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Estonian Statistics on Medicines 2012 DDD/1000/ ATC code ATC group / INN (rout of admin.) Quantity sold Unit DDD Unit day A ALIMENTARY TRACT AND METABOLISM 133,7889 A01 STOMATOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS 0,0705 A01A STOMATOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS 0,0705 A01AB Antiinfectives and antiseptics for local oral treatment 0,0705 A01AB09 Miconazole (O) 6912,8g 0,2g 0,0705 A01AB12 Hexetidine (O) 2377400 ml A01AB81 Neomycin+ Benzocaine (C) 21500 pieces A01AC Corticosteroids for local oral treatment A01AC81 Dexamethasone+ Thymol (dental) 2600 ml A01AD Other agents for local oral treatment A01AD80 Lidocaine+ Cetylpyridinium chloride (gingival) 170530 g A01AD81 Lidocaine+ Cetrimide (O) 21870 g A01AD82 Choline salicylate (O) 894192 pieces A01AD83 Lidocaine+ Chamomille extract (O) 301050g A01AD86 Lidocaine+ Eugenol (gingival) 1020 g A02 DRUGS FOR ACID RELATED DISORDERS 31,4193 A02A ANTACIDS 0,9466 Combinations and complexes of aluminium, calcium and A02AD 0,9466 magnesium compounds A02AD81 Aluminium hydroxide+ Magnesium hydroxide (O) 515720pieces 10pieces 0,1052 A02AD81 Aluminium hydroxide+ Magnesium hydroxide (O) 2075316ml 50ml 0,0846 A02AD82 Aluminium aminoacetate+ Magnesium oxide (O) 557900pieces 10pieces 0,1138 A02AD83 Calcium carbonate+ Magnesium carbonate (O) 3153744pieces 10pieces 0,6430 A02AF Antacids with antiflatulents Aluminium hydroxide+ Magnesium hydroxide+ Simeticone A02AF80 1013880 ml (O) DRUGS FOR PEPTIC ULCER AND GASTRO- A02B 30,4727 OESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GORD) A02BA H2-receptor antagonists 3,9822 A02BA02 Ranitidine (O) 582235,35g 0,3g 3,9572 A02BA02 Ranitidine (P) 3675,5g 0,3g 0,0250 A02BC Proton pump inhibitors 26,4905 A02BC01 Omeprazole (O) 183660,54g 0,02g 18,7241 A02BC02 Pantoprazole (O) 88416,16g 0,04g 4,5070 A02BC03 Lansoprazole (O) 23,52g 0,03g 0,0016 A02BC05 Esomeprazole (O) 45352,16g 0,03g 3,0824 A02BC05 Esomeprazole (P) 2581,2g 0,03g 0,1754 DRUGS FOR FUNCTIONAL GASTROINTESTINAL A03 5,2160 DISORDERS A03A DRUGS FOR FUNCTIONAL BOWEL DISORDERS 4,2426 A03AA Synthetic anticholinergics, esters with tertiary amino group 0,6335 A03AA04 Mebeverine (O) 93204g 0,3g 0,6335 Synthetic anticholinergics, quaternary ammonium A03AB <0,0001 compounds A03AB02 Glycopyrronium bromide (P) 0,006g 3mg <0,0001 A03AD Papaverine and derivatives 3,6091 A03AD01 Papaverine hydrochloride (P) 82g 0,1g 0,0017 A03AD02 Drotaverine (O) 172152,8g 0,1g 3,5102 A03AD02 Drotaverine (P) 4771g 0,1g 0,0973 A03AX Other drugs for functional bowel disorders A03AX81 Simeticone (O) 377382,8229 g A03B BELLADONNA AND DERIVATIVES, PLAIN 0,1106 A03BA Belladonna alkaloids, tertiary amines 0,0884 A03BA01 Atropine (O, P) 37,55g 0,0015g 0,0510 A03BA01 Atropine (P) 27,45g 0,0015g 0,0373 Belladonna alkaloids, semisynthetic, quaternary ammonium A03BB 0,0223 compounds 1/41 