Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1998

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Smithsonian Institution

National Collections Program Smithsonian Institution Archives Washington, D.C.

Annals of the Smithsonian Institution 1998

Smithsonian Institution

National Collections Program Smithsonian Institution Archives Washington, D.C.

Contents

Smithsonian Institution 4 Award Activity at the Smithsonian Institution in Fiscal Year 1998 140 Statement by the Secretary 6

Publications of the Smithsonian Institution Press Report of the Provost 10 in Fiscal Year 1998 151 Report of the Under Secretary 12 Publications of the Staff of the Smithsonian

Report of the Board of Regents 18 Institution and Its Subsidiaries in Fiscal Year 1998 154 Chronology 20

The Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries, Reports of the Bureaus and Offices of the September 30, 1998 217 Smithsonian Institution for Fiscal Year 1998

44 Donors to the Smithsonian Institution in Fiscal Year 1998 233 Members of the Smithsonian Councils, Boards, and

Commissions, September 30, 1998 93 Contributing Members of the Smithsonian Institution in Fiscal Year 1998 264 Visits to the Smithsonian Institution Museums and Galleries in Fiscal Year 1998 101 Financial Report 277

Academic, Research Training, and Internship

Appointments and Research Associates in Fiscal Year 1998 102

Notes: The arrangement of bureau and office listings within is not alphabetical but rather follows as closely as possible the organization of the Smithsonian Institution as shown on page 4.

The contents of Armah were produced from electronic files provided by the bureaus and offices. National Museum of American Art —Renwick Gallery National Museum of American History National Museum of the American Indian National Museum of Natural History —Museum Support center National Portrait Gallery Smithsonian National Postal Museum National Zoological Park Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Institution Smithsonian Center for Latino Initiative Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

Education, Museum, and Scholarly Services

Center for Museum Studies Exhibits Central Establishment, Board of Regents, Executive Committee, Fellowship and Grants the Secretary and International Relations National Science Resources Center Office of the Secretary Program for Asian Pacific American Studies Office of the Under Secretary Smithsonian Institution Archives Office of the Provost Smithsonian Institution Libraries Office of Inspector General Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service Budget Office of Planning, Management, and Smithsonian Office of Education Office of General Counsel Sponsored Projects Office of Government Relations Office of Communications Other Support Services

Accessibility Program Secretary Institutional Studies

Scientific Diving Program Inspector General Secretariat Planning, Management, and Budget Under Secretary Membership and Development

Operations Directorate

Provost Chief Financial Officer Comptroller Contracting Museums and Research Institutes Treasurer

Anacostia Museum and Center for African American Senior Executive Officer History and Culture Equal Employment and Minority Affairs Archives of American Art Human Resources Arthur M. Sackler Gallery /Freer Gallery of Art Ombudsman Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies Senior Facilities Officer Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Environmental Management and Safety Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Physical Plant National Air and Space Museum Protection Services National Museum of African Art Senior Information Officer Imaging, Printing, and Photographic Services Information Technology Affiliated Organizations

John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts Business Advancement Directorate National Gallery of Art

Reading Is Fundamental, Inc. Smithsonian Associates Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Smithsonian Businesses —Retail —Concessions —Product Development and Licensing —Smithsonian Press/Productions Smithsonian Magazine Statement by the Secretary

I. Michael Heyman

A few years ago, a number of scholars at the Smithsonian The notion of a national museum left him cold, and even the convened a meeting at the National Zoo that they titled construction of a great building on what is now the National

"What About Increase?" They were concerned that the Mall struck him as a diversion of monies more usefully spent research function of the Smithsonian had become the hidden in the support of investigations in all branches of knowledge part of the Institution's dual mission to promore "the increase and the dissemination of findings in publications and other and diffusion of knowledge." forms of scholarly exchange.

It is not, of course, surprising that most Americans think of Happily for us today, Henry was not entirely able to stop the Smithsonian principally in terms of our museums and their the Smithsonian from undertaking responsibility for the care exhibitions and programs. They are the public face of the of national collections, nor, for that matter, could he stop the

Institution and represent our vital commitment to education. But creation of a tradition of great buildings on the Mall to there is another Smithsonian—the Smithsonian of research present them. His enduring legacy to the Smithsonian, instirutes in Massachusetts, Panama, and Maryland, of field though, was to underscore and establish the importance of a expeditions throughout the world, of scholarly investigations research agenda of the highest standard. into vanishing technologies, historical traditions, and artistic Within two years of the Institution's founding in 1846, expression. It is that Smithsonian, committed to expanding the Henry had already demonstrated the potential of his stubborn boundaries of knowledge, that we celebrate here. vision. At a time when only two other U.S. institutions

At the time James Smithson made his generous and sponsored the publication of research results, he initiated the mysterious bequest to the people of the United States in the series Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, which

1820s, America was far from the research giant it has become continues to the present day as the Smithsonian Contributions in our century. While we will never know Smithson's exact and Studies Series Program. The first volume, Ancient intentions for the new institution he imagined, the Monuments of the Mississippi, a study of Indian mounds, has

Smithsonian's first Secretary, Joseph Henry, argued that since been described as a "milestone in the development of

Smithson had himself been a scientist (with more than 200 American anthropology." Henry also saw the Smithsonian's scientific papers to his name), it must have been his intention potential as a catalyst and cootdinator of scientific inquiry to found in the New World "an organization which should throughout the nation and the world. Using the hot new promote original scientific researches." Henry, known for his technology of the telegraph, he set up a network of hundreds experiments with electromagnetism, was in the vanguard of a of observers to chart weather conditions throughout the rising generation of American scientists and saw in Smithson's United States and as far away as South America. This bequest an opportunity to create, in the unlikely precincts of innovation created a base for the new science of meteorology, the capital city, a place devoted to pure research: in his words, grounded in the accumulation of long-range data, and led to a "college of discoverers." the establishment of the U.S. Weather Bureau in 1869.

