Guide to Researching International Human Rights Law Steven C

Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law

Volume 24 | Issue 2

1992 Guide to Researching International Human Rights Law Steven C. Perkins

Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil Part of the International Law Commons

Recommended Citation Steven C. Perkins, Guide to Researching International Human Rights Law, 24 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 379 (1992) Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil/vol24/iss2/5

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Journals at Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law by an authorized administrator of Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. Guide to Researching International Human Rights Law*

Steven C. Perkins**

I. INTRODUCTION Thi pathfinder is intended to serve as an introduction to international human rights law research. It contains the treaties, resolutions, case- law, and articles needed to research this topic. With a few exceptions for bibliographies and research guides, citations will not be made to periodical articles since they can easily be found as explained below.

II. NATURAL LAW AND HUMAN RIGHTS A. Background Human rights have been the subject of legal and political thought for many years. Indeed, the foundation of modem law of human rights is the Natural Law theories developed first by the ancient Greeks and Romans and later elaborated by the Christian philosophers of the late Middle Ages and early modem eras. Another conception of human rights developed out of the evolution of government in England and the American colonies. In England this evolution started with the Magna Carta of 1215 which defined the relationship between the King and his nobles. It has subsequently been applied to relations between the people and all levels of government. In 1689, a Bill of Rights was proclaimed as a condition for the assumption of the English Crown by William of Orange. This further limited the rights of the King vis-a-vis the Parliament and the people. This train of thought was both expanded and attacked by Mills, Hobbs, Locke, and Benthem. In the American colonies, a political culture concerned with the exercise of individual political rights developed from the peculiar religious and economic circumstances involved in the establishment of each col- ony and from the effect of distance upon the exercise of direct supervision by England. The tensions within this relationship led to a flowering of

* Copyright © 1985, 1988 and 1991, Steven C. Perkins. Portions of this article were prepared for presentation at the 1985 and 1988 Annual Meetings of the American Association of Law Libraries. ** MLL, 1983, Univ. of Denver; JD, 1979; BA, 1976, Univ. of Cincinnati, Special Projects and International Law Librarian. The John Marshall Law School Library. CASE W. RES. J. INT'L LV Vol. 24:379 political debate which reached its fruition with the Declaration of Inde- pendence, the Constitution of the United States, and the Bill of Rights. While it is true that the rhetoric of these documents was and remains ahead of the actual conditions of life in the United States, they do present an intellectual basis for the development of a consistent legal regime for the attainment of respect for political and social rights. The U.S. system is arguably the most developed legal regime now operating in the world community. It is however, only a domestic regime, one which has remained apart from international law both to its credit and to its detriment. The United States has remained apart from international legal regimes, pursuant to a deliberate policy founded upon the device of senato- rial "advice and consent" to treaties, the doctrine of "self-executing and non-self-executing treaties or treaty provisions," and the "political question" exception invoked by courts as grounds for not deciding cases. One result of these policies has been the reluctance of American attorneys to argue relevant norms of international law in domestic cases. This is un- fortunate, since the Constitution and the Supreme Court both declare international law to be part of the "law of the land." In Europe, the concepts of the American Revolution spread to France with Thomas Paine's writings: Common Sense and The Rights of Man. The result in France was the Declaration of the Rights and Duties of the Citizen which was the statement of the desires of the people in the French Revolution. The political mechanisms set up at the Congress of Vienna succesfully suppressed most revolutionary impulses in Europe during the 19th century. Even so, a number of developments during the 19th century have led directly to the modern regime of international human rights law. These include the creation of the International Red Cross, the promulgation of the Hague Conventions, the evolution of the concept of humanitarian intervention, the abolition of the slave trade and of slavery in the British Empire and the United States, the eradication of serfdom in Russia, and the international protection of religious and ethnic minorities. In 1920, the victors in World War I established the League of Na- tions. Several organs of the League have continued until today and are part of the international human rights law regime. One is the Interna- tional Labor Organization. Another is now the United Nations Trustee- ship Council. The most important descendents of the League, however, are the International Court of Justice and the United Nations Organization. All of the above developments have led to the present state of affairs where, in contrast to the classical definition of international law as the law of relations between states, there is now an international human rights law for individuals to use against their own and other states. 1992] GUIDE TO RESEARCHING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGH7S LAW 381

B. Selected Bibliography

KURT JULIUS LACHMANN, THE RENAISSANCE OF THE INDIVIDUAL (1947). An examination of the demise of Benthamism and the rise of Carlyle and Dicey with the attendent loss of the autonomy of the individual. Mr. Lackman gives his prescription for the return of the promi- nence of the individual. J. JOSEF LADOR-LEDERER, INTERNATIONAL GROUP PROTECTION (1968). Mr. Lador-Lederer gives the case for human rights as a Natural Law phenomenon. He examines the rights and duties of persons and institutions addressed by the law. HERSH LAUTERPACHT, INTERNATIONAL LAW AND HUMAN RIGHTS (Garland Press edition, 1973). Dr. Lauterpacht examines human rights from several view-points: subjects of the Law of Nations; Law of Nature and the Rights of Man; human rights under the Charter of the U.N.; the implementation of the Charter by the Commission; and the question of an International Bill of the Rights of Man. He ends with a brief discussion of the Universal Declaration and the then proposed European Court of Human Rights. JACQUES MARITAIN, THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND NATURAL LAW. (Gordian Press 1971) (1943). An examination of the Society of Human Persons and the Rights of the Person in a philosophical context in light of the Universal Declaration of the Rights of Man. MosES MOSKOWITZ, INTERNATIONAL CONCERN WITH HUMAN RIGHTS (1974). This is the author's presentation to the International Community of what he believes is the fundamental basis for the implementation of the rights guaranteed in the U.N. Charter and incorporated in various other international agreements. MAURICE CRANSTON, WHAT ARE HUMAN RIGHTS? (1973). A philosophical exposition of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the context of the ideological struggle between Natural Law and Legal Positivism.

III. INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW

While all states guarantee their citizens certain civil, political, and social rights, it is international law which guarantees to all people certain universal human rights. As part of the international law regime, human rights law requires a focus for legal research which is different from that employed in municipal legal research. The Statute of the International Court of Justice is instructive in this instance. CASE W. RES. J INT'L LV Vol. 24:379

A. Statute of the International Court of Justice Article 38(1) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice de- fines the sources of international law to be applied by the court to matters before it. They are enumerated as follows: a. international conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states; b. international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law; c. the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations; d. subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as sudsidiary means for the determination of rules of law. It is obvious, therefore, that international legal research will focus on identifying conventions or treaties, customary international law, international legislation, case decisions, and monographic and periodical commentary which apply to the situation under consideration. Four inter-governmental organizations sponsor the present human rights regimes: the United Nations, the Organization of American States, the Council of Europe, and the Organization of African Unity. Guides to the documentation systems for the first three of these follow. All of these international inter-governmental organizations sponsor treaties, conventions, covenants, declarations, and resolutions which may or may not be considered to be one of the first three categories of sources for international law. The human rights organs of these organizations are described below. The methodology for locating monographic and periodical literature will also be described below. This article will close with a short bibliography of items on a selected list of specific rights.

B. General Research Aids 1. Monographs The following items are essential for undertaking research in international law: J. MYRON JACOBSTEIN AND RoY M. MERSKY, FUNDAMENTALS OF LEGAL RESEARCH (1987). Three of its chapters focus on research in international, English, and Canadian law. This book is most useful for research problems involving the United States as it gives the clearest ex- planation of the method of researching treaties and international agreements to which the United States is a party. MORRIS L. COHEN ET AL., HOW TO FIND THE LAW (9th ed., 1989). This volume addresses research in international, English and Canadian law and includes a chapter on foreign and comparative law. This is the 1992] GUIDE TO RESEARCHING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAw 383 book of choice if your research problem has no connection with the U.S. The chapter on foreign and comparative law is particularlly useful. JOHN W. WILLIAMS, GUIDE TO INTERNATIONAL LAW RESEARCH (1990). This entire volume is devoted to international legal research. It is suggested to read the introduction and then parts V and VI: "Practice and Research Aids" and "Reference Sources." The remaining parts can then be consulted as needed. It also contains excellent short discussions of the documentation systems for the United Nations, the European Eco- nomic Community, the Organisation of American States, and the U.S. Government Printing Office.

2. Bibliographical Information

CHARLES SZLADITS, A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF FOREIGN AND COMPARA- TIVE LAW: BOOKS AND ARTICLES IN ENGLISH SINCE 1790 (1955-to present) (an expanded reprint of the section "Foreign Law in English" which appears in each quarterly issue of the AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE LAW). DAG HAMMARSKJOLD LIBRARY, CURRENT BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INFOR- MATION (1971) (lists acquisitions of the U.N. library and indexes articles from 700 journals). INTERNATIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY (1983-present) (a periodical index to international organization documents). SIMONE-MARIE VRABIESCY KLECKNER & BLANKA KUDEJ, INTERNA- TIONAL LEGAL BIBLIOGRAPHY (1983) (this volume is divided in to two sections: "Public International Law" and "International Trade Law"). NATIONAL LEGAL BIBLIOGRAPHY (1984-present), LAWYER'S MONTHLY CATALOG (1983-present) and the CATALOG OF FOREIGN AND INTERNATIONAL LAW TITLES (1987) (list acquisitions from 25 large law libraries throughout the United States). PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (Max Planck Inst. for Comp. Pub. L. and Int'l L. 1975-present) (this semi-annual periodical contains a bibliography of current books and articles). DAG HAMMARSKJOLD LIBRARY, UNDOC: A CURRENT INDEX, (1971- present) (official index to publications of the United Nations and its official organs acquired by the U.N. library).

3. Bibliographies

HAK-HAK ASASI MANUSIA DAN PENGABDIAN HUKUM: SUATU BIBLIOGRAFI [FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE RULE OF LAW: A BIBLIOGRAPHY] (Gregory Churchill & Mulyana Kusuma comps., 1981). CASE W. RES. J INT'L L. Vol. 24:379

ROBERT GOEHLERT, HUMAN RIGHTS POLICY: A SELECTED BIBLIOG- RAPHY (1984).

CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF HUMAN RIGHTS, HUMAN RIGHTS: A ToP- ICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY (J. Paul Martin ed., 1983).

HUMAN RIGHTS: AN INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW BIBLI- OGRAPHY (Julian R. Friedman & Marc I. Sherman comps./eds., 1985).

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION STUDENT ASSOCIATION, UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA, HUMAN RIGHTS, BUREAUCRACY, AND PUBLIC POLICY: A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY (1976).

HUMAN RIGHTS: INTERNATIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 1975-1981 (1982) (bilingual version). INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS: A BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1970-1975 (Barry O'Connor comp./ed., 1980).

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HUMAN RIGHTS, SELECTED BIBLIOG- RAPHY ON THE INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW OF HUMAN RIGHTS (Shula Marks comp., 1973).

WILLIAM MILLER, INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS: A BIBLIOGRA- PHY, 1970-1976 (1976).

NEW BRUNSWICK HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION, A BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR RESEARCH IN HUMAN RIGHTS (1970). ARMINS RUSIS, HUMAN RIGHTS: A SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY (1969).

INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS: A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY (Rob- ert Shimane & Robert Rich comps., 1979).

EDWARD STANEK, A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PERIODICALS AND OTHER SERIALS ON HUMAN RIGHTS (1991).

EDWARD STANEK, A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SELECTED HUMAN RIGHTS BIBLIOGRAPHIES, DOCUMENTARY COMPILATIONS, PERIODICALS, RE- PORTS, AND REFERENCE BOOKS ESSENTIAL FOR THE STUDY OF INTER- NATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW OF HUMAN RIGHTS (1987).

EDWARD STANEK, HUMAN RIGHTS: A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MONOGRAPHS, ESSAYS, SERIALS, AND BASIC COMPILATIONS OF DOCU- MENTS, AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES PERTINENT TO INTERNATIONAL PRO- TECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (1987).

HUMAN RIGHTS REPORTS: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF FACT- FINDING MISSIONS (Berth Verstappen comp./ed., 1987).

INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS: A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY (Thomas D. Young comp., 1978). 1992] GUIDE TO RESEARCHING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 385

4. Directories Africa: Human Rights Directory and Bibliography, 12 HuM. RTs. IN- TERNET REP. 1 (1988-89). HUMAN RIGHTS INTERNET, HUMAN RIGHTS DIRECTORY: LATIN AMERICA, AFRICA, ASIA (1981). HUMAN RIGHTS INTERNET, HUMAN RIGHTS DIRECTORY: WESTERN EUROPE (1982). HUMAN RIGHTS INTERNET, DIRECTORY: EASTERN EUROPE & THE USSR (1987). HUMAN RIGHTS INTERNET, NORTH AMERICAN HUMAN RIGHTS DI- RECTORY (1984).

5. Textbooks

THOMAS BUERGENTHAL, INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW IN A NUTSHELL (1988). THOMAS BUERGENTHAL ET AL., PROTECTING HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE AMERICAS (2d. ed. 1986). RICHARD P. CLAUDE & BURNS H. WESTON, HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE WORLD COMMUNITY: ISSUES AND ACTION (1989). J. DONNELLY, UNIVERSAL HUMAN RIGHTS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE (1989). INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS: PROBLEMS OF LAW, POLICY AND PRACTICE (Richard B. Lillich ed., 2d ed. 1990). THEODOR MERON, HUMAN RIGHTS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: LEGAL AND POLICY ISSUES (1984). FRANK C. NEWMAN AND DAVID WEISSBRODT, INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS: LAW, POLICY, AND PROCESS (1990). A.H. ROBERTSON & J.G. MERRILLS, HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE WORLD: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE INTERNATIONAL PROTEC- TION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (3rd ed. 1989). BERNHARD GRAEFRATH, MENSCHENRECHTE UND INTERNATIONALE KOOPERATION: 10 JAHRE PRAXIS DES INTERNATIONALEN MEN- SCHENRECHTSKOMITEES (1988).

6. General

HARVARD RIGHTS INTERNET HARVARD LAW SCHOOL HUMAN RIGHTS INTERNET, MASTER LIST OF HUMAN RIGHTS ORGANIZATIONS & SERIAL PUBLICATIONS (3rd ed., 1989-90). CASE W. RES. J. INT'L LV Vol. 24:379

HUMAN RIGHTS INTERNET, SUPPLEMENT TO VOLUME 14, 1990-91 (1991).

C. Computer Services 1. LEXIS: LEXIS provides fulltext searching of various legal databases. In- cluded are English and French cases and legislative materials and the cases of the European Court of Justice. This coverage is largely post World-War II.

2. NEXIS: NEXIS is a general coverage full text service containing several databases of current affairs materials. This database should be used for information on topics which have not yet received coverage in the legal periodicals. Its main strength is coverage of foreign publications and wire services.

3. WESTLAW: WESTLAW is a legal database containing many of the same materials as LEXIS. It uses a different search algorithym than LEXIS and the same search run on both systems will result in different outcomes. The researcher should use both systems.

4. DIALOG: DIALOG was originally an internal information service for the Lockheed Aircraft Company. It is available as a separate gateway to several hundred databases or as part of WESTLAW with access to over one hundred databases of interest to the attorney and the academic lawyer. The databases in DIALOG are more academic than those in NEXIS.

5. OCLC: OCLC is the bibliographic utility used by thousands of libraries throughout the world for cataloguing library materials. OCLC also allows libraries to locate materials by the name of the author or the title of a book. This means that once an item is located, it can be obtained or copied through Inter-Library Loan, if the holding library will loan it. Recently, OCLC has added subject access through the First-Search service.

