Permafrost Presence and Distribution in the Chic-Chocs Mountains

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Permafrost Presence and Distribution in the Chic-Chocs Mountains Document généré le 30 sept. 2021 18:19 Géographie physique et Quaternaire Permafrost presence and distribution in the Chic-Chocs Mountains, Gaspésie, Québec L’existence et la répartition du pergélisol dans les monts Chic-Chocs, Gaspésie, Québec Dauerfrosfexisfenz und-Verteilung in den Chic Chocs Bergen, Gaspésie, Québec James T. Gray et Roger J. E. Brown Le pergélisol au Québec — Labrador Résumé de l'article Volume 33, numéro 3-4, 1979 Les études sur la température du sol, entreprises en 1977, ont révélé la présence d’un pergélisol au sommet du mont Jacques-Cartier (1270 m). Le URI : https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1000366ar profil thermique, dressé à partir d'un trou de forage d’une profondeur de 30 m, DOI : https://doi.org/10.7202/1000366ar démontre qu’une couche active épaisse de 5,75 m recouvre un pergélisol plus profond que le trou de forage. Basée sur les calculs de flux de chaleur et les Aller au sommaire du numéro mesures de conductivité thermique, l’extrapolation du profil thermique à une plus grande profondeur évalue l’épaisseur du pergélisol de 45 à 60 m. La contiguïté du niveau supérieur du pergélisol et de la surface, la température moyenne annuelle du site (-3 à -5°C) et l’absence d’un couvert nival épais Éditeur(s) témoignent de la contemporanéité du pergélisol. La température moyenne Les Presses de l’Université de Montréal annuelle du sol est de -1 à -1,5°C. Les études faites sur le mont Jacques-Cartier permettent de fixer la limite inférieure du pergélisol continu à 1000-1100 m d’altitude dans les Chic-ChoCs, là où il n’y a pas d’arbres. Un petit nombre de ISSN mesures de température du sol au mont Logan et au mont Albert attestent la 0705-7199 (imprimé) valeur de cette limite régionale. Jointes à nos connaissances du couvert végétal, 1492-143X (numérique) ces quelques mesures ont également servi à faire la cartographie de la répartition des masses importantes de pergélisol de la partie orientale des Découvrir la revue Chic-Chocs. Le pergélisol peut aussi exister en-dessous de cette limite régionale, dans des accumulations de débris grossiers ou dans des terrains organiques élevés où la tourbe peut facilement s’accumuler. Citer cet article Gray, J. T. & Brown, R. J. E. (1979). Permafrost presence and distribution in the Chic-Chocs Mountains, Gaspésie, Québec. Géographie physique et Quaternaire, 33(3-4), 299–316. https://doi.org/10.7202/1000366ar Tous droits réservés © Les Presses de l’Université de Montréal, 1979 Ce document est protégé par la loi sur le droit d’auteur. L’utilisation des services d’Érudit (y compris la reproduction) est assujettie à sa politique d’utilisation que vous pouvez consulter en ligne. https://apropos.erudit.org/fr/usagers/politique-dutilisation/ Cet article est diffusé et préservé par Érudit. Érudit est un consortium interuniversitaire sans but lucratif composé de l’Université de Montréal, l’Université Laval et l’Université du Québec à Montréal. Il a pour mission la promotion et la valorisation de la recherche. https://www.erudit.org/fr/ Géogr. phys. Quat, 1979, vol. XXXIII, n°s 3-4, p. 299-316. PERMAFROST EXISTENCE AND DISTRIBUTION IN THE CHIC-CHOCS MOUNTAINS, GASPÉSIE, QUÉBEC James T. GRAY and Roger J. E. BROWN, respectively, Département de géographie, Université de Montréal, c.p. 6128, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, and Division of Building Research, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6 ABSTRACT Ground temperature stud­ RÉSUMÉ L'existence et la répartition ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDauerfrosfex/sfenz ies, begun in 1977, revealed the presence du pergélisol dans