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NG J Social Dev an Open Access Journal DOI: 10.12816/0046772 Vol NG J Social Dev An Open Access Journal DOI: 10.12816/0046772 Vol. 7 (1), 2018 NG - Journal of Social Development Arabian Group of Journals Research Article Homepage: www.arabianjbmr.com Arabian Group of Journals THE MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX: A CATALYST FOR CONFLICTS AND WARS (USA) Samson akpati nzeribe mukhtar imam Department of International Relations and Diplomacy, Baze University Abuja Nigeria Phone: 234- 8065723203/234-7066025461, 234-8059477384 E-mail: [email protected]/[email protected] Abstract. This paper brings to the fore the business and commercial aspect of the Military Industrial Complex (MIC) the world over and in particular the United States of America, as a catalyst and instigator of conflict and wars all over the world. The owners of the MICs have integrated into government and wield enormous powers and influence in the areas of national security, foreign policy, economy and defence matters. This research explores the obvious over-bearing influence of MIC in nudging and steering the world towards one crises after another just because of their self- serving ideology which is ‘profit’ at the expense of peace. This paper aims to create awareness of the activities of MIC and add to the not so much literature in existence about it. Different types of military conflict and wars have erupted in the past and some are still on-going that have the United States of America as participants in one form or another. Amongst other factors, this paper also investigates the extent to which profitability has helped in fueling these crises and wars. This paper investigates a few of these wars like the Afghanistan war, Desert Storm in Kuwait , Iraqi war in which Saddam Hussein was deposed, hunted down and killed with a view to unravelling some of the huge profits made by the different branches of the MIC. Keywords: Military Industrial Complex, Catalyst, Wars, Conflict. Introduction Of all the political ideas that gained popular currency in the 1960s, the military-industrial complex is the concept perhaps most gravely deformed by public opinion. The debate of 1968 and 1969 over the influence of the military establishment in the United States was so disappointing. After all was said, the concept of the military-industrial complex remained muddled and its attendant questions of international and domestic political influence were still unanswered. The military industrial complex has grown to be part of the commercial, economic, social and political part of the US system. It has been so integrated that it cannot be separated from the system. Political leaders reflected the confusion of the man in the street, of business leaders, industrial workers, farmers, college students, and activists for conflicting causes. All were caught up in a dilemma—that armaments cause wars and those arms industries create prosperity. At the same time, nearly everyone agreed that some military forces were needed for national security, and these in turn depended upon some kind of military industry. (Journal of International Affairs) Earlier in the 1960s it was President Dwight Eisenhower, who being full of wisdom and knowledge as far back as in 1961, in his farewell address to the nation warned of the dangers that the military industrial complex poses today to American tax payers and the international community. He acknowledged that maintaining a strong army is an assurance of peace but at same time he warned against acquiring what he called ‘unwarranted influence’, sought or unsought by the military industrial complex. He advised Americans to guard against this inimical trend. vital element in keeping the peace • ISSN: 0189-5958 73 NG- Journal of Social Development (NGJSD) is our military establishment. Our arms must be might, ready for instant action, so that no potential aggressor may be tempted to risk his own destruction. American makers of ploughshares could, with time and as required, make swords as well. But now we can no longer risk emergency improvisation of national defence; we have been compelled to create a permanent armaments industry of vast proportions. This conjunction of an immense military establishment and a large arms industry is new in the American experience. .Yet we must not fail to comprehend its grave implications. In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military- industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist, President Dwight Eisenhower (1961). This paper is of the view that the military-industrial complex in its modus-operandi tends to be a catalyst for conflicts and wars and will in no small measure, continue to instigate and cause future conflicts, crises and strife. It will immensely be of benefit to acknowledge the rationality of this paper in concurring that military industrial complex as was intended, was the un intentional result of both a desire to stabilize the global capitalist system and to protect national security interests, but that military spending is now closely linked to the personal interests of a small, influential group of elites. In the United States of America which this research is using as a case study it will be of interest to note that those that sit at the boards of these gigantic MICs are always serving influential policy makers in Washington, i.e. people in high positions in the US government at each point in time. It does not really matter the party in power. This comes at a high cost and inconvenience to the general public and tax payers. The remaining part of this paper shall be divided into four parts. First will be a theoretical framework, followed by ‘Military Industrial Complex’ as a Concept. Here, this paper unravels the military industrial complex and its inner workings within the commercial, governmental and political framework of the United States of America. Third will be its ‘Evolution’ from the world wars and how it has gradually metamorphosed into a warmonger monster through the decades. Fourthly, this research rationally and critically examines the global war on terror and the in- prints of military industrial complex in it. In the fifth place will be a general evaluation of the influence of military industrial complex in contemporary and future warfare, of-course highlighting both positive and negative impacts on humanity. At the tail end of this paper will be conclusion and recommendations. The Military Industrial Complex Concept The concept of the military-industrial complex, rather than being a radical departure from conventional sociology, is, instead, a quite logical development within the mainstream of American political sociological theory. The development of the concept is traced not only to C. Wright Mills' “power elite” but beyond to Harold Lasswell's “garrison state” and James Burnham's “managerial revolution.” Ultimately, the concept of the military-industrial complex is seen as derived from an anti-Marxian perspective initially reflected in neo-Machiavellian and Weberian thought.(Moskos C 1974) The military–industrial complex (MIC) is an informal alliance between a nation's military and the arms industry which supplies it, seen together as a vested interest which influences public policy and opinion. A driving factor behind this relationship between the government and defence-minded corporations is that both sides benefit, one side from obtaining war weapons, and the other from being paid to supply them. The term is most often used in reference to the system behind the military of the United States, where it is most prevalent and gained popularity after its use in the farewell address of President Dwight D. Eisenhower as already stated. In 2011, the United States spent more in absolute numbers on its military than some 13 nations combined, In the context of the US, the appellation given to it sometimes is extended to military– industrial–congressional complex (MICC), adding the U.S. Congress to form a three-sided relationship termed an iron triangle. These relationships include political contributions, political approval for military spending, lobbying to support bureaucracies, and oversight of the industry; or more broadly to include the entire network of contracts and flows of money and resources among individuals as well as corporations and institutions of the defence contractors, private military contractors, The Pentagon, the Congress and Executive branch. After World War II, the United States military gradually came into a position of overwhelming dominance in the world. Military spending in the United States far outpaces that of other countries, with their world share of military expenditures at 41% in 2011, followed by Russia and China with only eight and four percent respectively (SIPRI 2012). This has been the case since the Second World War and has been justified in different ways over time. The arguments for continued military dominance have ranged from “long-term economic gains” at the start of the war (Shoup & Murray 1977, cited in Hossein-zadeh 2006: 45) to Soviet containment during the Cold War, “a broader responsibility of global militarism” since • ISSN: 0189-5958 74 NG- Journal of Social Development (NGJSD) the 1980s (Ryan 1991, cited in Hossein-zadeh 2006: 73), and most recently the need to protect citizens against Islamic fundamentalism and terrorist attacks. Nevertheless, there has been consistent concern that powerful groups in military, political, and corporate positions, profiteering
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