6. RLIN: RLIN is another bibliographic utility which competes with OCLC 1992] GUIDE TO RESEARCHING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RiGHThs Lw 387 for library business. However, RLIN has confined its membership to the larger or more specialized research libraries. Although OCLC and RLIN exchange bibliographic records, some items are unique to each database. RLIN also maintains certain specialized databases for member institutions which are not available except through RLIN. 7. On-line Library Catalogs: With the computerization of library catalogs it is now possible for researchers with modem equipted computers to bypass the fee-based services of RLIN and OCLC's First-Search and access library catalogs and other information services by direct dial or by the use of the IN- TERNET. INTERNET provides individuals with access to over one hundred university library catalogs from around the world. Many are also accessible by direct dial for the cost of a telephone call. The catalog of the New York Public Library can be reached at 212/391-0808. The CARL system in Colorado can be reached at 303/758-1551. Once con- nected to CARL, you can obtain access to catalogs in Boston and to the MELVYL catalog of the University of California system. CARL developed the UNCOVER article database which catalogs the contents of over 10,000 world-wide periodical titles. It is available on many of these library catalogs.

D. Treaties and other Agreements on Human Rights Using the provisions of the Statute of the ICJ, one realizes that there is an easily defined group of documents which set out the modem international law of human rights. The articles below discuss treaty research. Marie-Louise H. Bernal, Reference Sources in InternationalLaw, 76 L. LIBR. J. 427 (1983). Igor I. Kavass, United States Treaties and International Agreements: Sources of Publication and "Legislative History" Documents, 76 L. LIBR. J. 442 (1983). Clive Parry, Where to Look for Your Treaties, 8 INT'L J. LAW LIBR. 8-18 (1980). Adolf Sprudzs, InternationalLegal Research: An Infinite Paper Chase, 16 VAND. J. TRANSNAT'L L. 521-36 (1983). Earl Weisbaum, Domestic Sources of InternationalLaw, 76 L. LIBR. J. 436-41 (1983). CASE W RES. J. INT'L LV Vol. 24:379

1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights'

BARON VON FREDERIK MARI ASBECK, THE UNIVERSAL DECLARA- TION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND ITS PREDECESSORS (1679-1948) (1949).

JACK DONNELLY, UNIVERSAL HUMAN RIGHTS IN THEORY AND PRAC- TICE (1989).

DOROTHY CANFIELD FISHER, A FAIR WORLD FOR ALL: THE MEAN- ING OF THE DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (1952).

JOHN THOMAS & PETER HUMPHREY, No DISTANT MILLENNIUM: THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF HUMAN RIGHTS (1989).

THE INTERNATIONAL BILL OF HUMAN RIGHTS: NORMATIVE AND IN- STITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 1948-1985 (Gert Westerveen Comp., 1986).

JAMES W. NICKEL, MAKING SENSE OF HUMAN RIGHTS: PHILOSOPHI- CAL REFLECTIONS ON THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (1987).

B.G. RAMCHARAN, THE CONCEPT AND PRESENT STATUS OF THE IN- TERNATIONAL PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS: FORTY YEARS AF- TER THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION (1989). EGON SCHWELB, HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE INTERNATIONAL COMMU- NITY: THE ROOTS AND GROWTH OF THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS, 1948-1963 (1964). SULTANHUSSEIN TABANDAH OF GUNABAD, A MUSLIM COMMENTARY ON THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (F.J. Goulding trans., 1970). UNESCO, SHORT HISTORY OF HUMAN RIGHTS (1950).

2. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights2

HARI OM AGARWAL, IMPLEMENTATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS COVE- NANTS: WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INDIA (1983). DIE AUSOBUNG STAATLICHER GEWALT IN OST UND WEST NACH IN- KRAFTTRETEN DER UN-KONVENTION OBER ZIVILE UND POLITISCHE

I UniversalDeclaration of Human Rights, G.A. Res. 217A, U.N. GAOR 3rd Comm., at 71, U.N. Doc. A/810 (1948). 2 InternationalCovenant on Civil and Political Rights G.A. Res. 2200, 21 U.N. GAOR, Supp. No. 16, at 52, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966). There are two Optional Protocols to this Covenant: Op- tional Protocol to the InternationalCovenant on Civil and Political Rights, G.A. Res. 2200, 21 U.N. GAOR, Supp. No. 16, at 59, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966) and Second OptionalProtocol to the Interna- tional Covenant on Civil and PoliticalRights Aiming at the Abolition of the Death Penalty, G.A. Res. 44/128, 44 U.N. GAOR Supp. No. 49, at 206, U.N. Doc. A/44/824 (1989). 1992] GUIDE TO RESEARCHING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAw 389

RECHTE: JURISTENKONFERENZ VOM 23-25. SEPTEMBER 1977 in LUD- WIGSHAFEN AM RHEIN (1978). MARC J. BossuyT, GUIDE TO THE "TRAVAuX PRPtPARATOIRES" OF THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS (1987). COUNCIL OF EUROPE, COMMITTEE OF EXPERTS ON HUMAN RIGHTS, HUMAN RIGHTS: PROBLEMS ARISING FROM THE COEXISTENCE OF THE UNITED NATIONS COVENANTS ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE EURO- PEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, DIFFERENCES AS REGARDS THE RIGHTS GUARANTEED, REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OF EXPERTS ON HUMAN RIGHTS TO THE COMMITrEE OF MINISTERS (1970). MICHAEL EMPELL, DIE KOMPETENZEN DES UN-MENSCHENRECHT- SAUSSCHUSSES IM STAATENBERICHTSVERFAHREN: ART. 40 DES IN- TERNATIONALEN PAKTES OBER BORGERLICHE UND POLITISCHE RECHTE (1987). HET INTERNATIONALE VERDRAG INZAKE BURGERLISKE EN POLI- TIEKE RECHTEN EN ZIJN BETEKENIS VOOR NEDERLAND (1987). MEZHDUNARODNYE PAKTY 0 PRAVAKH CHELOVEKA I SOVETSKOE ZAKONODATEL'STVO [International Covenants on Human Rights and Soviet Legislation], (Institute of the State and Law of the USSR Acad- emy of Sciences comp., Vladimir Kudryavtsev ed.) (1986). KURT MONGER, BORGERLICHE UND POLITISCHE RECHTE IM WELTPAKT DER VEREINTEN NATIONEN UND IM SCHWEIZERISCHEN RECHT (Zurcher Studien zurn Internationalen Recht, Nr.51, 1973). FRANK C. NEWMAN, NATURAL JUSTICE, DUE PROCESS AND THE NEW INTERNATIONAL COVENANTS ON HUMAN RIGHTS (1967). RICHARD SZAWLOWSKI, DIE BERICHTE DER OSTEUROPAISCHEN STAATEN ZUR VERWIRKLICHUNG DES INTERNATIONALEN PAKTES OBER BORGERLICHE UND POLITISCHE RECHTE: EINE ANALYSE AN- HAND DES POLNISCHEN BEISPIELS (1980). WOLFGANG WAGNER, DIE VERWIRKLICHUNG DER MENSCHENRECHTE IM PAKT DER VEREINTEN NATIONEN OBER BORGERLICHE UND POLITISCHE RECHTE VOM 16. (1977).

3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural 3 Rights PHILIP ALSTON, MAKING AND BREAKING HUMAN RIGHTS: THE UN's SPECIALISED AGENCIES AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTERNA-

3 InternationalCovenant on Economic Social and CulturalRights, Dec. 16, 1966, 993 U.N.T.S. 390 CASE W. RES J. INT'L L. Vol. 24:379

TIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS (1979). ALFRED GLENN MOWER, JR., INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION FOR SO- CIAL JUSTICE: GLOBAL AND REGIONAL PROTECTION OF ECO- NOMIC/SOCIAL RIGHTS (1985).

4. American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man4

INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, INTER-AMERI- CAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, 1959-1984: 25 YEARS OF STRUGGLE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE AMERICAS (1984). INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE AMERICAS: HOMAGE TO THE MEMORY OF CARLOS A. DUN- SCHEE DE ABRANCHES (1984) (trilingual version).

5. American Convention on Human Rights5 a. American Convention on Human Rights (1969) Additional Protocolto the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights "Protocol of San Salva- dor" O.A.S.T.S. no. 69. OAS official records OEA/Ser.A/44 (1988) (bilingual version). b. Seminario Regional Referente a la Convencion Americana sobre Derechos Humanos (1979) La Convenci6n Americana Sobre Derechos Humanos Organizado por la Comisi6n Interamericana de Derechos Humanos y la Facultad de Der- echo (1986). 6 6. European Convention on Human Rights

CENTRE D'ETUDES INTERNATIONALES, BIBLIOGRAPHY RELATING TO THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS (2d ed. 1969) (bilingual edition).

4 American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, opened for signature 2 May 1948, International Conference of American States, 9th Sess., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/122 (1948). 5 American Convention on Human Rights, opened for signature 22 Nov. 1969, O.A.S.T.S. No. 36 (entered into force 18 July 1978). 6 Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, opened for signature 4 Nov. 1950, 213 U.N.T.S. 221 (1955). There are eight Protocols to the Convention: Proto- col 1, Eur.T.S. No. 9, 213 U.N.T.S 262 (1952); Protocol 2, Eur.T.S. No. 44 (1963); Protocol 3, Eur.T.S. No. 45 (1963); Protocol 4, Eur.T.S. No. 46 (1963); Protocol 5, Eur.T.S. No. 55 (1966); Protocol 6, Eur.T.S. No. 114 (1983); Protocol 7, Eur.T.S. No. 117 (1984); and, Protocol 8, Eur.T.S. No. 118 (1985). All have been in force since January 1, 1990. 1992] GUIDE TO RESEARCHING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAw 391

COUNCIL OF EUROPE, BIBLIOGRAPHY RELATING TO THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS (1978). COUNCIL OF EUROPE, DIRECTORATE OF HUMAN RIGHTS, BIBLIOGRA- PHY RELATING TO THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS. (S. Ercman ed., 3d. ed. 1973). EHRHART APPELL, DIE EUROPAISCHE KONVENTION ZUM SCHUTZE DER MENSCHENRECHTE UND GRUNDFREIHEITEN IN IHRER BEDEUTUNG FUR DAS DEUTSCHE STRAFRECHT UND STRAFVER- FAHRENSRECHT (1961). BRITISH INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW, THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS; A REPORT OF A LECTURE AND THE CONFERENCE HELD ON NOVEMBER 23 AND 24 AT THE LAW SOCIETY'S HALL, CHANCERY LANE, LONDON (International Law Series No. 5, 1965). FREDE CASTBERG, THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS (Torkel Opsahl & Thomas Ouchterlony eds., Gytte Borch trans., 1974). MARIO CHIAVARIO, LA CONVENZIONE EUROPEA DEI DIRITTI DELL'UOMO NEL SISTEMA DELLE FONTI NORMATIVE IN MATERUA PENALE (1969). COLLOQUY ABOUT THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS IN RELATION TO OTHER INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (Athens, Greece, 1978). HUMAN RIGHTS: PROCEEDINGS OF THE COLLOQUY ABOUT THE EURO- PEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS IN RELATION TO OTHER IN- TERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (1979). DIRECTORATE OF HUMAN RIGHTS, COUNCIL OF EUROPE, COMPILA- TION OF LEGISLATION RELATING TO THE RIGHT OF REPLY IN MEM- BER STATES (1974). GORDON L. WEIL, THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS: BACKGROUND, DEVELOPMENT AND PROSPECTS (1963). COUNCIL OF EUROPE, CONDITIONS OF DETENTION AND THE EURO- PEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREE- DOMS (Human Rights Files No. 5) (1981). COUNCIL OF EUROPE, EXPLANATORY REPORTS ON THE SECOND TO FIFTH PROTOCOLS TO THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION FOR THE PROTEC- TION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS (1971). COUNCIL OF EUROPE, COMMITTEE OF EXPERTS ON HUMAN RIGHTS, HUMAN RIGHTS: PROBLEMS ARISING FROM THE COEXISTENCE OF THE UNITED NATIONS COVENANTS ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE Eu- CASE W. RES. J INT'L L Vol. 24:379

ROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS. DIFFERENCES AS REGARDS THE RIGHTS GUARANTEED. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OF EXPERTS ON HUMAN RIGHTS TO THE COMMITTEE OF MINISTERS (1970).

COUNCIL OF EUROPE, DIRECTORATE OF INFORMATION, THE EURO- PEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS (1952). COUNCIL OF EUROPE, DIRECTORATE OF HUMAN RIGHTS, EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS: NATIONAL ASPECTS (1975). COUNCIL OF EUROPE, DIRECTORATE OF HUMAN RIGHTS, IMPLEMEN- TATION OF ARTICLE 57 OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS: REPLIES OF GOVERNMENTS TO THE SECRETARY GENERAL'S ENQUIRY RELATING TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ARTICLES 8, 9, 10, AND 11 OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS (1976). COUNCIL OF EUROPE, EUROPEAN COMMISSION OF HUMAN RIGHTS, CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDA- MENTAL FREEDOMS: BRINGING AN APPLICATION BEFORE THE EURO- PEAN COMMISSION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (1972). COUNCIL OF EUROPE, EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS: COLLECTED TEXTS (10th ed. 1975). PIETER VAN DIJK, THEORY AND PRACTICE OF THE EUROPEAN CON- VENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS (2nd ed. 1990). ANDREW Z. DRZEMCZEWSKI, EUROPEAN HUMAN RIGHTS CONVEN- TION IN DOMESTIC LAW: A COMPARATIVE STUDY (1983). THE EFFECT ON ENGLISH DOMESTIC LAW OF MEMBERSHIP OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES AND OF RATIFICATION OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS (M.P. Furmston et al. eds., 1983). SECRETARY TO THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION OF HUMAN RIGHTS, STOCK-TAKING ON THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS: A PERIODIC NOTE ON THE CONCRETE RESULTS ACHIEVED UNDER THE CONVENTION, THE FIRST THIRTY YEARS, 1954 UNTIL 1984 (1984). SECRETARY TO THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION OF HUMAN RIGHTS, STOCK-TAKING ON THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS: A PERIODIC NOTE ON THE CONCRETE RESULTS ACHIEVED UNDER CONVENTION (Supp. 1984). SECRETARY TO THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION OF HUMAN RIGHTS, STOCK-TAKING ON THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS: A PERIODIC NOTE ON THE CONCRETE RESULTS ACHIEVED UNDER THE CONVENTION (Supp. 1986). BRITISH INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW, THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS (1965). 1992] GUIDE TO RESEARCHING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 393

COUNCIL OF EUROPE, EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS: COLLECTED TEXTS (1987). EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, TEXTS AND DOCU- MENTS (Herbert Miehsler & Herbert Petzold eds., 1982) (bilingual version). J.E.S. FAWCETr, THE APPLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS (2d ed. 1987). HEINZ GURADZE, DIE EUROPXISCHE MENSCHENRECHTSKONVENTION: KONVENTION ZUM SCHUTZE DER MENSCHENRECHTE UND GRUND- FREIHEITEN NEBST ZUSATZPROTOKOLLEN (1968). ERNST-JURGEN HOEFERMANN, DIE AUSLAGENERSTATrUNG BEIM FREISPRUCH MANGELS BEWEISES UND DIE MENSCHENRECHT- SKONVENTION (1966). COUNCIL OF EUROPE, DIRECTORATE OF HUMAN RIGHTS, IMPLEMEN- TATION OF ARTICLE 57 OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS: REPLIES OF GOVERNMENTS TO THE SECRETARY GENERAL'S ENQUIRY RELATING TO ARTICLE 5(5) OF THE CONVENTION (1972). IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS IN RESPECT OF YOUNG PERSONS AND CHILDREN PLACED IN CARE OR IN INSTITUTIONS FOLLOWING A DECISION OF THE ADMINIS- TRATIVE OR JUDICIAL AUTHORITIES: REPLIES OF GOVERNMENTS TO THE SECRETARY GENERAL'S ENQUIRY UNDER ARTICLE 57 OF THE EU- ROPEAN CONVENTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (1986). INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION OF JURISTS, THE RULE OF LAW IN TUR- KEY AND THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS (1973). FRANCIS GEOFFREY JACOBS, THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS (1975). LAWS, RIGHTS, AND THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS: PROCEEDINGS AT THE COLLOQUY IN THE PLENARY HALL OF THE SVEA COURT OF APPEALS, MARCH 29, 1983, ORGANIZED BY IN- STITUTET F6R OFFENTLIG OCH INTERNATIONELL RXTT (1986). MAURICE MENDELSON, COUNCIL OF EUROPE DIRECTORATE OF HUMAN RIGHTS, THE IMPACT OF EUROPEAN COMMUNITY LAW ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS (Human Rights Files no. 6, n.1, 1984). PIERRE MERTENS, LE DROIT DE RECOURS EFFECTIF DEVANT LES IN- STANCES NATIONALES EN CAS DE VIOLATION D'UN DROIT DE L'HOMME (1973). CLOVIS C. MORRISSON, THE DYNAMICS OF DEVELOPMENT IN THE EU- ROPEAN HUMAN RIGHTS CONVENTION SYSTEM (1981). CASE W. RES. J. INT'L Lo Vol. 24:379

BERTHOLD MOSER, DIE EUROPXISCHE MENSCHENRECHTSKONVEN- TION UND DAS BURGERLICHE RECHT. ZUM PROBLEM DER DRITTWIRKUNG VON GRUNDRECHTEN (1972). ZAIM M. NEDJATIGIL, HUMAN RIGHTS UNDER THE EUROPEAN CON- VENTION (European Studies in Law v. 8, 1978). HERBERT PETZOLD, THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS: CASES AND MATERIALS: A READER FOR STUDENTS OF THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF HUMAN RIGHTS (4th ed. 1981). COUNCIL OF EUROPE DIRECTORATE OF HUMAN RIGHTS, HUMAN RIGHTS FIELDS No. 4, THE RIGHT TO LIBERTY AND THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS DEPRIVED OF THEIR LIBERTY AS GUARANTEED BY ARTICLE 5 OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS (1981). ARTHUR H. ROBERTSON, HUMAN RIGHTS IN EUROPE BEING AN AC- COUNT OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS SIGNED IN ROME ON 4 NOVEMBER 1950 (2d ed. 1977). KONSTANTINOS STAVROPOULOS, DAS VERBOT DER FOLTER UND DER UNMENSCHLICHEN ODER ERNIEDRIGENDEN BEHANDLUNG ODER STRAFE IM GEGENWARTIGEN VOLKERRECHT: INSBESONDERE NACH ART. 3 DER EUROPISCHEN MENSCHENRECHTS-KONVENTION (1976). CRITON G. TORNARITIS, THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE LEGAL ORDER OF THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS (1976). STEFAN TRECHSEL, DIE EUROPXISCHE MENSCHENRECHTSKONVEN- TION: IHR SCHUTZ DER PERSONLICHEN FREIHEIT UND DIE SCHWE- IZERISCHEN STRAFPROZESSRECHTE (1974). KAREL VASAK, LA CONVENTION EUROPPENE DES DROITS DE L'HOMME (1964) (Bibliotheque constitutionnelle et de science politique, t.10, 1964). GORDON L. WEIL, THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS: BACKGROUND, DEVELOPMENT AND PROSPECTS (1963). HANS WIEBRINGHAUS, DIE ROM-KONVENTION FOR MEN- SCHENRECHTE IN DER PRAXIS DER STRASSBURGER MENSCHENRECHT- SKOMMISSION (1959). 7 7. Helsinki Final Act The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe was con- vened to end the states of hostility still in effect from World War II. The Final Act of the Conference, popularly known as the Helsinki Accords,

7 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe: Final Act, signed Aug. 1, 1975, 73 DEP'T. STATE BULL. 323 (1975). 1992] GUIDE TO RESFARCHING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 395 also contained certain human rights provisions which the signatories pledged to implement. In the wake of the Accords, several Helsinki Monitor Groups were created in Eastern Europe. Many people believe that the Helsinki Accords have had a deep effect upon the states of East- ern Europe and should receive some credit for the extraordinary events of the past several years in that area of the world. The Final Act requires periodic follow-up conferences where each state must report its progress in meeting the provisions of the Final Act. Three follow-up meetings have been held: Belgrade (1978), Madrid (1980), and Vienna (1986). The fourth follow-up meeting was held in Helsinki in 1992. ESSAYS ON HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE HELSINKI PROCESS (A. Bloed & Pieter van Dijk eds., 1985). GorINGER ARBEITSKREIS, DIE KSZE UND DIE MENSCHENRECHTE: POLIT. U. RECHTL. UBERLEGUNGEN ZUR 2. ETAPPE (Studie zur Deutschlandfrage, Bd. 2; Veroffentlichung - Gottinger Arbeitskreis, Nr. 420, 1977). ONDREJ GRiES, SUCASNY IDEOLOGICKY ZAPAS A OTAZKY KULTURY (1980). GRJNBUCH ZU DEN FOLGEWIRKUNGEN DER KSZE (Jost Delbriick et al. eds., 1977). HUMAN RIGHTS, THE HELSINKI ACCORDS, AND THE UNITED STATES: SELECTED EXECUTIVE AND CONGRESSIONAL DOCUMENTS (Igor I. Ka- vass and Jacqueline P. Granier eds., 1982). OTro LUCHTERHANDT, MENSCHENRECHTSPOLITIK UND KSZE (1985). 39 WHO BELIEVED: HELSINKI MONITORS IN THE USSR (1980). ERICH WEINGARTNER & MARILYN WEINGARTNER, HUMAN RIGHTS IS MORE THAN HUMAN RIGHTS: A PRIMER FOR CHURCHES ON SECUR- ITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE (1977). JOHN M. ZIMAN ET AL., THE WORLD OF SCIENCE AND THE RULE OF LAW: A STUDY OF THE OBSERVANCE AND VIOLATIONS OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF SCIENTISTS IN THE PARTICIPATING STATES OF THE HELSINKI ACCORDS (1986).

8. African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights8 AFRICAN CHARTER ON HUMAN AND PEOPLES' RIGHTS (Division of Press and Info., Organization of African Unity General Secretariat, 1982). AHMED AIT, HOCINE L'AFRO-FASCISME: LES DROITS DE L'HOMME

8 African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, 27 June 1981, O.A.U. Doc. CAB/LEG/67/3/Rev. 5 (1981) (entered into force 21 Oct. 1986). CASE W. RES. J INT'L LV Vol. 24:379

DANS LA CHARTE ET LA PRATIQUE DE L'ORGANISATION DE L'UNITf AFRICAINt (1980). ABDOUL BA, L'ORGANISATION DE L'UNIT]f AFRICAINE DE LA CHARTE D'ADDIS-ABEBA A LA CONVENTION DES DROITS DE L'HOMME ET DES PEUPLES (Bruno Koffi & Fethi Sahli eds., 1984). CHRIS M. PETER, HUMAN RIGHTS IN AFRICA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE AFRICAN HUMAN AND PEOPLE'S RIGHTS CHARTER AND THE NEW TANZANIAN BILL OF RIGHTS (1990). NASILA S. REMBE, AFRICA AND REGIONAL PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS: A STUDY OF THE AFRICAN CHARTER ON HUMAN AND PEO- PLES' RIGHTS (1983).

E. Collections of Documents Under each of the above documents are subsidiary protocols and treaties which deal with one or more specific rights. As another paper in this Symposium will deal with these, they will not be dealt with here. Various instruments of the International Labor Organization and the Geneva Conventions often included as human rights instruments are also not treated in this paper. InternationalLegal Materials is published 6 times a year by the American Society of International Law. ILM at- tempts to reprint all of the important documents of use in the area of international law which have come out in the preceeding 2 months. It also reprints the U.S. Department of State Bulletin "Treaty" section. Prior to 1961 these materials were published in the American Journal of InternationalLaw and in its special publications.

F InternationalDocuments

BASIC DOCUMENTS PERTAINING TO HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE INTER- AMERICAN SYSTEM (General Secretariat, Org. Am. States, 1988). IAN BROWNLIE, BASIC DOCUMENTS ON HUMAN RIGHTS (1971). COUNCIL OF EUROPE, COLLECTED EDITION OF THE "TRAVAUX PRP-PARATOIRES" OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, (1975-1985).

COUNCIL OF EUROPE, EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, (1986). INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS. (Louis B. Sohn & Thomas Buergenthal comps., 1973). EUR. CONSULT. Ass., DOCUMENTATION SOURCES IN HUMAN RIGHTS (1990). 1992] GUIDE TO RESFARCHING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 397

EUR. CONSULT. Ass., HUMAN RIGHTS: A COMPILATION OF INTERNA- TIONAL INSTRUMENTS OF THE UNITED NATIONS (rev. ed. 1973). HUMAN RIGHTS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: BASIC TExTS (1985). INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS INSTRUMENTS OF THE UNITED NA- TIONS, 1948-1982 (UNIFO ed. 1983).

IV. ADJUDICATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES At this time there are two regional courts which hear human rights cases: the European Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. The European Commission on Human Rights and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights also hear complaints. In the European system, decisions can be made by the Council of Ministers. In addition to the official report series, described below in the discussion on the regional organizations, decisions from the Euro- pean Court of Human Rights and the European Commission on Human Rights are reprinted in the European Human Rights Reporter. This publication is also available on LEXIS. Likewise, in addition to the official report series, decisions from the Inter-American Court on Human Rights and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights are reprinted in THOMAS BUERGENTHAL & ROBERT NORRIS, HUMAN RIGHTS: THE IN- TER-AMERICAN SYSTEM (1982) refered to in the section on the Organi- zation of American States. The African Charter of Human and People's Rights provides for the creation of an African Commission on Human and People's Rights. It has yet to render any decisions. In addition to these human rights courts, the International Court of Justice and the Court of Justice of the European Community also hear cases involving international human rights law. Cases from the ICJ and the ECJ are found on WESTLAW. Decisions issued by the organs of the U.N. are discussed below. Some collections of decisions are listed below.

A. European Commission on Human Rights SECRETARIAT EUROPEAN COMMISSION OF HUMAN RIGHTS, CONVEN- TION FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS: BRINGING AN APPLICATION BEFORE THE EUROPEAN COM- MISSION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (1972). FRANCESCO DURANTE, RICORSI INDIVIDUALI AD ORGANI INTERNA- ZIONALI: CONTRIBUTO ALLA TEORIA DELLA PERSONALITA INTERNA- ZIONALE DELL'INDIVIDUO (1958). EUROPEAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, RULES OF PROCEDURE OF THE COMMISSION (1971). EUROPEAN COMMISSION OF HUMAN RIGHTS, BRINGING AN APPLICA- CASE W. RES. J. INT'L LV Vol. 24:379

TION BEFORE THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION OF HUMAN RIGHTS: PRO- CEDURE AND PRACTICE OF THE COMMISSION (English version) (1972). ERIK FRIBERGH, EUROPEISKA KONVENTIONEN OM MANSKLIGA RAT- TIGHETER: PROVNING AV ENSKILDA KLAGOMAL (1985).

2E S]MINAIRE DE DROIT INTERNATIONAL ET DE DROIT EUROPtENE DE L'UNIVERSITt DE LA FUSION DE LA COMMISSION ET DE LA COUR EUROPfENNES DES DROITS DE L'HOMME (Olivier Jacot-Guillarmod ed., 1987). HANS GERHARD GANTER, DIE SPRUCHPRAXIS DER EUROPAISCHEN KOMMISSION FOR MENSCHENRECHTE AUF DEM GEBIET DES STRAFVOLLZUGES (1974). GIORGIO LODIGIANI, LA COMMISSIONE NELLA CONVENZIONE EUROPEA DEI DIRITrI DELL'UOMO (1969). LAURIDS MIKAELSEN, EUROPEAN PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS: THE PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE OF THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION OF HUMAN RIGHTS ON THE ADMISSIBILITY OF APPLICATIONS FROM INDI- VIDUALS AND STATES (1980).

FRANCOIS MONCONDUIT, LA COMMISSION EUROP]tENNE DES DROITS DE L'HOMME (1965).

CLOVIS C. MORRISSON, THE DYNAMICS OF DEVELOPMENT IN THE EU- ROPEAN HUMAN RIGHTS CONVENTION SYSTEM (1981).

ROBERT PELLOUX, ESSAIS SUR LES DROITS DE L'HOMME EN EUROPE, (1959-1966). ARTHUR H. ROBERTSON, HUMAN RIGHTS IN EUROPE (an account of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fun- damental Freedoms signed in Rome on 4 November 1950)(1977).

FRANK SCHELLENBERG, DAS VERFAHREN VOR DER EUROPXISCHEN KOMMISSION UND DEM EUROPXISCHEN GERICHTSHOF FOR MEN- SCHENRECHTE (1983). WALTER SCHMID, DIE WIRKUNGEN DER ENTSCHEIDUNGEN DER EUROPXISCHEN MENSCHENRECHTSORGANE (1974).

JACOBO VARELA FEIJOo, LA PROTECCION DE LOS DERECHOS HUMA- NOS, JURISPRUDENCIA DE LA CoMIsI6N Y TRIBUNAL EUROPEO DE DERECHOS DEL HOMBRE. (1972).

B. European Court of Human Rights

NIKOLAOs A. ANTONOPOULOS, LA JURISPRUDENCE DES ORGANES DE LA CONVENTION EUROPtENNE DES DROITS DE L'HOMME (1967). 1992] GUIDE TO RESEARCHING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGH7S LAW 399

VINCENT BERGER, CASE LAW OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS: 1960-1987 (1989). COUNCIL OF EUROPE, DIRECTORATE OF HUMAN RIGHTS, FIRST ELEC- TION BY THE CONSULTATIVE ASSEMBLY OF THE MEMBERS OF THE EU- ROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS (1959). EUR. CONSULT. Ass., DIGEST OF STRASBOURG CASE-LAW RELATING TO THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS (1984). DUKE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW: RULE OF LAW RESEARCH CENTER, EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS: THE LAWLESS CASE (1962). SEVINC ERCMAN, GUIDE TO CASE LAW: KEY TO CASE LAW (1981). EUROPEAN COMMISSION OF HUMAN RIGHTS, DIGEST OF CASE-LAW RELATING TO THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS (1955-1967) (1970). EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, COLLECTION OF DECI- SIONS OF NATIONAL COURTS REFERRING TO THE CONVENTION (1969). EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, COLLECTION OF DECI- SIONS OF NATIONAL COURTS REFERRING TO THE CONVENTION SUP- PLEMENT (1970). EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS, RULES OF COURT (1971). EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS, SURVEY OF ACTIVITIES, 1959- 1989 (1990). 2E SfMINAIRE DE DROIT INTERNATIONAL ET DE DROIT EUROP]fENE DE L'UNIVERSIT]f DE NEUCHATEL, LA FUSION DE LA COMMISSION ET DE LA COUR EUROP]ENNES DES DROITS DE L'HOMME (Olivier Jacot- Guillarmod ed., 1987). L'INTERPRETAZIONE GIUDIZIARIA DELLA CONVENZIONE EUROPEA DEI DIRITTI DELL'UOMO: GUIDA ALLA GIURISPRUDENZA DELLA CORTE, 1960-1987 (1988). GERD LANGER, DIE BETEILIGTEN IN DEM VERFAHREN VOR DEM EUROPAISCHEN GERICHTSHOF FOR MENSCHENRECHTE (1966). JOHN G. MERRILLS, THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW BY THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS (1988). CLOVIS C. MORRISSON, JR., THE DYNAMICS OF DEVELOPMENT IN THE EUROPEAN HUMAN RIGHTS CONVENTION SYSTEM (1981). PROTECTING HUMAN RIGHTS: THE EUROPEAN DIMENSION (Carl Heymanns Verlag ed., 1990). FRANK SCHELLENBERG, DAS VERFAHREN VOR DER EUROPXISCHEN KOMMISSION UND DEM EUROPXISCHEN GERiCHTSHOF FOR MEN- 400 CASE W. RES. J INT'L LV Vol. 24:379

SCHENRECHTE (Europ~iische Hochschulschriften, Reihe II, Rechtswis- senschaft Bd. 341, 1983). WALTER SCHMID, DIE WIRKUNGEN DER ENTSCHEIDUNGEN DER EUROPAISCHEN MENSCHENRECHTSORGANE (1974). LA TUTELA DEi DIRITTI DEL CITTADINO DAVANTI ALLA CORTE EUROPEA DEI DIRITTI DELL'UOMO DI STRASBURGO (1989). JACOBO VARELA FEIJOO, LA PROTECCION DE LOS DERECHOS HUMA- NOS; JURISPRUDENCIA DE LA COMISI6N Y TRIBUNAL EUROPEO DE DERECHOS DEL HOMBRE (1972).

C. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights CHARLES MOYER, ON-THE-SPOT INVESTIGATIONS AND SPECIAL MIS- SIONS BY THE INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS (1974). ANNA P. SCHREIBER, THE INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS (1970). KAREL VASAK, LA COMMISSION INTERAMtRICAINE DES DROITS DE L'HOMME (1968).

D. Inter-American Court of Human Rights INTER-AMERICAN BAR FOUNDATION, THE LEGAL PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE (1978). INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS, LICENSING OF JOUR- NALISTS VIOLATES HUMAN RIGHTS: THE UNANIMOUS OPINION OF THE INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS (1986). JULIANE KOKOTr, DAS INTERAMERIKANISCHE SYSTEM ZUM SCHUTZ DER MENSCHENRECHTE (1986). LA CORTE INTERAMERICANA DE DERECHOS HUMANOS: ESTUDIOS Y DOCUMENTOS (1986). MANUEL E. VENTURA ROBLES, LA FUNCION CONSULTIVA DE LA CORTE INTERAMERICANA DE DERECHOS HUMANOS: NATURALEZA Y PRINCIPIOS, 1982-1987 (1989).

E. United Nations Commission on Human Rights NABIEL J. FAREED, THE UNITED NATIONS COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND ITS WORK: FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS (1977). JEAN BERNARD MARIE, LA COMMISSION DES DROITS DE L'HOMME DE L'O.N.U. (1975). VIRGINIA A. PRATT, THE INFLUENCE OF DOMESTIC CONTROVERSY ON 1992] GUIDE TO RESEARCHING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 401

AMERICAN PARTICIPATION IN THE UNITED NATIONS COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, 1946-1953 (1986). EGON SCHWELB, COMPLAINTS BY INDIVIDUALS TO THE COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS: 25 YEARS OF AN UPHILL STRUGGLE (1947-1971) (1973). HOWARD TOLLEY, THE U.N. COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS (1987).

F. United Nations Human Rights Committee

UNITED NATIONS HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE, SELECTED DECISIONS UNDER THE OPTIONAL PROTOCOL, 2nd to 16th Sess., U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/OP/1 (1985).

V. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS A. The United Nations To obtain current U.N. sales catalogues write: United Nations Publications Room DC 2-0070 1st Ave. and 40th St. New York, NY 10017 U.S.A. (212) 963-1234 or United Nations Publications Palais des Nations CH-1211 Geneva 10 Switzerland (22) 7346011 Because many items concerning Human Rights are published throughout the U.N. documentation series, it is always necessary to search the official U.N. index series, UNDOC, and the unofficial indexes, for document citations. Two items should always be consulted: The Yearbook on Human Rights, sales No. 1948.XIV.1, published by the Centre of Human Rights; and the Annual Review of United Nations Af- fairs, published by Oceana Publications. The latter is generally available before the former, but it does not provide the detailed document citations found in the official publication. For a detailed listing of U.N. documents on Human Rights through 1981, see, Diane Vincent-Daviss, Human Rights Law: A Research Guide to the Literature-PartI- InternationalLaw and the United Nations, 14 N.Y.U. J. INT'L L. & P., 209 (1981); Diane Vincent-Daviss, Human Rights Law: A Research Guide to the Literature - PartII" International Protectionof Refugees, and HumanitarianLaw, 14 N.Y.U. J. INT'L L. & CASE W. RES. J INT'L L Vol. 24:379

P. 487 (1982); Diane Vincent-Daviss, Human Rights Law: A Research Guide to the Literature - PartIII: The InternationalLabor Organization and Human Rights, 15 N.Y.U. J. INT'L L. & POL. 211 (1982). There are three other items of interest. John Williams, Guide to InternationalLegal Research, 20 GEo. WASH. J. INT'L L. & EcON., 1- 4B (1986). This volume is devoted to international law research and it contains brief reviews of the U.N. and the OAS documentation systems and symbols as well as the European Community. Thomas H. Reynolds, Highest Aspirations or Barbarous Acts . . . The Explosion in Human Rights Documentation:A BibliographicSurvey, 71, L. LIB. J. 1 (1978), an article which serves as a broad introduction to the sources of Human Rights documentation throughout the world. Maureen Ratynski, The United Nations and Human Rights, 19 DOCUMENTS TO THE PEOPLE 25- 30 (1991). The primary index to United Nations documents is the UNDOC, Current Index: United Nations Documents Index. The manner of issu- ance and the descriptive terms used for indexing seem to change every few years. Effective use of the UNDOC only comes from prolonged ex- posure and examination. A CD-ROM database is available for the most recent years from Readex Microprint Corporation. It is expected that the CD-ROM will replace the UNDOC as the prefered source for finding UN publications. The following U.N. organs are concerned with Human Rights: 1. The Secretariat produces an annual report to the General Assembly which specifically discusses Human Rights. It appears as U.N.GAOR, Supp. No. 1. The Centrefor Human Rights, formerly the Division of Human Rights, is within the Secretariat. Its documents are in the ST/HR/- series. It has begun to publish the Human Rights Study Series in the E/CN.4/- series. JOHN P. HUMPHREY, HUMAN RIGHTS & THE U.N.: A GREAT ADVENTURE (1984) (information about the begin- nings of the Centre for Human Rights). 2. The GeneralAssembly - many reports and suggested resolutions of subsidiary U.N. Human Rights organs are included in the official records of the General Assembly. These are in documentation series GAOR,-. a. The Third Committee of the General Assembly specifically works with Human Rights questions itself or through various Working Groups on specific topics. The reports of the Third Committee and its Working Groups are in document series A/C.3/-. Its annual report appears as an Annex to the GAOR,- series. b. The Human Rights Committee is empowered to hear allegations regarding a state's violations of human rights norms brought by other states or by individuals, if the state has accepted the competence of the Committee to do so. The annual report is in the Supplement to the 1992] GUIDE TO RESEARCHING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 403

GAOR,- document series. It issues reports and recommendations in the A/-, the A/C.3/- and the CCPR/- document series. Reports submitted by states under article 40 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights are in the CCPR/C/- document series. c. The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, produces reports and rulings interpreting the InternationalConvention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, Dec. 21, 1965. Its reports to the General Assembly are in the A/- and AN/C.3/- series. It also publishes in the CERD/- series, with reviews of state reports on the Convention in the CERD/C- document series. The ProvisionalRules of Procedure of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination are published as a Supplement to the GAOR,- document series. d. The Special Committee on Apartheid produces documents dealing with South Africa. Its documentation appears in several places: in A/AC/i 15; as a Supplement to the GAOR; and as an Annex to the GAOR. e. The United Nations High Commissionerfor Refugees, UNHCR, produces various reports which appear in the GAOR, A/-series as well as in the HCR/- document series. It also publishes several periodicals. The annual report is a Supplement to the GAOR. And Further, the Executive Committee report is in the GAOR Supplement series as an addendum. The record of the Executive Committee and meeting records appear in A/AC.96/-. f. The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for PalestinianRefu- gees in the Near East, UNRWA, publishes an annual report in the GAOR as a Supplement with Annex. 3. The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) produces documents alone and in consultation with other inter-governmental organizations. Documents produced with other inter-governmental agencies are in the E/- series. The annual report to the U.N. General Assembly appears as Supplement to GAOR. Its own documents are in the U.N. ESCOR, series, in a Supplement. a. The Commission on Human Rights, of the ECOSOC is an important organ in the U.N. Human Rights system. Its publications are in the E/CN.4/- series. It produces reports, resolutions and decisions. The Commission has supervision of the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discriminationand Protection of Minorities. i. 1503 Actions. The Sub-Commission and the Commission, through the Working Group on Communciations, hears petitions in regard to Human Rights violations under the Economic and Social Council Resolution 1503, U.N. ESCOR, 48th Sess., Supp. No. 1A, 1693rd plen. mtg. at 8, U.N. Doc. E/4832/Add.l(1970). Any reports will be in the E/CN.4/- series. ii. 1235 Actions. The Sub-Commission and the Commission also perform the same function in regard to Economic and Social Council Resolution 1235, U.N.ESCOR, 42d Sess., 1479th plen. CASE W. RES. J. INTL LV Vol. 24:379

mtg. at 17, Supp. No. 1, U.N. Doe. E/4393 (1967). Any report on this will also be in the E/CN.4/- series. iii. The Sub-Commission has several Ad-Hoc Working Groups: The Working Group on Indigenous Populations; the Working Group of Experts on South Africa; the Working Group of Experts to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting Human Rights of the Population of the Occupied Territories; and the Working Group of Experts on Chile. Their reports will generally be in the E/CN.4/- series. Those of the Working Group on Chile often appear in the A/C.3/- series of the Third Committee of the Gen- eral Assembly. Each year's work of the Sub-Commission is reviewed annually in the Current Developments section of the American Journalof In- ternationalLaw. b. The Commission on the Status of Women issues an annual report as a Supplement to ECSOR. Its own documents appear in the E/CN.6/- series. c. The Committee on the Elimination of DiscriminationAgainst Wo- men issues reports in the ECSOR series, and in the CEDAW/C/- series. d. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights was established in 1987. It is the successor to the Sessional Working Group on the Implementation of the 1966 International Covenant on Eco- nomic, Social and Cultural Rights. It issues its Report as a Supple- ment to the ESCOR, in the E/ series. 4. The U.N. instruments on Human Rights are most easily accessible in Division of Human Rights of the United Nations Secretariat, Human Rights: A Compilation of International Instruments, ST/HR/1/Rev.3, U.N. Sales No. E. 78.XIV.2 (1988). They are also found in the U.N. Treaty Series. Recent instruments are usually available in International Legal Materials. The status of the instruments can be determined by referring to Human Rights: Status of InternationalInstruments, as of 1 March 1989 (replaces text of 1 Sept. 1988, 1989). The U.N. Sales Cata- logue lists various collections of the U.N. Human Rights instruments.

B. The Council of Europe

The primary Human Rights organization for western Europe is the Council of Europe. The Council controls the European Commission on Human Rights which was set up under the provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights. Here we will discuss the Council of Eu- rope; the European Commission on Human Rights; the Committee of Ministers; the European Convention on Human Rights, and the Euro- pean Court of Human Rights. While these are treated as separate sources, in practice the Council of Europe appears in all of the titles. For a short article on the human rights regime under the Council see, Ellen 1992] GUIDE TO RESEARCHING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 405

G. Shafer, Human Rights Protection Under the Council of Europe - The System and its Documentation, 19 INT'L J. LEGAL INFO. 1-10 (1991). The Council of Europe has an annual sales catalogue which can be obtained from the following addresses: Council of Europe 67006 Strasbourg CEDEX (France) in the USA & Canada: Manhattan Pub. Co. - Publications Section 80 Brook Street P.O. Box 650 Croton, NY 10520 Important series to have available are the European Treaty Series, and the following publications of the Parlimentary Assembly: the Official Report of Debates, (1949 to Date); Documents (working papers); Texts adopted by the ParlimentaryAssembly; and the Orders of the Day-Min- utes of Proceedings. The Council of Europe publishes Activities of the Council of Europe in the Field of Human Rights in (year), document H (year) #. The Council has also published six brief studies entitled Human Rights File, document DDH (year) #. In addition, it has issued at least four bibliographies: Bibliographie Concernant la Convention Europdenne des Droits de l'Homme (1978). The Council also sends periodic reports to the U.N. Commission on Human Rights. Two of the most valuable publications are the EUROPEAN COMMIS- SION OF HUMAN RIGHTS, RULES OF PROCEDURE OF THE COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS and the EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS, RULES OF THE COURT (1977). The following European organs are concerned with Human Rights: 1. Council of Europe - The Council sponsors colloquia on aspects of the Convention. 2. The Consultative Assembly through its Legal Affairs Committee is responsible for the drafting of the various conventions and other instruments which define and promote Human Rights under the Council of Europe and the European Convention on Human Rights. Its work is represented by the Collected Edition of the "Travaux Prdparatoires"of the European Convention on Human Rights. Six volumes have been published since 1975, with two more planned. These are published by Marti- nus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands. 3. The European Commission on Human Rights publishes the following: Decisions and Reports, in French and English, ISSN 0379-8461, with 50 volumes so far; and Decisions and Reports. Summaries and In- dexes Nos. 1-20; Nos. 21-40. The Commission also publishes two valua- CASE W. RES. J. INT'L LV Vol. 24:379 ble series of Press Releases: Human Rights News and Legal News. These are obtainable from the Directorate of Information. The Commission also issues an annual report on Human Rights in Europe entitled Stock-Taking on the European Convention on Human Rights, document DDH(year)#. This has been issued since 1971. An important document is #67 of the European Treaty Series, the European Agreement relating to persons participating in proceedings of the Euro- pean Commission and Court of Human Rights (1979). This Agreement allows individuals to actively participate in their case. Previously only the functionaries of the Commission, or the officers of the Court represented the individual complainant. 4. The Committee of Ministers decides those complaints which do not reach the Court after they have gone to the Commission. Its decisions or resolutions are published in the Collection of Resolutions of the Commit- tee of MinistersAdopted in Application of Art. 32 and 54 of the European Convention on Human Rights: 1959-1983, (1984) with Supplement: 1984- 85 (1986) and Supplement: 1986-87 (1989). Some decisions are reported in the Annual Review of the European Commission on Human Rights and in the Yearbook of the European Convention on Human Rights. 5. The European Court of Human Rights is the most used international Human Rights court in the world. The publications of the Court are in two series: Series A: Judgments and Decisions; and Series B: Pleadings, Oral Arguments, Documents. These are available from Carl Heymanns Verlag, Gereonstr. 18-32, D-5 Cologne 1, Federal Republic of Germany. The European Convention on Human Rights is the controlling document for Human Rights in western Europe. The Convention, as amended by Protocols 2 through 5, and the Additional Protocol, may be ordered as #5 of the European Treaty Series, (1981), ISBN92-871-0064- 0. Protocol No. 6 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms concerning the Abolition of the Death Pen- alty, (1983) is # 114 of the European Treaty Series, ISBN92-871-0135X. These may be ordered from the addresses given in the Catalogue of the Council of Europe. The primary document for the Convention is the Yearbook of the European Convention on Human Rights, issued every year since 1959 except 1961. It can be ordered from Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands. This yearbook contains basic texts and selected documents and decisions of the European Commission, the Committee of Ministers and the European Court of Human Rights. Another publication on the Convention is the Digest of Strasbourg Case-Law relating to the European Convention on Human Rights, (1984), 6 volumes, published by Carl Heymanns Verlag, Gereonstr. 18-32, D-5 Cologne 1, Federal Republic of Germany. The most important work on the history of the Convention is the 1992] GUIDE TO RESEARCHING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 407

COLLECTED EDITION OF THE "TRAVAUX PRtPARATOIRES" OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS (1986) also referred to above under the discussion of the Consultative Assembly. Another available source is COUNCIL OF EUROPE COLLECTION OF TExTs ON THE EU- ROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, (10th ed. 1975). The last item on the Convention is a report on a conference organized by the Parliamentary Assembly: PARLIAMENTARY CONFERENCE ON HUMAN RIGHTS, VIENNA, 18-20 Oct. 1971. See also, the references to the Colloquia sponsored by the Council of Europe above.

C. The Organization of American States

The OAS is the oldest regional inter-governmental organization, established in 1890 as the International Union of American Republics. The OAS documentation system is explained in GEORGE WASHINGTON LAW CENTER STAFF, GUIDE TO INTERNATIONAL LEGAL RESEARCH (John W. Williams ed., 1990). A complete review of the use of all OAS documents is in Thomas H. Reynolds, HighestAspirations or Barbarous Acts.. The Explosion in Human Rights Documentation:A Bibliographic Survey, 71 L. LIBR. J. 1 (1978). Also consult the following: Thomas L. Welch, The Human Rights Agencies of the Organization of American States and Their Documemtation, 19 DOCUMENTS To THE PEOPLE (March 1991); and, Steven C. Perkins, Latin American Human Rights Research 1980-1989: A Guide to Sources and a Bibliography, 19 DEN. J. INT'L L. & PoL'Y. 163-267 (1990).' A complete collection of OAS documents would consist of runs of A) the OAS Sales Publications; B) the OAS Official Records; and C) the OAS Technical Reports. The OAS SALES PUBLICATIONS consist of selected documents from all categories of OAS publications and documents. The Sales Catalogue can be obtained from this address: General Secretariat Organization of American States Department of Public Information Washington, DC 20006 The OAS OFFICIAL RECORDS series can be ordered on a standing order basis from the above address. It includes the Inter-American Treaty series and the Official Records of the following: the General As- sembly; the Meeting of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs; the Permanent Council; the Inter-American Economic and Social Council; the Inter-American Council for Education, Science and Culture; the In- ter-American Juridical Committee; the Inter-American Commission on CASE W. RES. J. INT'L L Vol. 24:379

Human Rights; the Specialized Conferences; the General Secretariat; and the Specialized Organizations. To be complete it is necessary to order the series of Informational and Technical Publications of the General Secretariatof the OAS. The CATALOG OAS TECHNICAL REPORTS AND DOCUMENTS series can be ordered on microfiche as a standing order. The Sales Catalogue gives a general reference only to these. A separate catalogue is issued, the CATALOG DE INFORMES Y DOCUMENTOS TECNICOS DE LA OEA. It is in Spanish only. Human Rights materials in the OAS come from the General Assem- bly in the ACTAS Y DOCUMENTES; from the MEETINGS OF CONSULTA- TIONS OF MINISTERS OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS in the OAS OFFICIAL RECORDS series OEA Ser.X.12. The most comprehensive guide to the OAS Human Rights mechanisms is THOMAS BUERGENTHAL & ROBERT E. NORRIS, HUMAN RIGHTS: THE INTER-AMERICAN SYSTEM, (serial 1982). This is a five binder looseleaf service which gives a detailed history of the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man and the American Convention on Human Rights, and traces the evolution of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and the case law of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Those organs considered as specifically Human Rights oriented are as follows: 1. The Inter-American Commission on Women has an active program of research and publication. Its documents appear in the OEA/Ser.L.II series of the OAS official records. 2. The Inter-American Children's Institute was established in 1927. It maintains an active publications program with a large series of bibliographies and seminar proceedings. 3. The Inter-American Indian Institute publishes several periodicals which are invaluable for Indian studies in the Americas. These are America Indigena, Boletin Indigenista Venezolano, and the Anuario Indigenista. There is a Indice Analytica for all three from 1940-1980 and separate Indice General for each covering the same time period. It has issued a Report on the Activities as OEA/Ser.H/- since 1961. It issues collections of national laws on Indians for the OAS countries. For information on its publications and activities write: Inter-American Indian Institute/ Institute Indigenista Interamericano Insurgentes Sur No. 1690 Colonia Florida Mexico 20, D.F., Mexico 4. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights has the princi- pal responsibility for promoting and protecting Human Rights in the Americas. It was created in 1960 and was empowered to hear complaints in 1965. The Commission periodically prints a Handbook of Existing Rules Pertaining to Human Rights (OEA/Ser.L/V/II.23, 1992] GUIDE TO RESEARCHING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 409

doc.21., 1979). This contains the text of the Commission's statute and nearly all the OAS documents and regulations pertaining to Human Rights. It is available from the Department of Public Information. The Commission has issued two report series in the OAS Official Records: 1) Report of the Work Accomplished During Its [#] Session, (OEA Ser.L/V/II.# Doc. #, (19xx); and 2) the Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights to the GeneralAssembly (OEA Ser/P. 19xx). A ten year retrospective collection, entitled Diez Atfos de Actividades 1971-1981 (1986), is available as a sales publication. The Commission also issues reports on Human Rights in specific countries. These have generally appeared in the OEA/Ser.L/V/II.#, doe #. They are also available for purchase in the Sales Catalogue. The last item issued by the Commission is the Inter-American Year- book on Human Rights (1968) available for purchase through the De- partment of Public Information. 5. The Inter-American Court of Human Rights was established under the terms of the American Convention on Human Rights. It prepares an Annual Report of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights to the GeneralAssembly which is available for purchase separately as well as being part of the Official Records series. Through March of 1991, the Court has rendered 13 decisions and nine advisory opinions. The Court issues its opinions in three series of publications: Serie A - Fallos y Opiniones (1982); Serie B- Memorias, Argumentos Oralesy Documentos (1983); and Serie C - Resoluciones y Sentencias (1987). The rules of the Court are found in the Handbook of Existing Rules Pertaining to Human Rights, (19xx), mentioned above under the discussion of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. 6. The Inter-American Institute of Human Rights is a new organization which specializes in educational activities on human rights and democracy. It publishes several serial titles, Revista de IIDH (1985), Boletin Informativo, and Boletin Documental, as well as a monographic series. It sponsors the Center for Electoral Counseling and Promotion which publishes a series called Cuardenosy Capel. The MANUAL DE CURSOS, RECOPILACIONES DE CONFERENCIAS (1988), contains much material of interest on the IIDH.

D. Organization of African Unity The Organization of African Unity was established in 1963. Its headquarters are in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The African [Banjul] Char- ter on Human and People's Rights was adopted by the 18th Assembly of the Heads of State and Government of the OAU on June 27, 1981 at Nairobi, Kenya, and went into effect in 1986. It provides for an African Commission on Human and People's Rights. The Commission has established a schedule of two meetings per year in March and October. It publishes an Activity Report [AHG/### (session number) year], CASE W. RES. J INT'L L Vol. 24:379 which details the activities of the Commission for the past year. The first report was entitled Activity Report of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, AHG/155 (XXIV) 1988. It reported on the first three sessions of the Commission's meetings. The Commission has also published Guidelines for National Periodic Reports (1986), and Rules of Procedureof the African Commission included in The African Charteron Human and People's Rights (1981). The Commission has considered national periodic reports from the following states: Tunisia, Rwanda, Libya, Tanzania, Egypt, Togo and Nigeria. The Commission is sponsor- ing an African Human Rights Review. At least 35 non-governmental organizations have been accorded observer status at the Commission. The President of the Commission is Isaac N'Guema. MAURICE A. GLELE, INTRODUCTION A L'ORGANISATION DE L'UNITt AFRICAINE ET AUX ORGANISATIONS RfGIONALES AFRICAINES (1986). ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY, BASIC DOCUMENTS AND RESOLU- TIONS (1964).

ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY, CHARTER OF THE ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY (1963).

ZENEBU KEFELEW, BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE FIRST DECADE OF THE ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY (1977).

E. League of Arab States

The League of Arab States established a PermanentArab Commis- sion on Human Rights in 1968. Each member of the League has a repre- sentative on the Commission. The Chairman is appointed by the Council of the League. The Secretary is appointed by the Secretary-General of the League. The Commission makes Reports to the U.N. and is working on an Arab Charter of Human Rights. The General Administration for Legal Affairs of the Secretariat General of the League prepared a working paper which was used as the basis for a Draft Charter of Human and Peoples' Rights in the Arab World proposed in 1988. A Universal Dec- laration of Islamic Human Rights has circulated since 1981. However, there is little documentation available in the West on the activities of the Commission. See, A.H. ROBERTSON, HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE WORLD: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (3rd ed. 1989); Donna E. Arzt, The Application of International Human Rights Law in Islamic States, 12 HUM. RTs. Q. 202 (1990); M. Cherif Bassiouni, The Arab Human Rights Program of the International Institute of HigherStudies in CriminalSciences, Siracusa, Italy, 12 HUM. RTS. Q. 365 (1990); Stephen P. Marks, La Commission Permanente Arabe des Droits de l'Homme 3 REv. DROITS DE L'HOMME 101 (1970). 1992] GUIDE TO RESFARCHING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 411

VI. PERIODICALS Journal articles can be identified in the Index to Legal Periodicals, (1908-present), the CurrentLaw Index (1980-present), and the Legal Re- source Index and Index to Foreign Legal Periodicals (1960-present). Although no longer published, Index to Human Rights Documents (1960-1976), remains useful. It is recommended that the researcher make it a habit to read the following periodicals: HUMAN RIGHTS QUARTERLY (1981-present). REVISTA DE IIDH (1980-present). HUMAN RIGHTS LAW JOURNAL (1980-present). REVIEW OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION OF JURISTS (1969- present). NETHERLANDS QUARTERLY OF HUMAN RIGHTS (1989-present). THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW (1907-1992). THE HUMAN RIGHTS INTERNET REPORTER (1980-present). A copy of the following resources should be in every human rights collection: JEAN BERNARD MARIE, GLOSSARY OF HUMAN RIGHTS: BASIC TERMS IN UNIVERSAL AND REGIONAL INSTRUMENTS (bilingual ed., 1981). BJORN STORMORKEN & LEO ZWAAK, HUMAN RIGHTS TERMINOLOGY IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: A THESAURUS (1987). The reader is also refered to the following title: LAURIE WEISBURG, A GUIDE TO ESTABLISHING A HUMAN RIGHTS DOCUMENTATION CENTRE (1990). Because the periodical literature is well indexed, the only articles cited to below will be special periodical issues devoted to human rights subjects and bibliographies.

VII. HUMAN RIGHTS SYMPOSIA, COLLECTIONS, PANELS A. Monographs HAMMERSKJOLD FORUM, INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS: BACKGROUND PAPER AND PROCEEDING OF THE 12TH HAM- MERSKJOLD FORUM, NEW YORK, 12 DECEMBER 1967 (J. Carey, ed., 1968). NOBEL SYMPOSIUM, INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 7TH NOBEL SYMPOSIUM, OSLO, 25-27 SEPTEMBER 1967 (Asbjorn Eide & August Schore eds., 1968). CASE W. RES. J. INTL LV Vol. 24:379

HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE LIBERATION OF Man in the Americas (L.M. Colonnesse ed., 1970). FIFTH SUMMER CONFERENCE ON INTERNATIONAL LAW, CORNELL UNIVERSITY, PROTECTION OF THE INDIVIDUAL UNDER INTERNA- TIONAL LAW: PROCEEDINGS: SUMMER CONFERENCE ON INTERNA- TIONAL LAW, 5TH CORNELL UNIVERSITY (1970). INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW AND PRACTICE (James C. Tut- tle, ed., 1978).

B. Articles Symposium, Actas del Seminario Sobre el Derecho Internacional Humanitario, 51 REV. JUR. U. P. R. 189 (1982). Conference, The American Red Cross - Washington College of Law Con- ference: InternationalHumanitarian and Human Rights Law in Non-In- ternationalArmed Conflict, 33 AM. U. L. REV. 9 (1983). Conference on InternationalCourts and the Protection of Human Rights, 2 CONN. J. INT'L. L. 261 (1987). Development as an Emerging Human Right, 15 CAL. W. INT'L. L. J. 429 (1985). Article Series: The Draft U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child, 7 N.Y.L. SCH. J. HUM. RTS. 1 (1989). Holocaustand Human Rights Law: The FirstInternational Conference, 8 B.C. THIRD WORLD L.J. 1 (1988). Symposium, Human Rights, 13 DENV. J. INT'L L. & POL'Y 155 (1984/85). Symposium, Human Rights and Dissent, 43 LAW & CONTEMP. PROBS. 257 (1979). Symposium, Human Rights and Human Wrongs: Establishing a Juris- prudential Foundation for a Right to Violence, 32 EMORY L.J. 383 (1983). Symposium, Human Rights and Israeli Rule in the Territories, 21 N.Y.U. J. INT'L L. & POL'Y. 439 (The Occupied Territories and Interna- tional Law: A Research Guide at 575) (Spring 1989). Conference, Human Rights and Peace in the Middle East, 13 SYRACUSE J. INT'L L. & COM. 391 (1987). Symposium, Human Rights and the Helsinki Accord - A Five-Year Road to Madrid 13 VAND. J. TRANSNAT'L L. 249 (1980). Symposium, Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy, 14 VA. J. INT'L. L. 591 (1974). 1992] GUIDE TO RESEARCHING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 413

Ved P. Nanda, Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy under Carter, 8 DENY. J. INT'L L. & POL'Y. 517 (1979). Patricia M. Derian, Human Rights and U.S. ForeignRelations: An Over- view, 10 CASE W. RES. J. INT'L L. 243 (1978). Symposium, Human Rights as a National and an InternationalIssue, 3 ANTIOCH L.J. 1 (1985). Symposium, Human Rights as Comparative ConstitutionalLaw, 20 AK- RON L. REv. 593 (1987). Human Rights in the Post-Apartheid South African Constitution, 21 COLUM. HUM. RTs. L. REV. 1 (1989). Symposium, Human Rights Law, 12 TEX. INT'L L.J. 129 (1977). Symposium, The Influence of the U.S. on Human Rights in Central America, 14 COLUM. HUM. RTS. L. REv. 187 (1982-83). International Human Rights Symposium, 13 HAMLINE L. REv. 463 (1990). Symposium, U.S. Involvement in InternationalHuman Rights: An Over- view, 7 WHITIER L. REv. 663 (1985). K.J. Keith, The Present State of International Humanitarian Law, 9 AUST. Y.B. INT'L L. 13 (1985). The Randolph W. Thrower Symposium: Comparative Constitutionalism, 40 EMORY L.J. 723 (1991). Symposium, Security of the Person and Security of the State: Human Rights and Claims of NationalSecurity, 9 YALE J. WORLD PUB. ORD. 1 (1982). Symposium, Federal Jurisdiction, Human Rights, and the Law of Na- tions: Essays on Filartigav. Pena-Iralda, 11 GA. J. INT'L & COMP. L. 305 (1981). Symposium, International Human Rights, 12 SANTA CLARA L. REv. 205 (1972). Symposium: International Human Rights, Human Rights and U.S. For- eign Policy: The Carter Years, 56 TUL. L. REv. 132 (1981). Symposium: International Human Rights, U.N. Response to Gross Viola- tions of Human Rights: The 1503 Procedure, 20 SANTA CLARA L. REV. 559 (1980). Symposium, InternationalOrganizations, 4 HUM. RTs. Q. 125 (1975). M.C. Bassiouni, The Human Rights Program; The Veneer of Civilization Thickens, 21 DEPAUL L. REV. 271 (1971). CASE W. RES. J INT'L L2 Vol. 24:379

Symposium on the Future of Human Rights in the World Legal Order, 9 HOFSTRA L. REV. 337 (1981). Symposium on the 1977 Geneva Protocols, 19 AKRON L. REV. 521 (1986). Roundtable, The US. Constitution and the Adoption of the International Human Rights Instruments: Freeing the Political Logfam, 20 GA. J. INT'L & COMP. L. 253 (1990).

VIII. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON SPECIFIC TOPICs A. Africa

AFRICA: HUMAN RIGHTS DIRECTORY & BIBLIOGRAPHY (Laurie S. Wiseberg & Laura Reiner eds., 1989). THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN AFRICA: BASIC DOCUMENTS AND ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY (M. Hamalengwa et al. eds., 1988). EDWARD KANNYO, HUMAN RIGHTS IN AFRICA: PROBLEMS AND PROS- PECTS: A REPORT PREPARED FOR THE INTERNATIONAL LEAGUE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS (1980). NEW PERSPECTIVES AND CONCEPTIO4S OF INTERNATIONAL LAW: AN AFRO-EUROPEAN DIALOGUE (K. Ginther & W. Benedek eds., 1983). HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA: TRADITION, CON- FLICT AND LEADERSHIP (Claude E. Welch et al. eds., 1984).

B. The Americas

MAJA K. ERIKSSON, SKYDD AV MANSKLIGA RATrIGHETER: DET IN- TERAMERIKANSKA SYSTEMET (1987). INTER-AMERICAN JURIDICAL COMMITTEE, STUDY ON THE JURIDICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE Ex- ERCISE OF DEMOCRACY (1960). JULIANE KOKOTr, DAS INTERAMERIKANISCHE SYSTEM ZUM SCHUTZ DER MENSCHENRECHTE (1986). LAWRENCE J. LEBLANC, THE OAS AND THE PROMOTION AND PRO- TECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (1977). DANIEL H. MARTINS, THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN CON- NECTION WITH THE SUSPENSION OF CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEES OR "STATE OF SIEGE" (1967). CECILIA M. QUIROGA, THE BATTLE OF HUMAN RIGHTS: GROSS, SYS- TEMATIC VIOLATIONS AND THE INTER-AMERICAN SYSTEM (1988). 19921 GUIDE TO RESEARCHING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 415

MARIAN DWORACZEK, HUMAN RIGHTS LEGISLATION IN CANADA: A BIBLIOGRAPHY (1983). HUMAN RIGHTS IN LATIN AMERICA, 1964-1980: A SELECTIVE ANNO- TATED BIBLIOGRAPHY (Hispanic Division of the Library of Congress ed., 1983). HUMAN RIGHTS IN CUBA (1988). HUGO FRUHLING, ORGANIZACIONES DE DERECHOS HUMANOS DE AMERICA DEL SUR (1989). INTERNATIONAL AMERICAN CONFERENCE, 9TH BOGOTA, ORGANIZA- TION OF AMERICAN STATES, AMERICAN DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF MAN (1957). INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, STATUTE OF THE INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS. (OEA/Ser./L/ V/Il. 14 (Doc. 33), Apr. 19, 1966, p. 1. Article 3(b) (1967). COMMISSION INTER-AMERICANA DERECHOS HUMANOS [INTER-AMER- ICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS], MANUAL DE NORMAS VIGENTES EN MATERIA DE DERECHOS HUMANOS (OEA/Ser./L/V/II. 23 (Doc.21) (Spanish) Rev. 11 Junio 1970). DEPARTMENT OF LEGAL AFFAIRS, PAN AMERICAN UNION, HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE AMERICAN STATES. (Prelim. ed. 1960).

C. Apartheid

AFRICA FUND, AFRICA FUND SUMMIT: FINAL DOCUMENTS: MEET- ING OF HEADS OF STATE OR GOVERNMENT OF MEMBER COUNTRIES OF ACTION FOR RESISTING INVASION, COLONIALISM AND APARTHEID FUND COMMITrEE (1987). APARTHEID, MASS VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (Gerhard Brehme & Hans Kramer eds., (1980). APARTHEID MEDICINE: HEALTH AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN SOUTH AF- RICA. (American Association for the Advancement of Science ed. 1990). ASIAN REGIONAL CONFERENCE FOR ACTION AGAINST APARTHEID, MANILA DECLARATION FOR ACTION AGAINST APARTHEID, May 26, 1982 (1982). BANKING ON APARTHEID: THE FINANCIAL SANCTIONS REPORT: STATEMENT BY THE COMMONWEALTH COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN MIN- ISTERS ON SOUTHERN AFRICA (1989). HERCULES BOOYSEN, CONVENTION ON THE CRIME OF APARTHEID, HUMAN RIGHTS AND SELF-DETERMINATION (1978). DECLARATION ON FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES CONCERNING THE CASE W. RES. J IN7L LV Vol. 24:379

CONTRIBUTION OF THE MASS MEDIA TO STRENGTHENING PEACE AND INTERNATIONAL UNDERSTANDING, TO THE PROMOTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS, AND TO COUNTERING RACIALISM, APARTHEID AND INCITE- MENT TO WAR (1979).

JOHN DUGARD, APARTHEID AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN SOUTH AFRICA: TECHNIQUES OF IMPLEMENTATION (1974). INTERNATIONAL NGO CONFERENCE AGAINST APARTHEID AND COLONIALISM IN AFRICA (1974).

E.S. REDDY, APARTHEID: THE UNITED NATIONS AND THE INTERNA- TIONAL COMMUNITY: A COLLECTION OF SPEECHES AND PAPERS (1986). HORST STOBER, DIE ROLLE DER ORGANISATION DER AFRIKANISCHEN EINHEIT (OAU) IM KAMPF GEGEN KOLONIALISMUS, RASSISMUS UND APARTHEID IM SUDEN AFRIKAS BIS 1978 (1981).

STRATEGIES FOR DISMANTLING APARTHEID (Adekunle Ajala et al. eds., 1990).

RITA F. TAUBENFELD, THE U.N. AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA: THE EVOLUTION OF THE SUBSTANTIVE LAW (1974).

TEACHING, EDUCATION, CULTURE AND INFORMATION AS MEANS OF ELIMINATING RACIAL DISCRIMINATION: IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION, Art. 7 U.N. Doc. CERD/3 (1985).

MIKE TERRY & STUART BELL, A STRATEGY FOR SANCTIONS AGAINST SOUTH AFRICAN COAL (1988).

UNITED NATIONS SPECIAL COMMITTEE AGAINST APARTHIED, TWENTY-FIVE YEARS OF COMMITMENT TO THE ELIMINATION OF APARTHEID IN SOUTH AFRICA (1988).

SUMMARY OF THE REPORT OF THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON THE POLI- CIES OF APARTHEID OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA, U.N. Sales No. 63.1.42 (1963).

SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON APARTHEID, APARTHEID IN SOUTH AFRICA II, EXTRACTS FROM THE REPORT OF THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE U.N. Sales No. 65.1.12 (1965).

SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON THE POLICIES OF APARTHEID OF THE GOV- ERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA, APARTHEID IN SOUTH AFRICA III: EXTRACTS FROM THE REPORT OF THE SPECIAL COMMIT- TEE ON THE POLICIES OF APARTHEID OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA, U.N. Sales No. 66.1.7 (1966). 1992] GUIDE TO RESEARCHING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 417

D. Asia No regional organization exists for Asia which can sponsor a human rights regime. It is hoped that political stability will allow for the development of the institutions necessary to support human rights. ETHNIC CONFLICT AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN SRI LANKA: AN ANNO- TATED BIBLIOGRAPHY (Berth Verstappen ed., 1989). ALICE E. TAY, HUMAN RIGHTS FOR AUSTRALIA: SURVEY OF LITERA- TURE AND DEVELOPMENTS, AND A SELECT AND ANNOTATED BIBLI- OGRAPHY OF RECENT LITERATURE IN AUSTRALIA AND ABROAD (1986). ACCESS TO JUSTICE: HUMAN RIGHTS STRUGGLES IN SOUTH EAST ASIA (Harry M. Scoble & Laurie S. Wiseberg eds., 1985). ASIAN PERSPECTIVES ON HUMAN RIGHTS (Claude E. Welch, Jr. & Vir- ginia A. Leary eds., 1990). CROSS-CULTURAL ASPECTS OF HUMAN RIGHTS: ASIA (Linda L. Lum ed., 1988). CAESAR ESPIRITU, LAW AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ASEAN: WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PHILIPPINES (1986). HUMAN RIGHTS ACTIVISM IN ASIA: SOME PERSPECTIVES, PROBLEMS AND APPROACHES (Asian Coalition of Human Rights Organization ed., 1984). HUMAN RIGHTS IN EAST ASIA: A CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE (James C. Hsiung ed., 1985). QUEST FOR INTERNATIONAL UNDERSTANDING: ESSAYS IN HONOUR OF M.S. HODA (Raghuraj Gupta ed., 1989). AL SANTOLI & LAURENCE EISENSTEIN, REFUGE DENIED: PROBLEMS IN THE PROTECTION OF VIETNAMESE AND CAMBODIANS IN THAILAND AND THE ADMISSION OF INDOCHINESE REFUGEES INTO THE UNITED STATES (Roni Rubenstein & Arthur C. Helton eds., 1989). INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION OF JURISTS AND HUMAN RIGHTS INSTI- TUTE, RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN SOUTH ASIA: REPORT OF A SEMINAR HELD IN LUCKNOW, INDIA, 4-9 DECEMBER 1982 (1984). AL SANTOLI & LAURENCE EISENSTEIN, FORCED BACK AND FORGOT- TEN: THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF LAOTIAN ASYLUM SEEKERS IN THAI- LAND (Arthur C. Helton & Roni Rubenstein eds., 1989). CASE W. RES: J. IA'L L. Vol. 24:379

E. Asylum IGNATIUS BAU, THIS GROUND IS HOLY: CHURCH SANCTUARY AND CENTRAL AMERICAN REFUGEES (1985). ANN C. DEVANEY, POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF LONG-TERM REFUGEES IN FIELD ASYLUM COUNTRIES: A CASE STUDY (1987). MANUAL R. GARCIA-MORA, INTERNATIONAL LAW AND ASYLUM AS A HUMAN RIGHT (1956). JOANNE S. GOWA, U.S. OBLIGATIONS UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW GOVERNING THE STATUS OF REFUGEES AND THE GRANTING OF ASY- LUM: THE CASE OF SIMAS KUDIRKA (1975). ARTHUR C. HELTON, THE SUBSTANTIVE AND PROCEDURAL LAW OF POLITICAL ASYLUM IN THE UNITED STATES (1983). INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION OF JURISTS, THE APPLICATION IN LATIN AMERICA OF INTERNATIONAL DECLARATIONS AND CONVEN- TIONS RELATING TO ASYLUM: A STUDY (1975). NANCY R. KINGSBURY, REFUGEES AND U.S. ASYLUM SEEKERS FROM CENTRAL AMERICA (1989). REINHARD LOHRMANN, SOCIAL SITUATION AND SOCIAL MEASURES CONCERNING PEOPLE SEEKING POLITICAL ASYLUM OR HAVING REFU- GEE STATUS IN THE MEMBER STATES OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE (1982). NATIONAL LEGAL CONFERENCE ON IMMIGRATION AND REFUGEE POLICY, IMMIGRATION REFORM, TEMPORARY WORKERS, SUPREME COURT, PRIVATE SECTOR, LEGAL ASPECTS OF DETENTION AND SANC- TUARY MOVEMENT, AND COMPARATIVE POLICIES ON POLITICAL ASY- LUM IN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA (1987). G. ROBINA QUALE, THE MISSION COMPOUND IN MODERN CHINA: THE ROLE OF THE UNITED STATES PROTESTANT MISSION AS AN ASY- LUM IN THE CIVIL AND INTERNATIONAL STRIPE OF CHINA, 1900-1941 (1957). C. NEALE RoNNING, DIPLOMATIC ASYLUM; LEGAL NORMS AND POLITICAL REALITY IN LATIN AMERICAN RELATIONS (1965). AL SANTOLI & LAURENCE EISENSTEIN, FORCED BACK AND FORGOT- TEN: THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF LAOTIAN ASYLUM SEEKERS IN THAI- LAND (Arthur C. Helton & Roni Rubenstein eds., 1989). NORMAN SIBLEY, THE ALIENS ACT (STAT. 5 EDW. VII. c.13), AND THE RIGHT OF ASYLUM: TOGETHER WITH INTERNATIONAL LAW, COMPARATIVE JURISPRUDENCE, AND THE HISTORY OF LEGISLATION ON THE SUBJECT, AND AN EXPOSITION OF THE ACT (1906). 1992] GUIDE TO RESEARCHING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 419

S. PRAKASH SINHA, ASYLUM AND INTERNATIONAL LAW (1971). SOKOL COLLOQUIUM, THE NEW ASYLUM SEEKERS: REFUGEE LAW IN THE 1980's (David A. Martin ed., 1988). BARBARA M. YARNOLD, REFUGEES WITHOUT REFUGE: FORMATION AND FAILED IMPLEMENTATION OF U.S. POLITICAL ASYLUM POLICY IN THE 1980's (1990).

F Children AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL USA, GUATEMALA: ExTRAJUDICIAL EX- ECUTIONS AND HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES AGAINST STREET CHILDREN (1990). THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF AUSTRALIAN-BoRN CHILDREN: A REPORT ON THE COMPLAINT OF MR. AND MRS. M. YILMAZ (1985). JOSE W. DIOKNO, A NATION FOR OUR CHILDREN: HUMAN RIGHTS, NATIONALISM, SOVEREIGNTY: SELECTED WRITINGS (2d ed. 1987). COUNCIL OF EUROPE, IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EUROPEAN CONVEN- TION ON HUMAN RIGHTS IN RESPECT OF YOUNG PERSONS AND CHIL- DREN PLACED IN CARE OR IN INSTITUTIONS FOLLOWING A DECISION OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE OR JUDICIAL AUTHORITIES (1986). INTER-AMERICAN CHILDREN'S INSTITUTE, INTER-AMERICAN CHIL- DREN'S INSTITUTE, 50TH ANNIVERSARY, 1927-1977 (1977). LAWASIA HUMAN RIGHTS STANDING COMMITTEE, THE MEETING OF EXPERTS ON "THE EXPLOITATION OF THE CHILD", NOVEMBER 12-13, 1984, SINGAPORE AND THE CONFERENCE ON CHILD LABOUR AND CHILD PROSTITUTION, FEBRUARY 21-23, 1986 (1986). NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HUMAN AND CIVIL RIGHTS IN EDUCA- TION, EDUCATION OF ALL HANDICAPPED CHILDREN AND PL 94-142 (1978). NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR THE UNMARRIED MOTHER AND HER CHILD, THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF THOSE BORN OUT OF WEDLOCK: A CONSID- ERATION OF NEEDS AND How THEY MIGHT BE MET (1969). THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD AND THE LAW: PAPERS PRESENTED AT A CONFERENCE HELD IN CHRISTCHURCH ON 23, 24, 25 NOVEMBER, 1979 (1980). RAFAEL SAjON, DESARROLLO LEGAL Y SOCIAL SOBRE RETARDO MENTAL EN AMERICA LATINA (1965). International child abduction : hearing before the Subcommittees on Human Rights and InternationalOrganizations and on InternationalOp- erations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives. 100th Cong., 2nd Sess. Y4. F76/1: C43/7 (1988). 420 CASE W. RES. J INT'L LV Vol. 24:379

G. Education

THOMAS BUERGENTHAL ET AL., INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS AND INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION (1976). THE CRIMINALIZATION OF EDUCATION: ACADEMIC FREEDOM AND HUMAN RIGHTS AT BIRZEIT UNIVERSITY DURING THE PALESTINIAN UPRISING (1989). THE RIGHT TO BE EDUCATED: STUDIES TO COMMEMORATE THE TWENTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF THE ADOPTION BY THE UNITED NA- TIONS OF THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS, DECEM- BER 10, 1948. (Robert F. Drinan ed., 1968).

