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Home , Hanging punctuation, Ligature (writing), Widows and orphans

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For current online documentation please goto documentation.3b2.com 3b2 provides sophisticated tools which can help you produce professional-looking text with a minimum of e¡ort. This chapter examines several of the ways in which you can use 3b2 to achieve excellent results. Once a document, or document template has been set up, 3b2 will provide excellent typography without the user having to change the settings again.The investment of time in learning about these features is well worthwhile : maximum e¡ect for minimum outlay,with the ability to add value to every letter without having to think about it. One feature of typesetting over the past few years has been how appearance has often been sacri¢ced to convenience or the limitations of a particular typesetter's equipment. Recently, this situation has been changing as programs become more powerful, and as designers become more demanding or simply look back a little further to the books, newspapers and magazines being produced thirty or forty years ago with ligatures and properly kerned headlines. Contents

Contents

What is a font? 281 Measuring type in 3B2 281 Changing font 282 Alternatives to changing type height 283 Copy¢tting text to a frame 283 Copy¢tting using auto size frames 285 Updating fonts in 3B2 286 Updating fonts inWindows copies of 3B2 286 Automatic font usage checking by 3B2 287 Font options for 3B2 288 Embedding fonts within documents 288 Deleting embedded fonts 290 Controlling inter-line spacing 291 Professional leading 291 Paragraph special top drop 291 Baseline or bottom breaks 292 Text grids 292 Enabling text snap in frames 293 Enabling text snap for paragraphs 293 Setting up horizontal grids 294 Widows, Orphans & Vertical justi¢cation 297 Avoiding widows and orphans 297 Enabling widows and orphans control for a frame 298 Widows and orphans control in text 298 Setting up vertical justi¢cation 299 Enabling vertical justi¢cation for a frame 301 Improving vertical justi¢cation in a frame 302

279 Typography Contents

Some alternatives to vertical justi¢cation 302 Changing text spacing to achieve even page depths 303 Fixing the vertical height of a paragraph 303 Changing your text spacing 305 Default letter and word spacing 305 Fixed pitch typefaces 306 Justi¢ed text 306 Spacing in justi¢ed text 307 Specifying a`Justify limit' 308 Kerning 309 Kerning individual letters 309 Horizontal kern 310 Kerning tables 310 Creating a basic kerning table 311 Hanging punctuation 313 Kerning pair groups 313 Kerning at the start or end of a line 313 Saving a kerning table for further use 314 Adding a kerning table to a font 314 Ligatures 316 Typographic ligatures 316 User-de¢ned ligature tables 318 Non-typographic uses for ligature tables 318 Adding a ligature table to a font 319 Changing 3B2'sdefault ligature table 319 Some special e¡ects 320 Text colour 320 Outline text 320 Changing text width 321 Pseudo-italic: fake italic type 322 Pseudo-bold: fake bold type and small capitals 323 Inverse text 324 Lines 324

280 What is a font?

39 What is a font?

3b2 uses the most common de¢nition of a font: the combined typeface and text height of the text, e.g. Times 18pt. In the days of letterpress printing these two values had to be considered together, since it was only together that they could be considered a description of a physical object ^ a piece of lead type of speci¢c design and dimensions.

39.1 Measuring type in 3B2 àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà Before you begin specifying type sizes, you may want to change 3b2's default unit of measurement for text height and inter-line spacing. This can be changed independently of 3b2's units for ordinary horizontal and vertical measurements.

Select [Document/ Preferences " Document...].The document tdpref preferences dialogue box will appear. Click on the Units tab. 3b2 can measure text in a range of units, including true Anglo- 1 American points (72:27 inch), ciceros and didot points. Click on the appropriate button againstText size. The document preferences " If you want 3b2 always to show text sizes in the unit of your choice, (units tab) dialogue box. enable the Strict mode check box in the top left-hand corner of the dialogue box.

" You can also de¢ne units of your own using the unit macro (see the Macro Reference manual).

Click on ´OK· or ´Cancel· as appropriate. You can also set up 3b2's rulers to show typographic measurements : just select [View/ Ruler options...]. tdruler

281 Typography What is a font?

39.2 Changing font àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà Specifying a font completely involves specifying both its typeface (or design), and its height. 3b2's font dialogue box also allows you to specify a line spacing value, which again you can think of as being basic to the way you describe type. The diagram below shows how 3b2 de¢nesText height and Line spacing : Try and restrict the type sizes you use in a document to a`scale'of inter-related sizes, perhaps starting Line spacing Text height ) from the smallest and progressing ( upwards in logical steps, The text height is the distance between the tops of the ascenders and the e.g. 1, 1.5, 2 ¾ the basic height. bottoms of the descenders in your type (shown in grey).The baseline is an imaginary line upon which the bottom of your text sits, excluding any descenders (i.e. the line running along the bottom of capital letters.)When 3 1 you specify a value for line spacing 3b2 divides this 4 above, and 4 below the baseline.

Select [Styles/ Attributes " Font...].The font dialogue box tstd "f" will appear.

Enter a value for theText height.The ´||"· button will bring up a list of th common sizes : even if none of these is what you want, you will see that Text height can be speci¢ed in several di¡erent ways : either as a ¢xed value, or as a value relative to the current height or width of the font.

" When you choose your Text height remember that lines of text with more than about 60 characters per line, or about 12 words per line, The font dialogue box. can be di¤cult to read. Specify the rightText height for the column width or `measure'.

The two entry boxes next toTypeface display the short and long names tf of the currently-active typeface. To change this, click on either ´||"· to bring up a list (in short or long form respectively) of typefaces available on your system, and choose the one you want.

" If you would like a selected list of fonts e.g. fonts starting with the letter `g',you can insert a wildcard character in the font name. For instance if you wanted to list all the fonts available starting with the letter `g',then simply type g* into the font name box.When you type a ! or click on the ´||"· a list of available fonts starting with the letter `g' will appear for you to select from. You can use more than one asterisk when specifying a font name. If, for example, you specify

282 What is a font?

*times* then all the fonts with`times' in their name will appear e.g. Times Bold, CyrillicTimes Italic, GreekTimes Bold etc.

Line spacing is the distance between the baselines of two lines of text tlb within a paragraph.The baseline of the ¢rst line of text at the top of a column is set the full line spacing distance down.

" Line spacing is extra white space between lines of text. In the days of metal type printers achieved this e¡ect by putting strips of lead between the lines of type and the process came to be called leading.

" 3b2's default document templates default to a line spacing of 120% of the typesize (1.2*h). This gives good line spacing for most type designs. Some serifed faces, for example Times, can look OK set solid (i.e. with inter-line spacing the same as the type size). Text in tlb h large point sizes will also look OK set solid. Most sans serif typefaces ^ such as Arial or Helvetica ^ bene¢t from more space between the lines. If no line spacing is speci¢ed then 3b2 defaults to 100% of the h Before copy¢tting theActual Scale typesize ( ). will always be 100. " It is possible to specifyline spacing of less than 100% of the typesize. 1:tx1,^,^ This may make the text di¤cult to read or cause lines of text to overlap. Only specify line spacing of less than 100% if space is very Copy¢tting makes it limited, or if you are using an unusual typeface, for example a script face with a small `x-height' (the height of letters such as `a',`c',`x'etc.) easy to ¢t text to a frame of a speci¢c size. If the text is too short, it can 39.3 become bigger. Alternatives to changing type height àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà

3b2 provides two very e¤cientways of giving you the correct type height for a particular job: the Size to ¢t paragraph structure (see `Size to ¢t' on tpfmt 8 1:tx1,^,^ p.253) and `copy¢tting'. Copy¢tting, enabled on a frame-by-frame basis, allows you to change up to three text attributes at once (e.g. type height, Copy¢tting makes line spacing andword spacing) so that a block of text ¢ts your frame exactly. it easy for you to ààà39.3.1 ¢t text to a frame Copy¢tting text to a frame of a speci¢c size. A typical use for copy¢tting is where you want to ¢t a certain amount of text If the text in the so that it ¢lls a particular frame exactly.The text could be an editorial or a frame is too short, complete article. Remember that there is another useful option for it can increase in classi¢ed advertising : see `Fixing the vertical height of a paragraph' on p.303. size in order to ¢t.

283 Typography What is a font?

Select [Frame/ Attributes " Copy ¢t to frame...]. The frame t¤t copy-fit dialogue box will appear. In the Attributes or edges to scale entry box you can select up to three attributes to scale, such as type height, letter- or word-spacing, or After copy¢tting the scaling for at paragraph margins. Clicking on the ´||"· will give you a list of some least one attribute will have common attributes to scale when copy¢tting. In the list you will also changed. Here just the type height ¢nd options for Frame edges to be scaled (see the next section for has changed. details). For each attribute you can specify the minimum and maximum values to scale the attribute by. If, for instance, you have chosen th (type height) as one of the attributes to scale, you might decide not to allow 3b2 to scale it to less than 50% of its current size, or to more than 200% of its current size.

The ´Auto·, ´Once· and ´Fix· buttons specify the Scale Mode 3b2 applies to the text in the frame :

" ´Auto· will calculate copy¢tting each time 3b2 reformats the page, changing the copy¢t values if the text has changed in any way.

" ´Once· will just calculate the copy¢t values once and then automatically change to ´Fix· mode.

" ´Fix· is most useful after you have used either the ´Auto· or ´Once· options : you decide that you are happy with the result, and tell 3b2 not to change it again.

The ´Actual|Scale· entry boxes display the results of a previous copy¢tting action. You can also change the Scale Mode to ´Fix· and type in a di¡erent value, and 3b2 will use this instead of performing its own calculations.

When you have completed the dialogue box click on ´OK·. 3b2 will now reformat the text in your frame so that the whole text stream (up to any page or column break) ¢ts the frame. If this is the ¢rst time you have used copy¢tting, you may want to go back to the dialogue box again and change some settings.

