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: I~ORCEMENT JANUARY IB BULLETIN This microfiche was produced from documents received for inclusion in the NCJRS data base. Since NCJRS cannot exercise contr~l over the physical condition of the documents submitted, the individual frame quality will vary. The resolution chart on this frame may be used to evaluate the document quality.

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2 5 Pedophilia /ped-a-fil-e-a/ n : 1.0 11111 . sexual perversion in which 1 1 11111- • children are the preferred 111111.8 sexual object 111111.6 111111.25 111111.4 :)

MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS-\963-A

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~""',""-,;"""-----'-- ,-- National Institute of Justice toihe, NnII~1 CrimInal JusliCia Reforenco ~ce (NCJRS) i I United States Department of Justice Washington, D. C. 20!}31

7/2/84

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r~t~ ,~ I .. 'IAW ENFORCEMENT rBIBULLETIN Director's JANUARY 1984. VOLUME 53. NUMBER 1 Message Last Spring. in a conference with religious The exploitation of children transcends and political leaders concerned over law jurisdictional boundaries. And because of the .... 1'i-, enforcement's efforts against pornography, the nature and national scope of this crime, many of President of the United States told the group that the thousands of children who disappear without having "identified the werst hazardous-waste sites a trace each year fall victim to sexual exploitation, in America-we have to do the same with the no single law enforcement agency can cope with f worst sources of pornography." As hazardous the inherent investigative problems. Our efforts wastes destroy this Nation's environment, need to be coordinated-not fragmented. pornography permeates the backbone of Information must be shared-not withheld. Contents American society and destroys one of our most The FBI has already established one joint valuable resources-our children. task force specializing in child sex exploitation Public concern over this perverted assault on cases. Operating out of the New York City Office, childron was directly expressed in 1978 when the task force is composed of FBI A~9nts, U.S. Congress passed the Protection of Children Customs Service officers, investigators from the Incest: The ~ast 'Taboo (Part I) Against Sexual Exploitation Act. The FBI U.S. Postal Service, and officers from the New ,. By Robert J. Barry investigates criminal conduct defined by the Act York City, Nassau, and Suffolk County Police and gives high priority to those pornography Departments. • , '! cases involving children. One of the problems As another means to assist those in law Child Pornography and Sex Rings encountered in the investigation of this type of enforcement who investigate child sex offenders, By Kenneth V. Lanning and"Dr. Ann Wolbert Burgess pornography is that much of the material is a network of Federal, State, and local officers has produced by a clandestine subculture with been formed through the efforts of members of The Missing Children Act perverted sexual interests focusing on children. the Behavioral Science Unit at the FBI Academy, Because the pornographic material produced by Quantico, Va. Twenty-five officers from various this subculture is for members self-gratification agencies throughout tha United States took part Investigatl~g Child Sexual Exploitation: rather than for commercial profit, these in a 5-day seminar, during which attende.;" Law Enforcement's Role investigations are complicated. presented and participated in a discussioif of By Seth L. Go/astein The FBI has achieved notable success in various topics concerning the sexual exploitation combating the child exploitation problem that of children. A major goal of this seminar was to 32 Wanted by the FBI affects our Nation. Undercover operations foster personal contact among officers who work conducted in major U.S. cities have resulted in a in this sensitive and difficult-to-penetrate area. number of arrests, indictments, and convictions. Opening lines of communication between Laboratory examination of pornographic materials agencies eliminates one of the stumbling blocks often provides valuable information which can to effective Investigation and prosecution. identify sources and locations of manufacture and The dangers of sexual exploitation and distribution, Also, steps are being taken to expand pornography to its victims are only too evident­ our investigative techniques regarding these physical and emotional suffering and ruined lives. Investigations to include storing data on violators As a civilized society, we cannot afford to let our in the Organized Crime Information System. children pay the. price for our inaction. Every child Federal Bureau of Investigation Published by the Ofhce of Congressional However, the key element to a more effective in America is a potential victim of sexual abuse United States Department of Justice and Public Affairs, enforcement program Is cooperation, and exploitation. For this reason, all of us in law Assistanl Director This special issue Washington, D.C. 20535 Roger S. Young, enforcement must join together in the protection Pedophilia IpM·B·fiI·G·BI n : centers on the Edltor- of our Nation's most valuable resource-our sexual perversion In which Thomas J. Dea'\In children are the preferred theme of child William H. Webster, Director Assistant Editor-Kathryn E. Sulewski children. sexual object sexual exploitation­ Art D/reclor-Kevin J. Mulholland a crime which The Attorney General has determined that tile Water/Editor-Karen McCarron pubilcahon of tillS periodical IS necessary In tile ProductIOn Manager-Jeffrey L Summer" remains a potential transaction of tile public business reqUIred by law threat to every child at the Department or JuShce. Use of funds for Reprmts--Marlethia S. Black in America. prlnhng thiS periodical has been approved by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget through June 6, t 988.