H. Europe

MARGUERITE GARLING, HUMAN RIGHTS RESEARCH GUIDE: LIBRARY HOLDINGS IN LONDON ON HUMAN RIGHTS, CENSORSHIP, AND FREE- DOM OF EXPRESSION (1978). JOHN C. ALDERSON, HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE POLICE (1984). RALPH BEDDARD, HUMAN RIGHTS AND EUROPE: A STUDY OF THE MACHINERY OF HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION OF THE COUNCIL OF EU- ROPE (2d ed. 1980). CONFERENCE, EUROPEAN MINISTERIAL CONFERENCE ON HUMAN RIGHTS, VIENNA, 19-20 MARCH 1985 (1985). CONFERENCE, EUROPEAN MINISTERIAL CONFERENCE ON HUMAN RIGHTS, VIENNA, 19-20 MARCH 1985: PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFER- ENCE (1988). MAURICE MENDELSON, THE IMPACT OF EUROPEAN COMMUNITY LAW ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS (1984). NON-JUDICIAL MEANS FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS: THE INSTITUTION OF THE OMBUDSMAN (1987). ROUND TABLE WITH EUROPEAN OMBUDSMEN, PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2ND ROUND TABLE WITH EUROPEAN OMBUDSMEN (1989). COUNCIL OF EUROPE, COUNCIL OF EUROPE FELLOWSHIPS FOR STUD- IES AND RESEARCH IN THE FIELD OF HUMAN RIGHTS: INFORMATION NOTICE (1987). SYMPOSIUM: INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON SOCIAL WELFARE, SOCIAL WELFARE AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN EUROPE: 4TH EUROPEAN SYMPO- SIUM OF THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON SOCIAL WELFARE, SALZ- BURG (1967). UNIVERSALITY OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN A PLURALISTIC WORLD (1990). 1992] GUIDE TO RESEARCHING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHIS LAW 421

L Food

ADDEKE H. BOERMA, A RIGHT TO FOOD, A SELECTION FROM SPEECHES (1976). CHERYL CHRISTENSEN, THE RIGHT TO FOOD: How TO GUARANTEE (1978). FOOD AS A HUMAN RIGHT (Asbjom Eide et al. eds., 1984). JOAN GOLDSTEIN, DEMANDING CLEAN FOOD AND WATER: THE FIGHT FOR A BASIC HUMAN RIGHT (1990). RIGHT TO ADEQUATE FOOD AS A HUMAN RIGHT (United Nations, 1989). THE RIGHT TO FOOD (Philip Alston & Katarina K. Tomasevski eds., 1984). THE RIGHT TO FOOD: GUIDE THROUGH APPLICABLE INTERNATIONAL LAW (Katarina Tomasevski ed., 1987).

J Genocide

DICHIARAZIONE UNIVERSALE DEi DIRITrI DELL'UOMO: CONVEN- ZIONE PER LA PROSCRIZIONE DEL GENOCIDIO (2d ed. 1957). GENOCIDE AND HUMAN RIGHTS: A GLOBAL ANTHOLOGY (Jack Nusan Porter ed., 1982). BARBARA HARFF-GURR, GENOCIDE AND HUMAN RIGHTS: INTERNA- TIONAL LEGAL AND POLITICAL ISSUES (1984). ALEKSANDER KAELAS, HUMAN RIGHTS AND GENOCIDE IN THE BAL- TIC STATES (1950). LEO KUPER & HILDA KUPER, SOUTH AFRICA: HUMAN RIGHTS AND GENOCIDE (1981). VAZKEN L. PARSEGIAN, HUMAN RIGHTS AND GENOCIDE, 1975: THE HOPE, THE REALITY, AND STILL THE HOPE (1975). House Comm. on Foreign Affairs, on Human Rights and International Organizations, H.R. Doc. No. 166, 99th Cong., 1st Sess., pg. (1985). (ex- pressing the sense of the House of Representatives with respect to ratification of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide: markup before the Committee on Foreign Affairs and its Sub- committee on Human Rights and International Organizations).

K. HumanitarianIntervention and State Responsibility

CHITrHARANJAN F. AMERASINGHE, STATE RESPONSIBILITY FOR INJU- RIES TO ALIENS (1967). CASE W. RES. J. INT'L LV Vol. 24:379

CLYDE EAGLETON, RESPONSIBILITY OF STATES IN INTERNATIONAL LAW (Kraus Reprint 1970). ALWYN V. FREEMAN, THE INTERNATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY OF STATES FOR DENIAL OF JUSTICE (Kraus Reprint 1970). MALBONE W. GRAHAM, HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION IN INTERNA- TIONAL LAW AS RELATED TO THE PRACTICE OF THE UNITED STATES (1920). BARBARA HARFF-GURR, HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION AS A REM- EDY FOR GENOCIDE: A FRESH LOOK AT AN OLD CONCEPT (1981). HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION AND THE UNITED NATIONS (Richard B. Lillich ed., 1973). FERNANDO R. TESON, HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION: AN INQUIRY INTO LAW AND MORALITY (1988).

L. Human Rights Teaching

COLLOQUY OF DIRECTORS OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITU- TIONS, SOCIALISATION OF SCHOOL CHILDREN AND THEIR EDUCATION FOR DEMOCRATIC VALUES AND HUMAN RIGHTS (1991). FRONTIERS OF HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION (Asbjorn Eide & Marek Thee eds., 1983). JOSEPH GREMILLION, THE ROLE OF THE CHURCH IN THE PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS, WITH RELATION TO UNIVER- SITY EDUCATION (1975). PAUL D. HINES, A GUIDE TO HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION (1969). HUMAN RIGHTS AND EDUCATION (Norma Bernstein Tarrow ed., 1987). CONFERENCE: INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION, HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION (1982). HUMAN RIGHTS IN CANADIAN EDUCATION (Douglas Ray & Vincent D'Oyley eds., 1983). INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON THE TEACHING OF HUMAN RIGHTS, THIRTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (1980). EDMEE MONTANDON, EDUCATION FOR INTERNATIONAL UNDER- STANDING, PEACE AND HUMAN RIGHTS (1983). DEPARTMENT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE, OTTAWA, PROMOTION OF EDUCATION AND INFORMATION IN THE FIELD OF HUMAN RIGHTS (1982). UNESCO REGIONAL OFFICE FOR THE EDUCATION IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC, THE ROLE OF SOCIAL STUDIES IN EDUCATION FOR PEACE 1992] GUIDE TO RESEARCHING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 423

AND RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC: REPORT OF A REGIONAL MEETING OF EXPERTS, BANGKOK, 16-22 DECEMBER 1980 (1981). UNESCO, EDUCATION FOR INTERNATIONAL UNDERSTANDING, CO- OPERATION AND PEACE AND EDUCATION RELATING TO HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS (1974). UNESCO, IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RECOMMENDATION CONCERN- ING EDUCATION FOR INTERNATIONAL UNDERSTANDING, CO-OPERA- TION AND PEACE AND EDUCATION RELATING TO HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS (1976). DONALD VANDENBERG, HUMAN RIGHTS IN EDUCATION (1983). EDUCATION, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND DEVELOPMENT: A REPORT ON THE WORLD UNIVERSITY WORKSHOP HELD IN HARARE, ZIMBABWE, 25-29 AUGUST 1982 (Clive Nettleton ed., 1982).

M. Indigenous Peoples

JEREMY NARBY, RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT AND INDIGENOUS PEO- PLES: A COMPARATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY (Jeremy Narby & Shelton Davis comps., 1983). BERNADETTE K. Roy, THE RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN IN- TERNATIONAL LAW: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY (1985). BERNADETTE K. ROY, THE RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN IN- TERNATIONAL LAW: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY. (suppl. 1986). JOHN BEAUCLERK ET AT., INDIGENOUS PEOPLES: A FIELDGUIDE FOR DEVELOPMENT (1988). JULIAN BURGER, REPORT FROM THE FRONTIER: THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S INDIGENOUS PEOPLES (1987). JASON W. CLAY, INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND TROPICAL FORESTS: MODELS OF LAND USE AND MANAGEMENT FROM LATIN AMERICA (1988). SHELTON H. DAVIS, LAND RIGHTS AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLES: THE ROLE OF THE INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS (1988). WOLFGANG S. HEINZ, INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS, ETHNIC MINORI- TIES AND HUMAN RIGHTS (1988). INDIGENOUS PEOPLES: A GLOBAL QUEST FOR JUSTICE: A REPORT FOR THE INDEPENDENT COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN ISSUES (1987). INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND THE NATION-STATE: "FOURTH WORLD" CASE W. RES. J INT'L LV Vol. 24:379

POLITICS IN CANADA, AUSTRALIA, AND NORWAY (Noel Dyck ed., 1985). WESTERN EXPANSION AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLES: THE HERITAGE OF LAS CASAS (Elias Sevilla-Casas eds., 1977). STUART MCGILL, INDIGENOUS RESOURCE RIGHTS AND MINING COM- PANIES IN NORTH AMERICA AND AUSTRALIA (1986). ALICE MERTENS, SOUTH WEST AFRICA AND ITS INDIGENOUS PEOPLES (1966). NATIVE POWER: THE QUEST FOR AUTONOMY AND NATIONHOOD OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES (Jens Brosted et al. eds., 1985). GARTH NETTHEIM, INDIGENOUS RIGHTS, HUMAN RIGHTS AND AUS- TRALIA (1987). ROXANNE D. ORTIZ, THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS: APPLICATION OF THE RIGHTS CONTAINED IN THE COVENANT, THE OPTIONAL PROTOCOL AND THEIR RELEVANCE TO IN- DIGENOUS PEOPLES IN PERIODS OF EMERGENCY (1982). FELIX RAZON & RICHARD HENSMAN, THE OPPRESSION OF THE INDIG- ENOUS PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES (IWGIA) Doe. 25 (1976). THE RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: SE- LECTED ESSAYS ON SELF-DETERMINATION (Ruth Thompson ed., 1987). THE RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: WORKSHOP REPORT (Ruth Thompson ed., 1986). DOUGLAS E. SANDERS, THE FORMATION OF THE WORLD COUNCIL OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES (1977). SEMINAR, SELF DETERMINATION AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLES; SAMI RIGHTS AND NORTHERN PERSPECTIVES (1987). RODOLFO STAVENHAGEN, DERECHO INDIGENA Y DERECHOS HUMA- NOS EN AMERICA LATINA (1988). WORLD COUNCIL OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES, AL'GOAL'BMUGIID MAILMIRADDI, NUB'BI OAI'VICOAK'KIN [VARLDSRADET FOR URBEFOLKNINGAR, ANDRA GENERALFORSAMLINGEN] [WORLD COUN- CIL OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES, SECOND GENERAL ASSEMBLY]: 24-27, VIII, 1977 (1978).

N. The Individual

EDWARD STANEK, THE ELDERLY IN MODERN SOCIETY, THEIR LEGAL STATUS, AND HUMAN RIGHTS: A SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY (1989). EDWARD STANEK, HANDICAPPED PEOPLE IN SOCIETY, THEIR LEGAL 1992] GUIDE TO RESEARCHING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 425

STATUS, CLAIMS, AND HUMAN RIGHTS: A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY (1987). EDWARD STANEK, SINGLE PEOPLE, THEIR SOCIAL AND LEGAL STA- TUs, CLAIMS, AND HUMAN RIGHTS: A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MONOGRAPHS (1987). IGNACIO BURGOA, LAS GARANTIAS INDIVIDUALES (1984). SATISH CHANDRA, INDIVIDUAL'S PETITION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW (1985). ERICA-IRENE A. DAES, FREEDOM OF THE INDIVIDUAL UNDER LAW: A STUDY ON THE INDIVIDUAL'S DUTIES TO THE COMMUNITY AND THE LIMITATIONS ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS UNDER ARTI- CLE 29 OF THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (1990). W. PAUL GORMLEY, THE PROCEDURAL STATUS OF THE INDIVIDUAL BEFORE INTERNATIONAL AND SUPRANATIONAL TRIBUNALS (1966). THOMAS HAESLER, THE EXHAUSTION OF LOCAL REMEDIES IN THE CASE LAW OF INTERNATIONAL COURTS AND TRIBUNALS (1968). L'INDIVIDU FACE AU POUVOIR [MAN VERSUS POLITICAL POWER] (1989). CLARENCE W. JENKS, THE INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION OF TRADE UNION FREEDOMS (1957). CLARENCE W. JENKS, HUMAN RIGHTS AND INTERNATIONAL LABOUR STANDARDS (1960).

0. Inter-American Institute of Human Rights

INTER-AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF HUMAN RIGHTS. COMPILACI6N DE TRABAJOS ACADEMICOS DEL CURSO INTERDISCIPLINARIO EN DER- ECHOS HUMANOS, 1983-1987 (1989). MANUAL DE CuRSOS, RECOPILACI6N DE CONFERENCIAS (1987). THOMAS BUERGENTHAL ET AL., LA CONSTITUCI6N NORTEAMERI- CANA Y SU INFLUENCIA EN LATINOAMERICA: 200 ANOS, 1787-1987 (1987). JORGE MARIO GARCIA LAGUARDIA, LA CONSTITUCI6N DE CADIZ Y SU INFLUENCIA EN AMERICA: 175 ANoS 1812-1987 (1987).

P. Minority Rights

EDWARD STANEK, MINORITIES, ALIENS, AND REFUGEES: A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR THE STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS OF SPECIAL GROUPS (1987). CASE W. RES. J. INTL LV Vol. 24:379

PABLO DE AZCARATE Y FLOREZ, LEAGUE OF NATIONS AND NA- TIONAL MINORITIES AN EXPERIMENT (1972). CONSULTATIVE COUNCIL OF JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS, INTERNA- TIONAL PROTECTION OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF MINORITIES, A RE- VISED MEMORANDUM SUBMITTED TO THE SUB-COMMISSION ON PREVENTION OF DISCRIMINATION AND PROTECTION OF MINORITIES, JANUARY 1950 (1950). LES DROITS DE L'HOMME, LE FEDERALISME ET LES MINORrrts [HUMAN RIGHTS, FEDERALISM AND MINORITIES] (Allan Gotlieb ed., 1970). WOLFGANG S. HEINZ, INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS, ETHNIC MINORI- TIES AND HUMAN RIGHTS (1988). SEMINAR ON MASS MEDIA AND THE MINORITIES, MASS MEDIA AND THE MINORITIES: PAPERS PRESENTED AT AN INTERNATIONAL SEMI- NAR ORGANIZED BY THE DIVISION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND PEACE, SECTOR FOR SOCIAL AND HUMAN SCIENCES, 2-6 SEPTEMBER 1985 (1986). OSCAR I. JANOWSKY, NATIONALITIES AND NATIONAL MINORITIES (1945). Lucy P. MAIR, THE PROTECTION OF MINORITIES (1928). MINORITIES, A QUESTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (Ben Whitaker ed., 1984). THE OHRID SEMINAR ON MINORITIES: UNITED NATIONS SEMINAR ON THE PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS OF NATIONAL, ETHNIC, AND OTHER MINORITIES, OHRID, YUGOSLAVIA, 25 JUNE-8 JULY 1974 (Boris Vishinski ed., 1977).

JULIUS STONE, INTERNATIONAL GUARANTEES OF MINORITY RIGHTS (1932). PATRICK THORNBERRY, MINORITIES AND HUMAN RIGH'fS LAW (1991).

