vital element in the front Kerb Mass of vehicle 200 kg suspension assembly of an ATV (All-Terrain Vehicle).