William H. Webster Director January 1, 1984 ISSN 0014-5688 USPS 383-310 ______January1984 11 ----~------~------. F~¢~"4~;~--~~4.'''--~~''------~------

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Child Pornography and ______A counterculture movement for to establish an information network on Victim Component of the Rings Solo Sex Rings Sex Rings child sex is reported in the media to the phenomenon of child sex rings Although the number of victims The organization of solo sex rings be gaining momentum through radical and the production of pornography actively involved in a ring at a specific is primarily by the age of the child, writings and opinions of proincest within these rings. Information was time generally ranged from 3 to 11, e.g., toddlers (age 2-5), prepubescent By groups, organized pedophiles, and regularly pooled on clinical case stud­ cases involving hundreds of children (6-12), or pubescent (13-17). Sex KENNETH V. LANNING sexologists who argue for children's ies of particular rings, as well as an could be reported if the numbers of rings are interactional situations in­ sexual rights. s Also, self-styled thera­ analysis of the types of cases coming victims were added consecutively volving an adult as organizer or ring­ Special Agent pists are publicly arguing that the under law enforcement jurisdiction. over the tenure of the adult's oper­ leader and a child or adolescent as Beha.vioral Science Unit issue under debate is the child's per­ Project consultants were asked to ation of the ring. In this article, the victim. From a psychiatric point of FBI Academy ception of consent and freedom of ~eview their files for cases involving term "victim" is used to denoIe all un­ view, the offender's conscious and SpecmlAgentLannmg Quantico, Va. choice. 9 Even In professional circles one or more adults who were known derage persons for several reasons. overt sexual responses and contacts and of psychiatry, law, and law enforce­ to be simultaneously involved sexually First, in adult/child and adult/youth are directed toward prepubertal chil­ ANN WOLBERT BURGESS, ment, sexual activity between adults with several children or adolescent relationships, there is an imbalance of dren (pedophilia) and/or pubescent D. N. Se. and prepubertal children tends to gain victims. Single victim/oHender cases power and thus the young person is children (hebephilia). From a socio­ more sympathy for the child and out­ were excluJed from the study. unable to make an informed consent logical perspective, the adult capital­ van Amerigen Professor of Psychiatric rage for the adult than does sexual The sample for this article con­ when sex is the issue. 11 Second, em­ izes on the developmental needs of Nursing activity involving adults and adoles­ sists of the first 40 cases received pirical research strongly suggests that children, specifically the peer group School of Nursing cents, especially when the activity in­ from the project consultants. While all there is a high amount of unresolved membership and competition and University of Pennsylvania cludes the exchange of money andlor of the cases were known to law en­ sexual trauma in the life histories of pressures the young person for sex in Philadelphia, Pa. material goods. Sympathy for victims forcement agencies, only a minority prostitutes 12 and sex offenders 13 and exchange for a variety of material and seems to be inversely proportional to were concurrently involved with a thus, youth prostitutes may represent psychological rewards. This type of Over the past 10 years, the avail­ their age. mental health agency. a victimized child. Third, the majority offender prefers to have multiple chil­ ability of literature on sexual assault This article seeks to contribute to of these cases were processed dren as sex objects in contrast to the has increased significantly. Due pri­ an understanding of the nature, orga­ Adult Component of the Rings through the criminal justice system offender who seeks out one child at a marily to the feminist movement nization, and operation of the type of In all 40 cases, adults (at least and were so defined in the process. time. speaking out on rape 1 and incest,2 sexual victimization of children and 10-15 years older than the victims) The majority of these cases in­ To organize a ring, whether it be clinical studies suggesting interven­ adolescents which occurs when were the dominant leaders and orga­ volved primarily male children and for child molesting, pornography, pros­ tions have been initiated. 