" When you are happy with the result you will probably want to select the ´Fix· buttons ^ ¢xing the copy¢t values for the frame will reduce the amount of time 3b2 spends reformatting the page later on. The copy¢tting feature is very versatile, and there are several other ways of using it. You could, for instance, use it when calculating copy¢t for a long text, e.g. you have a text stream of 500,000 characters, which needs to be set in 100 pages. Copy the ¢rst 5000 characters to a new text stream, and create a frame of your intended page size / text area. Set the type height in

284 What is a font?

this frame to 10pt, and carry out the copy¢tting process on the text in this frame. Examine the results, and use the Actual Size values to establish the type sizes etc. that you need to set the job.

39.4 Copy¢tting using auto size frames àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà Instead of specifying attributes whichwill enable text to ¢t a frame, you can instruct 3b2 to auto size the frame. The frame is then scaled according to the options you selected in order to ¢t the text.

Select [Frame/Attributes " Copy ¢t to frame...].The frame copy-fit t¤t dialogue box will appear on your screen. TheAttributes or edges to scale entry box allows you to specifyhow you want copy¢tting to be achieved. Click ´||"· the frame options are listed in the Frame Edges to be scaled section.

" Frame options for copy¢tting are the same as for paragraph rules. The frame copy-fit dialogue The options are: /t=top, /b=bottom, /l=left, /r=right, /tb=top and boxwith a frame edge scaling option bottom, /lr=left and right and ¢nally /tblr=all. 3b2 identi¢es these that would balance the top and as frame options because they are preceded by a /character. bottom of a frame to copy¢t the text. 3b2 will copy¢t the text in the frame by redrawing it according to the option(s) you speci¢ed in the Attributes or edges to scale entry box. The frame is given a pseudo edge that is a represented on screen by a green dotted line. You will not be able to click on the frame by this pseudo edge, you can only select the frame at its actual boundary.

" Ifyou select more than one edge, 3b2 will try to give an equal scaling to each of the edges. If however the page boundary at any edge prevents this from happening, 3b2 will allocate additional scaling to the other edges in order to copy¢t.

" 3b2 prevents the frame boundary from scaling o¡ the page when copy¢tting. If however you want to be able to overlap the page boundary enter the code for the frame edge in uppercase. For example if you entered /tBlr in the Attributes or edges to scale entry box, 3b2 would be able to overlap the bottom of the page if necessary.

" If you want 3b2 to allocate more space to a particular edge of the If you have several frames on a page frame, enter the option more than one time in the entry box. For with frame edge rules allocated, 3b2 example, ifyou selected /tbb, 3b2 would allocate twice as much space will take considerably more time when formatting the pages.This is to the bottom frame edge than to the top frame edge. due to the fact that 3b2 has to keep trying to position the frames according to the rules speci¢ed.

285 Typography What is a font?

Ifyou use copy¢tting on an overlay,each page can be scaled di¡erently (e.g. if text on the overlay varies).This feature can be utilised for variable sized running headers.

39.5 Updating fonts in 3B2 àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà Ifyou need to install either a few new fonts or completely rewrite your font list you can do this from within 3b2. If you are installing some new fonts then the following procedure assumes that you have already copied them to a directory on your hard disk or network.

Select [File/ Update fonts...].The update font list dialogue boxwill tfnt appear on your screen. The update font list dialogue Enter the font pathnames, pathnames and wildcards, or speci¢c font box. names in the dialogue box (e.g. d:\3B2v500\).

If you are simply adding a few fonts to your font list, click ´Append·.

If you want to overwrite your entire font list, click ´Replace·. Your font listwill then be built, once 3b2 has ¢nished this youwill be able to use the new fonts in your documents.

ààà39.5.1 Updating fonts inWindows copies of 3B2

If you select [File/ Update fonts...] in the Windows version of 3b2 you tfnt get to the update font list dialogue box. This dialogue box has exactly the same features as in the DOS version except there is an ´Extended|font|support...· button.

Click ´Extended|font|support...·, the extended font support dialogue box will appear on your screen. Enable theTrueType1 fonts check box if you wish to be able to access The update font list dialogue TrueTypefonts that are installed on your system. By default this check box inWindows. box is already enabled for you.

Click ÓK|-|save·, ÓK|-|temporary· or Ćancel· to exit the dialogue box.

The extended font support dialogue box.

286 What is a font?

39.6 Automatic font usage checking by 3B2 àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà

When you are working on a document it is important to be able to check that all the fonts used are actually installed on the system.When you open a document in 3b2 the fonts that are used are automatically checked. If 3b2 ¢nds any fonts that are not installed on the system the warning - missing fonts dialogue box will appear on screen. There are two options in the warning - missing fonts dialogue box, if you click ´Continue· 3b2 will substitute the default style of Times wherever the missing fonts are used in the document. The second option is to map the missing fonts to alternative fonts that are installed on the system. Click ´Map|the|fonts· the font substitution table dialogue box will appear on your screen. The warning - missing fonts Youwill need to map each font that is missing to a font that is available. dialogue box. Click on a font that you want to map, then select a font it is to be mapped to. The Available fonts to map entry box contains a list of all the fonts that are installed on the system, click À to display the list of fonts. Use the scroll bar to move up and down the list and click on a font to select it. The mapped font will be displayed adjacent to the missing font in the dialogue box.

Click ´OK· once you have mapped all the missing fonts in the document. The document will be displayed in 3b2 with the mapped fonts in the place of the missing fonts. If you then save the document the mapped The font substitution table font will be saved so that whenever the document is loaded on a dialogue box. system where the original font is missing, the mapped font will be used in its place. You can change the mapped font that is to be used instead of missing fonts by typing the following :

ttfmap

3b2 will reformat the document and the font substitution table dialogue box will be displayed on your screen. You can then select The font substitution table alternative font(s) to be mapped in the document. dialogue box where the font M4811 has been mapped to Arial.

287 Typography What is a font?

39.7 Font options for 3B2 àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà

There is a tab within the document preferences dialogue box that a¡ects fonts.

Select [Document/ Preferences " Document...] the document tdpref preferences dialogue box will appear on your screen. Click on the Fonts tab. In the Naming section of the Fonts tab there are two check boxes, these work in conjunction with each other. The check boxes are Update all font name references and Use long font names. If both of these check boxes are enabled, wherever you have used a short font name in the document (e.g. Arial) it will be changed into its long font name (e.g. Arial bd (Monotype)). In the Font usage list section of the Fonts tab the Produce by entry box has a number of options. This entry box will a¡ect the way that your document is checked in order to produce the font usage list.

The document preferences " There are two options for the way the font usage list is produced, the (fonts tab)dialogue box with ¢rst is Scanning streams. If you select this option, 3b2 will scan the long font names enabled. document for font change commands such as to check which fonts are used, this does not however include scripts.

" The second option is Formatting document (accurate), if you select this, the document will perform a complete reformat of the document to check which fonts are used.Therefore whenever you access the font usage list, by selecting [Document/ Font usage...] the docu- ttf ment will be formatted prior to the font usage dialogue box appearing on screen. Formatting document (accurate) also a¡ects the way that your document is saved, with this option whenever you use [File/ Save] the document will automatically be formatted tsave prior to saving. The Embedded fonts section of the Fonts tab is concerned with the ability to embed font(s) into a document in 3b2. This feature is detailed in the next section.

ààà39.7.1 Embedding fonts within documents

The ability to embed fonts enables you to incorporate the fonts that are used within 3b2 documents into the document itself. This is particularly useful if you need to pass the document onto another 3b2 user who does

288 What is a font?

not have all the fonts that you use. Because the fonts have been embedded into the ¢le you can use them, even if they are not loaded onto the system. When you embed fonts within 3b2, theTrueTypeor .fnt ¢les are added to the .3d document as a special type of tag. Because the fonts are embedded, ¢le sizes may become slightly larger. The dos version of 3b2 would be able to read an embedded TrueType font from Windows, however, you could not embed a TrueType font from the dos version. It is not possible to embed encrypted fonts in 3b2 documents, such as the Maths fonts.

Select [Document/ Preferences " Document...] the document tdpref preferences dialogue box will appear on your screen. In the Fonts tab there is an Embedded fonts section which speci¢es the The document preferences way that the fonts will be embedded. The Embed entry box has four dialogue box, with the Fonts tab options : displayed. " None is selected by default, this means that none of the fonts in the document will be embedded.

" If you select the option selected fonts, you will be able to select which fonts (from those currently used in the document) to embed and how you wish them to be embedded (partial or whole). It is not possible to partially embed TrueType fonts, if this option is " Ifyou select the option all fonts partial, all the fonts in the document selected, anyTrueType fonts will be will be partially embedded. This means that for each font, only the embedded as whole fonts. characters that are being used will be embedded, instead of all the characters.

" Ifyou select the option all fonts whole, all the fonts in the document will be embedded. However, all the characters within the fonts will be embedded, not just the characters that are being used. If you enter selected fonts in the Embed entry box when you save the document the embedded fonts dialogue box will appear on your screen. In this dialogue box you need to specify how you want the The embedded fonts dialogue font(s) to be embedded. Either enable the Partial or Whole check box box, where you select which fonts to for each font. Partial means only font characters that are used will be embed and the way they are embedded. embedded and Whole means all font characters will be embedded. If you try to embed a font that is the subject of a license agreement a warning box will appear when you try to save the document. The font license protection warning dialogue box will appear on your screen. This will list any fonts that are subject to a license agreement. For copyright and legal reasons, you must seek permission from the legal owner of a font that is subject to a license agreement before proceeding with the embedding process. Once you have gained The font license protection permission from the legal owner, enable the check box adjacent to the warning dialogue box. font in the dialogue box. Click ´OK· to exit the dialogue box.

