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Environmental Impact Assessment Report of the Proposed Container Terminal Modernisation Project for Kenya Ports Authority

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report of the Proposed Container Terminal Modernisation Project for Kenya Ports Authority ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT OF THE PROPOSED CONTAINER TERMINAL MODERNISATION PROJECT FOR KENYA PORTS AUTHORITY Prepared by: Client: H.O. ADALA, LEAD EXPERT & EARTH MATTERS CONSULTING KENYA PORTS AUTHORITY CANNON TOWERS, 3RD FLOOR P.O. BOX 95009 P.O. BOX 42269 TEL. 2312211/2221211 TEL 222861 MOMBASA MOMBASA MAY 2007 SPECIALISTS Name Affiliation Field of expertise Hezekiah Lead expert Environment Engineer Adala EIA/EA Cannon Towers, 3rd Floor P.O. Box 42269, Mombasa Tel 222861 Patrick Cannon Towers, 3rd Floor Marine Ecologist Gwada P.O. Box 42269, Mombasa Tel 222861 Dr. Daniel Kenya Marine And Fisheries Research Institute Environmental Munga (KMFRI), http://www.kmfri.co.ke Chemist/Pollution Expert P.O. Box 81651, Mombassa, Kenya. Telephone 254-11-475154; 472527; Fax: 254-11-475157; Dr. Michael Kenya Marine And Fisheries Research Institute Oceanographer Nguli (KMFRI), http://www.kmfri.co.ke P.O. Box 81651, Mombassa, Kenya. Telephone 254-11-475154; 472527; Fax: 254-11-475157; David Kenya Marine And Fisheries Research Institute Oceanographer Kirugara (KMFRI), http://www.kmfri.co.ke P.O. Box 81651, Mombassa, Kenya. Telephone 254-11-475154; 472527; Fax: 254-11-475157; Saeed Earth Matters Consulting Environmental Planner Mwaguni P.O. Box 2707-80100, Mombassa, Kenya. Jacob Kenya Marine And Fisheries Research Institute Socio-Economist Ochiewo (KMFRI), http://www.kmfri.co.ke P.O. Box 81651, Mombassa, Kenya. Telephone 254-11-475154; 472527; Fax: 254-11-475157; Fredrick Cannon Towers, 3rd Floor Environmental Scientist Owiti P.O. Box 42269 Tel 222861 Mombasa ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT xi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xiii 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Requirement for an Environmental Impact assessment Study 2 1.2 Present Environmental Conditions Within Mombasa Port And Its Environs 2 1.2.1 Management Structure 2 1.2.2 Water Quality 2 1.2.3 Air Quality 5 1.2.4 Sediment Quality 6 1.2.5 Ecosystem 6 1.3 Terms of Reference for Environmental Impact Assessment 7 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 13 2.1 Project Components 13 2.1.1 Quaywall 13 2.1.3 Buildings 16 2.1.4 Access Road 17 2.1.5 Railway 17 2.1.6 Dredging 17 2.2 Justification for the Project 18 2.2.1 Rapid Increase in Volume of Containerized Cargo 18 2.2.2 Inadequate Capacity of Port Access Roads 19 2.2.3 Competition from Other Ports 20 2.3 Consideration of Alternatives 20 2.3.1 Plan 1: Proposal by PCI 20 2.3.2 Plan 2: Proposal by RH (Master Plan) 22 2.3.3 Plan 3: The Project (Proposed by Japan Port Consultants), 2006 24 2.3.4 Alternatives of Sites for Dumping of Dredged Material 28 2.3.5 The No Action Alternative 30 2.4 Project Cost 31 3.0 BASELINE INFORMATION 32 3.1 Landscape, Topography and Geology 32 3.2 Climate 32 3.3 Hydrology 32 3.4 Soils 33 3.5 Population 35 iii 3.6 Demographic Characteristics 35 3.7 Physical Infrastructure 37 3.7.1 Sea, Road, Rail and Airport networks 37 3.7.2 Electricity Supply 38 3.7.3 Water Supply 38 3.7.4 Housing and Sanitation 39 4.0 POLICY, INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK 41 4.1 Introduction 41 4.2 Environmental Policy 41 4.3 Institutional Arrangements 42 4.4 Legal Framework 42 4.4.1 The Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act, 