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The Role of Europe in the Identity Formation of Post-Soviet Georgia

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The Role of Europe in the Identity Formation of Post-Soviet Georgia The Role of Europe in the Identity Formation of Post-Soviet Georgia Tamar Gamkrelidze Dissertation has been submitted to Ilia State University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science Interdisciplinary Doctoral Program of Social Sciences, Humanities and Arts Supervisor: Professor Ghia Nodia Ilia State University Tbilisi, 2019 Disclaimer As an author of the present dissertation, I state that this thesis represents my original work and does not contain materials published, submitted for publication, or presented for the defense by other authors without being properly referenced or cited. Tamar Gamkrelidze Tbilisi 23.07.2019 ii Abstract The research relates to the undertakings of the United National Movement (UNM) government directed towards redefinition of the Georgian political identity in line with the European project within the period of 2004-2012. The project of Europe was introduced in Georgia by President Mikheil Saakashvili and the UNM government after assuming the power in 2004. The study engages to answer the question: To what extent did the UNM government manage to revise Georgian political identity through the European project? The key theoretical concepts to be explored are the concepts of political identity and the European project. The study is interested in the process of identity formation. Here the key is to demonstrate the dynamics of identity change, how it has transformed over time as well as how “earlier meanings of Europe have influenced and been influenced by the Europeanization drive towards European unity”1. Because of the interdisciplinary character of the issue, the study utilizes the following methods: 1. A historical review and analysis of events that might have been influential for shaping identity; 2. A discourse analysis of debate(s) and discussion(s) among the political elites in 2004-2012. This second part of the research, however, solely focuses on President Saakashvili’s narrative. The research finds that the UNM government redefined the political identity of Georgia through articulation of the national political project with the European values of liberal-democracy. Institutionalization of the European project, which targeted modification of cognitive principles, particularly semantic and normative notions, yielded new frames of the national political project. The pillars of the reimaged national project were “independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity, democracy, prosperity and Europe”2. The main pillar of the national political project, Christianity disappeared from the project, however it retained its centrality during the Saakashvili’s regime, as a cultural heritage of the country. Moreover, the Georgian Orthodox Church (GOC) was gradually dethroned from controlling cognitive principles by the UNM government through adopting laws and altering normative principles (eg. Law on registration of religious organizations, law on gender equality). And even though throughout 9 years there was obvious disagreement on the certain aspects of European values between the UNM government and the GOC, the cautious politics directed towards the Catholicos Patriarch and the church smoothened the conflict which saved the country from “the formation of an internal frontier”. 1 Strath, B. and Af Malmborg, M (eds) (2002) The Meaning of Europe. Variety and Contention within and Among Nations Oxford, Berg Publishers, pp.7 2 Mikheil Saakashvili “The President of Georgia: “I was planning to go to the Parliament to offer them cooperation”, (speech, 02 August 2013), archives of the Saakashvili’s Presidential Library iii The research further argues that the European project introduced by the Georgian government in 2004 changed in 2006 due to escalating tensions with Russia. Escalation of relations with Russia, however, contributed to strengthening a position of the European project in Georgia in spite of all odds. Hence, although the European project in Georgia experienced certain difficulties because of the UNM government's mistakes and failure to handle internal problems in line with liberal-democratic principles, the European project turned into a main logic of a state building and development of Georgia, while Europe became one of the main pillars of the national political project. The goal of this study is to contribute to the scarce discourse on the politics of Europeanness and in particular on the project of Europe in Georgia in 2004-2012. The key is to see dynamics of the European project as a dimension of Georgia’s political identity. The puzzle is how and why the project changed within the time spam of 9 years and also what were intended and unintended consequences of the planned activities and campaigns within the framework of the project; but most importantly how the project of Europe affected the political identity of Georgia. By embarking on the discourse analysis of political elites in Georgia, the study introduces a field of research never before explored in the literature. The aim is to generate new knowledge on the issue opening up the field for further research agendas and questions. iv აბსტრაქტი კვლევა ეხება გაერთიანებული ნაციონალური მოძრაობის მთავრობის მიერ განხორციელებულ აქტივობებს 2004-2012 წლებში, რომელიც მიმართული იყო ევროპული პროექტის მიხედვით ქართული პოლიტიკური იდენტობის შეცვლისკენ. ევროპული პროექტი საქართველოში შემოიტანა ნაციონალურმა მოძრაობამ 2004 წელს. დისერტაციის მთვარი საკვლევი კითხვაა: რამდენად შეძლო ნაციონალურმა მოძრაობამ ქართული პოლიტიკური იდენტობის შეცვლა ევროპული პროექტით? დისერტაციის მთავარი თეორიული საკვლევი კონცეფციები არის პოლიტიკური იდენტობა და ევროპული პროექტი. კვლევას აინტერესებს იდენტობის ჩამოყალიბების პროცესი. მისი მთავარი მიზანია გამოავლინოს იდენტობის ცვლილების დინამიკა - როგორ შეიცვალა იგი დროის განმავლობაში და აგრეთვე როგორი გავლენა ჰქონდათ ერთმანეთზე ევროპენიზაციას და ევროპის უწინდელ მნიშვნელობებს. გამომდინარე იქიდან რომ კვლევის საგანი არის ინტერდისციპლინალური გამოყენებულია შემდეგი მეთოდები: 1. ისტორიული განხილვა და ანალიზი იმ მოვლენებისა რომელსაც შესაძლებელია გავლენა ჰქოდათ იდენტობის ჩამოყალიბებაზე; 2. 2004-2012 წლებში პოლიტიკური ელიტის დისკურსის ანალიზი, ამ შემთხვევაში კვლევის მთავარი საკველვი საგანი პრეზიდენტ სააკაშვილის ნარატივია. კვლევამ დაადგინა რომ ნაციონალური მოძრაობის მთავრობამ შეცვალა ქართული პოლიტიკური იდენტობა ეროვნული პროექტის არტიკულაციით ევროპულ ლიბერალ დემოკრატიულ ღირებულებებზე. ევროპული პროექტის ინსტიტუციონალიზაციამ, რომელიც მიზნად ისახავდა კოგნიტური პრინციპების, განსაკუთრებით კი სემანტიკური და ნორმატიული ცნებების მოდიფიკაციას, ჩამოაყალიბა ეროვნული პოლიტიკური პროექტის ახალი ჩარჩოები. სახეშეცვლილი ეროვნული პროექტის მთავარი ღერძი იყო - „დამოუკიდებლობა, სუვერენულობა, ტერიტორიული მთლიანობა, დემოკრატია, კეთილდღეობა და ევროპა“. ეროვნული პროექტის მთავარმა ღერძმა - ქრისტიანობამ შეინარჩუნა ცენტრალური მნიშვნელობა სააკაშვილის რეჟიმის დროს, როგორც ქვეყნის კულტურულმა მემკვიდრეობამ. ამასთანავე, საქართველოს მართლმადიდებელი ეკლესია ჩამოშორებული იქნა კოგნიტური პრიციპების მართვის ბერკეტებიდან ნაციონალური მოძრაობის მთავრობის მიერ ახალი კანონების მიღებით და ნორმატიული პრინციპების ცვლილებით (მაგ. კანონი რელიგიური ორგანიზაციების რეგისტრაციის შესახებ, კანონი გენდერულ თანასწორებაზე). მიუხედავათ იმისა რომ 9 წლის განმავლობაში აშკარა უთანხმოება იყო სხვადასხვა კონკრეტულ საკითხებზე ნაციონალური მოძრაობის მთავრობასა და საქართველოს ეკლესიას შორის, მთავრობის ფრთხილმა პოლიტიკამ ქვეყანა გადაარჩინა შიდა ფრონტის ხაზების ჩამოყალიბებისგან. კვლევა ასევე ამტკიცებს რომ 2004 წელს საქართველოს მთავრობის მიერ შემოტანილი ევროპის პროექტი 2006 წელს შეიცვალა რუსეთთან დაძაბულობის ესკალაციის გამო. მიუხედავათ ამისა, რუსეთთან ურთიერთობის ესკალაციამ ქვეყანაში ხელი შეუწყო ევროპის პროექტის პოზიციის გამყარებას. ევროპის პროექტს საქართველოში შეხვდა გარკვეული სირთულეები, ნაციონალური მოძრაობის მთავრობის მიერ დაშვებული შეცდომებისა და ლიბერალურ-დემოკრატიული პრიციპების შესაბამისად შიდა პრობლემების მოუგვარებლობის გამო. მიუხედავათ ამისა v ევროპის პროექტი გარდაიქმა სახელმწიფოს მშენებლობის და განვითარების მთავარ საფუძვლად, მაშინ როცა ევროპა გახდა ეროვნული პოლიტიკური პროექტის მთავარ ღეძათ. კვლევის მიზანია - წვლილი შეიტანოს საქართველოში ევროპელობის პოლიტიკის დისკურსის კვლევაში 2004-2012 წლებში, გამოავლინოს ევროპული პროექტის როგორც ქართული პოლიტიკური იდენტობის ნაწილის დინამიკა, გამოავლინოს როგორ და რატომ შეიცვალა პროექტი 9 წლის განმავლობაში, რა იყო განზრახ და უნებლიე შედეგი წინასწარ დაგეგმილი ღონისძიებებისა და კამპანიებისა, რომლებიც განხორციელდა ევროპის პროექტის ფარგლებში. კვლევას აინტერესებს როგორი გავლენა მოახდინა ევროპის პროექტმა ქართულ პოლიტიკურ იდენტობაზე. კვლევის მიზანია, საქართველოში პოლიტიკური ელიტის დისკურსის ანალიზის ჩატარებით შეისწავოს ის სფერო რომელიც ჯერ არ გამოკვლეულა. კვლევა აგრეთვე მიზნად ისახავს საკვლევ საკითზე ახალი ცოდნის გენერირებას, რაც ხელს შეუწყობს ახალი კვლევის კითხვების და გეგმების წარმოქმნას. ძირითადი საძიებო სიტყვები: ევროპული პროექტი, გაერთიანებული ნაციონალური მოძრაობის მთავრობა, საქართველოს მართლმადიდებელი ეკლესია, ლიბერალური დემოკრატია, საქართველო, ჰეგემონია, ანტაგონიზმი, აგონიზმი. vi Aknowledgements I’m indebted to the many people from different countries who generously supported me throughout the research and writing process of the doctoral dissertaion. I would like to extend my special gratitude to my supervisor Professor Ghia Nodia. PhD studies has been an amazing journey, which brought me to Switzerland at Fribourg University, Poland at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Riga at the University of Latvia and the EUCACIS program in Berlin. All of these would have been impossible without unconditional support and in some cases
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