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GERROMORPHA: INSECTOS SEMIACUÁTICOS, DESARROLLO EN LA ÚLTIMA DÉCADA EN COLOMBIA Gerromorpha: Semiaquatic Insects, Development in Last Decade in Colombia

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GERROMORPHA: INSECTOS SEMIACUÁTICOS, DESARROLLO EN LA ÚLTIMA DÉCADA EN COLOMBIA Gerromorpha: Semiaquatic Insects, Development in Last Decade in Colombia Facultad de Ciencias ACTA BIOLÓGICA COLOMBIANA Departamento de Biología http://www.revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/actabiol Sede Bogotá ARTÍCULO DE REVISIÓN / REVIEW ARTICLE ZOOLOGÍA GERROMORPHA: INSECTOS SEMIACUÁTICOS, DESARROLLO EN LA ÚLTIMA DÉCADA EN COLOMBIA Gerromorpha: semiaquatic insects, development in last decade in Colombia Dora Nancy PADILLA-GIL1 * 1Departamento de Biología Universidad de Nariño, Ciudad Universitaria Torobajo, San Juan de Pasto, Nariño, Colombia *For correspondence: [email protected] Received: 21st August 2019, Returned for revision: 11th November 2019, Accepted: 20th November 2019. Associate Editor: Nicolás Ubero Pascal. Citation/Citar este artículo como: Padilla-Gil DN. Gerromorpha: insectos semiacuáticos, desarrollo en la última década en Colombia. Acta Biol Colomb. 2020;25(3):414-420. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/abc.v25n3.81817 RESUMEN El presente trabajo resume las principales tendencias en el conocimiento de los gerromorfos en el ámbito mundial, relacionadas con los avances en sistemática molecular, su uso como indicadores de ambientes cambiantes y la ampliación del saber en varios países Neotropicales. Se revisa la información publicada sobre los Gerromorpha en la última década (2009-2019) en Colombia y se contemplan los diferentes aspectos biológicos, taxonómicos, ecológicos y de distribución geográfica. El desarrollo y el progreso sobre los heterópteros semiacuáticos son la base del emprendimiento de otras investigaciones en Colombia y en el Neotrópico, especialmente en regiones como Mesoamérica y Sudamérica. Palabras clave: Gerridae, Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Región Neotropical, Taxonomía, Veliidae. ABSTRACT The present work summarizes the main worldwide trends in the Gerromorphans knowledge which are related to the advances in molecular systematics, their use as indicators of changing environments, and knowledge broadening in several Neotropical countries. The information published about Gerromorphans in last decade (2009-2019) in Colombia is reviewed, and the different biological, taxonomic, ecological and geographical distribution aspects are considered. The development and progress about semiaquatic Heteroptera are the base to undertake further investigations in Colombia and at the Neotropic, especially in regions such as Mesoamerica and South America. Keywords: Gerridae, Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Neotropical Region, Taxonomy, Veliidae. 414 - Acta Biol Colomb, 25(3):414-420, Septiembre - Diciembre 2020 Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/abc.v25n3.81817 Gerromorpha: última década en Colombia INTRODUCCIÓN Damgaard et al. (2010; 2014), Berchi et al. (2016; 2018), El orden Hemiptera comprende los heterópteros Román-Palacios et al. (2018) y Havemann et al. (2018). El acuáticos y semiacuáticos pertenecientes a los infraordenes análisis conjunto de datos moleculares y morfológicos, así Nepomorpha, Gerromorpha y Leptopodomorpha. Los como de la asociación de inmaduros con adultos a través Gerromorpha son las chinches semiacuáticas habitantes de de datos moleculares, fue una propuesta interesante en la película superficial, se refugian en la vegetación ribereña los heterópteros acuáticos y semiacuáticos Afrotrópicales y muchas veces se encuentran arremolinadas y formando de Camerún (Ebong et al., 2016). Dos especies del género grupos grandes; ejemplos son la mayoría de especies de Potamobates de Ecuador (P. sumaco y P. williamsi Hungerford, Rhagovelia y de Gerridae: Trepobates taylori (Kirkaldy, 1899), 1932) se analizaron a través de secuencias de datos Charmatometra bakeri (Kirkaldy, 1898) y Potamobates sumaco mitocondriales (Galacatos et al., 2002). Los registros (Cognato, 1998). Los ambientes marinos son frecuentados fósiles de varios gerromorfos del Cretácico han sido objeto por especies eurihalinas, residentes de estuarios y esteros de estudio: Mesoveliidae y Veliidae de Francia (Solórzano (Rheumatobates longisetosus Polhemus y Manzano), 1992, Kraemer et al., 2014) e Hydrometridae de Brasil (Pêgas et Telmatometroides rozeboomi Drake y Harris, 1937), en las orillas al., 2017). Un reciente análisis filogenético basado en datos del mar (Rhagovelia arcuata (Polhemus y Manzano, 1992), moleculares y morfológicos precisó un clado que agrupó Rhagovelia colombiana (Polhemus y Manzano, 1992) o son los infraordenes Enicocephalomorpha, Dipsocoromorpha pelágicas, vg. las del género Halobates. Otras viven en huecos y Gerromorpha; mostró que los heterópteros acuáticos de cangrejos o hacen parte de los fitotelmata (Paravelia y semiacuáticos invadieron estos hábitats tres veces recens (Drake y Harris, 1935) y Microvelia inguapi (Padilla-Gil independientemente de los hábitats terrestres y que sus y Moreira, 2013)). Por otra parte, aunque dominan en los ancestros fueron depredadores (Weirauch et al., 2019). ambientes lóticos también las hay en ecosistemas acuáticos La biología evolutiva ha tomado como modelo las lénticos o en ambos (Eurygerris fuscinervis (Berg, 1898)). especies de Rhagovelia y de otros Gerromorpha en relación En la última década (2009-2019) las seis tendencias con mecanismos genéticos, evolutivos y ecológicos referentes sobre los Gerromorpha comprenden: 1) los adelantos a al desarrollo, origen genético, expresión y adaptaciones nivel de la sistemática molecular y biología evolutiva; 2) su de varias estructuras morfológicas, como el desarrollo de utilización como modelos en la robótica; 3) indicadores en las patas por regulación y función del gen Ultrabithorax el Cenozoico de cambio climático; 4) los taxónomos y el (Khila et al., 2014); de las setas y el desarrollo de los peines estudio de esta biota en el Neotrópico, especialmente (Finet et al., 2018); del abanico del tarso de la pata media, en los países: Costa Rica, Panamá, Colombia y Brasil; 5) carácter exclusivo de Rhagovelia (Santos et al., 2017); y con la diversidad en ecosistemas acuáticos Neotropicales, y 6) respecto a la selección sexual en Microvelia longipes Uhler, 1894 divulgación y apropiación social del conocimiento. (Toubiana y Khila, 2019) y a la coevolución de caracteres El objetivo de este artículo es dar a conocer el estado morfológicos sexuales antagónicos del género Rhagovelia actual sobre los Gerromorpha, heterópteros semiacuáticos como resultado de interacciones sexuales y de la selección en Colombia, enmarcado en las tendencias mundiales, con natural (Crumière et al., 2019). indicaciones sobre los avances con respecto a este grupo Los gérridos son un modelo para diseñar robots (Koh taxonómico. Para tal fin, se revisaron 75 publicaciones, 73 et al., 2015; Nemiroski et al., 2017; Chun y Kim, 2018; Gan et de las cuales fueron referentes de la última década. al., 2019; Yan et al., 2019). Investigaciones recientes también La revisión contribuirá a difundir el conocimiento sobre los muestran como indicadores del cambio climático y su los heterópteros semiacuáticos y a motivar a diferentes impacto sobre varias poblaciones de especies de gerromorfos investigadores docentes y estudiantes, para el avance de durante el Cenozoico (Ye et al., 2016; 2017; 2018). la investigación sobre los gerromorfos como indicadores Los trabajos sobre hemípteros acuáticos y semiacuáticos e integrantes funcionales de los cuerpos de agua. Todo lo en la región Neotropical y en Sudamérica incluyen claves anterior encaminado tanto al desarrollo de esta área, como para la identificación de Infraordenes y familias, y estudios en favor de la conservación de su biodiversidad y de los de distribución geográfica como los de Mazzucconi et ecosistemas acuáticos donde habitan. al. (2009), Cordeiro y Moreira (2015), Moreira (2015), Aristizábal-García (2017) y Moreira et al. (2018). Los ESTADO ACTUAL DEL CONOCIMIENTO SOBRE LOS gerromorfos, y fundamentalmente los gérridos y vélidos, se GERROMORFOS EN EL MUNDO han estudiado ampliamente; los países que descuellan en los últimos cinco años son: Costa Rica (Pacheco-Chaves et La sistemática molecular avanza a través de métodos que al., 2014; 2018), Panamá (Tuñon et al., 2015), Venezuela incluyen datos genómicos y mitocondriales. Con referencia (Magalhães et al., 2019), Brasil (Rodrigues y Moreira, 2016; a las especies de gerromorfos con distribución en Europa Rodrigues et al., 2017; Floriano et al., 2017) y Guyana y Asia, se señalan los análisis filogenéticos planteados por Francesa (Motta et al., 2018). Acta Biol Colomb, 25(3):414-420, Septiembre - Diciembre 2020 - 415 Dora Nancy Padilla-Gil TENDENCIAS DEL ESTUDIO DE LOS GERROMORFOS y abundancia, son aportes que se realizan desde Colombia EN COLOMBIA para el Neotrópico y el mundo. Los trabajos pioneros en esta Los macroinvertebrados en Colombia, en los temática son los del género Rhagovelia en el departamento del últimos cuarenta años, han cobrado importancia como Tolima, en el piedemonte Amazónico y en el departamento bioindicadores ambientales (Roldán-Pérez, 2016), y en del Putumayo (Parra-Trujillo et al., 2014; Padilla-Gil, 2016a, la última década los estudios sobre los heterópteros 2019b). En relación con la diversidad y abundancia de los acuáticos y semiacuáticos se destacan por los avances en el heterópteros acuáticos y semiacuáticos de sistemas lóticos conocimiento sobre su taxonomía, biología y biodiversidad. de la costa del Pacífico colombiano ver Padilla-Gil (2017). Se dieron a conocer los estados postembrionarios de Los avances taxonómicos de los heterópteros especies de gérridos con distribución geográfica en Colombia semiacuáticos de áreas específicas del territorio colombiano y algunos con amplia distribución en las Américas, tales como permitieron
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