So devoted was Henry to his vision that he downplayed the Henry's interest in the emerging field we now call potential for public education in the use of Smithson's funds. anthropology bore spectacular fruit when he persuaded John Wesley Powell, a national hero after his explorations of the been realized in such units as the Smithsonian Astrophysical

Colorado River, to add human studies to his interest in Observatory and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

geology. In time, Powell established the Bureau of American (STRI), both ranked among the top centers of theit kind in

Ethnology, predecessor to the Department of Anthropology the wotld. Baitd's ideal of museum-based tesearch has

and its National Anthropological Archives in the National expanded from the activities of the single National Museum Museum of Natural History. The bureau documented the he presided ovet to the proliferation of great museums

languages and customs of what were then assumed to be devoted to individual fields in science, history, and an, each

vanishing American Indian cultures (later augmented by with their community of scholars.

materials associated with other global communiries) in a While the many hundreds of researchers in the modern

series of studies, field notes, photographs, and eventually Smithsonian cover an extraordinary range of topics, they share

sound recordings. This remarkable and still developing body the impulse ar the heart of all research: to know what has

of materials has been called by the great French nevet been known before. The astrophysicist, the natural

anthropologist Claude Levi-Srrauss a "living inspiration." scientist, the anthropologist, the historian, and the an

Research at the Smithsonian has anothet "godfather" from historian keep in mind rhe fundamental questions of their

its early years, Henry's assistant and successor as Secretary, particular field—whethet about the origins of the cosmos, the

Spencer Fullerton Baird. Baird never saw a contradiction intettelationship of life on Eanh, the patterns of human between the Smithsonian's research and museum functions behavior and events, Of the brilliance of individual

and committed himself, at first discreetly, to the creativity—while devoting themselves to the process of accumulation of extensive collections for study and public uncovering in theit own work one piece of a larger puzzle.

display. Henry might have guessed at Baird's intentions when One example in the sciences is the painstaking work done

the young man arrived in 1850 to take up his new position by Anthony Coates, deputy directot of STRI, and his

with two railroad boxcars filled with his personal collections. colleagues in an eight-year project to srudy the

In time, Baird's deteimination added to the Smithsonian's 10-million-year geological and biological record represented

research goals a commitment to collection-based by an isolated archipelago in Panama. In the end their wotk

investigations. Inspired by Henry's own strategy of recruiting will produce maps of rock layers and a time range of fossil a netwotk of scientific observers, Baird established species among other measures of environmental and connections to individuals throughout the country—farmers biological change. The period covered is one that saw the and soldiers, as well as committed naturalists—who wete cteation of the Isthmus of Panama, separating the Atlantic inspired to send to the Castle in Washington, D.C., a range of and Pacific Oceans and, by changing ocean currents, possibly items, from Indian artifacts (which have grown to the providing the moisture that triggered an Ice Age.

Smithsonian's unequaled collections of well ovet 2 million A fascinaring example of Smithsonian research in history is items today) to specimens of plant and animal life (now well provided by the wotk of Paul Johnsron, maritime curator in over 100 million in the National Museum of Natural History the Division of Transponation at the National Museum of alone). Participants in the government's explorations of the Amencan History, who conducted 211 dives in two years in

West were encouraged to collect for the Smithsonian as well, Lake Superior to tecovet anifacts and gain information abour instructed by Baird, as wete all in his army of volunteer a propeller steamship wrecked in 1858. One of the earlier ships collectors, in the proper preparation and documentation of the to travel the Great Lakes, the Indiana, well preserved by the specimens. cold water, gives modern researchers a way to document

Baitd's Smithsonian took a leadership role that the mid-nineteenth-century propulsion machinery and to

Institution continues to maintain in systematics research, understand better, in Johnston's words, the role of the steamet which builds systems of classification of plants and animals "in the development of maritime trade, travel, and the derived from the study of theit physical characteristics. The settlement of the Great Lakes region."

National Museum of Natural History's Laboratory of Late-rwentieth-century research in an history has provided

Molecular Systematics, for example, uses molecular biology to new strategies to answer questions about the creative process. examine an organism's DNA as additional aids to One of the most remarkable examples is provided by a classification. In the scientific sense, fossils have taken on new collaboration undenaken a few years ago berween Elizabeth life. And, in another example of new uses for old collections, Broun, director of the National Museum of American An, scientists have used the Smithsonian's vast collection of North and Ingrid Alexander, an an research historian specializing in

American bird eggs, collected in the nineteenth century, to technical analysis at the Smithsonian Conservation Analytical assess damage done to the eggs of bird populations exposed in Laboratory (now the Smithsonian Center for Materials our own time to DDT. Research and Education). In pteparation for her Neither Henry nor Baird could have imagined the groundbreaking exhibition and publication on Alben enormous scope of activities of the modern-day Smithsonian, Pinkham Ryder, who is counted among America's grearest but elements of their research philosophies have shaped much anists, Broun sought to understand with Alexander's help the of its developmenr. Henry's ideal of a research institute has nature of Ryder's experimentation with color and marerials, often obscured by the deterioration and restoration of his Narural History, whose concern about declining global frog

paintings. The autoradiography (similar to x-radiographs) that populations has led him to chait an alliance of 1,000 volunteer

Alexander produced enabled new insights into the reclusive scientists around the world to monitor the problem.

artist's technique and sophistication. Another way in which certain research interests throughout