Estonian Statistics on Medicines 2012 DDD/1000/ ATC code ATC group / INN (rout of admin.) Quantity sold Unit DDD Unit day A03BB01 Butylscopolamine (O) 80,8g 0,06g 0,0027 A03BB01 Butylscopolamine (P) 565,2g 0,06g 0,0192 A03BB01 Butylscopolamine (R) 9,6g 0,06g 0,0003 A03F PROPULSIVES 0,8628 A03FA Propulsives 0,8628 A03FA01 Metoclopramide (O) 10132g 0,03g 0,6886 A03FA01 Metoclopramide (P) 2234,5g 0,03g 0,1519 A03FA01 Metoclopramide (R) 2,75g 0,03g 0,0002 A03FA02 Cisapride (O) 2,3g 0,03g 0,0002 A03FA03 Domperidone (O) 322,8g 0,03g 0,0219 A03FA80 Itopride (O) 32 g A04 ANTIEMETICS AND ANTINAUSEANTS 0,1141 A04A ANTIEMETICS AND ANTINAUSEANTS 0,1141 A04AA Serotonin (5-HT3) antagonists 0,1014 A04AA01 Ondansetron (O) 91,12g 0,016g 0,0116 A04AA01 Ondansetron (P) 200,88g 0,016g 0,0256 A04AA02 Granisetron (O) 39,21g 0,002g 0,0400 A04AA02 Granisetron (P) 35,65g 0,003g 0,0242 A04AD Other antiemetics 0,0126 A04AD12 Aprepitant (O) 406,995g 0,095g 0,0087 A04AD81 Fosaprepitant (P) 181,85g 0,095g 0,0039 A05 BILE AND LIVER THERAPY 2,0093 A05A BILE THERAPY 0,4055 A05AA Bile acid preparations 0,4055 A05AA02 Ursodeoxycholic acid (O) 149162,5g 0,75g 0,4055 A05B LIVER THERAPY, LIPOTROPICS 1,6038 A05BA Liver therapy 1,6038 A05BA03 Silymarin (O) 3792160 pieces A05BA80 Essentsiaalsed fosfolipiidid (O) 2359680pieces 3pieces 1,6038 A05BA80 Essentsiaalsed fosfolipiidid (P) 4745 pieces A06 LAXATIVES 12,4293 A06A LAXATIVES 12,4293 A06AB Contact laxatives 6,3228 A06AB02 Bisacodyl (O) 15889,6g 0,01g 3,2399 A06AB02 Bisacodyl (R) 1348,7g 0,01g 0,2750 A06AB05 Castor oil (O) 94440g 20g 0,0096 A06AB06 Senna glycosides (O) 22840pieces 1pieces 0,0466 A06AB08 Sodium picosulfate (O) 6747,9081g 0,005g 2,7518 A06AD Osmotically acting laxatives 5,5483 A06AD11 Lactulose (O) 17875678,5g 6,7g 5,4400 A06AD15 Macrogol (O) 530800g 10g 0,1082 Sodium sulphate, anhydrous+ Potassium chloride+ Sodium A06AD81 57371 pieces chloride+ Macrogol+ Sodium hydrogen carbonate (O) Macrogol+ Sodium chloride+ Sodium hydrogen carbonate+ A06AD84 6808 pieces Potassium chloride (O) A06AG Enemas 0,5582 A06AG11 Laurilsulfate, incl. combinations+ Sorbitol+ Sodium citrate (R) 273764pieces 1pieces 0,5582 A06AX Other laxatives A06AX01 Glycerol (R) 400 pieces ANTIDIARRHEALS, INTESTINAL A07 3,2584 ANTIINFLAMMATORY/ANTIINFECTIVE AGENTS A07A INTESTINAL ANTIINFECTIVES <0,0001 A07AA Antibiotics <0,0001 A07AA02 Nystatin (O) 20000000U 1500000U <0,0001 A07B INTESTINAL ADSORBENTS 0,4148 A07BC Other intestinal adsorbents 0,4148 2/41 Estonian Statistics on Medicines 2012 DDD/1000/ ATC code ATC group / INN (rout of admin.) Quantity sold Unit DDD Unit day A07BC05 Diosmectidum (O) 1830810g 9g 0,4148 A07D ANTIPROPULSIVES 0,8054 A07DA Antipropulsives 0,8054 A07DA03 Loperamide (O) 3950,112g 0,01g 0,8054 A07E INTESTINAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENTS 1,6605 A07EA Corticosteroids acting locally A07EA06 Budesonide (R) 1,6086 g A07EC