3 groups of children are formed into nized and operated the sex rings. In " youths. Cases involving females only titution, or any combination of these, ',",' The incidence data on child rings and when molesting, pornogra­ no case did groups of children or and cases involving '.oth genders the offender needs access to a group sexual assault reveal that one in four phy and lor prostitution are the major youths seek out an adult for sex, por­ were fairly equal in number. However, of children. Access routes for group females will be molested or raped by sexual components of these rings. victimization include occupation, a nography, or prostitution. Young Dr. Burgess cases involving male victims outnum­ the time she reaches age 20 and that people were selectively gathered to­ bered female only and both gender Child, and the nl3ighborhood. she will be at risk for sexual victimiza­ Study gether for a sexual purpose, usually cases by 2 to 1. There were very tion by a family member.4 The num­ An exploratory research project implicit in the initial stages. The timing young children represented in the Occupation bers for male victimization are more focusing on methodology develop­ of the initiation into the sexual activity sample, i.e., nurserY school-age chil­ Almost half of the offenders used hidden, perhaps because boys are re­ ment regarding the study of child vic­ varied from the first contact to dren. The youngest child molested their occupation as the major access luctant to admit to being victimized. tims, the perpetrators, and the con­ months, with the longest time periods and photographed was noted in a route to the child victims. The adult However, clinical data are increasingly sumers of child pornography was de­ occurring in those cases where pre­ letter exchanged by an incest pedo­ had a legitimate role as an authority suggesting that boys may be at equal signed as a first step toward Increas­ pubescent children were Involved. 10 phile who wrote of performing cunni­ figure in the lives of the children se­ risk for sexual victimization 5 since ing recognition and understanding of All of the cases Involved male ring lingus on his 1-week-old daughter and lected for the ring or was able to they are the preferred target of habit­ the problem of the use of children in leaders and a few cases involved reported trying all sexual acts with the survey vulnerable children through ual pedophiles 6 and victims of child pornography. The project constituted female codefendants, usually hus­ daughter until he was apprehended access to some type of family records sex rings. 7 a field-initiated model and used band/wife pairs. The youngest adults when the child was 8 years 01d. 14 or history. This offender used his oc­ consultants working with and investi­ were in their twenties and the oldest cupational role to impose authority gating child sexual.assault or counsel­ in their seventies. and control on the children. The of­ ing the child victims and their families fenders in this category included teachers (nursery school, grammar,

10 I FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin ______~ ______-- ... "t"'t""

and junior high levels), a city health counteraggressive ways. Two pat­ typewriter, an address book, a The key to Rafph's meticulous different sexual acts. Progress in a collector and he always has a per­ physician, an engineer, a school bus terns of sex pressure are enticement, calendar book, ledgers, cancelled recordkeeping was his computer. joining this cl'Jb was maintained on sonal collection.17 At the point the dnver, a camp counselor, a photogra­ in which the offender attempts to checks, biorhythm charts, a The computer contained information a chart. photographs begin to be traded to pher, a gas station owner, and scout engage the child through persuasion computer, and computer tapes. about sexual activity with over 400 After arresting Ralph, the police other pedophiles, the development of leaders. or cajolement, and entrapment, in Ralph was a meticulous boys and a few girls. He cross­ learned that he was on 5-years' a transition ring may be observed. which he takes advantage of having recordkeeper. He had a notebook referenced all the information he probation for sexually molesting The participants send letters, photo­ Child put the child in a situation where the with the names, addresses, and maintained on his victims. It children in another city. Ralph had graphs, and video and audio tapes On occasion, a ring is formed by victim feels obligated in some way to telephone numbers of many of his contained a sexual history of each also been convicted and served back and forth through the carefully the adult targeting a child to use his the offender. Many times bribes and victims. He had a calendar book of his victims. He used it to keep time for sexually molesting children developed network of pedophiles. The connections via peer pressure to bring rewards are part of the offense. The showing dates and types of sexual track of the biorhythm charts of his 20 years earlier in another State. trading of pornography appears to be other children into the group. The ini­ victim is rewarded with good times, af­ activity. He had a diary containing victims. He also used it as an index Ralph lied about this conviction on the first move of the victim into the tial child could be a relative of the of­ fection, money, approval, gifts, and photographs and narrative for his child pornography collection several job applications. Less than possession of other pedophiles. The fender or the adult could solicit the treats. The offender's motive is to information about over 50 victims. so that he could locate photographs 1 month before his most recent photographs are traded, and victims help of a previously unknown child. gain sexual control of the child by de­ He