These are, of coutse, just snapshots from the remarkable the Institution complement each other is within the broad

range of research activities pursued by our professional staff category of the exploration of "material culture," the

within the Institution and around the wotld. While it would interpretation of objects as documents of human and natural

be impossible here to describe them all, certain frameworks history. As a repository of "things" of all sorts (141 million

caprure the spirit of inquiry across the modern Smithsonian in our collections at last count), the Smithsonian offers

and reveal our particular strengths as a research institution. advantages over the university in providing scholars with

The recent creation at the Smithsonian of an Institute for the opportunity to examine directly and debate the various

Conservation Biology, involving work pursued across many of meanings objects reveal across disciplines. One example was

our units, reflects recognition of the need for an integrated a discussion held about the Hope Diamond, in which a

approach encompassing many scientific fields to understand geologist provided a perspective on its natural formation

the complex intetdependence and fragility of the natural across millions of years, a decorative arts specialist described

world. At the National Zoo, for example, researchers draw its role as a cut and polished gemstone in the history of

upon insights provided by the study of genetics, physiology, jewelry, and a folklorist revealed the pattern of its ownership

behavior, evolutionary biology, and ecology to support its from India to Europe and the United States and the legends

breeding and conservation efforts around the world, with that have added so much to its mystery and attraction. special attention to the preservation of threatened animals. Some of the most interesring discussions of this sort take The Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in the place under the auspices of the Smithsonian Forum on

Chesapeake Bay region devotes its long-term program to the Material Culture, which invites to its meetings any scholar goal of gaining a landscape ecology perspective on air, land, with an interest in cross-cultural and cross-disciplinary and water interactions in its coastal zone; while at the Center interpretation. One meeting asked forum members for Earth and Planetary Studies at the National Ait and representing the history of technology, art history, and

Space Museum, researchers are involved in studies of arid archaeology to interpret three African chairs owned by the environments around the wotld as a way of evaluating climate National Museum of African Art. Another took on the changes. imaginative theme of "Captured Water," in which a curator

Other scientists, at our National Museum of Natural from the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery showed the ways in which

History, work to trace the evolutionary relationships that the culture of India has ritualized the human relationship to connect all plants and animals, living and extinct; those water and a curator from the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design involved with the many research projects at the Smithsonian Museum explained the many purposes fountains serve in

Tropical Research Institute cope with the mystery of how European life. Then a scientist, Michael Robinson, director of little we know about the nature and multimillion number of the National Zoo, joined in with a description of his planned species, most of them in the tropics, that make up the exhibition on the centrality of watet to life on the planet. This diversity of life on Earth. is the multifaceted Smithsonian at its best, sharing knowledge

Ftom the start, much of Smithsonian scientific research has across the full range of arts and sciences. been driven by a sense of urgency. The establishment of the Although the Smithsonian is its own community of

National Zoo in 1889, for example, had its roots in the research, the Institution is as committed to the creation of concern of Smithsonian naturalist William T Homaday and resources available to researchers throughout the wotld. No the thitd Smithsonian Secretary, Samuel Pierpont Langley, scholar of American art can do without the extraordinary that the population of American bison had been dangerously range of materials collected and catalogued by our Archives of reduced. So concerned were they over the disappearance of this American Art, with centers in California and New York, as distinctly North American ungulate that Langley and well as Washington, D.C. Othet researchers have available to

Hornaday penned a few behind the Castle, sought land and them such documentary collections as the advertising history funds from Congress, and founded the National Zoo as the materials in the Archives Center of the National Museum of

Smithsonian's first step in species conservation. American History, the Catalog of American Portraits at the Modern Smithsonian researchers are in the forefront of National Portrait Gallery, and the more than 200,000 those addtessing, in the words of a recent statement, such photographs and nearly 2 million pages in unpublished pressing issues of environmental and ecological concern as materials at the National Anthropological Archives. Add to

"acid rain, global warming, deterioration of the ozone layer, this the enormous resources of the Smithsonian Institution clear-cutting of tropical forests, desertification, and pollution Libraries system and the Smithsonian Institution Atchives, of the oceans." On an individual level, an activist research among hundreds of collections of documents and objects too agenda is typified by the work of scientists like Ronald Heyet, numerous to mention, and the Institution becomes a resource curator of amphibians and reptiles at the National Museum of of vast proportions. There was a reason why James Smithson coupled the of study that has challenged scientists for 2,000 years." "increase" wich the "diffusion" of knowledge. The Visitots are exposed to monitors showing various aspects of

Smithsonian's commitment to "discovery" can mean at the animal behavior such as a group of beavers building a dam purest level of research the expansion of human knowledge and asked, "Is rhis thinking?" The answers are not clear-cut

beyond anything grasped before, but "discovery" also happens and point to questions about how we define thinking and its whenever any one of us encounters and understands component elements of planning and flexibility. At the heart something we did not know before. Thar process is repeated of the installation is the opportunity to observe behavioral millions of times in exhibitions at the Institution and in those scientists interacting with orangutans in a language project presented by the Smithsonian Institution Traveling based on communication through touch-screen computer

Exhibition Service, at programs provided by The Smithsonian technology and a new symbolic language created at the Associates and by Smithsonian Productions, in the wealth of National Zoo. articles in Smithsonian magazine, and in the expanding wotld Unlike research in the sciences, research in the humanities of the electronic Smithsonian, which now welcomes millions does not proceed through experimentation as much as of visitors each month to our home page on the Wotld Wide through the search for meaning in human history and

Web, bttp:!Iwww.si.edu. expression. Because the process is more subjective, it is less

