American Protestants and the Vietnam War A
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UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE SWORDS & PLOWSHARES: AMERICAN PROTESTANTS AND THE VIETNAM WAR A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By GEORGE A. BOGASKI Norman, Oklahoma 2010 SWORDS & PLOWSHARES: AMERICAN PROTESTANTS AND THE VIETNAM WAR A DISSERTATION APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY _____________________________ Dr. Ben Keppel, Chair _____________________________ Dr. Alfred Bradford _____________________________ Dr. David Chappell _____________________________ Dr. R. Kieth Gaddie _____________________________ Dr. Paul Gilje © Copyright by GEORGE A. BOGASKI 2010 All Rights Reserved. Acknowledgements I am a debtor to many and thankful for many more. The completion of any life goal, most always, involves a large supporting cast. This dissertation is no different. I want to take a moment to thank key contributors, knowing I have neither the space nor time to express fully my appreciation for those I am indebted to and thankful for. The assistance of numerous archives and libraries made this project possible. The Morgan Dissertation Fellowship made possible my travel to these archives. I appreciate the generosity of Wayne and Ann Morgan in helping make my research a reality. Without exception, archives and libraries generously assisted me in my research goals. I wish to commend the Flower Pentecostal Heritage Center, the African Methodist Episcopal Church‘s Department of Research and Scholarship, the International Pentecostal Holiness Church‘s Archives and Research Center, The Archives of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the Concordia Historical Institute, The Archives of the United Methodist Church, The Archives of the Episcopal Church, The Presbyterian Historical Society, The Library of Congress, the Chambers Library of Oklahoma City University, the Southern Nazarene University Library, the Bizzell Library of the University of Oklahoma, and the Roberts Library of the Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary. I want to communicate special appreciation for the efforts of the Southern Baptist Historical Library and Archives. They were a model of support and generosity. Lastly, Elissa Patadal, Technical Services Librarian at iv Mid-America Christian University proved both an invaluable academic resource and treasured friend. This dissertation also represents the culmination of my formal studies. In my educational experiences, I have been blessed. Several key individuals helped positively shape my intellect and discipline: Dr. Paul Bias of Barton County Community College, Dr. Frank Tunstall of Southwestern Christian University, Dr. David Bauer of Asbury Theological Seminary, and Dr. Paul Gilje and Dr. Terry Rugely of the University of Oklahoma. I owe a special debt to Dr. David Levy and Dr. Ben Keppel. The former guided me through my studies and initiated my dissertation. The later helped see my dissertation to completion. Both were warm souls whom I knew sought my best. Finally, I thank those closest to this project. Brianna Seidler, my Academic Assistant, proved herself worth her weight in gold. She assisted me in numerous ways over the last several years. I am indebted to her and ever so appreciative. Ginger Bogaski, my wife, supported me with her heart and time and was both my biggest fan and encourager. Lastly, I turn to my beloved sons. I do not think a PhD. student with young children and full time work can complete a quality program without some guilt. As you seek the best for your family, you must sacrifice time with them. Thus, if there is anything good, anything of value here, it is for my boys. v Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………….. iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS…………………………………………………………………...... viii ABSTRACT…………………………………….………………………………………. ix INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………..1 PART I. MAINLINE DENOMINATIONS Chapter 1: The Historical Context…………………………………………………..10 Chapter 2: Morally Reprehensible vs. Morally ……………………………………38 Mainline Concepts of War and the Debate over the Vietnam War Chapter 3: Prophets or Patriots?:………………………...…………………....…...91 Debating the Attendant Issues of the Vietnam War Chapter 4: Souls Not Society:…………………………….…………………….....131 Mainline Conservative Anger During the Vietnam War PART II. CONSERVATIVE EVANGELICAL DENOMINATIONS Chapter 5: A Sin Stained World:...………………………….….…………..……...172 Conservative Evangelical Concepts of War and Peace During the Vietnam War. Chapter 6: Turn Your Eyes Upon Jesus:………………………………….………198 Conservative Evangelicals and the Vietnam War, 1964-1968 Chapter 7: Recasting the Vision:…………………………………………….