had a small memoranda book on specific sexual acts. The discovery and arrest, Ralph's may be tested by other offenders and One technique used was posting a veloping a sexual relationship. Sexual­ which contained a summary and computer was accessed by using psychiatrist wrote a letter to his eventually traded for their soxua! serv­ notice on a store bulletin board re­ ity appears to be in the service of de­ analysis of his sexual activity with the name and an assigned bank probation officer stating that "there ices. In one search of a pedophile's questing girls to help with the pendency needs for physical contact 31 victims over a certain period of account identification number of i:3 no indication that there has been apartment, many photographs of housework. and affection from children. However, time. In this book, he recorded each victim. The computer also had recurrence of symptoms. I feel, naked youths were found. This led to such an offender may use blackmail information such as the youngest a self-destruct program which the therefore, that his problem remains the discovery of a youth prostitution Neighborhood and threats to maintain control of a (5.26 years), the oldest (19.45 subject did not have an opportunity jn remission." ring that had developed with some of The adult's status in the neigh­ child previously seduced. years), and the average (10.89 to initiate prior to his arrest. the children from the child ring. 1 8 In Transition Sex Rings borhood sometimes helped to legiti­ These offenders are very attract­ years) age of his victims, the Ralph's victims were primarily another case, a pedophile took the mize his presence with the children ed to children and find it very difficult average duration of sexual relations neighborhood boys whom he had Although pedophilia is a sex of­ home computer method one step fur­ and their parents and permitted the to avoid them. They feel comfortable (2.2 years), the average number of befriended. He paid marlY of these fense in all States, there is a strong ther by using it to communicate with unquestioned exchange of young with a child and seek out opportuni­ sex acts pe:r person (64.68), the boys for doing odd jobs around the need among pedoohiles to communi­ other pedophiles possessing similar people into his home. Often such an ties to be with children. 16 The offend­ number of various types of sexual house. His sexual acts with them cate with others regarding their inter­ equipment and interests. offender is well-I:ked by many of his er may seek groups of victims rather acts performed, the number of consisted primarily of oral sex with est in children. In transition rings, ex­ As pubescent children grow up, neighbors. However, more careful in­ than one victim because of his psy­ sperm ejaculated by his victims per some occasional anal sex. The periences can be exchanged; in solo the pedophile has the task of deciding vestigation will usually reveal that he chosocial development and occupa­ day, and biorhythm information for subject always referred to the rings, the pedophile keeps his activi­ how to end the sexual activity since has befriended and interacted closely tion. The majority of adults in this each of his victims. sexual acts as "projects." He ties and photographs totally secret. he loses sexual interest in the child. Photographs of children may also be only with those neighbors who have sample were employed at skilled and For many of his "regular" boys, frequently used alcohol to lower The transition rings suggest that some children of the sex and age that he white-collar positions and some he maintained even more their inhibitions. Once the sexual traded and sold, as well as sexual of the pubescent children are tested services. sexually prefers. In some cases, he worked with children in groups. Orga­ information. For each of these boys acts began with the boys, he for their role in pornography and pros­ The study of child pornography may be willing to develop such a nizational skills, knowledge in child he had a chronological list of sexual constantly reminded them not to tell titution as a way to end the relation­ has identified this component of pedo­ friendship for years while waiting for a psychology, and the ability to commu­ acts, with each act assigned a anyone because it was their secret. ship. philia in which a communication net­ neighbor's child to reach his age pref­ nicate and interact with children are consecutive number. This was then He would attempt to justify the work is developed to share common Syndicated Rings erence. important common characteristics of cross-referenced to his account sexual acts by reading to his victims interests, e.g. preference for boys or In order to understand the dy­ child sex ring operators. They know ledger for each boy. The ledger was passages from the Bible which he The third type of ring noted in the girls and fantasy scenarios, such a3 namics of child sex rings, it is impor­ how to use peer pressure, rewards a running balance of the amount of claimed stated that this type of sex sample was the syndicated ring. This was of benefit to humans. sexual acts with children. The Diag­ tant to understand the seduction proc­ and punishment, and competition to money each boy had on account. ring involves a well-structured organi­ All of Ralph's victims who were nostic and Statistical Manual III (DSM ess used by pedophiles. The child is maintain control of the group and Money would be added for doing zation that recruits children, produces interviewed by the police stated that III) describes the essential features of not forced into sexuality, as in rape. ensure their continued access to the work around the house, for sexual pornography, delivers direct sexual Ralph was a very nice man who the group of paraphiliac disorders as Rather, the child is pressurdd into children. acts, and for picture-taking services, and establishes an extensive was individually concerned with unusual or bizarre imagery or acts being an accessory to the sexual ac­ The following is an example of a sessions. Money would be network of customers. The number of each of them. He paid them for that are necessary for sexual excite­ tivity-to go along with it at least typical solo-sex ring case which in­ subtracted for clothing, cigarettes, adults operating the ring ranged from work, sexual acts, and for ment. p~jotographing children in both two to nine. once. The child may be totally un­ volves an interesting, but increasingly games, cash, and other presents. photography sessions. He always sexual and nonsexual poses appears aware that sexual activity is part of more common, technical innovation: He kept the cancelled checks The major access of adults to encouraged the boys to compete to be a common practice among pe­ the exchange by the offender. Many In a small southern city, police showing the payments to each children is often through adult associ­ with each other in the "projects." dophiles. This practice was noted in times, the child describes encounters identified a pedophile named Ralph, victim. He also had his victims ation. In his study on pederasty, Ross­ There were rewards of extra points all three types of sex rings. In the man notes that the subculture of with the offender that are nonsexual. who was sexually involved with make handwritten notes stating how and money for completing a sexual sample, there was a wide range of These usually occur in early meetings, more than 50 young boys In the much they enjoyed the sexual act better or longer than previously pornography noted, from "innocent" and then progressively, the child be­ local area. Pursuant to a search activity. He had photographs of the comes a sexual partner. 15 or better and longer than another poses to bondage, sadomasochism, warrant, the police seized the boys, many of which he kept in a boy. He created an "88 Club," in and beastiality. The pedophile who Molestation involving pressure following items believed to be of green metal box. also takes photographs can be called does rot have physical force as part evidentiary value: Photographic which a boy could become a of the act. The offender behaves in equipment, polaroid cameras, film, a member only after completing four

______Janua~1984 I 13 12 I FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin ____~ ____ ------.,-..-~"-",,,------~----...... ------~ --- ~~-~---~ ~~ .. " 4+ r

adults with a sexual preference for Many pedophiles organize into and affection and other benefits. Pe­ vention. The possibility of a positive Offender Reactions Either as part of his effort to mini­ prepubescent or pubescent youths support organizations. On the surface, dophile ring operators are, by defini­ offender/victim bond must, however, When a child pornography and mize or as a separate reaction, a pe­ also likes to associate with other sym­ they claim to advocate change in age tion, skilled at gaining the continued be recognized. It must not be misin­ sex ring is discovered, there are cer­ dophile typically attempts to justify his pathetic adults.19 This sense of cama­ of consent laws and the sexual liber­ cooperation and control of their vic­ terpreted as consent, complicity, or tain reactions by the pedophile of­ behavior. He might claim that he raderie can serve to provide children ation of children. Although they cer­ tims through well-planned seduction. guilt. In one case, a prosecutor an­ fender that are fairly predictable. cares for these children more than for sexual purposes between adults tainly have interest in such things, in Pedophiles are skilled at the se­ nounced to the television media that Knowledge and anticipation of these their parents do and that what he with similar interests once they reach reality, they are often networks for the duction process. They know how to the victims were as guilty, if not more reactions are beneficial to the investi­ does is beneficial to the children. He that level of trust and communication. mutual exchange of information and use bribes, attention, affection, adult guilty, than the offenders. The pOlice gation and prosecution of such cases. might claim that he has been under This method of access to victims did victims among pedophiles. authority, and even threats to estab­ investigator, in particular, must be The intensity of these reactions may tremendous stress, has a drinking not preclude the adults in this sample Recent syndicated rings have in­ lish continued access to, and ongoing sensitive to this problem. In cases of depend on how much the offender problem, or did not know how old a from using their occupation to act out volved a Boy Scout troop, a boy's relationships with, children. They this type, he must be willing to replace has to lose by identification and con­ certain victim was. A large part of his other paraphilias. For example, in the farm operated by a minister, and a na­ know the "in" games, toys, television at least part of this victim/offender viction. At least one case known to efforts to justify his behavior centers youth prostitution ring, the occupation tional boy prostitution ring. shows, and moves. They are skilled at bond with a new bond. He must be the authors involved a female ring around blaming the victim. The of­ of five of the defendants included a recognizing and then temporarily filling willing to spend the time and effort leader. The possibility of a female of­ fender will claim that he was seduced pediatrician/adolescent psychiatrist, Victimology the emotional and physical needs of necessary to develop rapport with, fender should not be overlooked by by the victim, that the victim initiated assistant to the headmaster of a pri­ The followup of some of the chil­ children. They know how to, and actu­ and the trust and confidence of, the investigators. the sexual activity, or that the victim is vate boy's school, a psychologist, an dren who were involved with adults 20 ally enjoy, listening to childr~n, an victim. He must not ridicule, degrade, Usually the first reaction of a pe­ promiscuous or even a prostitute. In investment broker, and a business ex­ indicates post-traumatic stress re­ ability many parents lack. • are or condemn either the offender or the dophile to discovery is complete one case, an offender claimed that ecutive. sponse, both acute, chronic, and de­ willing to spend all the time it takes to victim. The police investigator must be denial. The offender may act shocked, the children had such a desperate Interviews with young people layed. 21 Prominent features of intru­ seduce the child. able to use some of the techniques surprised, or even indignant about need for attention and affection that under the authority of the first two de­ sive thoughts, avoidance behavior, If one understands the dynamics the pedophile uses to gain the coop­ such an allegation of sexual activity they practically threw themselves at fendants revealed incidents of exhibi­ gender identity conflicts, and stylized of this seduction process and is famil­ eration of the children. with children. He will claim to know him and misunderstood his resulting tionism and voyeurism. The assistant sexual behavior were noted. iar with the developmental stages of The police investigator should do nothing about the alleged activity. He affection for sexual advances. to the headmaster was reported to Because much of the sexual vic­ children, the existence of an offender / everything possible to ensure that vic­ might claim it was a misunderstood Some of the more clever pedo­ have conducted room checks in the timization that occurs in childhood victim bond in a sex ring case should tims receive the necessary medical act of simple affection or he might philes come up with ingenious stories dormitory wearing only a loosely tied and adolescence is not disclosed and not be totally unexpected. Child vic­ and psychological help to deal with claim that he does not remember. His to explain their behavior. One offend­ bathrobe which clearly exhibited his thus remains a silent trauma reaction, tims frequently have mixed feelings the problems of their victimization. Al­ denial will be frequently aided by er claimed he was trying to teach his genitals. The physician was well it is crucial that psychiatrists and about the discovery of such a sex though the identification and convic­ friends, neighbors, relatives, and co­ victims to stop sucking their thumbs. known in a college community for mental health professionals diagnose ring-they do not necessarily want to tion of offenders is the main objective workers, who insist that he is such a In another case, a nursery school op­ writing medical deferments for the mil­ the conditions. Signs of sut;pected see the offender punished and sent to for law enforcement, considerable sat­ wonderful person there is no way he erator, who had taken and collected itary. The students only knew that the child or youth sexual victimization in­ jail. They may describe him as a nice isfaction for the police investigator could have done what is alleged. thousands of nude and seminude deferment letter was expensive and clude such somatic symptoms as man who, despite the size of the ring, can come from knowing that police in­ Thel;f) associates will be uncoopera­ photographs of young children in his required several office visits. It ap­ stomach aches, headach',3s, sore treated each of thbm as an individual. tervention was beneficial to the victim. tive and may even hinder police in­ care, claimed that they were not for pears that on the last office visit, the