But to return to the concerns expressed at the "What easily demonstrated to our visitors, but rwo curators at the

About Increase?" conference, very few of our visitors associate Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden are at work on a the process of research with the exhibitions and programs groundbreaking exhibition that might just do the trick. To they enjoy. In her address to that meeting, Maxine Singet, mark the museum's 25th anniversary in October 1999, Neal president of the Carnegie Institution in Washington, D.C., Benezra and Olga M. Viso are examining what has happened and chair of the Smithsonian's Commission for the Future, to the idea and ideal of beauty in the art of the twentieth explained that researchers themselves have "failed to convey to century. By reviewing how, in Benezra's words, "time-honored

people . . . how we come to know things and what the aesthetic standards" had come to be considered by many standards of knowing are." artists and critics "no longer valid," the curators will show

I find that a very fair observation. Very often exhibitions through the juxtaposition of various works of art changing and programs provide the fruits of investigation but little visions of the beautiful but draw no absolute conclusions. about the process itself. What were the questions posed' How "Our question to viewers," Benezra says, "will be the same were conclusions reached? Do questions remain? If the one that we have been struggling with: 'What could beauty information is groundbreaking, we need to know that. If it is in art be at the end of the twentieth century?"' a synthesis of what is already known, tell us that as well. These two exhibitions, one in the sciences and one in the

Some of our most exciting programs are now geared exactly humanities, point the way to the Smithsonian of the future, a to do that—to let the public in on the workings of research. place committed to sharing with the public not only what

One of my favorites in a scientific field is "Think Tank," a we know, but what we do not yet know, sharing the questions complete reworking of the small mammal house at the we ask and the approach we take to answering them. That

National Zoo. "Our goal," according to the head of the team Smithsonian will be a "college of discoverers" for the that produced it, Ben Beck, "is to engage the public in a field twenty-firsr century. Report of the Provost

J. Dennis O'Connor

When the Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO) is launched shifts—changes in the fundamental theorerical framework of a from the Kennedy Space Center aboard che space shuttle discipline or a body of knowledge. As a result of research, a

Columbia later in 1999, the Smithsonian will be there. The paradigm is initiated, sustained, or refuted, or existing

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observarory (SAO), a pioneer in observations are tested and teinterpreted based on a new

X-ray astronomy, played a major role in developing the perspective. orbiting observatory and is the site of the Chandra Science In our museums and research institutes and in the field,

Center, which will receive and analyze information from the Smithsonian researchers advance knowledge in dramatically spacecraft's sophisticated instruments and make it available to different areas, Hundreds of intriguing examples could the scientific community. SAO will also manage the Chandra illusrrare rhe research that distinguishes the Institution. Here

Operations Control Centet. are a few that suggest the immense range of interests being

The Chandra Observarory takes the Smithsonian in new, pursued under its aegis: but not surprising, directions. Since its founding, the Institution Melinda Zederof the National Museum of Natural has been on the leading edge of research. The first Secrerary, History's Department of Anthropology has studied museum

Joseph Henry, one of the most eminent scientists of his time, collections of modern and archaeological bones to develop a believed that the importance of the Institution was measured new technique for identifying rhe earliest stages of animal by the knowledge it sent out into che world. Under his domestication. She has used accelerator mass spectrometry successor Spencer Fullerton Baird, a respected naturalist and radiocarbon dating to directly date the earliest evidence for the quintessential collector, the national collections began to the domestication of a herd animal (the goat) to 9,900 years grow. The next Secretary, Samuel Pierpont Langley, an early ago ar the archaeological site of Ganj Dareh in highland investigator of variable solar temperatures and the sun's corona, western Iran. was an astronomer who was also intrigued by aeronautics. The Wendy Wick Reaves's inquiry into early-twentieth-century fourth Secretary was Charles Doolittle Walcott, a geologist caricature in America defined a new art form closely related to and paleontologist besr known for one of the grearest finds in the emerging celebrity culture. Her research, which evaluated paleonrology, the Burgess Shale. artists' fresh approaches to traditional caricature, resulted in

The fact that this remarkable quartet of scientists shaped the National Portrait Gallery exhibition "Celebrity Caricature the Smithsonian during its first century is a significant in America" and the well-received book of the same title. statement about the Institution's fundamental purpose. The For a book manuscript titled Lost Revolutions: The South in

Smithsonian of Henry, Baird, Langley, and Walcott was on the the 1950s, Pete Daniel, curator in the History of Technology leading edge of the scientific disciplines of its time: Division at the National Museum of American History, has electricity, astronomy, aeronaucics, evolution, comparative analyzed agriculrural transformation, the environment, stock zoology, and comparative botany. car racing, music, and civil rights.

Headed toward the millennium, the Smithsonian remains Jenny So, curator of ancient Chinese art at the Freer and on the leading edge. Research brings about paradigm Sackler Galleries, is looking at some 1,000 pieces of jade dating from 4000 B.C to A.D- 1900. She is trying to determine cosmos through the power of X-ray astronomy. In other the location, function, and cultural uses of those pieces and realms, the opportunities are also compelling: the National

place them in a taxonomy of use throughout that period to see Museum of American History's research on the Teodoro Vidal what changes occurred. Collection of Puerto Rican Material Culture, the Hirshhorn

Reproductive research by research veterinarian Steven Museum and Sculpture Garden's analysis of rhe complex

Monfort at the National Zoo's Conservation and Research questions of beauty in late-rwencieth-century art, the