…….258 Conservative Evangelicals and the Vietnam War, 1969-1973 vi PART III. AFRICAN-AMERICAN DENOMINATIONS Chapter 8: A Prophet Without a People:………………………………………….281 Martin Luther King, Jr., the Vietnam War and African-American Protestants Chapter 8: No Man Can Serve Two Masters:………………………………........306 African-American Protestants and the Vietnam War CONCLUSION…….…………………………………………………………............347 BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………...….………….353 vii List of Illustrations The Patient In Serious Trouble …………………………………………………….137 Cornerstone Intact …………………………………………………………………..177 Titanic Struggle ……………………………………………………………………...178 Until the Final Armistice …………………………………………………………….181 The Peace Seekers …………………………………………………………………191 Peace …………………………………………………………………………………193 Will He Ever Learn …………………………………………………………………..194 Still Undisputable Victor …………………………………………………………….204 Can We Find A Man? ………………………………………………………………205 Not the Doctor‘s Fault …………………………………………………………….. 206 He Has the Healing Balm …………………………………………………………..207 Easter 1970 ………………………………………………………………………….209 Will This One Return? ………………………………………………………………210 The Peace Keepers …………………………………………………………………211 Unfamiliar (?) Part of an Endless (?) War ………………………………………...212 A Prayer for July 4, 1965 …………………………………………………………...216 Cover Page …………………………………………………………………………..219 A Line That Means Alot to Him …………………………………………………….230 That‘s All Soldier …………………………………………………………………….231 Does a Boy Wonder Over There? …………………………………………………232 Protest Placards ……………………………………………………………………..234 Our First Allegiance …………………………………………………………………242 Move Over Bub …………………………………………………………………….. 248 Celebrate Christian Citizenship ……………………………………………………252 Distress Call ………………………………………………………………………….272 Vertigo ………………………………………………………………………………...295 viii Abstract Theological commitments and contemporary pressures shaped the response of American Protestants to the Vietnam War. Mainline denominations experienced extreme dissension. Opponents of the war, centered on clergy and leadership, challenged the war based upon its consequences. Supporters of the war, overwhelmingly laity, supported it as a just cause. The extreme levels of discord and disconnect between leadership and laity found expression in the debates over the attendant issues of the war. Frustrated, conservatives within mainline denominations provided an alternative vision for the church that rejected a focus on social issues. The world view and eschatology of conservative evangelicals made war and the Vietnam War less troublesome. Conservative evangelical denominations saw in Vietnam an evangelistic opportunity and generally portrayed soldiers as frontline missionaries. African-American denominations had connections to both mainline and conservative evangelical approaches. Martin Luther King, Jr., the foremost African-American of the time, religious or otherwise, strongly opposed the war and sought to lead fellow blacks on the issue. However, church members were very resistant to joining King in this particular struggle. African-American denominations did not so much support the Vietnam War as were unwilling to criticize Lyndon Johnson publically out of recognition of his great efforts on their behalf. With the election of Richard Nixon, a Republican with a very different political agenda, African-American denominations became more outspoken against the war as it began to draw attention and resources away from the economic and civic concerns of blacks. ix Introduction Religion is war‘s fickle partner. At times it affirms the use of violence for economic, territorial, or ethnic gains. Nations know there are few better weapons than God. With the conviction that they are on God‘s side, nations can motivate men‘s souls to readily give their lives and validate their deaths to soldiers‘ families. At the same time, religion has played a prophetic role against the state and against the established order, a role which some have viewed as dangerous and seditious. In the hands of some, following God‘s command requires people challenge the idolatry of the state, a force that would destroy others for misconceived and selfish ―national interests‖. It can offer unarmed dissenters the moral courage to challenge the military; it offers a way to bring moral judgment upon the actions of the state. In the modern age, faith has served as a means of both affirming and critiquing a nation‘s military activities. The American Protestant response to the Vietnam War was shaped by the pre-existing theological commitments and by the political realities confronted by each group. Many leaders of mainline denominations generally held to a liberal commitment to social justice while more conservative denominational leaders and laity advocated a dualistic, evangelistic and, at times, a millenialist mindset. These more conservative Protestants also felt ambushed by the reform movements of the 1960s