throats, and earaches; enulesis and They may be reluctam to be inter­ Regardless if the offender is pun­ vestigation of the offender. sexual purpose. A ballet instructor physician would monitor EKG and urinary tract infecticn; sexually explicit viewed or to be witnesses against the ished, the victim can usually be If the evidence against him rules convicted of taking indecent liberties blood pressure readings and require behavior, either physical, v(xbal, or offender. They may be embarrassed helped. out total denial, the offender may with five pupils claimed that the the students to masturbate and ejacu­ written; social withdrawal and difficulty about others discovering what they When you recognize the effect switch to a slightly different tactic. He sexual activities with the young girls late in front of him. A report was then with peers, classmates, and family; have been doing. This is particularly and scope of the trauma caused by will attempt to minimize what he has may have stemmed from "the pres­ written documenting postural hypoten­ minor mood swings; and disruption in true of the discovery of their involve­ nonviolent sexual manipulation, the done in both quantity and quality. He sure, the fantasy involved in the pro­ sion; the students kept this practice normal life activities. Chronic con­ ment in child pornography or unusual amount of consideration given by the might claim that it happened on one duction of 'The Nutcracker.' " 22 secret in exchange for the 4-F letter. ditions such as dissociative reactions sexual acts. Some victims have even criminal justice system to such offend­ or two isolated occasions or that he When various reactions do not At the trial, it waS learned that the (multiple personality), depression, and assisted the offender with his de­ ers simply because they are nonvio­ only touched or caressed the victim. result in termination of the investiga­ physician and the assistant to the psychosis may also be present. fense, hindering the police investiga­ lent is baffling. Physically batter a He will be knowledgeable about the tion or prosecution, the pedophile may headmaster met when the physician It is extremely important for per­ tion. Often, their victimization is per­ child and you are locked up, but psy­ law and might possibly admit to acts then try the "sick game." This tactic was hired as a consulting psychiatrist sons involved in the intervention, in­ petuated or even worsened by the chologically batter 100 children and he knows to be lesser offenses or involves claiming that he is sick and to the school. They discovered their vestigation, or prosecution of child criminal justice process. you are left on the street because you misdemeanors. It is important to rec­ cannot control what he is doing. Pe­ dophile manuals advocate this tactic mutual interest in boys during a social pornography and sex ring cases Not all victims have negative feel­ are nonviolent. The devastation ognize that even seemingly coopera­ fUnction, and it was another year (police, prosecutor, social workers, ings toward discovery and intervention caused by such "nonviolent" victim­ tive victims will also often minimize when all else fails. It is interesting to before there was talk of the availabil­ etc.) to recognize that a bond often by authorities. Many of these victims ization is psychological violence of the their acts in quantity and quality. If a note that few pedophiles admit this ity of boys for sex. The physician's develops between tile offender and have been desperately searching for worst kind. certain act was performed 100 times, sickness until they are arrested or defense was that he was conducting the victims. Many of these victims find a way out and welcome police inter- the victim might claim it happened until other tactics fail. research on male youth prostitution. themselves in a situation whem they only 30 times, and the offender might ,A After his conviction, an article was are willing to trade sex for attention claim it happened only twice. A victim published in a journal on sexual be­ may admit to having sex but not to havior. having received money for sex.

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Another effective tactic for the In order to deal effectively with pedophile at any stage of an investi­ "The police this serious and complex problem, gation is the "sympathy game." This police officers and prosecutors must is designed to make as many people investigator should do be aware of the dynamics of the orga­ as possible, especially judges, jurors, everything possible to nization, types, structure, victimology, and the community, feel sorry for him. ensure that victims and offender behavior involved in This is best illustrated by the "nice child pornography and sex rings. This guy defense." In this defense, the of­ receive the necessary awareness will increase the chances fender says he is sorry and then pre­ medical and that offenders will be identified and ef­ sents evidence to· show that he is the fectively prosecuted and decrease the pillar of the community-a devoted psychological help to chances that child victims will be mis­ family man, a military veteran, a deal with the problems treated and further ~ralJmatized. FBI church leader, is nonviolent, has no prior arrests, and is a victim of circum­ of their victimization." stances with many personal problems. A pedophile first arrested at age 40 for his involvement in a child sex ring claim that he is pleading guilty be­ Footnotes has probably sexually victimized cause he "doesn't want to put the 1 S. Brownmiller. Against Our Will' Men. Women and dozens, if not hundreds, of children Rape (New York: Bantam Books. 