DOCUMENT ENGINEERING CUSTOMISED SOLUTIONS DIRECTORIES BLACKBOX TYPOGRAPHY ONLINE IN 3B2 ARABIC/CJK CATALOGUES FINANCIAL APPLICATIONS LEGAL PUBLISHING DATABASE APPLICATIONS SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING TECHNICAL PUBLISHING MEDICAL PUBLISHING DOCUMENT PUBLISHING For current online documentation please goto documentation.3b2.com 3b2 provides sophisticated tools which can help you produce professional-looking text with a minimum of e¡ort. This chapter examines several of the ways in which you can use 3b2 to achieve excellent results. Once a document, or document template has been set up, 3b2 will provide excellent typography without the user having to change the settings again.The investment of time in learning about these features is well worthwhile : maximum e¡ect for minimum outlay,with the ability to add value to every letter without having to think about it. One feature of typesetting over the past few years has been how appearance has often been sacri¢ced to convenience or the limitations of a particular typesetter's equipment. Recently, this situation has been changing as programs become more powerful, and as designers become more demanding or simply look back a little further to the books, newspapers and magazines being produced thirty or forty years ago with ligatures and properly kerned headlines. Contents Contents What is a font? 281 Measuring type in 3B2 281 Changing font 282 Alternatives to changing type height 283 Copy¢tting text to a frame 283 Copy¢tting using auto size frames 285 Updating fonts in 3B2 286 Updating fonts inWindows copies of 3B2 286 Automatic font usage checking by 3B2 287 Font options for 3B2 288 Embedding fonts within documents 288 Deleting embedded fonts 290 Controlling inter-line spacing 291 Professional leading 291 Paragraph special top drop 291 Baseline or bottom breaks 292 Text grids 292 Enabling text snap in frames 293 Enabling text snap for paragraphs 293 Setting up horizontal grids 294 Widows, Orphans & Vertical justi¢cation 297 Avoiding widows and orphans 297 Enabling widows and orphans control for a frame 298 Widows and orphans control in text 298 Setting up vertical justi¢cation 299 Enabling vertical justi¢cation for a frame 301 Improving vertical justi¢cation in a frame 302 279 Typography Contents Some alternatives to vertical justi¢cation 302 Changing text spacing to achieve even page depths 303 Fixing the vertical height of a paragraph 303 Changing your text spacing 305 Default letter and word spacing 305 Fixed pitch typefaces 306 Justi¢ed text 306 Spacing in justi¢ed text 307 Specifying a`Justify limit' 308 Kerning 309 Kerning individual letters 309 Horizontal kern 310 Kerning tables 310 Creating a basic kerning table 311 Hanging punctuation 313 Kerning pair groups 313 Kerning at the start or end of a line 313 Saving a kerning table for further use 314 Adding a kerning table to a font 314 Ligatures 316 Typographic ligatures 316 User-de¢ned ligature tables 318 Non-typographic uses for ligature tables 318 Adding a ligature table to a font 319 Changing 3B2'sdefault ligature table 319 Some special e¡ects 320 Text colour 320 Outline text 320 Changing text width 321 Pseudo-italic: fake italic type 322 Pseudo-bold: fake bold type and small capitals 323 Inverse text 324 Lines 324 280 What is a font? 39 What is a font? 3b2 uses the most common de¢nition of a font: the combined typeface and text height of the text, e.g. Times 18pt. In the days of letterpress printing these two values had to be considered together, since it was only together that they could be considered a description of a physical object ^ a piece of lead type of speci¢c design and dimensions. 39.1 Measuring type in 3B2 àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà Before you begin specifying type sizes, you may want to change 3b2's default unit of measurement for text height and inter-line spacing. This can be changed independently of 3b2's units for ordinary horizontal and vertical measurements. Select [Document/ Preferences " Document...].The document tdpref preferences dialogue box will appear. Click on the Units tab. 3b2 can measure text in a range of units, including true Anglo- 1 American points (72:27 inch), ciceros and didot points. Click on the appropriate button againstText size. The document preferences " If you want 3b2 always to show text sizes in the unit of your choice, (units tab) dialogue box. enable the Strict mode check box in the top left-hand corner of the dialogue box. " You can also de¢ne units of your own using the unit macro (see the Macro Reference manual). Click on ´OK· or ´Cancel· as appropriate. You can also set up 3b2's rulers to show typographic measurements : just select [View/ Ruler options...]