Aminosalicylic acid and similar agents 1,6605 A07EC01 Sulfasalazine (O) 905800g 2g 0,9235 A07EC02 Mesalazine (O) 497675g 1,5g 0,6765 A07EC02 Mesalazine (R) 44531g 1,5g 0,0605 A07F ANTIDIARRHEAL MICROORGANISMS 0,3777 A07FA Antidiarrheal microorganisms 0,3777 A07FA02 Saccharomyces boulardii (O) 185245g 1g 0,3777 A08 ANTIOBESITY PREPARATIONS, EXCL. DIET PRODUCTS 0,0403 A08A ANTIOBESITY PREPARATIONS, EXCL. DIET PRODUCTS 0,0403 A08AB Peripherally acting antiobesity products 0,0403 A08AB01 Orlistat (O) 7121,52g 0,36g 0,0403 A09 DIGESTIVES, INCL. ENZYMES 1,3028 A09A DIGESTIVES, INCL. ENZYMES 1,3028 A09AA Enzyme preparations 1,3021 A09AA02 Lipase+ Amylase+ Protease (O) 2554430pieces 4pieces 1,3021 A09AC Enzyme and acid preparations, combinations 0,0007 A09AC80 Pepsin+ Betaine (O) 1050pieces 3pieces 0,0007 A10 DRUGS USED IN DIABETES 52,5146 A10A INSULINS AND ANALOGUES 15,1049 A10AB Insulins and analogues for injection, fast-acting 5,6682 A10AB01 Insulin (human) (P) 1165500U 40U 0,0594 A10AB04 Insulin lispro (P) 24730500U 40U 1,2606 A10AB05 Insulin aspart (P) 73143000U 40U 3,7284 A10AB06 Insulin glulisine (P) 12157500U 40U 0,6197 A10AC Insulins and analogues for injection, intermediate-acting 0,2315 A10AC01 Insulin (human) (P) 4540500U 40U 0,2315 Insulins and analogues for injection, intermediate-acting A10AD 2,0389 combined with fast-acting A10AD04 Insulin lispro (P) 14148000U 40U 0,7212 A10AD05 Insulin aspart (P) 25851000U 40U 1,3177 A10AE Insulins and analogues for injection, long-acting 7,1663 A10AE04 Insulin glargine (P) 74304000U 40U 3,7876 A10AE05 Insulin detemir (P) 66282000U 40U 3,3787 A10B BLOOD GLUCOSE LOWERING DRUGS, EXCL. INSULINS 37,4097 A10BA Biguanides 17,5677 A10BA02 Metformin (O) 17231769g 2g 17,5677 A10BB Sulfonamides, urea derivatives 16,9007 A10BB07 Glipizide (O) 2497,5g 0,01g 0,5092 A10BB09 Gliclazide (O) 274423,2g 0,06g 9,3257 A10BB12 Glimepiride (O) 6930,6g 0,002g 7,0657 A10BD Combinations of oral blood glucose lowering drugs 1,0184 A10BD07 Metformin+ Sitagliptin (O) 998928pieces 2pieces 1,0184 A10BG Thiazolidinediones 0,2398 A10BG03 Pioglitazone (O) 3528,42g 0,03g 0,2398 A10BH Dipeptyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors 1,4811 A10BH01 Sitagliptin (O) 72641,1g 0,1g 1,4811 A10BH05 Linagliptin (O) 135,75 g 3/41 Estonian Statistics on Medicines 2012 DDD/1000/ ATC code ATC group / INN (rout of admin.) Quantity sold Unit DDD Unit day A10BX Other blood glucose lowering drugs, excl. insulins 0,2020 A10BX04 Exenatide (P) 0,1929g 0,015mg 0,0262 A10BX07 Liraglutide (P) 103,464g 1,2mg 0,1758 A11 VITAMINS 12,7816 A11A MULTIVITAMINS, COMBINATIONS 1,2768 A11AA Multivitamins with minerals 1,2768 A11AA03 Multivitamins+ Mineral elements (O) 626190pieces 1pieces 1,2768 A11B MULTIVITAMINS, PLAIN 0,0513 A11BA Multivitamins, plain 0,0513 A11BA80 Multivitamins (O) 251725ml 10ml 0,0513 A11C VITAMIN A AND D, INCL. COMBINATIONS OF THE TWO 1,3628 A11CC Vitamin D and analogues 1,3628 A11CC01 Ergocalciferol (O) 238380800U 400U 1,2151 A11CC04 Calcitriol (O) 0,0724g 0,001mg 0,1477 VITAMIN B1, PLAIN AND IN COMBINATION WITH A11D 1,7829 VITAMIN B6 AND B12 A11DA Vitamin B1, plain 0,1849 A11DA01 Thiamine (P) 4534,65g 0,05g 0,1849 A11DA03 Benfotiamine (O) 99675 g Vitamin B1 in combination with vitamin B6 and/or vitamin A11DB 1,5980 B12 A11DB81 Benfotiamine+ Pyridoxine (O) 132570pieces 3pieces 0,0901 A11DB84 Thiamine+ Pyridoxine+ Cyanocobalamin (O) 605430pieces 1pieces 1,2345 A11DB85 Thiamine+ Pyridoxine+ Cyanocobalamin+ Lidocaine (P) 134115pieces 1pieces 0,2735 A11E VITAMIN B-COMPLEX, INCL. COMBINATIONS 0,8521 A11EA Vitamin B-complex, plain 0,8521 Thiamine+ Nicotinamide+ Riboflavin+ Calcium A11EA80 417900pieces 1pieces 0,8521 pantothenate+ Pyridoxine (O) A11G ASCORBIC ACID (VITAMIN C), INCL. COMBINATIONS 3,6797 A11GA Ascorbic acid (vitamin C), plain 3,6797 A11GA01 Ascorbic acid (O) 344160g 0,2g 3,5087 A11GA01 Ascorbic acid (P) 16770g 0,2g 0,1710 A11H OTHER PLAIN VITAMIN PREPARATIONS 0,0840 A11HA Other plain
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    Académie Nationale de Pharmacie Lien d’intérêt : Ethypharm/Lundbeck 04/06/2014 Pr P.Jaury Université Paris Descartes 1 Les 3 nouveaux paradigmes proposés: l’abstinence totale ne serait plus nécessaire pour traiter les problèmes d’alcoolisme. « L’abstinence ,n’est plus un objectif mais une conséquence du traitement ». On pourrait soigner efficacement les patients non dépendants ayant un problème d’alcool. On pourrait obtenir « l’indifférence à l’alcool ». 04/06/2014 Pr P.Jaury Université Paris Descartes 2 LE BACLOFENE (AMM) Lioresal®: 1972. AMM : -contractures spastiques de la SEP. -contractures spastiques des affections médullaires (d'étiologie infectieuse, dégénérative, traumatique, néoplasique). -contractures spastiques d'origine cérébrale. -maximum 75 mg par jour en ambulatoire. 04/06/2014 Pr P.Jaury Université Paris Descartes 3 LE BACLOFENE et son action il augmente l’activité GABA (agoniste des récepteurs GABA b) et diminue celle du glutamate. Ce qui réduirait l’activité de la dopamine. Et donc action sur les mécanismes cérébraux de la récompense? 04/06/2014 Pr P.Jaury Université Paris Descartes 4 Médicaments et récepteurs GABA Les benzodiazépines, les barbituriques, le topiramate (Epitomax®), la gabapentine (Neurontin®), la prégabaline (Lyrica®) et les valproates (Dépamide®, Dépakine® et Dépakote®) agissent sur les récepteurs GABA a. Ainsi que l’acamprosate (Aotal ®). Les autres substances connues agissant sur les récepteurs GABA b sont le gamma- hydroxybutyrate ou GHB (Alcover® en Italie et en Autriche dans le traitement de l’alcoolisme en première intention) , le Phénibut® et le Picamilon® en Russie. 04/06/2014 5 Pr P.Jaury Université Paris Descartes LE BACLOFENE et la cocaïne À la dose de 5mg/kg, le baclofène réduit l’auto-administration de cocaïne chez le rat.
