© Copyright 2017 New-York Historical Society Education andRevolution these camps.Federalists dominatedin was nottheonly issuethatdivided But thecentralgovernment’s power Madison, . toguaranteeindividualliberties of theBill ofRights,alsowrittenby James from anti-Federalists prompted theaddition power torest withindividualstates.Pressure style tyranny, andwantedmostpolitical government couldeasilybecomeBritish- disagreed .Theyfeared thatastrong central to stabilize thecountry a strong federalgovernment wasneeded about potentialabuses,buthebelieved a Federalist .He mayhave hadmisgivings Throughout the1780s, James Madison was Federalist Papers toencourageratification . Hamilton andJohn Jay inwritingthe Constitution .He thenjoinedAlexander Plan becamethemodelforU.S Convention in1787,his Virginia founding documents.At theConstitutional provided thenationwithitsmonumental His politicalcontributions,however, he wasnotphysicallystrong enough . in theRevolution becausehethought University, in1771.He didnotfight College ofNew Jersey, now Princeton private schools,andgraduatedfrom the a boy J .He waseducatedby tutorsandin mansion, wasbuiltwhenJames was Virginia .Montpelier, thefamily’s of awealthy slave-holding familyin ames Madison wastheoldestson .Anti-Federalists Asher Brown Durand, James Madison , 1835.Oil oncanvas .New-York Historical Society, James Madison Gift ofThe New-York ofthe Gallery 1858.10 Fine Arts, Life Story 1751–1836

Saving Washington: The NewRepublic andEarlyReformers, 1790–1860 People joked abouthismanliness. married andhad beenjiltedtwice. socially awkward manwhohadnever humor witha great senseof as astoryteller Among hisfriends,James wasknown Dolley and Washington City and enslaved, builtthecapitalcity while laborers, blackandwhite,free relocated temporarilytoPhiladelphia site of Washington, D.CThegovernment George Washington himselfselectedthe south, outofNew York City that thenation’s capitalwouldmove the federalgovernment; Hamilton agreed central bank,whichwouldstrengthen not tofight Hamilton’s proposal fora at afamouscompromise .James agreed old ally Federalist, over AlexanderHamilton, his Thomas Jefferson, theleadinganti- especially withhis Virginia neighbor, the nationwasestablished,hesided in commonwithanti-Federalists .Once Constitution, James Madison hadmore Despite hisstrong defenseofthe and vast fieldsoftobaccoandcotton. tradition, slavery, plantationownership, Southern shaped by states,theirviews Federalists were more likelytolive in seemed tiedtomanufacturing.Anti- ending, farmswere small,andthefuture the urbanNorth, was where slavery .But thepublicsawasmall, .In 1790,thethree menarrived

.President . © Copyright 2017 New-York Historical Society I with Sparkling Eyes . thingthatIhave wroteto every abouthim Dreames ofyou .[H]ehasConsented that hehasLosthis Tongue, atNight he Madison “thinks somuchofyou intheday in agoodword .She toldDolley thatMr Catherine Coles,Dolley’s cousin,toput widowed Dolley Todd .He even asked friend, tointroduce himtothe recently James’s prominence, andkeptRepublicans Dolley’s social events helpedreinforce candidates didnotcampaignopenly president, ambitionwasfrowned on,so In 1808,whenJames Madison ranfor James Madison ofstate. hissecretary was electedpresident in1800,henamed or simplyRepublicans . When Jefferson themselves Democratic-Republicans, shared politicalphilosophy, andcalled and thetwospokeoftenabouttheir was frequently closeby atMonticello, familytoMontpelierhis new himself tired ofpoliticsandretired with in charge,James Madison declared . their opposingviews With aFederalist became president andvicepresident, despite According ofthetime,they totherules Thomas Jefferson cameinsecond. John Adams wonthemostvotes and In thebitter1796presidential election, He raisedDolley’s sonPayne ashisown . Dolley were marriedinOctober 1794. man therest oftheworldknew n 1794,James askedAaron Burr, amutual ” Thiswasnotthe .Jefferson .He and .But . which hehoped wouldguaranteeDolley’s and Dolley organized hispapersfor sale, Paulservants, Jennings and Sukey Montpelier withDolley andtheirenslaved He leftofficein1817and returnedto patriotic, andwarmlytoward the president . clear winner, Americansfelt unifiedand the war, butwhenitended,even withno James Madison wasroundly criticized for Retirement story of story torched muchofthecity the British invaded Washington and of warinJune 1812. Two years later, James askedCongress foradeclaration and independenceapparently atstake, against theU.S With America’s honor warships, andarmingIndians tofight onher seizing Americansailorstoserve office, Britainwasatwarwith France, united behindhim. When James took Dolley Madison James Madison , Resources 6 .(See thelife and .James 8 .) Life Story his lastmonths bedriddenanddiedin1836. his orherconsent . that noneofthemshouldbesold without slaves toDolley, addingthat“itismydesire with nearlyallofhisestate,James willedthe Paul Jennings (see promise specificallytohispersonalservant, free hisslaves uponhisdeath,andmadethis enjoy thenightair favorite chairtothegarden sohecould (and Sukey’s James’s son),wouldcarry the evenings, Ben Stewart, oneoftheslaves seriousness ofPayne’s gamblingdebts.In solvent, andshieldedDolley from the tokeep Montpelierlong walks,struggled hetook income afterhisdeath.Otherwise, 1751–1836 .He hadsaidhewould ” James Madison spent Resource 7 continued ) .But along Saving Washington: The NewRepublic andEarlyReformers, 1790–1860 Washington, D.C,97505109 ofCongressArchive, Prints Library andPhotographs Division, paper: watercolor, ink,andwash.Latrobe Architectural Drawing House”) Washington, DC,East Front Elevation , 1807.Drawing on (Left) Benjamin Henry Latrobe, The White House (“President’s Society Library, PR52. Madison, Aged 82,ca.1833Engraving .New-York Historical (Far left)J.BLongacre (artist), T edu/founders/JSMN (accessedby M . Waters, 9-10-2016). Digital Edition, J.CAStagg, .,http://rotunda ed .upress .virginia . University Press of Virginia, 1990);The Papers of James Madison, Ketcham, (Urbana andChicago: University ofIllinois Press, 2006);Ralph R .Hickey, Don't Give Up theShip!: Myths ofthe War of 1812 Capitol, June 1,2005(accessedby M. Waters, 10-7-2016);Donald ofSlaveHistory Laborers oftheUnited intheConstruction States Sources: ✮ ✮ ✮ ✮ ✮ ✮ did headdress them? for Dolley atthetimeofhisdeath?How What concernsdidJames Madison have Madison’s career? How didDolley Madison aid James on hisjourneytothepresidency? What challengesdidJames Madison face Allen, Office of the Architect of the Capitol, William C.Allen,Officeofthe Architect oftheCapitol, James Madison: ABiography, rev Discussion Questions

Américain duChâteaudeBlérancourt . 1818, Watercolor, Musée Franco- Henriette Hyde deNeuville, Montpellier , (Left) Baroness Anne-Marguerite- Jefferson 1867.306 Bryan, Historical Society, Gift ofThomas Jefferson, 1805.Oil onlinen.New-York (Far left)Rembrandt Peale, Thomas .B Welch (engraver), James .ed(Charlottesville, VA: