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Diverzita Vodního Hmyzu Nové Kaledonie Bakalářská Práce

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Diverzita Vodního Hmyzu Nové Kaledonie Bakalářská Práce PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA Bakalářská práce Kristýna Řádková Brno 2019 PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA Diverzita vodního hmyzu Nové Kaledonie Bakalářská práce Kristýna Řádková Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Jindřiška Bojková, Ph.D. Ústav botaniky a zoologie Brno 2019 Bibliografický záznam Autor: Kristýna Řádková Přírodovědecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita Ústav botaniky a zoologie Název práce: Diverzita vodního hmyzu Nové Kaledonie Studijní program: Ekologická a evoluční biologie Biologie se zaměřením na vzdělávání, Chemie se Studijní obor: zaměřením na vzdělávání Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Jindřiška Bojková, Ph.D. Akademický rok: 2018/2019 Počet stran: 59+20 Klíčová slova: jepice; Ephemeroptera; diverzita; endemismus; vodní hmyz; databáze; mapa; Grande Terre; Nová Kaledonie Bibliographic Entry Author: Kristýna Řádková Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Department of Botany and Zoology Title of Thesis: Diversity of aquatic insects in New Caledonia Degree programme: Chemistry Field of Study: Chemistry and biology with a view to Education Supervisor: Mgr. Jindřiška Bojková, Ph.D. Academic Year: 2018/2019 Number of Pages: 59+20 Keywords: mayflies; Ephemeroptera; diversity; endemism; aquatic insect; database; map; Grande Terre; New Caledonia Abstrakt Tato práce se zabývá diverzitou vodního hmyzu se zaměřením na jepice (Ephemeroptera) na tichomořském souostroví Nová Kaledonie, převážně na jeho největším ostrově Grande Terre. Unikátní přírodní bohatství a geomorfologická a geografická pestrost řadí Novou Kaledonii mezi 25 bezprostředně ohrožených oblastí s výjimečnou biodiverzitou. Rešeršní část práce se soustředí na představení Nové Kaledonie a její tektonické historie, která hraje zásadní roli v neobvykle vysoké míře endemismu ostrovů. Dále se práce zabývá historii osídlení, výjimečnou biotou a antropogenními vlivy, které mění nebývalým způsobem krajinu Nové Kaledonie. Souhrnně je popsána diverzita a endemismus vodního hmyzu Nové Kaledonie: Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Heteroptera, Trichoptera, Coleoptera, a Diptera. Praktická část práce se detailně zabývá skupinou Ephemeroptera. Byla vytvořena databáze všech publikovaných a dostupných nepublikovaných nálezů jepic, které pocházejí z let 1949, 1966, 1968, 1972 a 1997–2000. Z ostrovů Grande Terre a Île de Pins se podařilo nashromáždit 643 nálezů 46 druhů jepic z 19 rodů od 7 vědců a vědeckých týmů: L. E. Cheesman, J. Iliese, F. Starmühlnera a kolektivu, W. L. Peterse a kolektivu a N. Mary. Na základě těchto dat byla vyhodnocena druhová bohatost lokalit a četnost, abundance a distribuce jednotlivých druhů jepic na Nové Kaledonii. Rozšíření všech druhů jepic bylo zobrazeno na mapách. Zhruba polovina druhů jepic se vyskytovala na 10 a méně lokalitách, přičemž šest nečetnějších druhů se vyskytovalo na 32–91 lokalitách (nejčetnější druh je Celiphlebia caledonae). Tyto druhy patřily zároveň mezi druhy s největší abundancí na lokalitách. Mezi nejpočetnější jepice na lokalitách patří druhy rodu Lepeorus, především Lepeorus goyi, které byly všechny mezi druhy s největší abundancí. Všech 46 druhů jepic bylo rozděleno podle typu jejich rozšíření na Nové Kaledonii. Až 13 druhů se vyskytovalo po celém území Grande Terre. Mezi ně patří hlavně Celiphlebia caledonae, Paraluma cancellata a Notachalcus corbasoni vyskytující se na více než 50 lokalitách. Překvapivě velký počet druhů nebo poddruhů se vyskytoval výlučně (celkem 11 druhů, např. Lepeorus calidus notialis, L. goyi australis a Lepegenia lineata) nebo převážně (7 druhů, např. Peloracantha titan, Simulacala notialis a Tindea cochereaui) v jižní části Grande Terre, která je typická extrémním ultramafickým podložím. Těmto oblastem se vyhýbal menší počet druhů osidlující převážně centrální část Grande Terre. Pouze jediný druh, Amoa fronini, se vyskytoval na ostrově Île de Pins. Počet druhů na lokalitách nebyl závislý na nadmořské výšce, což může být dáno nedostatečným pokrytím celého gradientu nadmořské výšky. Druhově nejbohatší lokality (15–22 druhů) se nalézaly v nadmořské výšce 95 až 500 m n. m. Nejvíce studovaných lokalit se nacházelo na území rezervací a/nebo v oblastech se zachovalou vegetací deštných lesů a macchií. Abstract This thesis deals with the diversity of aquatic insects, with a special focus on mayflies (Ephemeroptera), on Pacific archipelago New Caledonia, mainly on the biggest island Grande Terre. New Caledonia belongs to 25 endangered regions with exceptional biodiversity connected with unique environmental diversity, specific geomorphological and geographical characteristics of the landscape. Literature research of the thesis was devoted to general introduction of New Caledonia and its tectonic history playing important role in high endemism of this archipelago. Further, history of settlement, exceptional biota, and anthropogenic influences changing the landscape of New Caledonia in an unprecedented way were described. Diversity and endemism of aquatic insects of New Caledonia, including Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Heteroptera, Trichoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera, were summarized. Practical part of the thesis dealt with the mayflies of New Caledonia. A database of all published and available unpublished records of mayfly species from 1949, 1966, 1968, 1972, and 1997–2000 was prepared. In total, 643 records of 46 species belonging to 19 genera were assembled from Grande Terre and Île de Pins. They were collected by seven researchers and their teams: L. E. Cheesman, J. Illies, F. Starmühlner and team, W. L. Peters and team, and N. Mary. Species richness of sites, species frequency and abundance, and distribution of all species were evaluated based on these data. Distribution of all species was shown on maps. Approx. half of all mayfly species occurred in less than 10 sites. Six most frequent species occurred in 32–91 sites (Celiphlebia caledonae was the most frequent). They were also among the species with the highest abundance in the sites. One of the most abundant mayflies were species of the genus Lepeorus, especially Lepeorus goyi. All 46 mayfly species were categorised according to their distribution in New Caledonia. Thirteen species, including Celiphlebia caledonae, Paraluma cancellata and Notachalcus corbasoni known from more than 50 sites, occurred throughout the Grande Terre. Surprisingly high number of species or subspecies occurred exclusively (altogether 11 species, e.g. Lepeorus calidus notialis, L. goyi australis and Lepegenia lineata) or predominantly (seven species, e.g. Peloracantha titan, Simulacala notialis and Tindea cochereaui) in the southern part of Grande Terre which is characterized by extremal ultramafic soils. A smaller number of species inhabiting predominantly the central part of Grande Terre avoided these areas. Only one species, Amoa fronini, occurred on the island of Île de Pins. The number of species found in the sites was not dependent on altitude, likely due to insufficient length of the gradient covered by researchers. The most species-rich sites (with 15–22 species) were found at 95–500 m a. s. l. Most of the sites studied were located in the territory of the nature reserves and/or in areas with preserved rain forest and shrubs. Poděkování Na tomto místě bych v první řadě chtěla poděkovat Mgr. Jindřišce Bojkové, Ph.D. za vedení bakalářské práce, poskytnutí nepřeberného množství literatury, překlady francouzských textů, za cenné rady, připomínky a převážně za poskytnutý čas, který mi věnovala. Paní Dr. Janice Petersové děkuji za ochotu a pomoc při identifikaci těžko dohledatelných lokalit. Děkuji také Dr. Nathalie Mary za poskytnutá nepublikovaná data, která jsem mohla zahrnout do databáze. Upřímné díky patří také Mgr. Ondřeji Hájkovi za georeferenciaci map z Atlasu Nové Kaledonie a přípravu dat pro GIS, díky kterým jsem mohla vytvořit mapy distribuce jednotlivých druhů. V neposlední řadě děkuji doc. RNDr. Vítu Grulichovi, CSc. za kontrolu správnosti kapitoly o vegetaci. Velké díky patří mé rodině, Petrovi Štursovi, Magdaléně Chlápkové a Soně Ševelové za jejich psychickou podporu a motivaci. Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem svoji bakalářskou práci vypracovala samostatně s využitím informačních zdrojů, které jsou v práci citovány. Brno, 1. května 2019 …………………………………. Kristýna Řádková Obsah 1 Úvod ................................................................................................................................. 11 2 Nová Kaledonie ................................................................................................................ 12 2.1 Historie osídlení ......................................................................................................... 13 2.2 Tektonická historie .................................................................................................... 15 3 Biota Nové Kaledonie ...................................................................................................... 17 3.1 Endemismus terestrické flóry a fauny........................................................................ 17 3.2 Vegetace ..................................................................................................................... 19 4 Vliv člověka na přírodu .................................................................................................... 24 4.1 Těžba a zpracování niklu ........................................................................................... 25 5 Diverzita vodního hmyzu Nové Kaledonie ...................................................................... 27 5.1 Ephemeroptera ..........................................................................................................
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