Description of the Passaic Quadrangle
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DESCRIPTION OF THE PASSAIC QUADRANGLE By N. H. Darton, W. S. Bayley, R. D. Salisbury, and H. B. Kummel. GEOGRAPHY. ing from 500 to 800 feet. This escarpment number of large tributaries which rise in the High and the north-central portion of Staten Island By N. H. DARTON. extends in a nearly straight line from Pompton to lands, of which the principal ones are Pompton exhibit metamorphic schists, of Ordovician age, Morris Plains, following a fault which lifts pre- and Rockaway rivers. The main stream enters and serpentine, and the southeastern part of the LOCATION. Cambrian rocks high above the Newark rocks. the quadrangle northwest of Plainfield, flows area is underlain by clays and sands of the Creta The Passaic quadrangle is bounded by parallels The Piedmont Plateau is very much lower and northeastward and northward for 20 miles, then ceous. Over all but the southwestern corner of 40° 30' and 41° north latitude and meridians 74° smoother than the Highlands. It consists largely eastward for 12 miles, crossing the Watchung the quadrangle is spread a mantle of drift com and 74° 30' west longitude, covering one-fourth of of wide areas of gently undulating lands having an Mountains in wide depressions, and thence flows posed of sand, clay, and bowlder deposits brought a square degree. It is approximately 35 miles in altitude of 200 to 400 feet along its western mar southward into Newark Bay, thus following a by the ice of the continental glaciers. In many length and 26 miles in width and has an area of gin and sloping down below sea level on Hudson remarkably tortuous course. Hackensack River, areas the underlying rocks, are deeply covered by about 905 square miles. The greater part of the River, Newark Bay, and Staten Island. Most of its which may be regarded as a branch of the Passaic, drift and appear only in isolated exposures. Glacial district lies in New Jersey, but its southeastern ridges and valleys trend northeast and southwest, rises in the northeastern corner of New Jersey and lake deposits cover portions of the upper Passaic corner includes Staten Island, the west end of Long with the strike of the rocks. From the wide plains drains a region of considerable extent lying along Valley and alluvial deposits occur along the Island, the south end of Manhattan Island, and rise a number of ridges of which the most promi the west slopes of the Palisade Ridge. Below the streams. Some of the valleys contain large fresh several small islands also belonging to New York. nent are First and Second Watchung mountains. town of Hackensack it occupies a valley 4 miles in water marshes, and along the tidal estuaries, notably In New Jersey it includes the counties of Union The south end of the Palisade Ridge extends along width largely filled by tide-water marsh which con Hackensack River, Newark Bay, Raritan River, and Essex and portions of Hudson, Passaic, Bergen, the eastern side of the plateau, and west of the tinues to Newark Bay and along its western side. and Arthur Kill, there are extensive salt marshes. Morris, Middlesex, and Somerset. The New York Watchung Mountains rises an interrupted ridge Above Little Falls, the Passaic has a very low area is all in New York City, comprising the bor comprising Long Hill, Riker Hill, Hook Mountain, declivity, falling only 40 feet in a distance of 25 PRE-CAMBRIAN ROCKS. ough sof Richmond and portions of the boroughs of and Packanack Mountain. These ridges are caused miles. Owing to this low grade, its valley is very By W. S. BAYLEY. Brooklyn and Manhattan. The region is thickly by thick sheets Of igneous rock inclosed in the flat and contains a number of extensive fresh-water INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT. populated, and the greater part of the land is under sandstones and shales of the Newark group and marshes or meadows, especially in the district north GBKBRAL RELATIONS. cultivation or occupied by buildings. The quad their prominence is due to their great hardness as of the terminal moraine. Its branches in the High The Highlands of southeastern New York and rangle contains, besides a portion of New York compared with the inclosing strata. Snake Hill lands are streams with rapid fall, flowing in part New Jersey form a part of the Appalachian Prov City, the cities of Newark, Hoboken, Jersey City, (Hudson County) and the semicircular ridge near through flat-bottomed valleys of moderate width ince. They lie within an irregularly bounded and Paterson, Elizabeth, Passaic, Plainfield, Rahway, New Vernon are of similar nature. The Watchung and at intervals crossing the ridges in narrow, complexly interrupted area of rocks older than the and Perth Amboy, and numerous towns and vil Mountains average somewhat higher than 500 feet, rocky gorges. Raritan River flows across the Cambrian, which extends from Schuylkill River at lages in New Jersey. and