Center in Front Royal, Virginia, could contribute to saving Smithsonian Tropical Research Insritute's important

the endangered scimitar-horned oryx, a species of African interdisciplinary research in tropical paleontology, antelope that is extinct in the wild. Monfort 's research ream archaeology, and geology. developed new sperm freezing and artificial inseminarion How fortunate we are to have the legacy of Henry, Baird,

techniques to enhance the global genetic management of this Langley, and Wakort. The Smithsonian's extraordinary research rare antelope. resources are of great value in the "increase" of knowledge and in

The reports from museums and research institutes on the sharing it with scholarly communities. Of equal value, however, following pages describe more research highlights. Together, is the potential to carry that knowledge to the public. Using the

these reports communicate the extent and the significance of results of research by Smirhsonian scholars in the arts, the

the Smithsonian research enterprise. humanities, and the sciences, the Institution can demystify the In the decades ahead, the Smithsonian must remain on the unfamiliar, challenge assumptions, and stimulate new ways of leading edge. The Chandra X-ray Observatory is an especially thinking and understanding. That is the ultimate power of our striking example because it could change our view of the research tradition. Report of the Under Secretary

Constance Berry Newman

A great strength of the Smithsonian is its emphasis on creation of a cohesive visual identity for the Institution. As collaboration. Many collaborative relationships join its diverse the Smithsonian, like so many other institutions, faces the

museums, research institutes, and offices in their efforts to challenging reality of competition for funding and for public fulfill a common mission. Through these relationships, each recognition, our success will depend in part on presenting a organization preserves its distinctive qualities, while our unified public image. As Secretary Heyman explained, "The shared purpose becomes the driving force. Sometimes these Smithsonian needs to encourage greater understanding of the linkages happen with great ease, and sometimes they are hard totaliry of its activities and its mission. And this requires the won. Each of them, however, enriches the Institution's use of a uniform graphic presentation." contributions to exploring new frontiers of knowledge and On the surface, this was a design and communication sharing what is learned with scholarly communities and the project—creating a new logo, eveloping guidelines for its use, public. and then implementing the complete program in every unit.

Since the time ofJoseph Henry, the Smithsonian's first But the project really had a larger symbolic meaning. Today's

Secretary, the Institution has been a world-renowned center of Smithsonian—a remarkably varied group of organizations research, dedicated to pursuing new discoveries and expanded with substantial reputations of their own— is quite different knowledge, first in the sciences and later in the humanities. from the Smithsonian of Joseph Henry's time. The visual

The work of Smithsonian scientists and scholars is immensely identity that emerged reminds us all that we have important important to their colleagues throughout the wotld. This common pursuits, and that the linkages we form among annual report reviews some of their accomplishments in ourselves are vital to the Smithsonian's future. wide-ranging fields of study—the revelation that Indian forest owlets are not extinct, new knowledge about a painting The Smithsonian Associates by Willem de Kooning, the recovery of a piece of the Star- Spangled Banner, evidence and new that a black hole the size On the National Mall, across the nation, and around the of million Suns anchors the heart of the Way. 3 Milky The world, The Smithsonian Associates (TSA) offers stimulating reports on the following pages review the efforts of educational opportunities for Smithsonian members and the Smithsonian organizations to share some of this intriguing larger public. This year, more than 250,000 people work with the public and to provide essential operational participated in nearly 1,800 programs and learned directly to their support colleagues who are pursuing research in other from experts about developments in most areas of scholarship, parts of the Institution. from music history to astronomy, from genetics to the Civil Another important initiative underscores the sense of unity War. that is so essential to the Smithsonian's mission. Over the past TSA's Resident Associate Program offerings presented a fiscal year, staff members from across the Smithsonian, under rich variety of research and scholarship to audiences in the the leadership of the director of communications, were greater Washington area. Among the highlights was an involved in an interesting and challenging undertaking: the evening with historian John Hope Franklin, who spoke with the Smithsonian's Marc Pachter and Ftanklin's son John the National Museum of American Art. Some 5,000 people

Whirtington Franklin of the Cencer for Folklife Programs and attended these events, while thousands more warched a

Cultural Studies about his research into the remarkable life cablecast to classrooms and homes in the region. In addirion, and times of his father. Buck Colbert Franklin. Cultural TSA's Mastet's Degtee Program in the History of Decorative historian Tad Szulc drew on his study of rare correspondence Arts, established in 1996 with the Coopet-Hewitt, National and journals to provide new insights into Fryderyk Chopin's Design Museum and Parsons School of Design, graduated its years in Paris as part of a vibrant intellectual community. The first class this year. evening culminated in a performance of three of Chopin's shorter works by concert pianist Eugene Istomin. Radio Theatre Live! —A Lively Partnership Two thought-provoking lectures reflected the public's growing interest in the work of geneticists: Ian Wilmut In what has become an annual event, the Smithsonian's discussing the social implications of his sheep-cloning Resident Associate Program again joined in rich partnership research and Dean Hamer explaining his exploration of the with L.A. Theatre Wotks and Voice of America (VOA) to links among generics, personality, and behavior. Mario Livio present Radio Theatre Live\ —thtee classic Amefican dramas of the Space Telescope Science Institute conducted two all-day rhat were taped live for later broadcast on VOA wotldwide discoveries universe seminars on the latest about the made and on public radio in rhe United States. Under the guidance possible by the Hubble Space Telescope. A seminar on Ikat of the artistic ditectors of rhree distinguished Washington textiles in Asia, held in conjunction with an exhibition at the theater companies, the plays wete performed by some of the

Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, placed these distinctive textiles in country's most talented actors. Smithsonian audiences had the historical context. added thrill of observing live radio drama in production.