289 Typography What is a font?

At times you may wish to turn o¡ the Font license protection warnings (e.g. when running scripts to embed fonts automatically). To do this select [File/ 3B2 Preferences " Warnings...] and disable the Font License wwarn Protection check boxes in the warning preferences dialogue box. Whenyou save the document, ifyou selected Formatting (accurate), 3b2 will ¢rstly reformat the document prior to creating the font usage list. The fonts that were identi¢ed will now be embedded within the document. If you want to check that this has been done type the following :

tbrowse

The browse tags dialogue box will appear on your screen, using the tbrowse À and the slider bar select Embedded fonts (ft*), a list of all the fonts that have been embedded in the document, will be displayed in the dialogue box. When the document is opened again, all fonts that were embedded will be displayed, even if they are not loaded onto the system.

The browse tag(s) dialogue box ààà39.7.2 with embedded fonts selected. Deleting embedded fonts If you want to delete an embedded font from your document you need to use the following macro:

tefntdel

The delete embedded fonts dialogue boxwill appear onyour screen. tefntdel All embedded fonts within the documentwill be displayed adjacent to a check box.Todelete a font enable the appropriate check box.

When you click ´OK· the embedded font(s) that you selected will be deleted from the document. The delete embedded fonts dialogue box.

Youshould be absolutely certain thatyou are not infringing any font license agreement or copyright before you embed fonts. It is the responsibility of the font purchaser to comply with license/copyright requirements.

290 Controlling inter-line spacing

40 Controlling inter-line spacing

The way line spacing works in 3b2 can be modi¢ed in several ways, both manually and automatically.This section describes many of the features of 3b2 which a¡ect inter-line spacing.

40.1 Professional leading àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 3 You can over-ride 3b2's default method of allocating linespacing 4 above 1 and 4 below the baseline by specifying `professional leading' in frames. Professional leading is turned on or o¡ on a frame-by-frame basis :

Select [Frame/ Attributes " Miscellaneous...].The frame tfmisc misc. dialogue box will appear. Enable the Professional leading check box to enable strict baseline leading for the text in the selected frame.

Click on ´OK·. Leading will now be calculated from baseline to baseline : all of the `Special top drop' is useful if you linespace you specify for your text using the font dialogue box is tlb have to workwith a precise assigned above the baseline. publishers'speci¢cation, or need to align di¡erent sizes of text in columns. 40.2 Paragraph special top drop àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà

By default 3b2 sets the baseline of the ¢rst line of text at the top of a column tpdt 3 the full linespacing distance down, rather than just 4 of the way down as in subsequent lines. If you want to line up the top of upper-case characters

291 Typography Controlling inter-line spacing

with the top margin, you can change the default by using Special top drop in the h&j control dialogue box.

Select [Styles/Attributes " H&J control...].The h&j control tstd "y" dialogue box will appear. The amount of `special top drop' required to line up the top of uppercase characters with the top margin depends on the typeface design. A relative value of 0.68h works well in most cases, but experiment for the best results.

1:tx1,^,^ 40.3 Baseline or bottom breaks There are ¢ve lines of àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà text in this frame. ´Baseline· ¢t means that When 3b2 works out whether a line of text ¢ts into a column, it usually descenders are ignored allows descenders ^ i.e. anything below the baseline ^ to overhang the when ¢tting text in the bottom of the column.Youcan tell 3b2 to measure from the bottom of the frame. text line instead, in which case unless the descenders ¢t in as well the line will be taken over to the next column. This will also a¡ect the way text is vertically centred in a column, £ushed to the bottom of the column, or 1:tx1,^,^ vertically justi¢ed ; in this case measuring from the bottom means that paragraph rules are taken into account too. With ´Bottom· ¢t, the last Maths and inline items (see `Inline items'on p.475) are positioned below line in this frame would the normal baseline, and so they will always need a Bottom break to be have to be taken over to positioned correctly at the foot of a column.

join the next frame, Select [Styles/ Breaks...] and click on either ´Baseline· or ´Bottom· in tstd "b" since gjpq etc. do not ¢t. the paragraph breaks dialogue box that appears on your screen.

" ´Baseline· means descenders ^ i.e. anything below the baseline ^ are allowed to overhang the bottom of the column.

" ´Bottom· means the column must have enough space for the descenders and paragraph rules.

Click ´OK·.

40.4 Text grids àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà

You can force paragraphs of text to snap to an invisible baseline grid.This provides basic horizontal alignment for your text, and is a good way of ensuring that the text in multiple-column layouts lines up across

292 Controlling inter-line spacing

columns. Setting this up requires you to enable text snap in frames, and then enabling snap for individual paragraph styles. Snapping text to a text grid does not have any e¡ect in frames for which vertical justi¢cation has been turned on, or with paragraphs which have Force Vertical Justi¢cation enabled.

ààà40.4.1 Enabling text snap in frames Frame grids can only be used on frames to which a text stream has been assigned. If you want to see the grid Column Guides must be enabled using the screen draw level dialogue box or by pressing c+V. tdslevel

Select [Frame/ Text items "Text snap...].The snap grids for tfsnap frame dialogue box will appear. The Start point for tpsnap sets the distance down from the top of the frame of the ¢rst baseline position. Top grid line pos sets the position of the ¢rst grid line from the column top. The Alignment grid spacing is the amount of vertical space between each line of the grid.Youshould set this to re£ect the leading values of your main text, e.g. if your Body style is `12pt on 14pt' you would specify 14pt. snap grids for frame dialogue " These grid lines also enable you to move graphics or other frames so box. that they complement your basic design grid. Snapping to these lines can be turned on or o¡ using [View/ Snap grid options...] and tdgrid enabling the Snap to lines check box.

" If you enter a value of 0 no grid will be shown. 3b2 can display a line number at the start of every line, or at the start of every so many lines. If you enter a value of 0, line numbers will not be shown.

Click ´OK·. Text snap must now be enabled for each paragraph style you want to snap to the frame grid.

ààà40.4.2 Enabling text snap for paragraphs Once you have set up a frame with a grid, you must tell 3b2 which paragraphs you want to snap to the baseline grid: usually,you will want to snap paragraphs of ordinary text, but will not want to snap headlines or

293 Typography Controlling inter-line spacing

other `display' text. For best results you should enable a frame grid at the same setting as your body text linespacing, and then enable paragraph snap for all the paragraphs which share the same linespacing value. Select Snap para to col. base line grid from [Styles/ Attributes index...].The snapparatocolbaselinegriddialogue *wmn 98,0 box will appear. Ty p e On if you want to activate snap.

The snap parato col base Click ´Make|New|Style· to create a new style or ´Update|Style· to save the line grid dialogue box. settings for the style. Repeat this step for each paragraph style for which you want to use snap. Although the e¡ects of your choice may not be immediately obvious, when you reformat pages you should see that each line of text now aligns perfectly. When paragraph snap is turned on, the linespacing setting within a paragraph style will create its own invisible grid to which the ¢rst lines of each paragraph will snap. This will introduce extra space between paragraphs if necessary. Paragraph snap must be turned on for each paragraph style that needs to snap, and will be relative to the linespacing value of that style, e.g. a 12pt linespacing style will snap to a 12pt vertical grid, whilst a style using a 15pt linespacing value will stick to a 15pt grid. You should avoid snapping paragraphs with, for instance, a 15pt linespacing to a 12pt vertical grid. Text snap works by putting extra space between paragraphs, without actually changing their inter-line spacing. This means that only the ¢rst line of each paragraph actually has to sit on the baseline : if the inter-line spacing for the paragraph is wrong for the grid, the following lines will not sit on the grid.

40.5 Setting up horizontal grids àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà Several of 3b2's features can be used together to provide a simple but powerful solution to users wanting to structure their layouts using A basic four-column gridwith seven horizontal divisions. Deciding how horizontal grids. to construct a horizontal grid, and Horizontal grids impose a discipline on newspaper, magazine or how it is to be used, calls for a good catalogue layouts, and are particularly useful where there are going to be understanding of typography and illustrations. Controlling the horizontal alignment of items on the page, publications design. John Miles' and across pages, and making a creative use of `white space', add Design for Desktop Publishing (John immensely to the visual impact and professionalism of your document. Taylor Book Ventures) provides an There are several di¡erent approaches to setting up a horizontal grid in excellent and easily-understood 3b2, and achieving exactly the results you want may take some time. The introduction to using grids.

294 Controlling inter-line spacing

demogrid.3d ¢le supplied with 3b2 was set up in more-or-less the way described below, although it includes a few conditional formatting features which are not described here. We want a four-column layout suitable for magazine reviews. Type height is to be 8pt, with 8.75pt leading.

" Tokeep things simple, we decide to work in points.This means call- ing up the document preferences (units tab) dialogue tdpref box, enabling the Strict mode check box, and clicking on all the ´point· buttons. We draw a single frame covering the whole of the type area, and divide this into three columns in the normal way.We then turn the columns into individual frames and delete all but the left-most tfcolfr frame.

" Vertical justi¢cation should be o¡ for the frame. tfvjust 0

Wechange the frame height to an exact multiple of 8 ¾ 8.75pt.The most tfext convenient height turns out to be 700pt, which will divide into eight blocks of 87.5pt (10 lines).

We use frame snap grids to give the frame a text snap grid of 8.75pt. tfsnap

The frame is split into eight equal parts Down, with no extra Gap tfnsplit between frames.

The eight small frames are now grouped . tfgroup

The grouped frame is now copied, 4 across, 1 down, with a 5mm gap tfncopy between the frames. Finally, we need to make sure that our body text ¢ts the frames properly. Although the frames have a snap grid of 8.75pt,body tpsnap 1 text should be leaded very slightly less, e.g. 8.7499pt. Paragraph snap is then turned on for the body text. Having set up the horizontal grid, how do we use it ? If you are only working with a single text stream, you can move to the next point on the grid using a column break character .Youcan also select individual frames #260 and give them di¡erent text streams, or pull out some of the smaller frames so that they can be used for headings etc. Creating the grid as an underlay (see `Master Pages' on p.111) has advantages : there are no small frames cluttering the page you work on, and you can simply draw new frames over the underlay to change the text £ow.This is how demogrid.3d has been set up: there are three underlays, o¡ering two, three and four column grids, and the Body paragraph style includes conditional formatting to give appropriate type heights and leading for each di¡erent grid. If you plan to use demogrid.3d yourself, please note that it is set up to expect text in a text stream called tx1.The

295 Typography Controlling inter-line spacing

easiest way of importing your own text would be to load it into another frame, select the whole stream with a+A, copy it with c+i, and then paste it over the existing text in demogrid.3d.