les monts Chic- und-Verteilung in den Chic Chocs Ber­ of permafrost at the summit of Mont Chocs, Gaspésie, Québec. Les études gen, Gaspésie, Québec. Bodentempera- Jacques-Cartier (1270 m), in Gaspésie. sur la température du sol, entreprises en turmessungen, 1977 begonnen, haben Temperature profile data to a depth of 1977, ont révélé la présence d'un pergé­ das Vorhandensein von Dauerfrost auf 30 m in a drill hole indicates an active lisol au sommet du mont Jacques-Cartier dem Gipfel des Mont Jacques-Cartier layer slightly thicker than 5.75 m, overly­ (1270 m). Le profil thermique, dressé à (1270 m) in der Gaspésie verraten. Tem- ing a permafrost body extending beyond partir d'un trou de forage d'une profon­ peraturprofil Daten bis zu einer Tiefe the base of the hole. Downward extra­ deur de 30 m, démontre qu'une couche von 30 m in einem Bohrloch zeigen, polation of the profile, based on heat active épaisse de 5,75 m recouvre un dass die Auftauzone wenig mehr als flow data and thermal conductivity pergélisol plus profond que le trou de 5,75 m betràgt, sie liegt auf einem Dauer- measurements show that this permafrost forage. Basée sur les calculs de flux de frostkorper, der die Tiefe des Loches an body is from 45-60 m thick. That the per­ chaleur et les mesures de conductivité Dickeùbersteigt . EineTiefenextrapolation mafrost is contemporary is indicated by thermique, l'extrapolation du profil ther­ des Profils, auf Wàrmeflussdaten und the proximity of the permafrost table to mique à une plus grande profondeur Wàrmeleitungsmessungen begrùndet the surface, by the low mean annual air évalue l'épaisseur du pergélisol de 45 à zeigen, dass dieser Dauerfrostkôrper von temperature for the site (-3°C to -5°C), 60 m. La contiguïté du niveau supérieur 45-60 m dick ist. Das der Dauerfrost der and by the lack of a thick insulative du pergélisol et de la surface, la tempé­ Gegenwart angehôrt, làsst sich aus blanket of snow in the winter. A mean rature moyenne annuelle du site (-3 à seiner Nàhe zur Oberflàche ersehen und annual ground surface temperature of -5°C) et l'absence d'un couvert nival aus den tiefen jàrlichen Durchschnitts- -1°C to -1.5°C is estimated for the site. épais témoignent de la contemporanéité temperaturen (-3°C bis -5°C) fur den The Mont Jacques-Cartier data enabled du pergélisol. La température moyen­ Ort und durch den Mangel an einer dik- a regional lower limit of 1,000 — 1,100 m ne annuelle du sol est de -1 à -1,5°C. ken, isolierenden Schneedecke im to be established for extensive perma­ Les études faites sur le mont Jacques- Winter. Eine jàhrliche Bodendurchs- frost in the Chic-Chocs Mountains in tree­ Cartier permettent de fixer la limite infé­ chnitts temperatur von -1°C bis -1,5°C less exposed situations. A limited rieure du pergélisol continu à 1000- wird fur den Ort angenommen. Die Daten amount of ground temperature data 1100 m d'altitude dans les Chic-ChoCs, vom Mont Jacques-Cartier ermôglichten from Mont Logan and Mont Albert tends là où il n'y a pas d'arbres. Un petit nom­ eine régionale Grenze von 1000 bis to confirm the validity of this regional bre de mesures de température du sol au 1100 m fur ausgedehnten Dauerfrost in limit, which was then used, in associa­ mont Logan et au mont Albert attestent den Chic Chocs Bergen in baumlosen, tion with our knowledge of the vegeta­ la valeur de cette limite régionale. Join­ ausgesetzten Situationen zu bestimmen. tion cover, to map the distribution of tes à nos connaissances du couvert vé­ Eine begrenzte Menge Bodentemperatur- extensive permafrost bodies for the gétal, ces quelques mesures ont égale­ messungen vom Mont Logan und Mont entire eastern Chic-Chocs Mountains. ment servi à faire la cartographie de la Albert bestàtigten die Gùltigkeit der An- Although not observed in this study, répartition des masses importantes