Summary of the Preliminary Study for Grant Aid Project (draft) 1. Title of the Cooperation Project The New Gateway Road Upgrading Project in the Republic of Kenya 2. Categorization and its Reason 2.1 Categorization: Category B 2.2 Reason: (1) There are two religious facilities encroached to the right-of-way (ROW). A number of street traders in and around the road reserve need to be relocated. However, no involuntary resettlement is foreseen due to the project. Responsible and implementing agencies, Ministry of Roads (MOR) and Kenya Urban Road Authority (KURA), have paid due consideration to the PAPs (Project Affected Persons) such as compensation. (2) Any significant negative impacts are not expected due to the project because there will be no land reclamation, land development and land clearing. (3) The proposed project is required an EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) in accordance with the Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act, 1999 and the Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2003. 3. Outline of the Location 3.1 Social Environment (1) Project site The project site is located in Changamwe Division, Changamwe District in Coast Province, as shown in Figure 1, and belongs to Municipality Council of Mombasa. The area of Changamwe District is 54.5km2. Changamwe Division is composed of three Locations, namely, Changamwe, Chaani and Port Reitz. (2) Demography According to the 2009 census, the population of Changamwe District was 131,552 and the number of household was 40,984. The female and male population accounted for 47.1% and 52.9% respectively. The population density of Mombasa Municipality was 3,192 persons per square kilometer in 2001. (3) Land Use The area along the project roads is residential and commercial zones. There are no agricultural land and nature parks along the roads. A large number of carriers have Container Freight Station (CFS) along Port Reitz Road. There are many plants within the Locations such as a refinery, an oil-fired power plant and port related industries. (4) Social Infrastructure and services There are 80 primary schools (20 public and 60 private) and 15 secondary schools in Changamwe Division. Seven churches and three mosques are found along the project roads. Residents in these Locations use to go daily shopping to the market at Kongowea, mainland north by minibus (matatu). Any cultural heritage and monument do not exist in the Chamgamwe Division. Figu re 1 Map of the Project Site The main sources of water supply in Mombasa District are the Mzima Spring and Baricho Water works. In general, there is a shortfall of about 35 % of the daily water demand, which is met by tapping the groundwater sources. Therefore, a significant proportion of the population relies on groundwater for their potable water needs. Also, many water venders can be found along the streets in Changamwe. (5) Regional economy and employment Statistical Abstract 2009 shows that the percent of wage employment by industry in Mombasa in 2007 was high in manufacturing (20%) and transport and communication (23%), and low in agriculture and forestry (less than 1%). These percentages may indicate characteristics of a port industrial city of Mombasa. The unemployment rate of Coast Province was estimated to be 11.7%. (6) Poverty According to “Geographic Dimensions of Well-Being in Kenya, Central Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Planning and National Development (2007)”, the poverty line is determined and based on the expenditure required to purchase a food basket that allows minimum nutritional requirements to be met (set at 2,250 calories per adult equivalent per day) in addition to the costs of meeting basic non-food needs. In Kenya, this poverty line was estimated to be 1,239 Ksh and 2,648 Ksh for rural and urban households respectively. The estimated percent of individuals below the poverty line (2,648 Ksh) of Changamwe Division is 48% (Changamwe Location 40%, Port Reitz Location 43% and Chaani Location 46%). (7) Sanitation In Mombasa City a quarter of the city is covered by sewerage. In Changamwe Division only a portion of the areas along the Old Mombasa-Nairobi Road and Airport Road are sewered. Where this is available, lack of a treatment plant results in the direct discharge of wastewater into the ocean. In the unplanned houses, use of septic tanks and pit latrines is common. Like the soakage pits that serve the septic tanks, most of the pit latrines are sunk to the water table to prevent them from filling up fast. This results in the direct contamination of groundwater resources with sewage. (8) Medical care There are two public hospitals in Changamwe Division. Port Reitz District Hospital is located at the end of Port Reitz Road. The hospital operates a mental institute, a children's hospital and medical training centre. According to Statistical Abstract 2009 (Kenya National Bureau of Statistics), the leading cases of outpatient morbidity for 2008 for over 5 years in Coast Province were Malaria (29%), respiratory diseases (23%), skin diseases (8%) and diarrheal diseases (6%). (9) HIV/AIDS The estimated population of adult ages 15-64 years in 2007 was 20 million, according to Government projections from 2006. With a national HIV prevalence of 7.1%, Kenya had an estimated 1.4 million adults living with HIV in 2007. Looking at the estimated prevalence by province, Nyanza has the highest 14.9%, Nairobi is the second 8.8%, and Coast is 8.1% (Female: 9.5%, Male: 6.3%). 3.2 Natural Environment (1) Cilmate Climatic variations in Mombasa district are attributed to the SE Monsoon winds (April and September) and the NE Monsoons (October to March), and the oceanic influence. Temperatures in the coastal areas are moderate, with the mean minimum and maximum ranging between 22º C and 33ºC, at the highest particularly around March. The mean rainfall in the coast region ranges from 1,397 mm in the south decreasing to 889 mm in the north and occurs in two periods. The rains occur during the inter-monsoonal period, with the long rains starting from March to June, while the short rains occur from October to December. (2) Biodiversity, Flora and Fauna According to Kenya Wildlife Service, there are two National Reserves in Coast Province: Mombasa Marine National Park and Reserve and Shinba Hills National Reserve. Upstream of Port-Reitz Creek, mangrove ecosystem still remains. Observing the present fishing activities in this area, regional aquatic ecosystem is still kept in productive condition. The project site is classified into an “Urban and built-up areas”. No environmentally sensitive areas, such as coral reef, mangrove, and biological sanctuary are involved. 3.3 Environmental Concerns and Pollution Control (1) Air pollution Residents along the project roads in Changamwe Division are suffering from the dust stirred up by container trucks. There are several air pollutants emission sources in the Locations such as the refinery, oil-fired power plant and fire at landfill site. However, no monitoring data of ambient air quality is available and because Air Quality Regulations have not been effective. (2) Noise and vibration Another issue of automobile pollution is noise and vibration. However, monitoring data of noise and vibration is also not available. (3) Waste Municipal solid waste is dumped at Kibarani landfill site along to Makupa Causeway. This site has been almost filled up and causes environmental problems such as fumes and coastal water pollution due to the uncontrolled leachate. The landfill site is planned to be relocated to Mwakirunge from Kibarani. The solid waste is illegally dumped on the shoulder and in ditches of the project roads. The drainage facilities have insufficient capacity and are blocked up with the dumped garbage. During the storm, flooding often makes paddles on the shoulder. (4) Water and sediment pollution Mombasa district has no permanent rivers. Low sewerage coverage and lack of a treatment plant results in the direct discharge of untreated wastewater into the ocean. In addition, coastal water and sediment qualities might be degraded by industrial effluent and oil spill and leakage from port facilities. However, monitoring data of water and sediment qualities is insufficient to discuss the current condition of costal water body. (5) Heavy traffic congestion and traffic accidents The present transport infrastructure is inadequate to meet the increasing traffic demand in the Mombasa Port area. An inadequate supply of the road capacity, road structure and traffic control system have been causing heavy traffic congestion. The Changamwe Roundabout is congested due to traffic flows from the exiting Mombasa Port to the new and old Mombasa-Nairobi Roads, especially at rash hours of large vehicles. Container truck’s turning and parking along Port Reitz Road often blocks traffic and even the ambulance for over half an hour. Because several cars run through the shoulder and the opposite lane, pedestrians are always exposed to risk of collisions. Due to heavy traffic at the intersection of Old Mombasa-Nairobi Road and Air Port Road, a waiting line often reaches over one kilo meter. 4. Legal Framework of Environmental and Social Considerations 4.1 Laws and regulations (1) Environmental Management and Conservation - The Constitution of Kenya - Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act, 1999 (EMCA) - Water Act, Wildlife (Conservation and Management) Act, Forests Act, Lakes and Rivers Act, Public Health Act, Occupational Safety and Health Act, Local Government Act, etc. (2) Environmental Regulation and Standards - Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Water Quality) Regulations, 2006 - Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Waste Management) Regulations, 2006 (3) Environmental Impact Assessment - Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act, 1999 - Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) regulations, 2003 (EIAAR) - Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines and Administrative Procedures (draft), 2002 (4) Land tenure and land use - Land Control Act, Government Land Act, Registration of Titles Act, Registered Land Act, Trust Land Act, Physical Planning Act, Land Planning Act, Land Acquisition Act, Wayleaves Act, etc.