296 Widows, Orphans & Vertical justification

41 Widows, Orphans & Vertical justi¢cation

Professional typesetters try to avoid ending a page with the ¢rst line of a paragraph (known as an `orphan'), or beginning a page with the last line of a paragraph (a `widow'). Avoiding widows and orphans, or using the Keep with next paragraph feature to keep headings on the same page as the text they refer to, can make it di¤cult to achieve an even page or column depth throughout a document. Vertical justi¢cation lets you counter-balance some of the e¡ects of avoiding widows and orphans or the Keep with next paragraph feature. Discussing all three elements in the same section may seem strange, but makes sense because of the way each feature can interact with the others.

41.1 Avoiding widows and orphans àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 1:tx1,^,^ You can control widows and orphans frame-by-frame with options from [Frame/ Text items " ], and on a text level using options from [Styles/ to avoid a widow line. Breaks...] or [Text/ Attributes index...]. In general, we recommend you use tstd "b" Widows and orphans the options from [Frame/ Text items " ] to set up basic settings, and then *wmn 98,1 can be very unsightly; ¢ne-tune these for individual paragraph styles and text items. research has not proved " Widow and orphan settings interact with vertical justi¢cation, which that they a¡ect reading. could become excessive in some circumstances. A tightly-set page with An orphan line starts a widow is easier to read, and looks better, than one that is very loosely set without a widow.

" Many editors are now prepared to allow orphans on left-hand pages and widows on right-hand pages. It's still desirable to avoid orphans on right-hand pages. In some circumstances it may be better to allow occasional widows and orphans, since the cure can be worse than the cold: if you apply widows and orphans control, you will almost certainly need to use vertical justi¢cation, or have uneven page depths.

297 Typography Widows, Orphans & Vertical justification

ààà41.1.1 Enabling widows and orphans control for a frame TheWidows/Orphans option prevents odd lines of text separating from the main body of a paragraph.

Select [Frame/ Text items " Widows/Orphans...].Thewidows/ tfwidows orphans dialogue box will appear. The Minimum number of ... Widow lines (top) and Orphan lines (bottom) represent the minimum number of lines that must remain in the same column with the ¢rst or last line of a paragraph.

The settings shown here are all you " SpecifyingWidow lines (top) = 1 means that there must be at least 2 really need to avoid widows and lines of the paragraph at the top of a column. orphans. " Specifying Orphan lines (bottom) = 1 means that there must be at least 2 lines of the paragraph at the foot of a column. Enable the Extended breaks mode check box if you want widows and orphans to be controlled for partial columns too ^ for example, if the text is likely to avoid another frame, but you do not want single lines to appear before or after the avoided frame.

Click on ´OK·.

ààà41.1.2 Widows and orphans control in text

The settings from [Frame/ Text items " Widows/Orphans...] are always tfwidows overridden by settings you apply to the paragraph style or any selected text. This means that you can set up sensible defaults through your frames, but ¢ne-tune the settings for individual paragraph styles or even for individual paragraphs of selected text. Click your text cursor in a paragraph to which you want to apply widows and orphans control and select either [Text/ Attributes " H&J control...] or [Styles/ Attributes " H&J control...] tta "y"

menus.The h&jcontroldialogue box will appear. tstd "y"

" Widows and orphans control can also be applied to paragraphs through the paragraph breaks dialogue box, but the settings The h & j control dialogue box you enter there will be over-ridden by those set through the h&j lets you ¢ne-tune widows and control dialogue box. orphans control for text. The Widow lines in para. and Orphan lines in para. represent the minimum number of lines that must remain in the same column with the ¢rst or last line of a paragraph.

298 Widows, Orphans & Vertical justification

" SpecifyingWidow lines in para. = 1 means that there must be at least tpwid 2 lines of the paragraph at the top of a column.

" Specifying Orphan lines in para. = 1 means that there must be at least tpor 2 lines of the paragraph at the foot of a column.

Click ´OK·, ´Make|NewStyle· or ´Update|Style·.

41.2 Setting up vertical justi¢cation àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà

After setting up widow and orphan control it is likely that there will be several pages in your document where the text does not completely ¢ll a column.Vertical justi¢cation lets you pad out the text on the page to ¢ll the full column depth. You can minimise use of extra space between lines of text (where it would a¡ect text colour and compromise the consistency of your document), and add extra space in places where no-one will notice that you've been using vertical justi¢cation ^ for instance above and below headings or subheadings. Vertical justi¢cation settings can be speci¢ed for each paragraph style, and then enabled on a frame-by-frame basis.

Select [Styles/ Vertical justi¢cation...]. The vertical tstd "v" justification dialogue box will appear. When vertical Once vertical justi¢cation has been justi¢cation is being calculated, 3b2 can add extra space to the Column set up for a paragraph style you can Top, Paragraph Top or Paragraph Bottom margins, either inside or override the way in which a outside the paragraph area, or Between Lines as extra line spacing. particular paragraph justi¢es by Extra space in these positions will a¡ect the appearance of your using one of the macros as a text document, and the trick to setting up vertical justi¢cation is to ¢nd attribute. the settings that will have minimal impact on the way it has been conceived in design terms. If there is a limit to how much space you would like to see inserted in any position, then type that maximum amount of space in the edit box next to the appropriate position. This measure can be speci¢ed in points, mm, etc, and also as relative h or w values.

" If the Max. Margin Stretch values are reached before the text ¢lls out the column depth then, by default, further space will continue to be added to the column in the same ratio as the maximum stretch amounts. If the stretch values were set to 30mm, 20mm and 10mm more space would be inserted in the ratio 3:2:1.This default behaviour can be over-ridden by setting the Enable Absolute Mode (strict) option to on.

299 Typography Widows, Orphans & Vertical justification

The Priority column allows you to prioritise where excess space will be placed. Specify a priority from 0²9.

" 0 is a high priority,i.e. it will be the ¢rst position to receive space.

" 9 is a low priority,i.e. all space will be inserted at other available positions before this one.

" Priority values work in conjunction with the Max. Margin Stretch.If you specify a Max. Margin Stretch with a low priority such as 9, space will only be added in that position after the space added to higher priority positions (0..8) has been allocated.

" If several positions have the same priority value the Max. Margin Stretch values will be inserted as ratios of one another until the maximum limits are reached. You should usually leave Always Force Vertical Justi¢cation turned o¡. When it is turned on, text is vertically justi¢ed regardless of whether (1) vertical justi¢cation is enabled for the frame or (2) the text stream £ows into another frame. This means that vertical justi¢cation will be used, for instance, on the last page of a chapter ^ which most people would usually prefer not to be vertically justi¢ed. If you specify a value in the Force VJ if space is less than entry box and there is less than that amount of space left at the bottom of a column it will be force justi¢ed. If you have speci¢ed a ¢ller stream for a frame any space that is left in the frame will be ¢lled up by that text stream. If you turn the Ignore any frame ¢llers to on this will not happen.

" When one of the paragraph styles used in your text column is force justi¢ed, the justi¢cation values for all of the paragraph styles used in the column (including 3b2 defaults if there are styles for which you have not set a value) will be taken into account when 3b2 calcu- lates its vertical justi¢cation.

" Always Force Vertical Justi¢cation (as well as all the other paragraph vertical justi¢cation features) can be turned on as a text attribute by selecting Force vert. justi¢cation in para from [Text/ Attributes index...]. *wmn 98,1

Click ´Make|New|Style· or ´Update|Style· when you have ¢nished. You may now want to change the vertical justi¢cation values of other paragraphs, particularly if 3b2's default values are not what you require.

300 Widows, Orphans & Vertical justification

ààà41.2.1 Enabling vertical justi¢cation for a frame

Unless you have turned on ForceVertical Justi¢cation your text will not be vertically justi¢ed until you enable Vertical justi¢cation for the frame containing your text by enabling [Frame/ Text items " Vertical justi¢cation]. If vertical justi¢cation is already enabled, there will be a tick tfvjust next to the menu option. As long as one of your paragraph styles has not been forced-justi¢ed with Always Force Vertical Justi¢cation or Force VJ if space is less than, vertical justi¢cation is only applied to frames whose text stream runs beyond the end of a column, i.e. into another column.This means that on pages or columns which should be left short, such as chapter endings, no vertical justi¢cation is used. All frame-based vertical justi¢cation settings are available from the frame misc. dialogue box:

Select [Frame/ Attributes " Miscellaneous...].The frame misc. tfmisc dialogue box will appear. TheVertical justify type entry box has four options.

" O¡ (controlled from styles) means that the vertical justi¢cation of The frame misc dialogue box, text in the frame is controlled by the styles and not automatically which contains the frame based turned on. vertical justi¢cation settings. " On (for over£owed columns) does exactly the same as if you enable the vertical justi¢cation for the frame using [Frame/ Text items " Vertical justi¢cation]. tfvjust

" Box (spread paragraphs evenly) will evenly space all the text areas in the frame. With this option selected you have no control over the priorities that 3b2 uses to decides how the text is spaced.

" With Box + Frames (spread all evenly) selected, 3b2 treats frames in the same way as text boxes. Frames will be redrawn by 3b2 so that even spacing by text and frames is achieved throughout the frame. Therefore, a frame may appear to have moved, however if you wish to select it it will be in its original position. 3b2 has two lower levels for vertically justi¢ed text in multi-column frames : to ´Bottom· or ´Balance|Depth·.

" When text is vertically justi¢ed to ´Bottom· the bottom baselines of each of the columns will touch the bottom of the column.