1999 43 4.4.2 The Environment Impact (Assessment and Auditing) regulations, 2003 44 4.4.3 The Water Act 2002 (No. 8 of 2002); Laws of Kenya 44 4.4.4 The Factory and Other Places of Work Act, Laws of Kenya; Chapter 514 45 4.4.5 The Factories (First Aid) Rules, Legal Notice No.160, 1977 45 4.4.6 The Physical Planning Act; Laws of Kenya, Chapter 286 45 4.4.7 Local Government Act (Cap 265) 45 4.4.8 Kenya Ports Authority (KPA) Act 46 4.4.9 Kenya Maritime Authority Act 46 5.0 CONSIDERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH DREDGING AND DREDGED MATERIAL DISPOSAL 48 5.1 Dredging Methods and Equipment: 48 5.1.1 Hopper Dredges. 49 5.1.2 Cutterhead Dredges. 51 5.1.3 Dustpan Dredge. 53 5.1.4 Sidecasting Dredges. 54 5.1.5 Dipper Dredges. 55 6.0 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF PORT REITZ ESTUARY AND MOMBASA NEAR SHORE WATERS 60 6.1 Introduction 62 6.2 Objectives 62 6.3 Methods 63 6.4 Prevailing Baseline Conditions 63 6.4 1 Coastal Climate and Oceanic Circulation 63 6.4 2 The Monsoon seasons-Wind regime 63 6.4 3 Atmospheric pressure: 66 6.4.4 Rainfall 68 iv 6.5 The Marine Waters 69 6.5.1 The Oceanographic Conditions 69 6.5.2 Near-shore circulation 74 7.1 Introduction 80 7.2 Methodology 81 7.3 Water Quality 83 7.4 Sediment Quality 85 7.5 Biota Quality 89 7.6 Air Quality 90 7.7 Noise Levels 91 8.0 The Biological Environment – Marine and Terrestrial Life 93 8.1 Introduction: 93 8.2 Specific Objectives: 93 8.3 Methodology: 93 8.3.1 Site description: 93 8.3.2 Base data: 94 8.3.3 Field survey plan and design (including equipment description) 96 8.5 Baseline Data and Conditions – Marine Biological Communities 100 8.5.1 General Characterization: 100 8.5.2 Detailed Characterizations: 106 8.5.2.1 Marine Vegetation: 106 8.5.2.2 Marine Fauna: 116 9.0 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE PROJECT 153 9.1 INTRODUCTION 153 9.1.1 Maritime Transport 153 9.1.2 Road Transport 154 9.1.3 Air Transport 155 9.1.4 Railway Transport 155 9.1.5 Energy 156 9.1.6 Water Supply 156 9.1.7 Sanitation 156 9.1.8 Population 157 9.1.9 Fisheries 158 9.1.10 Mining 160 9.2 OBJECTIVES 160 9.3 METHODOLOGY 160 v 9.3.1 Study area 161 9.3.2 Data collection 161 9.3.3 Data analysis 162 9.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 163 9.4.1 Living and Livelihood Conditions 163 9.4.2 Community Services 166 9.4.3 Community’s Perception of the Development 170 10.0 TRAFFIC VOLUME AND NOISE SURVEY 172 10.1 Land Traffic Survey 172 10.2 Maritime Accident Survey 182 10.3 Noise Level Measurement 186 10.3.1 Introduction 186 10.3.2 Legislation and Standards. 187 10.3.3 Methodology. 187 10.3.4 Instrumentation. 188 10.3.5 Remarks And Conclusion. 188 11.1 Socioeconomic Impacts Error! Bookmark not defined. 11.1.1 Positive Impacts Error! Bookmark not defined. 11.1.2 Negative Impacts Error! Bookmark not defined. 11.1.3 Proposed Mitigation for Socioeconomic Impacts Error! Bookmark not defined. 11.1.4 Requirement for a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) Error! Bookmark not defined. 11.2 Impacts Related To Dredging and Dredged Material Disposal 189 11.2.1 Impacts of Dredging 193 11.2.2 Impacts of Dredged Material Disposal 195 11.2.3 Mitigation for Dredging and Dredged Material Disposal 197 11.3 Ecological Impacts 197 11.3.1 Key issues 197 11.3.2 Marine environments 198 11.3.3 Impacts on Terrestrial environments 198 11.4 Impacts Related to Construction of Berths and other Waterside Structures 205 11.4.1 New Habitats Formed by Structures (Especially Pilings) 205 11.5 Contamination Arising as a Result of Discharge From Ships 206 11.5.1 Discharge of Garbage and Litter 206 11.6 Land-Related Impacts Error! Bookmark not defined. 