  • Dimethyl Fumarate and Progressive Multifocal Leucoencephalopathy (PML)

    Dimethyl Fumarate and Progressive Multifocal Leucoencephalopathy (PML)

    Dimethyl fumarate and progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy (PML) Introduction Dimethyl fumarate Psorinovo® is not registered through the Medicines Evaluation Board (MEB). It is a compounded drug made by GMP compounding pharmacy Mierlo Hout in the Netherlands, and used for the indication psoriasis [1]. Psorinovo® has been compounded by pharmacy Mierlo Hout for 28 years. According to Dutch law Mierlo Hout pharmacy is regarded as a supplying-pharmacy. ® Dimethyl fumarate, registered as Tecfidera , was granted marketing authorization in the Netherlands on 30 January 2014 and is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis [2]. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a severe demyelinating disease of the central nervous system caused by reactivation of the polyomavirus JC (JC virus). Asymptomatic primary infection with the JC virus occurs in childhood, antibodies can be found in 86% of adults. PML occurs almost exclusively in immunosuppressed individuals. There were only isolated cases reported of PML in patients without apparent immunosuppression. However, there are reports of PML affecting patients who have conditions associated with minimal or occult immunosuppression, such as hepatic cirrhosis and renal failure [3]. PML has also been reported in patients treated with drugs such as belatacept, brentuximab, efalizumab, fludarabine, glucocorticoids, infliximab, mycophenolate, rituximab, ruxolitinib and natalizumab. In some cases, these drugs were used in combination with other immunosuppressive medications (eg, cyclophosphamide, leflunomide, methotrexate). Many of the patients had an underlying hematologic malignancy or collagen vascular disease [3]. There is no specific treatment for PML. The main approach is restoring the host adaptive immune response, a strategy that appears to prolong survival.
  • ACR Manual on Contrast Media

    ACR Manual on Contrast Media

    ACR Manual On Contrast Media 2021 ACR Committee on Drugs and Contrast Media Preface 2 ACR Manual on Contrast Media 2021 ACR Committee on Drugs and Contrast Media © Copyright 2021 American College of Radiology ISBN: 978-1-55903-012-0 TABLE OF CONTENTS Topic Page 1. Preface 1 2. Version History 2 3. Introduction 4 4. Patient Selection and Preparation Strategies Before Contrast 5 Medium Administration 5. Fasting Prior to Intravascular Contrast Media Administration 14 6. Safe Injection of Contrast Media 15 7. Extravasation of Contrast Media 18 8. Allergic-Like And Physiologic Reactions to Intravascular 22 Iodinated Contrast Media 9. Contrast Media Warming 29 10. Contrast-Associated Acute Kidney Injury and Contrast 33 Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Adults 11. Metformin 45 12. Contrast Media in Children 48 13. Gastrointestinal (GI) Contrast Media in Adults: Indications and 57 Guidelines 14. ACR–ASNR Position Statement On the Use of Gadolinium 78 Contrast Agents 15. Adverse Reactions To Gadolinium-Based Contrast Media 79 16. Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (NSF) 83 17. Ultrasound Contrast Media 92 18. Treatment of Contrast Reactions 95 19. Administration of Contrast Media to Pregnant or Potentially 97 Pregnant Patients 20. Administration of Contrast Media to Women Who are Breast- 101 Feeding Table 1 – Categories Of Acute Reactions 103 Table 2 – Treatment Of Acute Reactions To Contrast Media In 105 Children Table 3 – Management Of Acute Reactions To Contrast Media In 114 Adults Table 4 – Equipment For Contrast Reaction Kits In Radiology 122 Appendix A – Contrast Media Specifications 124 PREFACE This edition of the ACR Manual on Contrast Media replaces all earlier editions.