In Resident Associate children's workshops, young The plays included Arthur Miller's All My Sons, starring participants learned from scientists about their work. Dave the gteat Julie Harris and James Farantino and directed by

Bohaska of the National Museum of Natural History, for Nick Olcott of Arena Stage. Henry James's The Heiress. example, led young paleobiologists on an expedition along starring Amy Irving, was directed by Michael Kahn of The the Chesapeake Bay to find and analyze fossils, shark teeth, Shakespeare Theatre. And the musical Working, based on a and other treasures. The popular Smirhsonian Summer Camp Studs Tetkel book, starred Tyne Daly and was directed by Eric opened a world of possibilities for young explorers. Sessions Schaeffer of Signature Theatre. included Summer Splash!, in which campers examined the Additional cosponsors of Radio TheatreLive! were the properties of liquids and their various states, and A Shocking Capital Group Companies, Inc.; J.W Marriort; Dr. Sidney Good Time!, which inttoduced youngsters to the concepts of Harman, chairman of Harman International Indusrries, Inc.; electricity. The Luxury Collection/ITT Sheraton; and La Colline.

Associates expanded their study through more rhan 500

Smithsonian Study Tours in the United States and abroad. Smithsonian Press/Smithsonian Productions This year's offerings included a one- week seminar based at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory's Whipple Through books for general and academic audiences, Observatory and the National Observatories on Kitt Peak exhibition films and videos, and broadcast projects, near Tucson, Arizona. Civil War historians Edwin C. Bearss Smithsonian Press and Smithsonian Productions (SP/SP) and A. Wilson Greene led several tours illuminating the build on the strengths of Smithsonian research and collections. strategies and campaigns that determined the war's outcome This yeai, Smithsonian Institution Ptess (SIP), an SP/SP and shaped northern and southern political life into our own division, issued approximarely 65 new books and sold about time. Associates on a 10-day study voyage in Panama boarded 330,000 individual copies. Books from SIP received nine a small vessel to visit indigenous peoples in island important editorial awatds, many design awards, eleven communities and explote the rainforest with ecosystem reviews in the Washington Post Book World, and three reviews Stanley Heckadon of the Smithsonian Tropical Research in the New York Times Book Review. Instirute. Continuing the successful Smithsonian Answer Book series, TSA's National Outreach Program introduced the public to Bats m Question was included on the New York Public scholars the research of Smithsonian and taught graduate Library's annual lisr of besr books in the teenage category. students research techniques. new A Smithsonian Voices of Author Don Wilson is director of the National Museum of Discovery Program in Scottsdale, Arizona, for example, Natural History's Biodiversity Programs Office. Other books featured the work of Gillian Moss, curator of textiles at the for a general audience included Anthropology Explored: The Best

Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum; James of Smithsonian AnthroNotes, a lively selection of essays from the

Zimbelman, geologist at the Center for Earth and Planetary Smithsonian's acclaimed setial publication edited by Ruth

Srudies, National Ait and Space Museum; Jeremy Adamson, Selig and Marilyn London, in which the world's leading curator at the Renwick Gallery, National Museum of anthropologists explore fundamental quesrions humans ask

American An; and Andrew Connors, curator of painting at themselves as individuals, as societies, and as a species. The elegant exhibition catalogue Twelve Centuries ofJapanese Art and of the changes made from year to yeat in all branches of from the Imperial Collections, copublished with the Freer knowledge,"

Gallery of Art and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, This commitment to publishing has been honored through

elaborates on the curatorial research behind the exhibition. the years in the publication of thousands of titles issued in

In collaboration with the Bureau of Land Management, various serial publications under the Smithsonian imprint,

SIP published the first recreational guide to the bureau's beginning with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in

enormous land holdings, Beyond the National Parks: A 1848 and continuing today with the nine monograph series

Recreation Guide to the Public hands in the West. published by the Smithsonian Contributions and Studies

Books for academic audiences included a posthumously Series Program.

published book by Martin H. Moynihan, founding director of Highly regarded in this country and around the wotld, the

the Smithsonian Tropica! Research Institute, The Social nine series include reports on the results of scientific,

Regulation of Competition and Aggression in Animals. Ecology and technical, and histoncal tesearch conducted by Smithsonian

Management of the North American Moose received the annual staff, as well as reports on the Institution's collections. This

book award in the edited book category from the Wildlife program is one of the few avenues in which Smithsonian

Society. The Society of American Archaeology gave its annual researchers and their collaborating colleagues can publish

book award to volume 2 of Monte Verde: A Late Pleistocene large monographs and major revisionary works, which are

Settlement in Chile, by Tom Dillehay, part of the Smithsonian often profusely illustrated. Most of these works are too large

Series in Archaeological Inquiry. Continuing its tradition of to be considered by journals, which typically publish short

excellence as a publisher in museum studies, SIP issued an articles. The nine series are Anthropology, Botany, Earth

extensively revised and expanded edition of Mane Malaro's Sciences, Marine Sciences, Paleobiology, Zoology, Folklife

classic Legal Primer on Managing Museum Collections. Studies, Air and Space, and History and Technology. The

Many of the exhibition programs that Smithsonian publications in each series are distributed by mailing lists to

Ptoductions developed during 1998 grew out of the libraries, research institutions, government agencies, and tesearch efforts of Smithsonian museums. Highlights individual scholars throughout the wotld.

include a video of Ella Fitzgerald's best performances for In addition to providing high-quality editorial assistance,

"Ella Fitzgerald: First Lady of Song" at the National the program's staff editors typeset and design the monographs

Museum of American History; Poetics of Line: Seven Artists and provide camera-ready pages to the printer. This year, the of the Nsukka Group, a profile of contemporary African program published 18 monographs, including a Thesaurus of artists produced for the National Museum of African Art; Sponge Morphology and a two-volume work on the Systematics and three videos for "Speak to My Heart: Communities of and Biogeography of Cepkalopods.

Faith and Contemporary African American Life," organized by the Anacostia Museum and Center for African American Smithsonian Magazine History and Culture.

Several broadcast projects also drew on solid research. "Jazz For 2 million readers. Smithsonian magazine is a respected link Smithsonian, " the nationally broadcast radio series that fearures the to the multifaceted world of the Smithsonian. Articles about Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Orchestra and host Lena Home, research in the sciences, the arts, and the humanities, both inside celebrated its sixth season by expanding to 13 programs. "Guitar: and outside the Institution, are regular fearures in the magazine. Electrified, Amplified, and Deified," produced for the National This year, readers learned about the Smithsonian Astrophysical Museum of American History's Jerome and Dorothy Lemelson Observatory's creation of an X-ray sensor for the new space Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation and aired telescope known as the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility nationwide on public radio, traced the musical impact of xh^ (later renamed the Chandra X-ray Observatory) and curator electric guitar. Wendy Wick Reaves' work on the National Portrait Gallery

exhibition "Celebrity Caricature in America" Other articles

Smithsonian Contributions and focused on subjects as varied as freshwater mussels, the history of

Studies Series Program fountains, the causes of back pain, coral reefs, and objects from

the California gold rush. Michael Kernan, who explores the

In scholarly communities, it is firmly held that individual Smithsonian in his column "Around the Mall and Beyond," took research has little benefit to society unless it is published. readers behind the scenes for, among other things, a look ar

This fundamental principle was wisely reflected in the collection storage and laboratories at the Museum Support

Institution's original mandate not only to inctease knowledge Center, a visit to the archives of the National Museum of but, equally important, to diffuse it. American History's Engineering and Industry Collection; a

The Smithsonian's first Secretary emphasized publication as conversation with Richard Fiske, director of the Global a means of diffusing knowledge. In his formal plan for the Volcanism Program at the National Museum of Natural History;

Institution, Joseph Henry proposed to "publish a series of and a visit to the archives of the National Museum of American reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science. History's Engineering and Industry Collection.

14 Smithsonian Businesses Office ofPublic Affairs

A Smithsonian Frog Lab, a piece of An Nouveau glass, a This year, Director of Communications David J. Umansky CD-ROM on American art—each says something to the and staff in the Office of Public Affairs (OPA) began consumer about the Smithsonian's mission as a leading implementing the Secretary's new visual identity program,

research and educational institution. In turn, merchandise designed by Ivan Chermayeff of Chermayeff & Geismar in

like this—sold in museum shops, through the Smithsonian New York City. The foundation of the program is a new logo, Catalogue, or in retail stores through licensing used with a sunburst symbol, that links the Smithsonian agreements—generates revenue that is critical to the name with each museum, research institute, and office. Institution's financial base and benefits its many programs, A major effort in implementing the visual identity was the

including research. preparation, printing, and distribution of the Smithsonian

This year, Smithsonian Museum Shop sales exceeded Design Guidelines, which governs use of the logo by staff and

$56 million, a 9 percent increase over fiscal year 1997. outside designers and printers. By the end of the fiscal year, Exhibition-related shops remained popular, especially at the the new identity was in place on many Smithsonian products,

National Air and Space Museum, where "Star Wars: The including stationery, Web sites, brochures, and reports.

Magic of Myth" inspired the most successful temporary shop A public service ad campaign put the Smithsonian in the ever. The "Jewels of Lalique" shop in the International public eye this yeat. The ad featured Larry Fuente's colorful Gallery featured glass jewelry and giftware from Lalique and Game Fish, from the Renwick Gallery's collection, with the an assortment of products that reflected Rene Lalique's line "Ever wonder who decides what the Smithsonian keeps?" influence in an and nature. It ran in TV Guide, Latina, the New Yorker, Eile Decor, and

The Smithsonian Catalogue enjoyed record sales of nearly other magazines in free space provided to nonprofit

$35 million, a 10 percent increase over last fiscal year. In organizations such as the Smithsonian. The ad received the

April, the Catalogue opened its new 125,000-square-foot Addy 98 Citation of Excellence from the Advertising Club of fulfillment center near Dulles Airport in Chantilly, Virginia. Washington, D.C.

Sales resulting from the mailing of 18 million catalogues last Extensive media coverage followed the announcement of year overwhelmed the capacity of the previous, much smaller, a three-year conservation project for the Star-Spangled location. With the move, the Catalogue plans to increase the Banner. The project is part of the White House number of packages shipped annually from 442,000 to Millennium Council's Save America's Treasures initiative, 740,000. launched at the National Museum of American History President Bill First Hillary The new facility is home to the Catalogue's call center, as on July 13 by Clinton and Lady well as purchasing, accounting, human resources, information Rodham Clinton. OPA handled all media for the event and systems, shipping, teceiving, and inventory control videotaped the ceremony. operations. The large inventory of holiday ornaments, OPA produced a 16-minute video for television news neckties, furniture, and other items inspired by Smithsonian producers with exterior views of the museums and the National Mall, as well as shots of famous artifacts, including collections is received and processed there and then shipped to customers around the world. the Star-Spangled Banner. The staff also developed and produced a seven-minute film about education at the licensing agreements also help fund research initiatives. In Smithsonian to be used by the Office of Membership and 1998, more than 65 percent of the available royalties revenue Development offices. went to collection or programmatic endeavors, including and other Two brochures in OPA's Resources series were updated this research. As a result of the revenue-sharing system, for example, year: Native American Resources at the Smithsonian and African the Smithsonian Institution Libraries supplemented its and African American Resources at the Smithsonian. The General Support Endowment, which addresses the Libraries' brochures are intended for teachers, students, and researchers needs and strengthens its capacicy as an accessible tesearch interested in exploring Smithsonian collections, databases, resource. publications, and othet resources. Some of the children's retail products developed by OPA also reestablished a full-time staff position this year to licensees reflect the Smithsonian's position as a leading publicize and promote research at the Institution. research institution. With the Smithsonian Anatomy Lab and the Smithsonian Frog Lab, for example, young scientists explore anatomical systems and their interacrion with their A Unified Visual Identity for the Smithsonian environments. The labs, sold in stores throughout North