11.6.1 Dust (Fugitive Emissions) Error! Bookmark not defined. 11.7 Impacts from Port Operations and Waterfront Industry Error! Bookmark not defined. 11.7.1 Sanitary Wastes 207 11.7.2 Noise from Port Traffic and Terminal Operations 207 11.8 Evaluation of Significance - Impact Analysis 209 vi 12.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 211 12.1 Introduction 220 12.2 Mitigation Measures 220 12.2.1 Mitigation for Dredging Impacts Error! Bookmark not defined. 12.2.2 Mitigation for Increased Vessel Traffic Error! Bookmark not defined. 12.2.3 Development of Shore Facilities for Receiving Ship Generated Sewage and Garbage Error! Bookmark not defined. 12.2.4 Mitigation for Spills Error! Bookmark not defined. 12.2.5 Requirements for Land Restoration Error! Bookmark not defined. 12.2.6 Compensation for Loss of Fishing Grounds Error! Bookmark not defined. 12.3 Summary of Mitigation Measures for Key Impacts Error! Bookmark not defined. 12.4. Estimated Costs of Mitigation Measures 222 12.5 Environmental Monitoring Programme 223 12.5.1 Internal Audit 226 Location 230 12.5.2 Review of the Environmental Management Plan 230 References 233 ANNEXES 236 Annex 1: Public Consultation and Participation 237 Annex 2: Public Consultation Form 255 Annex 3: Questionnaire for Stakeholder Consultation 258 Annexe – 4: Biological Characteristics: Phytoplankton 260 Annexe – 5: Biological Characteristics: Zooplankton 263 Annexe – 6: Biological Characteristics: Macrobenthos (including infauna) 267 Annexe 7: Other Specialists 270 vii ACCRONYMS AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome BOD Biological Oxygen Demand COD Chemical Oxygen Demand DRC Democratic Republic of Congo EACC East African Coastal Currents EAM East African Environmental Management Company Ltd ECD Empty Container Deport EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMCA Environmental Management and Coordination Act FAN Forest Action Network GBHL Grain Bulk Handlers Limited GOK Government of Kenya IMSR Inter Monsoon Short Rains IMLR Inter Monsoon Long Rains ITCZ Inter Tropical Convergence Zone JBIC Japan Bank for International Cooperation JPC Japan Port Consultants KESCOM Kenya Sea Turtle Conservation Committee KEFRI Kenya Forestry Research Institute KARI Kenya Agricultural Research institute KMA Kenya Maritime Authority KMFRI Kenya Marine & Fisheries Research Institute KWS Kenya Wildlife Service KPA Kenya Ports Authority NEC National Environmental Council NEM North Eastern Monsoon NEMA National Environment Management Authority NGOs Non Governmental Organisations NMK National Museums of Kenya NWCPC National Water Conservation & Pipeline Corporation OSMAG Oil Spill Mutual Aid Group OSRAT Oil Spill Response Action Team viii PCI Pacific Consultants International RH Royal Haskoning RMG Rail Mounted Gantry RTG Rubber Tyred Gantry SEC South Equatorial Current SLP Sea Level Pressure SH Stakeholders SSG Ship to Shore Gantry TDS Total Dissolved Solids TSS Total Suspended Solids TOR Terms of Reference TEU Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit TGS Total Ground Slot UNEP United Nations Environment Programme WWF World Wildlife Fund MARPOL International Convention for Prevention of Marine Pollution ix CERTIFICATION Certification by Lead Expert: I hereby certify that the environmental impact assessment report has been done under my supervision and that the audit criteria, methodology and content reporting conform to the requirements of the Environmental Management and Coordination Act, 1999.
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