an altitude of 866 feet is attained in High southwestern corner of the quadrangle and receives Reading, Pa,, northeastward across Hudson River Mountain, a peak on a portion of Second Watchung a moderate amount of local drainage in the region into Putnam and southern Dutchess counties, N.Y.; TOPOGRAPHY. Mountain known as Preakness Mountain. The west and south of the terminal moraine. Two of eastward across Putnam County into the edge of This quadrangle exhibits a considerable variety Watchung ridges rise from plains averaging about its smaller branches, Ambrose Brook and Bound Fairfield County, Conn.; and from Putnam County of topography, representing several distinct geo 200 feet in altitude and are characterized by rocky Brook, flow to the west and northwest for some southward across Westchester County to Manhat graphic provinces. The northwestern corner lies escarpments on the east and gentle slopes on the distance within this quadrangle. Rahway River tan Island. This roughly hook-shaped area is in the Highlands, consisting mostly of gneiss, but west. The Palisade Ridge is of similar form, but is a small stream that rises in the valley between bounded on the inside by the belt of Mesozoic. the larger part of the area to the east extends across it rises from lands near or at sea level and declines First and Second Watchung mountains west of rocks belonging to the Newark group, which the Piedmont Plateau, underlain by the Newark from an altitude of 220 feet in Union Township to Orange and flows through the wide gap near extends from the Hudson Palisades southwest- sediments; .<nJ. in the southeastern portion is a sea level on Bergen Point. The Watchung ridges Milburn and thence southward across a drift- ward across New Jersey and Pennsylvania. small area of the Coastal Plain, underlain by Cre have notably level crest lines, which, together covered plain, emptying into Arthur Kill east Around the periphery of the pre-Cambrian taceous formations. with the higher portion of the Palisade Ridge and of Rahway. Elizabeth River drains the slopes area on the northwest, north, and east, the The Highlands area consists of numerous high, the high hills of Staten Island, are believed to west of Newark and empties into Arthur Kill a rocks are Paleozoic. The boundary between rocky ridges forming a portion of the system known define the eastward extension of the Schooley plain. short distance west of Newark Bay. the area of ancient crystalline rocks and the as the Passaic Range. These ridges trend south The Watchung ridges are crossed by Passaic River Newark belt is on the whole a simple on.e, but west and northeast and are approximately parallel. through wide U-shaped gaps at Little Falls and DESCRIPTIVE GEOLOGY. the line limiting the older rocks against thoae of They rise very prominently along their southeastern Paterson, and by Rahway River through a similar Paleozoic age is sinuous in the extreme. The GENERAL RELATIONS. edge, but on the west they are not so prominent and gap at Milburn. Great Notch, south of Paterson, irregularity of this boundary and the occurrence approach in character the more perfectly plateau- is a deep gap only partly occupied by watercourses. By N. H. DARTON. of many strips of the Paleozoic formations within like ranges of the region farther west. If the val The western margin of the Coastal Plain in the The Passaic quadrangle includes portions of sev the general district occupied by the pre-Cambrian leys were filled, the surface of the Highlands would Passaic quadrangle is somewhat indefinite, but eral geologic provinces which present great diversity rocks result largely from the presence of many be a plateau sloping gently to the southeast. South generally it may be considered to follow the Cre in rocks and structure. It extends entirely across northeast-southwest corrugations of the sort char west of Splitrock Pond the ridges are short and taceous boundary from a point south of Metuchen, the belt of rocks of the Newark group which acterizing the Appalachian region, to use that their crests have an east-west or southeast-north through Woodbridge, and across Staten Island to reaches from Rockland County, N. Y., across term in its broadest application. west direction. This departure from the normal Stapleton. On Long Island it begins near Go wanus New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Maryland into The lower Cambrian formations may have been trend of the ridges is due to structural conditions Bay. The lands are low and everywhere margined Virginia. In the northwest corner of the quad deposited over the whole region, but they now the most prominent structural features, schistosity by tide water, but the relief is considerably rangle is a small portion of the Highlands area appear only in the areas where they were pro and banding, in this neighborhood, trending east heightened by the presence of hills of glacial drift, of pre-Cambrian gneisses and limestone.