de nahmendiese r regionalen Grenze, welche permafrost may exist below this regional pergélisol de la partie orientale des Chic- dann im Zusammenhang mit unserer limit, in either coarse debris accumu­ Chocs. Le pergélisol peut aussi exister Kenntnis der Vegetationsdecke, zur Dars- lations, or in organic terrains at high al­ en-dessous de cette limite régionale, tellung der Verteilung von ausgedehnten titudes subject to sufficiently thick accu­ dans des accumulations de débris gros­ Dauerfrostkôrpern fur die ganzen ôst­ mulations of peat. siers ou dans des terrains organiques lichen Chic Chocs Berge verwendet élevés où la tourbe peut facilement s'ac­ wurde. Wenn auch nicht in dieser Stu- cumuler. dienarbeit beobachtet, kônnte Dauerfrost auch unterhalb dieser regionalen Grenze bestehen. 300 J.T. GRAY and R.J.E. BROWN INTRODUCTION ern slopes, indicated that he was "reasonably sure that there are no large areas of perennially frozen ground". Despite the relative accessibility of the Chic-Chocs No positive proof for the validity of this statement is Mountains and the numerous field studies of glacial brought forward however, by de Rômer, although he geomorphology in the region over the past 100 years, did state that the periglacial environment with its frost there has been little discussion of the periglacial land- generated features could reflect cold climates without forms and even less mention of the possible existence necessarily implying permafrost. of permafrost or perennially frozen ground. This, de­ spite the cold climate and treeless nature of the highest During separate visits to the summit of Mont Jacques- summit domes and plateau. Passing reference was Cartier, the present authors were struck by the treeless made by McGERRIGLE (1952) to the probably wide­ nature of the plateaux, resembling very closely the spread distribution of permafrost in the eastern Chic- tundra and rock desert surfaces of northern Canada un­ Chocs Mountains (in the vicinity of Mont Jacques- derlain by contemporary permafrost. They were also Cartier). McGerrigle was actually able to prove the impressed by the periglacial features in the summit existence of frozen ground at only one location, how­ regions and decided that it would be useful to under­ ever.
Recommended publications
  • Sirocco Manual
    SIROCCO INSTALLATION PROPER INSTALLATION IS IMPORTANT. IF YOU NEED ASSISTANCE, CONSULT A CONTRACTOR ELECTRICIAN OR TELEVISION ANTENNA INSTALLER (CHECK WITH YOUR LOCAL BUILDING SUPPLY, OR HARDWARE STORE FOR REFERRALS). TO PROMOTE CONFIDENCE, PERFORM A TRIAL WIRING BEFORE INSTALLATION. Determine where you are going to locate both the 1 rooftop sensor and the read-out. Feed the terminal lug end of the 2-conductor cable through 2 2-CONDUCTOR WIND SPEED the rubber boot and connect the lugs to the terminals on the bottom CABLE SENSOR of the wind speed sensor. (Do NOT adjust the nuts that are already BOOT on the sensor). The polarity does not matter. COTTER PIN 3 Slide the stub mast through the rubber boot and insert the stub mast into the bottom of the wind speed sensor. Secure with the cotter pin. Coat all conections with silicone sealant and slip the boot over the sensor. STRAIGHT STUB MAST Secure the sensor and the stub mast to your antenna 2-CONDUCTOR mast (not supplied) with the two hose clamps. Radio CABLE 4 Shack and similar stores have a selection of antenna HOSE CLAMPS masts and roof mounting brackets. Choose a mount that best suits your location and provides at least eight feet of vertical clearance above objects on the roof. TALL MAST EVE 8 FEET 5 Follow the instructions supplied with the antenna MOUNT VENT-PIPE mount and secure the mast to the mount. MOUNT CABLE WALL CHIMNEY Secure the wire to the building using CLIPS TRIPOD MOUNT MOUNT MOUNT 6 CAULK cable clips (do not use regular staples).
    [Show full text]
  • PROTECT YOUR PROPERTY from STORM SURGE Owning a House Is One of the Most Important Investments Most People Make
    PROTECT YOUR PROPERTY FROM STORM SURGE Owning a house is one of the most important investments most people make. Rent is a large expense for many households. We work hard to provide a home and a future for ourselves and our loved ones. If you live near the coast, where storm surge is possible, take the time to protect yourself, your family and your belongings. Storm surge is the most dangerous and destructive part of coastal flooding. It can turn a peaceful waterfront into a rushing wall of water that floods homes, erodes beaches and damages roadways. While you can’t prevent a storm surge, you can minimize damage to keep your home and those who live there safe. First, determine the Base Flood Elevation (BFE) for your home. The BFE is how high floodwater is likely to rise during a 1%-annual-chance event. BFEs are used to manage floodplains in your community. The regulations about BFEs could affect your home. To find your BFE, you can look up your address on the National Flood Hazard Layer. If you need help accessing or understanding your BFE, contact FEMA’s Flood Mapping and Insurance eXchange. You can send an email to FEMA-FMIX@ fema.dhs.gov or call 877 FEMA MAP (877-336-2627). Your local floodplain manager can help you find this information. Here’s how you can help protect your home from a storm surge. OUTSIDE YOUR HOME ELEVATE While it is an investment, elevating your SECURE Do you have a manufactured home and want flood insurance YOUR HOME home is one of the most effective ways MANUFACTURED from the National Flood Insurance Program? If so, your home to mitigate storm surge effects.
    [Show full text]
  • February 2021 Historical Winter Storm Event South-Central Texas
    Austin/San Antonio Weather Forecast Office WEATHER EVENT SUMMARY February 2021 Historical Winter Storm Event South-Central Texas 10-18 February 2021 A Snow-Covered Texas. GeoColor satellite image from the morning of 15 February, 2021. February 2021 South Central Texas Historical Winter Storm Event South-Central Texas Winter Storm Event February 10-18, 2021 Event Summary Overview An unprecedented and historical eight-day period of winter weather occurred between 10 February and 18 February across South-Central Texas. The first push of arctic air arrived in the area on 10 February, with the cold air dropping temperatures into the 20s and 30s across most of the area. The first of several frozen precipitation events occurred on the morning of 11 February where up to 0.75 inches of freezing rain accumulated on surfaces in Llano and Burnet Counties and 0.25-0.50 inches of freezing rain accumulated across the Austin metropolitan area with lesser amounts in portions of the Hill Country and New Braunfels area. For several days, the cold air mass remained in place across South-Central Texas, but a much colder air mass remained stationary across the Northern Plains. This record-breaking arctic air was able to finally move south into the region late on 14 February and into 15 February as a strong upper level low-pressure system moved through the Southern Plains. As this system moved through the region, snow began to fall and temperatures quickly fell into the single digits and teens. Most areas of South-Central Texas picked up at least an inch of snow with the highest amounts seen from Del Rio and Eagle Pass extending to the northeast into the Austin and San Antonio areas.
    [Show full text]
  • North American Notes
    268 NORTH AMERICAN NOTES NORTH AMERICAN NOTES BY KENNETH A. HENDERSON HE year I 967 marked the Centennial celebration of the purchase of Alaska from Russia by the United States and the Centenary of the Articles of Confederation which formed the Canadian provinces into the Dominion of Canada. Thus both Alaska and Canada were in a mood to celebrate, and a part of this celebration was expressed · in an extremely active climbing season both in Alaska and the Yukon, where some of the highest mountains on the continent are located. While much of the officially sponsored mountaineering activity was concentrated in the border mountains between Alaska and the Yukon, there was intense activity all over Alaska as well. More information is now available on the first winter ascent of Mount McKinley mentioned in A.J. 72. 329. The team of eight was inter­ national in scope, a Frenchman, Swiss, German, Japanese, and New Zealander, the rest Americans. The successful group of three reached the summit on February 28 in typical Alaskan weather, -62° F. and winds of 35-40 knots. On their return they were stormbound at Denali Pass camp, I7,3oo ft. for seven days. For the forty days they were on the mountain temperatures averaged -35° to -40° F. (A.A.J. I6. 2I.) One of the most important attacks on McKinley in the summer of I967 was probably the three-pronged assault on the South face by the three parties under the general direction of Boyd Everett (A.A.J. I6. IO). The fourteen men flew in to the South east fork of the Kahiltna glacier on June 22 and split into three groups for the climbs.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Storm Surge
    The Education Program at the New Jersey Sea Grant Consortium 22 Magruder Road, Fort Hancock, NJ 07732 (732) 872-1300 www.njseagrant.org UNDERSTANDING STORM SURGE OVERVIEW In this climate education module, students will gain an understanding of the term “storm surge” by exploring the meteorological principles that create storms and generate storm surges. Many basics of weather are discussed, including air pressure, air circulation, and the influence of the Coriolis effect on weather. TABLE OF Background……………………………………….......................1-4 CONTENTS Activity #1- Oceans of Pressure …......................................... 5-10 Activity #2- Windy Balloon ……………………….................... 11-13 Activity #3- Density Driven Currents ………………................ 14-18 Activity #4- Coriolis Effect……………………………………. 19-22 Activity #5- Pressure Driven Storms and Surge…………..... 23-25 Activity #6- Surge of the Storm ………................................. 26-34 How Meteorologists’ Measure and Predict Storm Surge…… 35-37 Why should you care about understanding storm surge? ...... 38-39 Storm Surge Watches and Warnings ………………….……. 40-42 NOAA’s Top 10 Tips for Being Ready for a Storm Surge…...... 43 References …............................................................................ 44 OBJECTIVES Following completion of this module, students will be able to: Define storm surge and the factors that influence it Learn how temperature affects air density and the formation of high and low pressure systems in the atmosphere Explore the effect of gravity on air in the atmosphere Discover the role of Earth’s rotation on global and localized wind patterns Examine the effects that air pressure has on storm surge levels Determine how storm surge affects coastal communities Explore the impact of shoreline shape and beach slope on storm surge GRADE LEVEL 5 – 12 The New Jersey Sea Grant Consortium (NJSGC) is an affiliation of colleges, universities and other groups dedicated to advancing knowledge and stewardship of New Jersey’s marine and coastal environment.
    [Show full text]
  • ESSENTIALS of METEOROLOGY (7Th Ed.) GLOSSARY
    ESSENTIALS OF METEOROLOGY (7th ed.) GLOSSARY Chapter 1 Aerosols Tiny suspended solid particles (dust, smoke, etc.) or liquid droplets that enter the atmosphere from either natural or human (anthropogenic) sources, such as the burning of fossil fuels. Sulfur-containing fossil fuels, such as coal, produce sulfate aerosols. Air density The ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume occupied by it. Air density is usually expressed as g/cm3 or kg/m3. Also See Density. Air pressure The pressure exerted by the mass of air above a given point, usually expressed in millibars (mb), inches of (atmospheric mercury (Hg) or in hectopascals (hPa). pressure) Atmosphere The envelope of gases that surround a planet and are held to it by the planet's gravitational attraction. The earth's atmosphere is mainly nitrogen and oxygen. Carbon dioxide (CO2) A colorless, odorless gas whose concentration is about 0.039 percent (390 ppm) in a volume of air near sea level. It is a selective absorber of infrared radiation and, consequently, it is important in the earth's atmospheric greenhouse effect. Solid CO2 is called dry ice. Climate The accumulation of daily and seasonal weather events over a long period of time. Front The transition zone between two distinct air masses. Hurricane A tropical cyclone having winds in excess of 64 knots (74 mi/hr). Ionosphere An electrified region of the upper atmosphere where fairly large concentrations of ions and free electrons exist. Lapse rate The rate at which an atmospheric variable (usually temperature) decreases with height. (See Environmental lapse rate.) Mesosphere The atmospheric layer between the stratosphere and the thermosphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Hail Size and Melting Considerations in Thunderstorms
    Hail Size and Melting Considerations in Thunderstorms NWS Louisville, KY Hail Size and Melting Considerations Two primary factors associated with surface hail size: • Hail generation and initial size in storm • How much melting occurs as hail falls to ground Factors Contributing to Hail Generation and Size in Storm • Storm type: supercells produce larger hail than quasi-linear convective systems (QLCSs) and pulse storms; incipient cells (intense updraft) produce larger hail than after cells congeal into a mesoscale convective system (MCS) • Storm tilt: updraft/downdraft separation promotes hail growth • Updraft strength: increases hail generation and residence time in storm • Dry air aloft (~800-500): leads to evaporative cooling which promotes hail growth and size • Steep mid-level lapse rates: suggests presence of mid-level cool/dry air; promotes strong updraft • Echo tops: taller storms can tap colder air aloft (high refl above -20° C levels) and increase hail