Q. Refugees

REFUGEE DOCUMENTATION CENTRE: U.N. HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES AND REFUGEE POLICY, A SELECTED AND ANNOTATED BIB- LIOGRAPHY ON REFUGEE WOMEN: A JOINT PROJECT OF THE OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES AND REFUGEE POLICY GROUP FOR THE UNITED NATIONS DECADE FOR WOMEN (1985). EDWARD STANEK, MINORITIES, ALIENS, AND REFUGEES: A SELECTED 1992] GUIDE TO RESEARCHING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGH7S LAW 427

BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR THE STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS OF SPECIAL GROUPS (1987). RESOLUTIONS AND DECISIONS RELATING TO THE OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES U.N.Doc. HCR/INF.49/1988. YOUNES R. ALTAMEMI, DIE PALASTINAFLUCHTLINGE UND DIE VER- EINTEN NATIONEN (1974). ASILO Y PROTECCION INTERNACIONAL DE REFUGIADOS EN AMERICA LATINA (Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de In- vestigaciones Juridicas: Instituto "Matias Romero" de Estudios Diplo- maticos, 1st ed., 1982). EDWARD H. BUEHRIG, THE UN AND THE PALESTINIAN REFUGEES: A STUDY IN NONTERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATION (1971). OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFU- GEES, COLLECTION OF INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS CONCERNING REFUGEES (1979). ROBERT FAHERTY, IN HUMAN TERMS: THE 1959 STORY OF THE UNRWA-UNEsCO ARAB REFUGEE SCHOOLS (1959). REINHOLD FRIEDL, ERZIEHUNG UND AUSBILDUNG FOR FLUCHTLINGE IN AFRIKA: MOGLICHKEITEN UND GRENZEN DER AUSBILDUNGSHILFE DES HOCHKOMMISSARIATS FOR FLUCHTLINGE DER VEREINTEN NA- TIONEN (1987). ATLE GRAHL-MADSEN, THE STATUS OF REFUGEES IN INTERNA- TIONAL LAW (1966). JOACHIM HENKEL, THE INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION OF REFUGEES AND DISPLACED PERSONS: A GLOBAL PROBLEM OF GROWING COM- PLEXITY (1985). LOUISE W. HOLBORN ET. AL., REFUGEES, A PROBLEM OF OUR TIME: THE WORK OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFU- GEES, 1951-1972 (1975). HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE PROTECTION OF REFUGEES UNDER INTER- NATIONAL LAW: PROCEEDINGS OF A CONFERENCE HELD IN MON- TREAL, NOVEMBER 29-DECEMBER 2, 1987 (Alan E. Nash ed., 1988). HUMAN RIGHTS IN UGANDA: THE REASONS FOR REFUGEES (Virginia Hamilton ed., 1985). LAWYERS COMMITrEE FOR INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS, THE IMPROPRIETY OF DETAINING AFGHAN REFUGEES IN THE UNITED STATES (1983). GILBURT LOESCHER ET AL., HUMAN RIGHTS, POWER POLITICS, AND CASE W. RES. J INTL L Vol. 24:379

THE INTERNATIONAL REFUGEE REGIME: THE CASE OF U.S. TREAT- MENT OF CARIBBEAN BASIN REFUGEES (1985).

JORGE MONTANO, LA SITUACION DE LOS REFUGIADOS EN EL MUNDO (1985).

ELVIS OTTO NGOLLE NGOLLE, THE AFRICAN REFUGEE PROBLEM AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF INTERNATIONAL REFUGEE ASSISTANCE IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE POLI- CIES OF THE OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSION (1985).

RONALD S. SCHEINMAN, THE OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES AND THE CONTEMPORARY INTERNA- TIONAL SYSTEM (1974). JOHN HOPE SIMPSON, THE REFUGEE PROBLEM (1939).

NAGENDRA SINGH, THE ROLE AND RECORD OF THE UN HIGH COM- MISSIONER FOR REFUGEES (1984).

UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES, DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION, SYMPOSIUM ON THE PROMOTION, DIS- SEMINATION AND TEACHING OF FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS OF REFUGEES (1982).

CRITON GEORGE TORNARITIS, THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE LEGAL ORDER OF THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS (1976).

MILTON VIORST, REACHING FOR THE OLIVE BRANCH: UNRWA AND PEACE IN THE MIDDLE EAST (1989).

ROGER P. WINTER, HUMAN RIGHTS IN UGANDA: A SEASON OF HOPE FOR ITS REFUGEES AND DISPLACED PERSONS (1986).

YEFIME ZARJEVSKI, A FUTURE PRESERVED: INTERNATIONAL ASSIST- ANCE TO REFUGEES (Margaret Kooijman trans., 1988).

R. Religion

LIUDMILA ALEKSEEVA, SOVIET DISSENT: CONTEMPORARY MOVE- MENTS FOR NATIONAL, RELIGIOUS, AND HUMAN RIGHTS (Carol Pearce & John Glad trans., 1985).

WALTER FERNANDES, CASTE AND CONVERSION MOVEMENTS IN IN- DIA: RELIGION AND HUMAN RIGHTS (1981).

HUMAN RIGHTS AND RELIGIONS IN SRI LANKA: A COMMENTARY ON THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (1988). HUMAN RIGHTS IN RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS (Arlene Swidler ed., 1982). 1992] GUIDE TO RESEARCHING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 429

RUDOLF GRULICH, MENSCHENRECHTE UND RELIGIONSFREIHEIT IN JUGOSLAWIEN (1986). OTTO FREDERICK NOLDE, FREE AND EQUAL: HUMAN RIGHTS IN ECU- MENICAL PERSPECTIVE, WITH REFLECTIONS ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS BY CHARLES HABIB MALIK (1968). ELIZABETH ODio BENITO, ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF INTOLER- ANCE AND DISCRIMINATION BASED ON RELIGION OR BELIEF (1989). U.N. Doc. E/ CN.4/Z/SER.B/2 REFLEXI6N CRISTIANA SOBRE LA DECLARACI6N UNIVERSAL DE LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS (Raul Cardenal Silva Henriquez ed., 1974).

1. Catholicism

Jo RENEE FORMICOLA, THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND HUMAN RIGHTS: ITS ROLE IN THE FORMULATION OF U.S. POLICY, 1945-1980 (1988). DAVID HOLLENBACH, CLAIMS IN CONFLICT: RETRIEVING AND RE- NEWING THE CATHOLIC HUMAN RIGHTS TRADITION (1979). DAVID HOLLENBACH, JUSTICE, PEACE, AND HUMAN RIGHTS: AMERI- CAN CATHOLIC SOCIAL ETHICS IN A PLURALISTIC WORLD (1988). PHILIPPE DE LA CHAPELLE, LA DtCLARATION UNIVERSELLE DES DROITS DE L'HOMME ET LE CATHOLICISME (1967). PENNY LERNOUX, CRY OF THE PEOPLE: THE STRUGGLE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS IN LATIN AMERICA-THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN CONFLICT WITH U.S. POLICY (1982). RELIGION AND CULTURE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN SRI LANKA (Sri Lanka Foundation 1st ed. 1982). LASZLO REVEsz, THE CHRISTIAN PEACE CONFERENCE: HUMAN RIGHTS AND RELIGION IN THE USSR (1978). RELIGIOUS LIBERTY AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN NATIONS AND IN RELI- GIONS (Leonard Swidler ed., 1986). ROBERT TRAER, FAITH IN HUMAN RIGHTS: SUPPORT IN RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS FOR A GLOBAL STRUGGLE (1991). THE CHRONICLE OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN LITHUANIA: UNDER- GROUND JOURNAL OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS. (Nijole Grazulis trans. & ed., 1981).

2. Islam

SHAH A. K. M. KHAIRUL BASHAR, DEMOCRATIC THEORIES & HUMAN RIGHTS IN ISLAM (196X). 430 CASE W. RES. J INT'L L Vol. 24:379

BOUBKER PHILIP BENNANI, L'ISLAMISME ET LES DROITS DE L'HOMME (1984). Conferences of Riyad, Paris, Vatican City, Geneva, and Strasbourg on Moslem Doctrine and Human Rights in Islam. Colloques de Riyad, de Paris, du Vatican, de Geneve et de Strasbourg sur le Dogme Musulman et les Droits de l'Homme en Islam: Entre Juristes de l'Arabie Saoudite et Eminents Juristes et Intellectuels... Makkah: Rabitat al-'Alam al-Islami (197X). MUHAMMAD GHAZALI, HUQUQ AL-INSAN BAYNA TAALIM AL-ISLAM WA-I'LAN AL-UMAM AL-MUTTAHIDAH (al-Tab'ah 3., mazidah wa- munaqqahah (Cairo): Yutlabu min Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyah, 1984). HUMAN RIGHTS IN ISLAM: REPORT OF A SEMINAR HELD IN KUWAIT, DECEMBER 1980 (1982). ISLAMIC CONCEPT OF HUMAN RIGHTS (S. M. Haider ed., 1978). ISLAM ET DROrrS DE L'HOMME: RECUEIL DE TEXTES (1984). MUHAMMAD ZAFRULLA KHAN, ISLAM AND HUMAN RIGHTS (4th ed. 1988). 'ABD AL-'ALIM 'ABD AL-RAHMAN KHIDR, HAQQ AL-INSAN FI AL-AMN BAYNA AL-NUZUM AL-BASHARIYAH WA-MANHAJ AL-QUR'AN AL- KARIM (al-Tab'ah 1 1986). DAVID LITTLE, HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE CONFLICT OF CULTURES: WESTERN AND ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVES ON RELIGIOUS LIBERTY (1988). SYED ABUL 'ALA MAUDOODI, HUMAN RIGHTS IN ISLAM (Kurshid Ahmad & Ahmed Said Khan trans., 1976). ANN ELIZABETH MAYER, ISLAM AND HUMAN RIGHTS: TRADITION AND POLITICS (1991). SHAUKAT ALI PARVEEN, HUMAN RIGHTS IN ISLAM (1980). ZAYN AL-'ABIDIN QURBANI LAHIJI, ISLAM VA HUQUQ-I BASHAR (1970).

S. Slavery REGINALD COUPLAND, THE BRITISH ANTI-SLAVERY MOVEMENT (2d ed. 1964). DAVID BRION DAVIS, THE PROBLEM OF SLAVERY IN WESTERN CUL- TURE (1966). ANTHONY LESTER AND GEOFFREY BINDMAN, RACE AND LAW (1972). RICHARD AMBROSE REEVES, THE PASS LAWS AND SLAVERY: AN AD- DRESS DELIVERED AT THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ANTI-SLAVERY SOCIETY FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (1960). 1992] GUIDE TO RESEARCHING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 431

THEODORE DWIGHT WELD, THE BIBLE AGAINST SLAVERY: AN IN- QUIRY INTO THE PATRIARCHAL AND MOSAIC SYSTEMS ON THE SUB- JECT OF HUMAN RIGHTS (4th ed. 1838).

T Torture

J. HERMAN BURGERS, THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION AGAINST TORTURE: A HANDBOOK ON THE CONVENTION AGAINST TORTURE AND OTHER CRUEL, INHUMAN, OR DEGRADING TREATMENT OR PUN- ISHMENT (1988). CONVENTION AGAINST TORTURE AND OTHER CRUEL, INHUMAN, OR DEGRADING TREATMENT OR PUNISHMENT: MESSAGE FROM THE PRES- IDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, Gov. doe. Y 1.1/4:100-20 (1990). COUNCIL OF EUROPE, EUROPEAN CONVENTION FOR THE PREVENTION OF TORTURE AND INHUMAN OR DEGRADING TREATMENT OR PUNISH- MENT: TEXT OF THE CONVENTION AND EXPLANATORY REPORT (1987). EXPLANATORY REPORT ON THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION FOR THE PREVENTION OF TORTURE- AND INHUMAN OR DEGRADING TREAT- MENT OR PUNISHMENT (1989). How TO COMBAT TORTURE: REPORT ON THE INTERNATIONAL COL- LOQUIUM ON How TO COMBAT TORTURE, GENEVA, 28-29 APRIL 1983 (Francois de Vargas rapporteur, 1984). INTERNATIONALE KONVENTIONEN GEGEN DIE FOLTER: ST.GALLER EXPERTENGESPRACH 1978 [CONVENTIONS INTERNATIONALES CONTRE LA TORTURE: COLLOQUE A SAINT-GALL 1978] [INTERNATIONAL CON- VENTIONS AGAINST TORTURE: ST. GALL COLLOQUIUM 1978] (1979). CONVENCI6N INTERAMERICANA PARA PREVENIR Y SANCIONAR LA TORTURA [INTER-AMERICAN CONVENTION TO PREVENT AND PUNISH TORTURE] (1986). HANS THOOLEN, THIRTY YEARS AFTER THE UNIVERSAL DECLARA- TION OF HUMAN RIGHTS: THE NEED FOR AN INTERNATIONAL CON- VENTION AGAINST TORTURE (1978). JEAN-JACQUES GAUTIER, TORTURE, How TO MAKE THE INTERNA- TIONAL CONVENTION EFFECTIVE: A DRAFT OPTIONAL PROTOCOL (1979).

U. The United Nations

OBED Y. ASAMOAH, THE LEGAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DECLARA- TIONS OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY (1967). 432 CASE W. RES. J INT'L L Vol. 24:379

JOHN CAREY, UN PROTECTION OF CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS (1970).

JORGE CASTANEDA, LEGAL EFFECTS OF UNITED NATIONS RESOLU- TIONS (1969). ROGER STENSON CLARK, A UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS (1972). PIETER NICOLAAS DROST, THE CRIME OF STATE: PENAL PROTECTION FOR FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS OF PERSONS AND PEOPLES (1959). PIETER NICOLAAS DROST, HUMAN RIGHTS AS LEGAL RIGHTS (1951). JAMES FREDERICK GREEN, THE UNITED NATIONS AND HUMAN RIGHTS (reprint ed. 1958). BERNHARD GRAEFRATH, MENSCHENRECHTE UND INTERNATIONALE KOOPERATION: 10 JAHRE PRAXIS DES INTERNATIONALEN MEN- SCHENRECHTSKOMITEES (1988).

ARTHUR NORMAN HOLCOMBE, HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MODERN WORLD (1948). DAVID EVAN TRANT LUARD, THE INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (1967). EGON SCHWELB, HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE INTERNATIONAL COMMU- NITY (1964).

V Women

GEORGINA ASHWORTH, OF VIOLENCE AND VIOLATION: WOMEN AND HUMAN RIGHTS (1986). LESLIE J. CALMAN, ARE WOMEN'S RIGHTS "HUMAN RIGHTS"? (Mich- igan State University Office of Women in International Development Working Paper No. 146, 1987).

I. J. GENTLES, A TIME TO CHOOSE LIFE: WOMEN, ABORTION AND HUMAN RIGHTS (1990). YOUGINDRA KHUSHALANI, DIGNITY AND HONOUR OF WOMEN AS BA- SIC AND FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS (1982).

MOIRA DAVISON REYNOLDS, WOMEN CHAMPIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS: ELEVEN U.S. LEADERS OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY (1991). InternationalHuman Rights Abuses Against Women: Hearingsbefore the Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, 101st Cong., 2d Sess. (1990). AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL, WOMEN IN THE FRONT LINE: HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS AGAINST WOMEN (1991). 1992] GUIDE TO RESEARCHING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 433

GAY YOUNG, WOMEN, BORDER INDUSTRIALIZATION PROGRAM, AND HUMAN RIGHTS (1984).

IX. CONCLUSION This paper has dealt with those organs of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Eu- rope, the Organization of American States, and the Organization of Afri- can Unity, which are specifically oriented toward Human Rights. Many other organs could have been mentioned, such as the U.N. Trusteeship Council or the European Community. This is not to slight the work of either organization. The work of the Trusteeship Council is extremely important in eliminating colonialism and its vestiges. The Court of Jus- tice of the European Communities is also important in its building of a body of case law, especially in regard to its handling of the European Convention on Human Rights in cases where the Convention is part of national law in the states parties to the case. It is the author's aim that this paper will allow readers to do valid and intelligent research on international human rights law.