" When text is vertically justi¢ed to ´Balance|Depth· the lines will be spread to the maximum depth of any one of the columns, i.e. shorter columns are ¢lled out to the depth of the longest column. As its

301 Typography Widows, Orphans & Vertical justification

name implies, this option is most useful when used with balanced columns. Enable theAbsoluteVJ mode check box ifyou do not want 3b2 to exceed any paragraph style's Max. Margin Stretch limits in order to achieve a justi¢ed column. By using the Balance cols Before para. option from the breaks dialogue box ^ [Styles/ Breaks...] ^ it is possible to create a page with tstd "b" one or more balanced groups.TheVJ between balanced groups option allows you to add space to these groups too.

" ´No· is the default ^ all slack space will be taken up by the last group on the page, i.e. starting from the last paragraph with Balance cols Before para. enabled. It will not be possible to add space above this paragraph.

" Asettingof´Evenly· or ´Proportionally· will ¢rst allocate any space to the paragraphs with Balance cols Before para. enabled. If any spare space remains then it is divided between the groups. ´Evenly· will allocate the same amount of spare space to each group. ´Proportionally· will allocate an amount of spare space to each group that is based on the group's size. Larger groups will have more space than smaller ones.

ààà41.2.2 Improving vertical justi¢cation in a frame

When 3b2 vertically justi¢es the text in a frame it adds space so that the frame is ¢lled, top-to-bottom, with your text. Where a line would ¢t exactly, with no space left over, it is considered not to ¢t, and so you should adjust the frame's text height, top-to-bottom, to be a multiple of your main text line spacing plus .001pt or some similarly small amount. This will stop frames which contain the maximum number of text lines from being vertically justi¢ed, meaning that your own speci¢cations for linespacing will be followed.

" If you wanted a frame to contain 10 lines, each linespaced 15pt, the tfext frame height should be set at 150.001pt

41.3 Some alternatives to vertical justi¢cation àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà

Keep together Vertical justi¢cation is not always an appropriate option: its use depends (very much on the type of document you are working on. In general, the 302 Widows, Orphans & Vertical justification

more lines of text on the page the better the results.Vertical justi¢cation works well on books such as novels which are comprised mainly of text, with a few headings ; and on many kinds of report. In many documents for which pages of uniform depth are required a well-thought-out approach to inter-line spacing will either make vertical justi¢cation unnecessary,or minimise the visual impact it has.Youshould set up your Body text leading ¢rst, and then make the leading of other paragraphs a multiple of it, e.g. Body leading 13pt, Heading 26pt. We have not used vertical justi¢cation in these manuals, because quite large blocks of text have to be kept together, and using vertical justi¢cation could have meant asking 3b2 to pad out as much as a third of a page with extra white space. In fact, many technical documents broken down into lots of headed sections do not use vertical justi¢cation for just this reason.

ààà41.3.1 Changing text spacing to achieve even page depths The traditional ^ and time-consuming ^ method of achieving an even page is to take back, or carry forward, individual words within a paragraph to add or remove a line.Youcan achieve similar e¡ects by changing the way a paragraph hyphenates, or by changing the word spacing in a paragraph: a useful macro to remember is twb, which you can use to set the basic word spacing for selected text.You can also carry words forward to the next line in the traditional way: see `Specifying a ``Justify Limit'''on p.308. Another traditional trick: rather than aiming at even page depths through the whole document, many typesetters plan uniform depths across pairs of facing pages, i.e. if there are usually 43 lines to the page it will still be OK to have a facing page where both pages have 42 lines.This is an easier e¡ect to achieve, since you can simply draw frames at the foot of both pages.

41.4 Fixing the vertical height of a paragraph àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 3b2 allows you to control and set both the minimum and maximumvertical heights of a paragraph.Youcan use this feature to ensure that the ¢rst line of text below each chapter title in a book is in the same position on the page ; position paragraphs of di¡erent lengths at a given distance below each other, e.g. in forms ; or set classi¢ed ads to a ¢xed depth, e.g. 35mm.

Select [Styles/ Margins...]. The paragraph margins tstd "m" The paragraph margins dialogue box will appear. dialogue box.

303 Typography Widows, Orphans & Vertical justification

Enter the minimum vertical height of the paragraph in the Paragraph tpminh height - Minimum entry box. You may use any valid 3b2 unit of measurement, including multiples of the type height. Clicking on the ´||"· button brings up a list of useful pre-set values which you can select in the usual way.

Enter the maximum vertical height of the paragraph in the Paragraph tpmaxh height - Maximum entry box. The buttons in the Vertical Format for min/max height option specify how the text will be positioned within the settings you have chosen. The ´None· button positions your text at the top of the paragraph height.

" The ´Bottom· button positions your text at the bottom of the height.

" The ´Centre· button positions your text in the middle of the height.

" The ´Justify|IN· and ´Justify|OUT· buttons vertically justify text to ¢ll the speci¢ed height. Justify IN puts equal amounts of space at the top and bottom of the paragraph and between each line of text. Justify OUT puts equal space between each line, but does not add spaces at the top and bottom of the paragraph: This text was formatted This text was formatted

using the ´Justify|IN· button. using the ´Justify|OUT· button. There is equal space There is no extra space at betweeneachthelinesand at the top and bottom of the the top and bottom of the paragraph. paragraph. You can also specify `Justify IN' and `Justify OUT' settings using the ´Auto· button. This works with the Auto Justify Limit option under the buttons, and automatically sets the paragraph in a `Justify IN' style until the number of lines in the paragraph exceeds the number given in the Auto Justify Limit edit box. At this point the paragraph switches to a `Justify OUT' style. Enter the minimum number of lines in the Auto Justify Limit edit box. Clicking on the ´||"· button brings up a list of useful pre-set values which you can select in the usual way.

" Click on the ´Auto· button.

304 Changing your text spacing

42 Changing your text spacing

3b2 allows you to ¢ne-tune the spacing between both words and letters.You might want to do this to achieve a particular visual e¡ect, to save space, or to pad out some copy. Most typefaces lookbest at a speci¢c letter- andword-spacing.The designer mayhave been in£uenced by the way in which an historical typeface has originally been used, or have been working to a speci¢c requirement. MonotypeTimesNewRoman,totakeone - twb.2w example,hasbeendesignedtolookitsbestwiththeclosewordandletter-spacingcalled for in newspaper setting; Bembo, based on more spacious ¢fteenth-century types, - twb.333w tends to look better when set on a longer measure and with relatively generous word and letter spacing.

42.1 Default letter and word spacing àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà

Each character in a typeface is designed with a small amount of space on - tlsb .3333w:tw either side called the side bearing. You can decrease or increase this sidebearing. If you reduce letter spacing your text will have a heavier and darker appearance. If you increase the space between letters the text will appear lighter and spacier. Both increasing and decreasing the space between letters has an important e¡ect on their legibility: we recognise letters as much by the pattern of white space between them as by their actual letter shapes, and so`This' is more readable than `T h i s'.

Select [Text/ Attributes " Kerning...] or [Styles/ Attributes " tta "c" Kerning...].The spacing control dialogue box will appear. tstd "c" The Basic wordspace is the space used before inter-word gaps are modi¢ed by justi¢cation. By default 3b2 allows one third of the The spacing control dialogue typeface width as the standard word space.Youcan enter any value you box.The entry boxes for Basic want, but between .2w to .4%w would be typical values. If you are wordspace and Basic letterspace using SmartFonts you should, ideally, leave the setting at 3b2's default allow you to change the space of (.3333w), since SmartFonts have been optimised for this setting. between words and letters.

305 Typography Changing your text spacing

" Traditional `close' word spacing (also known as `3-unit'spacing) pro- duces an even page without `rivers' of inter-word spaces which can spoil wider-set text. The terms `close' (or `3-unit'),`normal' (or `4- unit') and `wide' are based on Monotype hot metal composition. 3b2's w unit of measurement corresponds exactly to the em: close spacing has a value of 0.16665w ; normal spacing is 0.22222w, and wide is 0.5w. If you want to add or remove space from either side of a letter enter values in the Basic letterspace entry box. By default 3b2 sets basic letter spacing as the sidebearing of the typeface. You can enter whatever value you want, either a set value or a relative one (e.g. +.05h).

" Small capitals should usually be letterspaced. The amount of - tlsb .05555w spacing will to some extent depend on the design of the typeface being used, since some capitals and small capitals are closer- ¢tting than others, but values such as 0.05555w, 0.1111w or .16666w give good conventional results.

" Large headings can often look better with tighter letter spacing.

" Italic can be easier to read when spaced out slightly,e.g. Italic.

Click ´OK·, ´Make|New|Style· or ´Update|style· as appropriate. Word and letter spacing can also be set through the typographic control dialogue box. You invoke this by selecting [Text/ Attributes " Spacing...] or [Styles/Attributes " Spacing...]. tta "t"

tstd "t" ààà42.1.1 Fixed pitch typefaces

For typefaces designed for fixed pitch spacing (such as Courier) set the squash/extra word and letter spacing to zero and the basic word space to .75h. Fixed pitch typefaces also look better unjustified.

42.2 Justi¢ed text àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà This is justi¢ed text: both sides of the paragraph text are set £ush against the column margins. In order to achieve this e¡ect 3b2 has had to add or decrease the space between each word and make decisions about whether, and where, to hyphenate the text (see `Hyphenating your text'on p.327). This paragraph is `ranged left',i.e. not justi¢ed.This is a good way of presenting less formal text ^ it seems more approachable.With

306 Changing your text spacing

non-justi¢ed text the word and letter spacing is always at its optimum (basic) value, and to prevent very ragged line endings you can still apply hyphenation as required.Text justi¢cation is turned on or o¡ by selecting [Styles/Justify on/o¡...].This will invoke the tstd "j" justification dialogue box, which just o¡ers a check box.

ààà42.2.1 Spacing in justi¢ed text The great American typographer Frederick Goudy remarked that `He who would space letters would steal sheep'. Allowing 3b2 to insert any extra space between letters in normal text setting destroys the patterns between letters that we need to recognise when reading continuous text ; preventing extra space between letters, conversely, makes it more di¤cult Try to avoid extra letterspacing. for 3b2 to hyphenate e¡ectively (see `Typographic settings v. hyphenation' People read word-by-word, rather on p.332). than letter-by-letter. One of the biggest aids to reading is when the Select [Text/ Attributes " Spacing...] or [Styles/ Attributes " tta "t" letters that make up a word form an Spacing...].The spacing (typographic) dialogue box will tstd "t" obvious `word pattern'.With letter- appear.The entry boxes for squash and extraWord or Letter spacing in spacing the pattern becomes less the spacing (typographic) dialogue box determine 3b2's obvious. behaviour when it justi¢es your text. The values entered in the squash column are the space you will allow 3b2 to subtract from the values you have speci¢ed for basic : if your basic Word spacing is .3w, and you are prepared to let word spacing squash to .2w, you should enter.1w in the extra box.

" Under normal circumstances you should not squashyour letter spa- c i n g ^ this is what might happen . - tlss -.15w The values entered in the extra column are theextra space you will allow 3b2 to add to the values you have speci¢ed for basic : if your basic Word spacing is .3w, and you are prepared to let word spacing stretch to .5w, you should enter.5w in the extra box.

" 3b2 defaults to a value of.3333w for extra letter spacing. Ifyour basic letter space is still at its default value, this will allow 3b2 to use letter spaces as wide as .3333w, which means that you could get s o m e - t h i n g l i k e t h i s . Our advice is always to enter a value of 0 - tlse .3w for extra Letter spacing.

Click ´OK·, ´Make|New|Style· or ´Update|style· as appropriate.

307 Typography Changing your text spacing

ààà42.2.2 Specifying a `Justify limit'

Justi¢ed text can occasionally look neater if the last line of the paragraph ¢ts the line measure exactly. This really only works when the next paragraph is to be indented or distinguished in some other way (perhaps with a margin above it).

Select [Text/Attributes " H&J control...] or [Styles/Attributes " tta "y" H&J control...].The h&j control dialogue box will appear. tstd "y"

Clickyour cursor within theJustify limit entry box and enter a value for tjl how close the end of the last line can come to the end of the line measure before it will be justi¢ed.

" As with all justi¢ed lines, if the space at the end of the line cannot be used up within the word spacing extra and letter spacing extra limits then the word spacing extra value is overridden so the line can be stretched to ¢t the measure. TheJustify Limit option is particularly usefulwhenyou have to carry aword over to the next line for some reason. Although you can insert a [Text/ Line ends " Quad return (¢ll line)] code this will start a new paragraph, #257 and the best way of carrying a word over is to use an arti¢cially high Justify limit along with a [Text/ Line ends " Soft return (line break)] code, e.g. #262 lastline¡ newline. If you need to do this often it might be worth creating a special reference for it: Make a reference tag called (for example) QJ, that contains the following text : ¡ (¡ is 3b2's soft return character, which you can enter in the macro edit bar by pressing c+e).

ttagmk "QJ.rf"

@¡

Include the reference in your text wherever you want the line break by typing @&QJ; into the macro edit bar. (This could also be assigned to a key,see `Key assignments'on p.14).

@&QJ;

308 Kerning

43 Kerning

Kerning is a way of altering the ¢t of certain letter combinations, usually to produce an optically even result. Kerning always gives better results than simply increasing or decreasing the basic letterspace values (see `Default letter and word spacing'on p.305). 3b2 gives you three ways of kerning letters : you can use individual microspace characters to change the spacing between speci¢c letters ; you can change the way the font's in-built kerning, if any, is used ; and you can create and apply your own kerning table to the font.

43.1 Kerning individual letters àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà Advent You can bring individual letters closer together or further apart using special microspace characters. This can be useful if you need to obtain optimal letter spacing of a particular word or headline, particularly if you are not using a special headline font (one that has been specially digitised, Advent unlike an ordinary font, for use at a large size) or one of 3b2's SmartFonts. 3b2's microspace and space codes are represented in the edit bar by tiny The word `Advent' with and symbols. These are shown in the table below, together with the numeric without kerning.The second code you would use to enter them directly using the escape macro bar. example has been kerned The `value' column in the table translates the various typographic manually,using microspace 1 measurements into units of 96 em, and may help you assess the codes, and looks much better relationship between each code. than the unkerned example ______at a large size. Code Symbol Description Value

______

1 136 96 em kern together -1 4 135 96 em kern together -4 1 137 6 em kern together -16 1 134 96 em kern apart +1

309 Typography Kerning

4 133 96 em kern apart +4 1 128 Å 6 em kern apart +16 1 129 Æ 3 em space +32 130 È en space +48 131 em space +96

______All of the kerning codes described above can be accessed via the 3b2 ISO character grid (see `Entering special characters'on p.B-4).

ààà43.1.1 Horizontal kern Another way of inserting a horizontal kern between letters is provided by the Insert horizontal kern option, to access this select [Text/ Text inserts " Horizontal kern...]. This invokes the horizontal shift dialogue box ths which you should complete as normal. A common mistake when ¢lling in the dialogue box is to use a º (minus) character and then press ´Backwards·. The ´Backwards· button automatically inserts a º in front of the value you enter, so the resulting code becomes meaningless.

43.2 Kerning tables àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà Using microspace codes to improve the spacing of a single word is a good start to producing a kerning table. A kerning table tells 3b2 how to space each pair of letters in a font. Like microspaces, kerning tables are usually unnecessary with 3b2 SmartFonts, which already contain up to seven levels of tracking built in, with several thousand kerning pairs. Kerning from the font manufacturer's .afm ¢les is also useable when the user converts aType 1 .pfb ¢le to 3b2 format (see Installation Manual). A 3b2 kerning table can have up to 4 separate groups of kerning pairs. These groups, numbered 1 to 4, can be individually controlled by the user, whether the kerning table is applied from the font or from a user table. Applying a kerning table to a paragraph tag or using it as a text attribute is, as you might expect, carried out through the kerning control dialogue box.

Select [Text/ Attributes " Kerning...].The kerning tta "c" control dialogue box will appear.

" The Basic wordspace and Basic letterspace options have been dis- The kerning control dialogue cussed in the section on `Default letter and word spacing'on p.305. box.

310 Kerning

The Kern disable entry box lets you disable kerning derived from a tkdis kerning table. This may be useful when text in display sizes is kerned manually, although kerning using a kerning table is still, usually, preferable.

In general more kerning is used on large sizes of type.The Font kern % tkfnt1..4 and User table kern % entry boxes specify percentage control of the four kerning groups allowed in either a font's built-in kerning table or a User kerning table if one is speci¢ed in the User kerning table name tkusr1..4 entry box.Values from 1 to 99 make kerning tighter; values from 101 to 200 make kerning looser.

" The Normal kern group (1) is usually used for normal inter-letter kerns, e.g. between `A'and `b'.

" The HP left kerning group (2) is usually used for hanging punctuation on the left of a paragraph, e.g. how far to outdent an opening quote mark.

" The HP right kerning group (3) is usually used for hanging punctuation on the right of a paragraph, e.g. how far to outdent a hyphen.

" The special kerning group (4)isusedinmost3b2 SmartFonts to turn kerning o¡ for non-lining ¢gures and all combinations with ¢gures and other characters, allowing ¢gures to align vertically in tables.

Kern before lig is discussed in the section on`Typographic ligatures'on tk¢rst p.317.

Enter the name of your kerning table in the User kerning table name tk entry box.

Click ´Make|New|Style· or ´Update|style· as appropriate. Kerning values fromyour kerning table will be applied automatically to the text. If you edit the kerning table again your text will, of course, change its kerning! If you delete your kerning table your text will not be kerned as you speci¢ed.

ààà43.2.1 Creating a basic kerning table A kerning table editor program is available from Advent Publishing Systems (see the Installation Manual.) Without it, you can create a kerning table from scratch, or edit an existing one. A default kerning table, kern.3t, is provided with 3b2.This contains 120 or so of the most common kerning pairs, as well as sample entries for hanging punctuation (groups 2 and 3) and for vertically aligned ¢gures (group 4). Like any kerning tables

311 Typography Kerning

you produce from scratch and save to disc, kern.3t can be loaded into a document using the tload macro (see `Loading tags from disk' on p.517) and edited. If you have saved a kerning table to disc you can load it in the same way. Please note that the Load user kerning table option in [Document/ Load tables " Kerning table...] is designed to load kerning tables with the tdldtab 1 extension .3ke. These are produced by the usergen kerning matrix editor, available from Advent Publishing Systems as an add-on to 3b2. The steps below take you through editing a simple kerning table from scratch. Use the ttagmk macro to make a blank kerning table tag :

ttagmk "Advent.ke"

A kerning table contains one line for every letter (or other character) for which you want to de¢ne a kerning pair. A kerning pair comprises (1) the left-hand letter, and (2) the letter on its right. 1 The numbers 15, 11 and 10 are the kern values in 96 ths of an em. If a value is preceded by a `minus' character, the characters in the pair are moved apart by the amount speci¢ed. In the section on `Kerning individual letters' on p.309 we modi¢ed the 1 kerning of the word Àdvent' using 96 em microspace characters. In- between the À'and `d' of Àdvent' we would have seen 2 characters. Looking at a similar example, all we have to do is count the number of microspace characters used to ¢nd the correct values for the kerning table. Advantage21326033 Toinclude these values in our kerning table, the following entries would be necessary.(They don't have to be in alphabetical order, but it helps keep track of things if they are.) Decimal values (e.g. 9.5) can be used but are usually not necessary since working in round numbers gives you a very ¢ne degree of control anyway. Ke Advent: 0(39) ______A:d=2 a:g=3n=2 d:v=1 g:e=3 n:t=6 v:a=3

312 Kerning

Once you have created a kerning table, you can apply it to your text (see `Using a kerning table' on p.310). Here is the word `Advantage' again, using our newAdvent kerning table with these values : Advantage This should look exactly the same as the word we kerned manually.