1975); L Clark and D. children through the trauma of having Lewis. Rape: The Pnce of Coerave Sexuality (Tcronto: previously. Since many people still be­ to testify" or because he "has no The Women's Press. 1977). , L Armstrong, KISS Daddy Goodmght (New York: lieve in some variation of the myth more money to defend himself." This HaW1horn, 1978); K. Brady, Father's Days (New York: that child molesters are "dirty old men problem is compounded by the fact Dell,1979). , A. W. Burgess. A. N. Groth, L. L Holmstrom, and in wrinkled rain coats," the "sympathy that it is possible, under the provisions S. M. Sgorol, Sexual Assault of Children and Adolescents game" combined with the "sick (LeXington. Mass.: D.C. Heath Co .. 1978); J. Herman and of a 1970 U.S. Supreme Court deci­ L Hirschman, Father.Daughter Incest (Harvard, Mass.; game" is a very effective tactic for the sion,23 to plead guilty to a charge Harvard Press, 1982); S. M. Sgroi, Handbook or Cllmcal pedophile to use to escape responsi­ InterventIOn m Child Sexual Abuse (LeXington, Mass.: while at the same time not acknowl­ D.C. Heath Co .. 198t)• bility for his behavior. edging that you committed the crime. • D. Finkelhor, Sexually VictiTTl/Zed Children (New It is important not to overlook one York; Free Press. 1979). This relieves the pedophile of having , C. Swift, "Sex Between Adults and Children," The final reaction of the identified pedo­ to accept public responsibility for his Journal of Psychohistory. Winter 1977. • A. N. Groth. R. Longo, and B. McFaddin, phile-that of attacking or going on behavior. IncreaSing in popularity is "Undetected Recidivism In Sex Offonders," Cnme and the offensive. It involves such things Delmquency. July 1982. the pedophile pleading not guilty by 1 A. W. Burgess, A. N. Groth, and M. McCausland, as harassing, threatening, and/or brib­ reason of insanity. If State insanity cri­ "Child Sex Initiation Rings," American Journal of ing victims and witnesses; attacking Orthopsychiatry, January 1981. teria allow it, he will claim that al­ • J. Leo, "Cradle·to·grave Intimacy," Time. the reputation and personal lives of though he knew his acts were wrong, Septer,lber 7, 1981. the investigating officers; attacking the • L. T. Constantine, Children and Sex: New Rndings, he lacked the ability to conform his New PerspectIVes (Boston: Unle. Brown, and Company, motives of the prosecutor; claimirlg behavior to the law-that he was 1982). the case is selective prosecution; rais­ I. Supra note 7. llriven by irresistible impulses. The 11 A. W. Burgess and L. L. Holmstrom, "Sexual ing issues such as gay iights if the Trauma of Children and Adolescents: Pressure, Sex and judge and jury are then given the diffi­ Secrecy," Nursing Clmics or North Amenca, September child victim is the same sex as the of­ cult task of differentiating between an 1975; D. Flnkelhor, "What's Wrong wilh Sex Between fender; and enlisting the active sup­ Adults and Children?" American Journal of irresistible impulse and an impulse not Orthopsychiatry. October 1979. port of peer groups. Pedophiles are resisted. " J. James and J. Meyerding, "Early Sexual not passive, inadequate people who Experience and ProslituU~n." American Journal of f' Although a wide variety of crimi­ Psychiatry. December 1977. are easily intimidated. nals may react in similar ways when " Supra nole 6. When all else fails, the offender ,. A. W. Burgess, ed., Child Pornography and Sex their activity is discovered or investi­ Rings (Lexington. Mass.: D. C. Heath Company, will usually try to make a deal in order forthcoming). gated, these reactions have repeated­ " Supra note 11. to avoid a trial. The unfortunate ly been seen in offenders involved in ,. A. N. Groth and A. W. Burgess, "Motivational aspect of this is that the offender is Intent In the Sexual Assault 01 Children," Cnminal Justice child sex rings, and their occurrence and BehaViOr. vol 45, Seplember 1977, pp 253-264. often allowed to plead nolo conten­ should be anticipated. 17 Supra note 14. dere in order to avoid civil liability. At " Supra no Ie 7. '0 P. Rossman, Sexual Experience Between Men and this point, the pedophile will frequently Summary Boys (New York. ASSOCiation Press, 1976), p. 2. 2. Supra note 7. Society outwardly projects strong " Supra note 14. ,. "Dance Studio Head Faces Prison Term," The disapproval and anger toward child Washington Post, December 29, 1982, C:3. molesters. A more conflictive area is 2J North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25 (1970). when a child is pubescent and is sex­ ually victimized. This represents a ne­ glected area-one fraught with bias and attitUdes regarding adolescent sexuality.