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Microgravity: a Tool for Industrial Research

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Microgravity: a Tool for Industrial Research Microgravity: A Tool for Industrial Research Applied Research on the International Space Station > < Directorate of Manned Spaceflight and Microgravity Direction des Vols Habités et de la Microgravité CONTENTS Microgravity: a Tool for Industrial Research 1 Microgravity Research Networks 4 Casting of High-Performance Alloys 6 Bearing Alloys for Car Engines 8 Combustion 10 Crystal growth of Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) 12 Enhancement of Oil Recovery 14 Crystal Growth of Biological Macromolecules 16 Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space (ACES) 18 Life Sciences and Biotechnology 20 Biomedicine - Osteoporosis 22 Biomedicine 24 Activities in the USA and Japan 26 National Initiatives in Europe 27 Outlook 28 Microgravity: a Tool for Industrial Research Microgravity research has been undertaken in Europe for the past 15 years, both through ESA programmes and initiatives at national level. With the forthcoming International Space Station (ISS), there is strong motivation to expand on these activities notably by involving European industry to achieve the move from fundamental research towards applied projects. This brochure introduces selected examples of research where microgravity as a tool is relevant for application-oriented and industrial research. Each area demonstrates potential for applications and commercial spin-offs. Past results are mentioned and current and future avenues for experimentation are presented. ESA’s Microgravity Applications Promotion Programme has the mission to address researchers from industry and academia and to develop relevant projects. With the advent of the ISS, an endeavour in which Europe is fully participating, microgravity becomes a strategic research tool for innovative private ventures. This brochure provides a first step in promoting the view that integrating microgravity as an additional parameter into terrestrial research efforts can indeed be beneficial to private enterprise. 1 The Fluid Science Laboratory under development in ESA’s MFC programme (left) The Material Science Laboratory, an element of the MFC programme, shown in Columbus Laboratory configuration (right) can be obtained through various means and for different durations: drop towers and drop shafts (up to 10 seconds), aircraft flying parabolic trajectories (about 20 seconds), sounding rockets (up to 15 minutes), unmanned satellites (weeks to months) and manned orbiting systems such as the Shuttle (a few weeks), Mir and finally the International Space Station, which will be in operation for a decade at least. Gravity is a pervasive phenomenon, creating a force that influences virtually all aspects of life on Earth. The impact on The Microgravity Microgravity Research physical and biological processes is Facilities for Columbus Possibilities obvious. In a number of cases it is used to (MFC): a view inside the Columbus Laboratory advantage, for instance to shape a The International Space Station provides a metallic part by pouring a melt into a unique opportunity for research and mould, to separate lighter from heavier applications and a testbed for constituents through sedimentation or for technological development for a period the transport of fluids. However, the of 10 – 15 years. Disciplines of interest effects of gravity can be undesirable if we include research in the microgravity want to study the complex interaction of environment, space science (astrophysics different forces involved, for example, in and astronomy), Earth observation, fluids (liquids and gases). engineering science and space technology. In microgravity, various phenomena are significantly altered, in particular Past and present research programmes convection, buoyancy, hydrostatic highlight how microgravity can be a pressure and sedimentation. Scientific useful, and in some cases unique, tool for disciplines affected include fluid physics the study of a number of physical, and transport phenomena, combustion, chemical and biological processes that are crystal growth and solidification, important in science, engineering and biological processes and biotechnology. technology. Microgravity is instrumental in unmasking and unravelling processes that are Microgravity or near-weightlessness interwoven or overshadowed in normal corresponds to a free fall situation. This gravity. For example, crystal growth from 2 The Biolab; an element of the MFC (left) The Human Physiology Module; an element of the MFC (right) melt and solutions, capillary effects, multiphase flow, diffusive transport processes, can under normal gravity conditions be dominated by effects such as buoyancy, thermal convection and sedimentation. Microgravity may therefore be regarded as an important tool for increasing precision in the measurement of thermophysical properties, for improving models of complex phenomena and hence manufacturing processes on Earth. In the fields of medicine and life science, the amplification in space of certain physiological changes motivates investigations of the underlying mechanisms and the development of or to give more insight into Earth-based Science operations for both innovative treatments and processes so as to enable improvement or the Multi User Facilities experimental hardware. optimisation. For that purpose, specific instruments will be provided by ESA. ESA’s Microgravity Applications With the availability of the ISS, examining Promotion Programme specific applied research questions in a microgravity environment may be, in the Back in 1995, when deciding Europe’s long term, a rewarding undertaking for participation in the ISS project, ministers industry. from ESA Member States stipulated an ISS Utilisation Preparation Programme A major aspect of this promotion including a Microgravity Applications programme is the setting up of Europe- Promotion (MAP) programme element. Its wide teams and networks involving broad aim is to prepare for the ‘steady- partners from academia and industry who state’ utilisation phase after assembly of will work jointly on industrially-relevant the Station is completed in 2003. research. The aim is to initiate industrial projects in which terrestrial research with The MAP Programme’s objective is to industrial objectives will be supported by develop pilot projects demonstrating that ESA, including ground-based activities the ISS is a unique tool for industrial and flight opportunities, together with research, and to obtain data that would the participation of researchers from either be needed for numerical simulation universities. 3 Microgravity Research Networks Several projects are already supported The topics and the corresponding lead by ESA’s Microgravity Applications centres are: Promotion Programme. These networks, – Osteoporosis, MEDES, Toulouse, France. with the participation of industry and – Crystal Growth of Cadmium Telluride research institutes, are expecting to derive (CdTe) and related Compounds, benefits from the inclusion of microgravity Crystallographic Institute, Univ. Freiburg, as an additional parameter into their Germany. applied research efforts. These projects – Precision Measurement of Diffusion are funded by ESA in increments of two Coefficients Related to Oil Recovery, years, leading up to flight experiments on Microgravity Research Centre, Université the ISS from 2002 onwards. Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium. – Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space (ACES), Indeed, the development of advanced Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France. industrial processes and products is increasingly based on detailed Furthermore, a study on a facility for understanding of the underlying commercial crystallisation of biological phenomena. macromolecules in space is being initiated. Additional topics are addressed through the activities of ESA Topical Teams. These teams seek a dialogue with European There are presently 12 active Topical Teams: industry to expand successful basic – The Influence of Steady and Alternating Magnetic Fields microgravity research towards applications. on Crystal Growth and Alloy Solidification Presently, 12 Topical Teams are active, – Convection and Pattern Formation in Morphological listed in the table on this page. Proposals Instability during Directional Solidification for new Topical Teams are being solicited, – Metastable States and Phases specifically in Biotechnology. – Equilibrium and Dynamic Properties of Adsorbed Layers – Particle Aggregation and Dispersion Ground-based research involving gravity- – Double Diffusive Instabilities with Soret Effect dependent phenomena is also supported – Thermophysical Properties of Fluids by the European Commission. – Magnetic Fluids: Gravity Dependent Phenomena and Related Applications ESA is proposing to expand relevant – Foams and Capillary Flows EU-funded projects to include – Droplet, Particle, Spray, Cloud Combustion microgravity flight experiments. These – Flame-Vortex Interaction will be funded by the Microgravity – Combustion Synthesis Applications Promotion Programme. Typical research areas that are considered to be promising are described in the table on the following page. 4 Possible Research Topics for Gravity-related Research with Industrial Objectives Objectives of microgravity Industrial research objectives Applications investigations Casting of High Performance Alloys Advanced process control Validation of theoretical models Cast products with reproducible and Turbine blades and cast under controlled conditions. predictable properties structural parts with improved Determination of thermophysical properties and reliability data with an accuracy not attainable under normal gravity
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