ààà43.2.2 Hanging punctuation

Hanging punctuation eliminates the left or right sidebearings of characters at the left and right-hand edges of a column of text, forcing punctuation into the column margin. This allows you to maintain very regular left- and right-hand edges in justi¢ed type, and is one of the few devices you can use that both saves space and enhances your typography. Hanging punctuation is used throughout these manuals ^ you may have noticed that opening quotes, when they come at the start of the line, are actually `hung' in the left column margin, similarly the hyphens at the end of a line are `hung' in the right margin.

ààà43.2.3 Kerning pair groups The basic kerning table we looked at in the last section simply kerns between speci¢c characters. A kerning table can have up to 4 separate groups of kerning pairs.These groups, numbered 1 to 4, can be individually controlled by the user, whether the kerning table is applied from the font or from a user table. In the kerning control dialogue box these groups are labelled Normal, HP left, HP right and special, although any group can contain any sort of kerning pair.

ààà43.2.4 Kerning at the start or end of a line The special character used in kerning tables to represent line starts /ends is #128. This is shown in the edit bar as a Æ character. The following lines represent groups 2 (HP left) and 3 (HP right) of a possible kerning table as you would see it in the edit bar:

313 Typography Kerning

Ke Kern: 0(456) ______Æ:'=20 `. 2 2 0 -: Æ=36 Group 4 kerns are used in 3b2 SmartFonts to turn kerning o¡ for non- lining ¢gures and all combinations with ¢gures and other characters, allowing ¢gures to align vertically in tables.

ààà43.2.5 Saving a kerning table for further use After going to the trouble of kerning a font manually, you will probably want to make your kerning information available to other documents.You can save your kerning table to ¢le using the tsaven macro with the name of your kerning table: Enter the following macro, substituting the name of your kerning table in place of Advent :

tsaven "Advent.3t"

This writes a copy of your kerning table to the 3b2 document directory on your disc (usually \3d)asadvent.3t, without removing it from your document.

ààà43.2.6 Adding a kerning table to a font Once you have made a kerning table for a particular font you can build it into the relevant .fnt ¢le. This makes the kerning information available every time you use the font, allowing you to simplify your documents by not having to load in a kerning table each time you use the font.

Save your kerning table to disc as an ascii text ¢le with all3b2 attributes tsavetxt stripped.We'll assume that you've called it advent.txt, and that the ¢le has been copied to the directory in which you keep your 3b2 .fnt ¢les.

Exit 3b2, and go to the directory in which you keep your 3b2 .fnt ¢les. For the sake of argument, let's assume that you have a font ¢le called advent.fnt, which itself contains data for two fonts, the short name codes for which are Adv1 and Adv2.

3b2 comes with a utility program called lig3b2.exe. This should either be in your 3b2 fonts directory,or in a directory listed in your path.You

314 Kerning can add kerning information to just one or all of the fonts in the Advent.fnt ¢le, by specifying their short name (i.e. code, such as Adv1) where lig3b2 requires a short_name.

" Ifyou specify a name, you must follow the way it is spelled exactly, and use upper-and-lower case in the same way. The command shown below adds kerning to just theAdv1 font.

lig3b2 advent.fnt advent.txt Adv1 k

The command shown below adds kerning to all the fonts contained in the .fnt ¢le :

lig3b2 advent.fnt advent.txt * k

When you next use the font, the kerning information you have added to it will be automatically used. If you wish to control use of your kerning values from within a document, you should now change the percentage values in the font kern % section of the kerning control dialogue box, not the User table kern % section.

315 Typography Ligatures

44 Ligatures

The most common typographic ligatures are the ¢ and £ characters. Most fonts supplied with 3b2, or for use with 3b2, are provided with in-built ligature tables to produce the character set shown in the `3b2-iso Character set' on p.B-8. Some languages (e.g. Arabic) have very complex and intricate ligature rules. 3b2 uses ligatures to provide several features which lie somewhat outside the conventional de¢nition of a ligature : most composite characters (such as a¨ e© |«o¯ u) are de¢ned through a ligature table, which could therefore also be thought of as a character mapping table. 3b2 SmartFonts (see `Revised SmartFont character set' on p.B-12) use ligature tables even more ambitiously to provide non-lining and lining ¢gures (345²âãä) in the same font, as well as fractions and a host of keyboard shortcuts such as á,R to produce a ß symbol.

44.1 Typographic ligatures àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 3b2 is one of the few desktop publishing programs to provide typographic ligatures `on the £y'. This means that as soon as 3b2 ¢nds a letter combination such as f f i in the text stream it will be converted to the correct ligature character, e.g. ¤. In order to take advantage of 3b2's ligatures you must enable ligatures for a particular paragraph style and select the appropriate level of ligature group. With your text cursor positioned inside some text select [Styles/ Attributes " Ligatures...].The ligatures dialogue box will appear. tstd "g"

Turn Simple on/o¡ on. When left o¡, ligatures are not enabled tklig Youshould use the settings shown regardless of the setting you enter in the Group (complex) entry box. here for most 3b2 fonts. System ligatures such as a¨ e© |«o¯ u can only be turned o¡ by specifying a blank User ligature table.

316 Ligatures

The Group (complex) entry box lets you specify exactly which groups of ligatures you want to enable. Clicking on the ´||"· will give you a menu to choose from.

" If you select Default, system ligatures such as a¨ e© |«o¯ uwillbeused. Typographic ligatures such as ¢, £, will not be used, and consecutive hyphens will not be converted to en or em dashes. Selecting Default is the equivalent of turning Simple o¡.

" Each ligature group in a 3b2 ligature table has a number, and ligatures from each group are combined by adding their numbers together.The menu provides an easy way of choosing the right liga- The menu attached to the Group (complex) entry box. ture group for the work you are doing and the font you are using. The ¢rst part of the menu applies to fonts mapped to `3b2-iso Character set' on p.B-8. Ligatures are organised di¡erently in 3b2 SmartFonts, which also use a di¡erent character mapping (see `Revised SmartFont character set' on p.B-12). If you are using a SmartFont you should choose an option from the second half of the menu. SmartFonts have an extra ligature group for combinations of certain capital letters with a dotless `i',e.g.T| V| W|.

" A common problem when using fonts which have been converted from standard PostScript fonts is that the letters ¡, ¤, and ¥ disap- pear.The reason for this is that 3b2 is applying group 8 ligatures to the text, usually as a result of the default setting for Group (complex) being left at (255). To avoid this problem you should usually select +¢&£from the menu to change the value to 7. The illustration below shows how The Kern before lig option lets you specify that kerning should be ì/?f' kern, and how changing the applied to the character stream before the text is ligaturised. In some setting of kern before alters the text circumstances, particularly when setting foreign languages, it is better appearance. (The most noticeable to kern using the values for the original letter in the text stream, rather di¡erence is that with kern before on than those for its replacement after a ligature has been applied. the ì/?c' kern has been disabled.) An example of when to apply a kerning table before a letter is replaced is the word `di¤cult',where the letters `f f i' are converted to the single character `¤' in some fonts. The correct kern for ì/?¤' is, if ic di¤cult however, the same as the kern between an ì/?f', and so 3b2 should apply this kern ¢rst, and then change the `f f i' into an `¤'. di¤cult The User ligature table name entry box allows you to specify your own ligature table, over-riding 3b2's default and any ligature table built in to the font itself. User ligature tables are discussed in the section on Ùser-de¢ned ligature tables'on p.318.

Click on ´Make|New|Style· or ´Update|Style· as appropriate.

317 Typography Ligatures

44.2 User-de¢ned ligature tables àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà

3b2's default ligature table is siso.3ad (kept in the 3b2 system directory). This ligature table maps characters from the *.fnt ¢le to the `3b2-iso Character set' on p.B-8. If no siso.3ad ¢le is found, or if a blank User ligature table is speci¢ed in the ligature dialogue box, characters are tlig mapped to the `PostScript character set' on p.B-10. Some fonts, including 3b2 SmartFonts, are supplied with in-built ligature tables to provide font- Please note that the Load user speci¢c character mapping. ligature table option [Styles/ One of the attractions of 3b2 is that it is relatively easy to construct even Attributes " Ligatures...] is designed the most esoteric ligature tables, giving historically authentic ligatures to load ligature tables with the such as those shown below from Adobe Caslon (when available from the extension .3lg. Unless you have been font !): supplied with ligature tables with this extension you should just use the tload macro.

If you need to, you can make your own ligature table or ^ more easily ^ modify an existing one such as that contained in the iso.3t ¢le supplied with 3b2. This ¢le contains the same ligature commands as siso.3ad,but can be loaded into 3b2 as a text ¢le or, as a tag called iso, using the tload macro (see `Loading tags from disk' on p.517), edited, and then applied to your text using the User ligature table name option in the ligatures dialogue box. Creating your own ligature tables is discussed in detail in the Macro Reference manual under tlig.

ààà44.2.1 Non-typographic uses for ligature tables The basic principle behind a ligature table ^ examine the text stream, and replace a character with one or more characters ^ can be particularly useful in certain kinds of tabular work where speci¢c details have to be entered regularly. Rather than having to key in a word, you could use a ligature table to make it possible to enter text using abbreviations. The sample ligature shown below could, for instance, make entering text in a pools coupon much quicker than typing out every club name : the keyboard operator types in á,á,S and the words `Swindon Football Club'appear in the text:

rq 245;245;label 30 rq 30;'S';dq 'S';dq 'w';dq 'i';dq 'n';dq 'd';dq 'o';dq 'n';dq ' ';dq 'F';dq 'o';dq 'o';dq 't';dq 'b';dq 'a';dq 'l';dq 'l';dq ' ';dq 'C';dq 'l';dq 'u';dq 'b'

318 Ligatures

ààà44.2.2 Adding a ligature table to a font Once you have made a ligature table for a particular font you can build it into the relevant .fnt ¢le. This makes the ligature information available every time you use the font, allowing you to simplify your documents by not having to load in a ligature table each time you use the font.

Save your ligature table to disc as an ascii text ¢le with all 3b2 attributes tsavetxt stripped.We'll assume that you've called it advent.lig, and that the ¢le has been copied to the directory in which you keep your 3b2 *.fnt ¢les.

Exit 3b2, and go to the directory in which you keep your 3b2 *.fnt ¢les. For the sake of argument, let's assume that you have a font ¢le called advent.fnt, which itself contains data for two fonts, the short name codes for which are Adv1 and Adv2.

3b2 comes with a utility program called lig3b2.exe. This should either be in your 3b2 fonts directory,or in a directory listed in your path.You can add ligature information to just one or all of the fonts in the Advent.fnt ¢le, by specifying their short name (i.e. code, such as Adv1) where lig3b2 requires a short_name.

" When you specify the name, you must follow the way it is spelled exactly, and use upper-and-lower case in the same way. The command shown below adds a ligature table to just theAdv1 font.

lig3b2 advent.fnt advent.lig Adv1 l

The command shown below adds the same ligature table to all the fonts contained in the .fnt ¢le :

lig3b2 advent.fnt advent.lig * l

ààà44.2.3 Changing 3B2's default ligature table If you want to map characters or ligatures that will appear in all of your documents you can make changes to the siso.3ad ¢le, although we advise against doing this. Errors in siso.3ad can cause 3b2 to behave unpredictably and you should therefore make a backup copy of the ¢le before making any changes to it and then test the system well using the modi¢ed ¢le.Youshould also be aware that if you transfer your document to another 3b2 system, its character mapping will only be preserved if the other system uses the same siso.3ad ¢le.

319 Typography Some special effects

45 Some speciale¡ects

There are several `special e¡ects' you can apply to your text, from simply changing the text colour to changing its weight or width.This section demonstrates these e¡ects. For more complex special e¡ects you may want to work with text in Graphics Mode, where the text tool will allow you to manipulate letters more comprehensively. The effects dialogue box allows you to change most special text e¡ects in 3b2.As with other text attributes, e¡ects can either be applied to your selected text, or to the whole paragraph style, depending on whether you have selected [Text/ Attributes " E¡ects...] or [Styles/Attributes " E¡ects...]. tta "e"

tstd "e" 45.1 Text colour àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà

Changing the colour of your text is the simplest `special e¡ect' to apply. tic Colour in 3b2 is discussed in detail in the appendix on `Colour in 3b2'on p.A-1. The Text colour entry box in the effects dialogue box relates to the inside colour of your text: text can also have a di¡erent outline colour (see below). If you are using a text outline, you may want to set theText colour to none (just type in `n') or white (type in `w').

45.2 Outline text The effects dialogue box. àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà Outline text ^ such as that shown in the heading ^ requires quite a lot of computer processing, as you would quickly see if you tried setting a whole text page in outlined type.

Select [Text/ Attributes " E¡ects...] or [Styles/ Attributes " E¡ects...]. tta "e"

The effects dialogue box will appear. tstd "e"

320 Some special effects

Enter aText colour of none or white. tic

Enter an Outline colour of black (or whatever other colour you wish). toc

If you leave Outline thickness at 0, the ¢nest line your output device is tot capable of will be drawn, i.e. the outline will be exactly one pixel wide. Youcan also enter other values, such as 2pt or 1mm. Outline thickness and colour are sometimes used as a way of `trapping'the area around letters when printing process colour separations, particularly if you are trapping the area around some coloured headline text.The trap colour (i.e. the Outline colour you specify in the effects dialogue box) toc can be determined by comparing the cmyk values for the headline and the background, and taking the highest percentages of the shared process inks, for instance :

______cm y k

______Headline 0 100 100 0 Frame background colour 60 0 100 0 öö ö ö Outline colour 60 100 100 0

______

The Outline thickness required for trapping will depend on the accuracy of tot your printer's registration and the screen ruling of the half-tone plates. This list below gives approximate values that you could try out:

______Lines per inch Outline thickness (pt)

______75 1Í2 100 Í90 120 Í75 133 Í67 150 Í60 200 Í45

______

45.3 Changing text width àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà You can obtain expanded or condensed type by using text attributes to change the text width. For one-o¡,`graphical' changes remember that you can also`draw' text with the text tool and manipulate graphic text.

RQugnRQ tw=1.5h

321 Typography Some special effects

RQugnRQ tdw=1.5w

Select [Text/ Attributes " E¡ects...] or [Styles/ Attributes " tta "e"

E¡ects...].The effects dialogue box will appear. tstd "e"

Enter the value you require for text width in the Pseudo-italic entry box. tw

Click ´Make|New|Style· or ´Update|style· as appropriate. Changing text width using the dialogue box changes the width of the text and the area surrounding it. Other attributes which depends on the text width (e.g. inter-word spacing, which can be speci¢ed as .3333w)willbe a¡ected. If you are working with text which has been coded with measurements that use w as a unit of measurement you may need to change the `display width'of your text, either using the tdw macro directly or by selectingWidth ^ text in em-square (adv.) from the ..Attr. index.

45.4 Pseudo-italic: fake italic type àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà The ability to slant type was something early photosetting systems were proud of: after 500 years of working with the rigid forms of metal type it was an attractive idea, and also made up for the limited number of type designs available on these systems. A few years on, there is no shortage of real italic designs and slanting a roman type simply to fake an italic is usually unnecessary.The example below shows the roman type, the real italic, and a fake italic. The fake italic loses most of the interesting features of the italic design:

RQENbaegn Roman type

RQENbaegn Real italic

RQENbaegn Roman with text shear 17

RQENbaegn Roman with text shear 25

322 Some special effects

Tocreate a straightforward`slanted roman'a text shear value of around 17 is recommended. Fake italic can, however, be useful when you want to achieve a special graphic e¡ect and you can use other values to obtain less conventional e¡ects ; in these manuals the shadow behind each chapter number uses a shear of 100, and a solid black number is then superimposed on it using vertical shift. tvs

Select [Text/ Attributes " E¡ects...] or [Styles/ Attributes " tta "e"

E¡ects...].The effects dialogue box will appear. tstd "e"

Enter the value you require for text shear in the Pseudo-italic entry box. ts

Click ´Make|New|Style· or ´Update|style· as appropriate.

45.5 Pseudo-bold: fake bold type and small capitals àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà

The ability to embolden your type slightly can be useful when you need to fake a small capitals font. Simply reducing the size of the fon'ts capital letters will usually result in fake small capitals which are too light, and we recommend that as well as reducing the type height to about .75h you also use a small amount of emboldening, e.g. twt .02w. 3b2 emboldens type by drawing each letter twice. The boldness of the fake bold is the distance between the original letter and the copy. This distance should not be too great, otherwise you will get e¡ects like this : AN.AN.

RQENbaegnRQENbaegn Pseudo-bold (twt .02w)

rqenbaegn Real small capitals

RQENBAEGN Properly faked small capitals (twt .02w)

RQENBAEGN Capitals simply reduced in size

To create fake small caps where you do not have a real small caps font you will need to use several di¡erent text attributes.

323 Typography Some special effects

Select [Text/ Attributes " E¡ects...] or [Styles/ Attributes " tta "e"

E¡ects...].The effects dialogue box will appear. tstd "e"

Enter the value you require for extra weight in the Pseudo-bold entry twt box. We recommend specifying a value based on the text's current height or width, e.g. .02w.

Click ´Make|New|Style· or ´Update|style· as appropriate. Real small capitals are usually slightly wider than capitals which have simply been reduced in size. Set the text display width to 1.05w. You may tdw also need to turn ligatures o¡ to avoid ligatures being applied, e.g. tklig e¡ects, and may want to change the basic letter spacing value to something like 0.1111w. tlsb

45.6 Inverse text àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà Another useful e¡ect is inverse text.This is a quickway of applying several other text attributes, although for the best results you may still want to use these and build up your own inverse text settings.

Select [Text/ Attributes " E¡ects...] or [Styles/ Attributes " tta "e"

E¡ects...].The effects dialogue box will appear. tstd "e" Turn Inverse on.

Click ´Make|New|Style· or ´Update|style· as appropriate.

Inverse text is a combination of settings for text colour,underline thickness tic and underline position. You can use the macros for these attributes tut

directly if you do not want to use 3b2's default settings for inverse text. As tup an example, the following codes create this inverse strap where 3b2's default is this :

Youcan also change paragraph background colour as a text attribute, which tpbgc will a¡ect the lines in a paragraph below it.

45.7 Lines àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà You can draw a rule over, through or under your text, and modify the weight of the rule. These e¡ects originated with typewriter-lookalike typefaces : they have a new role in modern graphic design as a way of The lines dialogue box.

324 Some special effects giving emphasis, but should not be seen as an alternative to using the proper italic, small caps and bold varieties of a type family.

RQENbaegn Underline tul

RQENbaegn Double underline tuld

RQENbaegn Strikeout tult

RQENbaegn Overbar tulo

Select [Text/ Attributes " Lines...] or [Styles/ Attributes " tta "l"

Lines...].The lines dialogue box will appear. Most of the tstd "l" settings in this dialogue box will be self-explanatory. 3b2 uses the same colour and thickness settings for underlines, overbar and strikeout.

" As a general rule Thickness should be as thick or as thin as the serifs tut of a serif typeface, or approximate to the thinnest part of the type in a sanserif typeface. If you are using more than one weight of underline in a document, the di¡erence between each weight of rule should be obvious.

Underline position is the distance between the baseline ofyour text and tup the underline rule. This should be enough to clear the bottoms of descenders such as `g' or `y'.The position of a second underline, if you have Double u/l turned on, is the same as this distance.

" The distance should be about the same as the horizontal space between letters.

" 3b2 uses the underline and overbar positions to size the black background of inverse text.

Click ´Make|New|Style· or ´Update|style· as appropriate.

The dialogue box does not include an entry box for overbar position, tovp which can be changed through the ..Attr. index.

325 Typography Some special effects

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