residence time in cloud • Cell/boundary mergers: promotes stronger updraft and better chance for hail formation • Values of WBZ height: hail is most favorable with height of 7-12 kft; less favorable if < 6 kft (air mass too cool, although small hail/graupel likely from low-top storms) and if >> 12 kft (melting) The size of hail at surface can’t be determined from looking at reflectivity values in a storm alone Factors Contributing to Hail Size at Surface • Large stones: better chance to reach ground than small stones which melt faster on their descent • Stones melt faster in wet environment than in dry (RH has strong effect); dry air in ~800-500 mb layer is very important to produce evaporative cooling and limit hail melting during descent (why stones are smaller or non-existent during MCSs due to saturated environment – and weaker updraft) • Hail falling within rain melts at a much greater rate than hail falling separate from rain (especially for small hail) • Vertical wind shear is critical in surface hail size to separate the updraft and downdraft and limit duration hail falls in heavy rain.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Storm Surge
    The Education Program at the New Jersey Sea Grant Consortium 22 Magruder Road, Fort Hancock, NJ 07732 (732) 872-1300 www.njseagrant.org UNDERSTANDING STORM SURGE HOW METEOROLOGISTS PREDICT AND MEASURE STORM SURGE The many factors that impact the height of storm surge make predicting storm surge very difficult; however, scientists from NOAA and the NWS (National Weather Service) have created a computer model called SLOSH (Sea, Lake, Overland Surges from Hurricanes) to predict storm surge heights and evaluate the risk of a coastal strike. The model depends on a storm’s atmospheric pressure, track, size, speed. Using complex physic equations, the model can apply this information to a specific location taking into consideration local water depth, land elevation, and other land features that could affect storm surge. All the different locations where storm surges are predicted are called basins. The New Jersey Sea Grant Consortium (NJSGC) is an affiliation of colleges, universities and other groups dedicated to advancing knowledge and stewardship of New Jersey’s marine and coastal environment. NJSGC meets its mission through its innovative research, education and outreach programs. For more information about NJSGC, visit njseagrant.org. A sample SLOSH model display from Hurricane Ike (2008). The model uses a color code to illustrate how high storm surge levels will go in feet above ground level. Since storms can be difficult to forecast, the model also takes into account historical storm surges from past storms and hypothetical storm surges, using many different factors that can change quickly during a storm such as size, intensity, track, etc. The model reports how high the storm surge inundation will be in feet above ground, so if the model predicts a 20 foot storm surge, that means the water will reach 20 feet above ground in that specific location.
    [Show full text]
  • Mediterranean Firestorm, Are Extreme Wildfires a Specular Aspect of Floods?
    Plinius Conference Abstracts Vol. 12, Plinius12-57 12th Plinius Conference on Mediterranean Storms Corfu Island Greece, September 2010 © Author(s) 2010 Mediterranean Firestorm, are extreme wildfires a specular aspect of floods? P. Fiorucci, L. Molini, and A. Parodi CIMA Research Foundation, Italy (paolo.fi[email protected]) Severe weather and rainfall extremes predictors are a long standing issue for risk mitigation and civil protection purposes, analogously this work is focused on finding precursors for extreme wildfires throughout Mediterranean regions. Mediterranean storm are usually related with extreme precipitation and consequent floods. In this paper we propose to consider extreme wildfires in the Mediterranean as a specular aspect of “traditional” Mediterranean storms. Floods are related with soil moisture conditions, vegetation cover and topography but the main driver is represented by extreme precipitation. Rainfall is well evident in its happening. Nevertheless, the necessity of measuring it has become fundamental since the implementation of instruments needed to prevent floods. Wildfires are usually considered as the complex results of several heterogeneous aspects. Many peculiarities make Mediterranean wildfires different from other natural risk, fire ignition, human caused in more than 90% of fire occurrences, being the most evident. Fire spread and fire damages are related with vegetation cover, topography, moisture content and wind conditions but also with the ability to cope with the fire front. In the international literature all these aspects are considered to define tools able to predict and manage wildfire risk. Strong winds and high temperature are often considered as the main drivers in extreme wildfire risk conditions. Strong winds are usually associated also to floods event during Mediterranean storm but in this case it is evident it doesn’t the main driver.
