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Canadian Christian Nationalism?: the Religiosity and Politics of the Christian Heritage Party of Canada

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Canadian Christian Nationalism?: the Religiosity and Politics of the Christian Heritage Party of Canada Wilfrid Laurier University Scholars Commons @ Laurier Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) 2015 Canadian Christian Nationalism?: The Religiosity and Politics of the Christian Heritage Party of Canada Leah A D McKeen Wilfrid Laurier University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd Part of the Christian Denominations and Sects Commons, Christianity Commons, Dutch Studies Commons, Other Anthropology Commons, Other Political Science Commons, and the Other Religion Commons Recommended Citation McKeen, Leah A D, "Canadian Christian Nationalism?: The Religiosity and Politics of the Christian Heritage Party of Canada" (2015). Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive). 1740. https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd/1740 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) by an authorized administrator of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Canadian Christian Nationalism?: The Religiosity and Politics of the Christian Heritage Party of Canada by Leah A. D. McKeen M.A. Women’s and Gender Studies, Mount Saint Vincent University, 2009 B.A. (Hons) Religious Studies, Mount Allison University, 2004 DISSERTATION Submitted to the Department of Religion and Culture, Faculty of Arts, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for Doctor of Philosophy in Religious Studies Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario © Leah A. D. McKeen 2015 Abstract In this dissertation I examine the worldview and concerns held by members of the Christian Heritage Party of Canada (CHP) as a means of understanding Canada’s Christian Right. I present a perspective of Canada’s Christian Right that challenges assumptions made about this religio-political ideology by showing how the political choices made by members of the CHP make sense within the members’ context. The CHP is a federal political party, first registered in 1986, that markets itself as “Canada’s only pro-life party.” Although the party was initially developed by a group of conservative Protestants and Roman Catholics, the majority of its members are Dutch-Canadians who attend Dutch Reformed (Calvinist) Churches. The main questions addressed in this dissertation are: 1) how do various social networks and identity characteristics correlate with individuals investing themselves in this religious- political movement, and 2) how do these individuals manage their identity and worldview in the face of on-going opposition and challenges both within and external to the CHP? In other words, what is it about the CHP that makes the party “common sense” to its members, when it seems less than common sense to the majority of Canadians? In order to answer these questions, I conducted semi-structured interviews with 79 party members across Canada and observed various party events between August 2010 and July 2012. Each chapter of this dissertation highlights a major theme that arose from the ethnographic data I collected. These themes include: 1) comparisons with the American Christian Right, 2) the implications and significance of the Dutch-Canadian majority in the party, 3) links between the party’s name and its Christian identity, 4) the CHP’s prolife identity (particularly regarding its pro-capital punishment stance and the positioning of Roman Catholics within the party), 5) the role of education in the lives of party members, and 6) the perceived i enemies of the party, namely, secular humanism, the “homosexual agenda,” and radical Islam. Overall, these themes illustrate the construction and maintenance of the members’ particular social conservative Christian identity, and a tension within the party between upholding the members’ Christian principles and being a pragmatic, electable political party. ii Acknowledgements The completion of this dissertation would not have been possible without the support of many individuals. I would like to thank the members of the Christian Heritage Party for their involvement in my study. Without their participation, this would have been a significantly diminished project. I want to thank my committee members, especially my co-advisors, Jeff Wilson and Paul Freston, for their guidance throughout the process of developing this project, conducting my fieldwork, and writing this dissertation. Although he is not officially a member of my committee, I also want to acknowledge my departmental graduate officer, Jason Neelis, for his indispensible assistance in navigating the bureaucratic requirements at the end of this program. Regarding funding, I am appreciative of the assistance I received from the Canadian Corporation for Studies in Religion. I was awarded their Travel Scholarship for Doctoral Students in 2011, which largely covered the expenses I incurred while conducting fieldwork in British Columbia. Additionally, I want to thank my friends and family for their encouragement. Both of my parents have emotionally supported me throughout this endeavour in their own ways. I suspect few doctoral candidates share my experience of having their father gleefully reading over the completed draft of their dissertation. Last, but not least, I want to thank my husband, Josh, for his unwavering support of my desire to attain higher education. iii Table of Contents ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................. I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................................... III TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................................... IV INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 1 APPLICATIONS BEYOND THE CHP ......................................................................................................................... 4 STRUCTURE OF THE DISSERTATION ....................................................................................................................... 7 THEORY .................................................................................................................................................................... 11 METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Interview Methods ............................................................................................................................................. 20 Participant Observation ................................................................................................................................. 24 Other Data Sources ........................................................................................................................................... 28 WHY THE CHP? ...................................................................................................................................................... 30 MY RELATIONSHIP TO THE CHP ......................................................................................................................... 31 Religious Identity and Being an Outsider ............................................................................................... 33 CHAPTER ONE: IS THE CHRISTIAN HERITAGE PARTY A CANADIAN MANIFESTATION OF THE AMERICAN CHRISTIAN RIGHT? ..................................................................................................... 38 BACKGROUND ON THE CHRISTIAN HERITAGE PARTY OF CANADA ............................................................... 43 COMPARING CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES ............................................................................................. 48 CHP PERCEPTIONS OF THE UNITED STATES .................................................................................................... 55 Separation of Church and State .................................................................................................................. 56 Envying American Christians ....................................................................................................................... 61 Capital Punishment .......................................................................................................................................... 63 iv Media and Personalities ................................................................................................................................. 65 COMPARING THE CHP TO THE UNITED STATES’ CHRISTIAN RIGHT ............................................................ 73 The CHP and Christian Political Parties in the United States ........................................................ 77 CHAPTER TWO: TRYING TO BE NOT TOO DUTCH: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DUTCH REFORMED IN THE CHRISTIAN HERITAGE PARTY ................................................................................ 86 PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS OF THE CHP AS DUTCH ................................................................................................. 86 WHAT IS AT STAKE WITH BEING PERCEIVED AS DUTCH ................................................................................ 87 BRINGING FORTH THE EVIDENCE ......................................................................................................................
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