. tdruler 281 Typography What is a font? 39.2 Changing font àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà Specifying a font completely involves specifying both its typeface (or design), and its height. 3b2's font dialogue box also allows you to specify a line spacing value, which again you can think of as being basic to the way you describe type. The diagram below shows how 3b2 de¢nesText height and Line spacing : Try and restrict the type sizes you use in a document to a`scale'of inter-related sizes, perhaps starting Line spacing Text height ) from the smallest and progressing ( upwards in logical steps, The text height is the distance between the tops of the ascenders and the e.g. 1, 1.5, 2 ¾ the basic height. bottoms of the descenders in your type (shown in grey).The baseline is an imaginary line upon which the bottom of your text sits, excluding any descenders (i.e. the line running along the bottom of capital letters.)When 3 1 you specify a value for line spacing 3b2 divides this 4 above, and 4 below the baseline. Select [Styles/ Attributes " Font...].The font dialogue box tstd "f" will appear. Enter a value for theText height.The ´||"· button will bring up a list of th common sizes : even if none of these is what you want, you will see that Text height can be speci¢ed in several di¡erent ways : either as a ¢xed value, or as a value relative to the current height or width of the font. " When you choose your Text height remember that lines of text with more than about 60 characters per line, or about 12 words per line, The font dialogue box. can be di¤cult to read. Specify the rightText height for the column width or `measure'. The two entry boxes next toTypeface display the short and long names tf of the currently-active typeface. To change this, click on either ´||"· to bring up a list (in short or long form respectively) of typefaces available on your system, and choose the one you want. " If you would like a selected list of fonts e.g. fonts starting with the letter `g',you can insert a wildcard character in the font name. For instance if you wanted to list all the fonts available starting with the letter `g',then simply type g* into the font name box.When you type a ! or click on the ´||"· a list of available fonts starting with the letter `g' will appear for you to select from. You can use more than one asterisk when specifying a font name. If, for example, you specify 282 What is a font? *times* then all the fonts with`times' in their name will appear e.g. Times Bold, CyrillicTimes Italic, GreekTimes Bold etc. Line spacing is the distance between the baselines of two lines of text tlb within a paragraph.The baseline of the ¢rst line of text at the top of a column is set the full line spacing distance down. " Line spacing is extra white space between lines of text. In the days of metal type printers achieved this e¡ect by putting strips of lead between the lines of type and the process came to be called leading. " 3b2's default document templates default to a line spacing of 120% of the typesize (1.2*h). This gives good line spacing for most type designs. Some serifed faces, for example Times, can look OK set solid (i.e. with inter-line spacing the same as the type size). Text in tlb h large point sizes will also look OK set solid. Most sans serif typefaces ^ such as Arial or Helvetica ^ bene¢t from more space between the lines. If no line spacing is speci¢ed then 3b2 defaults to 100% of the h Before copy¢tting theActual Scale typesize ( ). will always be 100. " It is possible to specifyline spacing of less than 100% of the typesize. 1:tx1,^,^ This may make the text di¤cult to read or cause lines of text to over- lap. Only specify line spacing of less than 100% if space is very Copy¢tting makes it limited, or if you are using an unusual typeface, for example a script face with a small `x-height' (the height of letters such as `a',`c',`x'etc.) easy to ¢t text to a frame of a speci¢c size. If the text is too short, it can 39.3 become bigger. Alternatives to changing type height àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà 3b2 provides two very e¤cientways of giving you the correct type height for a particular job: the Size to ¢t paragraph structure (see `Size to ¢t' on tpfmt 8 1:tx1,^,^ p.253) and `copy¢tting'. Copy¢tting, enabled on a frame-by-frame basis, allows you to change up to three text attributes at once (e.g. type height, Copy¢tting makes line spacing andword spacing) so that a block of text ¢ts your frame exactly.