    [Show full text]
  • Defining Storm Surge, Storm Tide, and Inundation
    Defining Storm Surge, Storm Tide, and Inundation Understanding the risk associated with storm surge-driven coastal flooding requires using common references and language. When common references or language is not used, flooding risk can be misunderstood, having significant implications on the ability to communicate life-saving information and decisions during an event. To help ensure clear communication and understanding of storm surge-induced flooding, the terms used to describe storm surge, storm tide, and inundation are described below. Storm surge is defined as the abnormal rise of water generated by a storm, over and above the normal astronomical tide, and is expressed in terms of height above predicted or expected tide levels. Since storm surge represents the deviation from normal tide levels, it is not referenced to a vertical or tidal datum. By contrast, storm tide is defined as the water level due to the combination of storm surge and the astronomical tide, and is expressed in terms of height above a vertical or tidal datum. A vertical datum is simply a base elevation used as a reference from which to measure heights (or depths). Similarly, a tidal datum is a base elevation defined by a certain phase of the tide. The definitions of various tidal datums can be found here: http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/datum_options.html. Inundation is the total water level that occurs on normally dry ground as a result of the storm tide, and is expressed in terms of height of water, in feet, above ground level. Inundation provides the most clearly and commonly understood method for communicating storm surge-driven coastal flooding.
    [Show full text]
  • Current and Future Snow Avalanche Threats and Mitigation Measures in Canada
    CURRENT AND FUTURE SNOW AVALANCHE THREATS AND MITIGATION MEASURES IN CANADA Prepared for: Public Safety Canada Prepared by: Cam Campbell, M.Sc.1 Laura Bakermans, M.Sc., P.Eng.2 Bruce Jamieson, Ph.D., P.Eng.3 Chris Stethem4 Date: 2 September 2007 1 Canadian Avalanche Centre, Box 2759, Revelstoke, B.C., Canada, V0E 2S0. Phone: (250) 837-2748. Fax: (250) 837-4624. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW. Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 1N4, Canada. E-mail: [email protected] 3 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW. Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 1N4, Canada. Phone: (403) 220-7479. Fax: (403) 282-7026. E-mail: [email protected] 4 Chris Stethem and Associates Ltd., 120 McNeill, Canmore, AB, Canada, T1W 2R8. Phone: (403) 678-2477. Fax: (403) 678-346. E-mail: [email protected] Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report presents the results of the Public Safety Canada funded project to inventory current and predict future trends in avalanche threats and mitigation programs in Canada. The project also updated the Natural Resources Canada website and map of fatal avalanche incidents. Avalanches have been responsible for at least 702 fatalities in Canada since the earliest recorded incident in 1782. Sixty-one percent of these fatalities occurred in British Columbia, with 13% in Alberta, 11% in Quebec and 10% in Newfoundland and Labrador. The remainder occurred in Ontario, Nova Scotia and the Yukon, Northwest and Nunavut Territories. Fifty-three percent of the fatalities were people engaged in recreational activities, while 18% were people in or near buildings, 16% were travelling or working on transportation corridors and 8% were working in resource industries.
    [Show full text]
  • Glossary of Severe Weather Terms
    Glossary of Severe Weather Terms -A- Anvil The flat, spreading top of a cloud, often shaped like an anvil. Thunderstorm anvils may spread hundreds of miles downwind from the thunderstorm itself, and sometimes may spread upwind. Anvil Dome A large overshooting top or penetrating top. -B- Back-building Thunderstorm A thunderstorm in which new development takes place on the upwind side (usually the west or southwest side), such that the storm seems to remain stationary or propagate in a backward direction. Back-sheared Anvil [Slang], a thunderstorm anvil which spreads upwind, against the flow aloft. A back-sheared anvil often implies a very strong updraft and a high severe weather potential. Beaver ('s) Tail [Slang], a particular type of inflow band with a relatively broad, flat appearance suggestive of a beaver's tail. It is attached to a supercell's general updraft and is oriented roughly parallel to the pseudo-warm front, i.e., usually east to west or southeast to northwest. As with any inflow band, cloud elements move toward the updraft, i.e., toward the west or northwest. Its size and shape change as the strength of the inflow changes. Spotters should note the distinction between a beaver tail and a tail cloud. A "true" tail cloud typically is attached to the wall cloud and has a cloud base at about the same level as the wall cloud itself. A beaver tail, on the other hand, is not attached to the wall cloud and has a cloud base at about the same height as the updraft base (which by definition is higher than the wall cloud).
    [Show full text]