America, were created by Product Development and The Smithsonian's first logo, in 1847, was James Smithson's Licensing and Natural Science Industries in conjunction with profile. Symbols of enlightenment followed: a globe and the National Museum of Natural History's Department of torches of knowledge in the late nineteenth century and then,

Anthropology and the National Zoological Park's in 1966, the sunburst. Over the years, the museums, research

Department of Pathology. institutes, and offices developed their own visual identities.

15 After the 150th anniversary celebration and looking toward America, volunteers in the Visitor Information and Associates'

the new century, Secretary I. Michael Heyman felt the time Reception Center's Behind-the-Scenes Volunteer Program

was right to create a unified visual identity for the Institution. actively contribute to the Smithsonian's research efforts. At It was clear, he wrote in Smithsonian magazine, that "knowing the National Portrait Gallery, the range of volunteer research

who we are and being able to communicate rhat identity projects illustrates just how valuable volunteer participation

dearly and confidently to the public is best achieved in a can be. single graphic representing both our sum and our parts." In the Painting and Sculpture Department, Philippe

The choice was the sunburst, linking the Smithsonian's Newton, a retired engineering executive and a painter, has

history with its future. Chermayeff& Geismar, Inc., of New spent the past four years doing research for assistant curatot

York designed the updated sunburst and logorype and created Brandon Fortune in preparation for the exhibition "Franklin design guidelines to help implement the new visual identity and His Friends: Portraying the Man of Science in program throughout the Institution. Eighteenth-Century America," which opens in April 1999. Building a strong corporate identity is standard practice in "He has researched everything from the transits of Venus to the world. business For the Smithsonian, the challenges are bee keeping," Fortune says, even taking time during a similar. are "If we to be successful in attracting the support we personal trip to London to study some 18th-century need, now into the and next century, to sustain our multiple manuscripts at the Natural Hisrory Museum. departments, activities, and service to our audiences," the For an exhibition of portraits by photographer Hans Secretary wrote, "the Smithsonian must express those needs Namuth, also opening in April, volunteer Christopher Saks with one voice, with one image." searched the National Archives, locating information that As the sunburst logo continues to appear on stationery, other researchers had not found. "He deserves a lot of credit Web sites, publications, and product packaging, a stronger for his diligence and perseverance, and especially for his skill public image of a multifaceted institution dedicated to at using the Archives," says Carolyn Carr, exhibition curator knowledge is emerging. and the gallery's deputy director. Elsewhere in rhe Portrait Gallery, Mary Skow and Joseph

Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center Phillips volunteer with the Charles Willson Peale Papers project. Their research runs the gamut from tracking down

The Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center basic biographical information ro more complex activities.

(VIARC) supports both public access to Smithsonian research They summarize and transcribe manuscript letters of Peale and the work of the Institution's scholars and scientists. This family members, for example, and then research specific aspects of the letters' year, 5,684 volunteers contributed 495,541 hours of service as contents. For the Catalog of American docents, volunteer information specialists, and staff assistants Portraits, Sylvia Lee is involved in a variety of tasks, from behind the scenes, as well as in other volunteer activities that verifying information about portraits in public and private help the Smithsonian fulfill its mission. collections, to data entry, to answering research requests.

An important example of VIARC's contributions is the Volunteers working on research-related projects are among the

Behind-the-Scenes Volunteer Program, which places 1,240 behind-the-scenes volunteers who contributed 176,128 volunteers as research assistants to staff on subjects as varied as hours of their time to the Smithsonian during fiscal year 1998. the Smithsonian itself. VIARC also administers the Public

Inquiry Mail and Telephone Information Service, which Office of Government Relations provides a central point for public contact about the

Institution's work. Collectively, mail and phone inquiries The Office of Government Relations, with Donald L. Hardy number 400,000 annually, many of which are specific to the as its new director, oversaw a successful legislative agenda to Institution's research activities. enact personnel protections for Smithsonian employees and Hundreds of thousands of visitors are exploring the secure funding to updare and expand the Institution's Institution's research resources online through the electronic transportation collections, exhibitions, and public "Encyclopedia Smithsonian" (bttp:llunvw.si.edulresourcelfaq! programming. Supporting the Smithsonian's priority to make start.htm), developed and maintained by VIARC on the its collections and programs more accessible to the public, Smithsonian Web site. "Encyclopedia Smithsonian" also Government Relations staff coordinated discussions, presents fan sheets and recommended reading lists prepared demonstrations, and tours for members of Congress and their by the Public Inquiry Mail Service in cooperation with staffs. The goal was to enlist their support for making the curatorial and research divisions. Smithsonian the nation's virtual museum and research complex. Research Volunteers In collaboration with educators and with Smithsonian

museums, research institutes, and offices, the Office of

Working with museum and research institute staff on Government Relations placed special emphasis on bringing everything from aviation history to threatened plants of Latin Smithsonian resources to the classroom.

16 Operations museum's historic Andrew Carnegie Mansion by the new Agnes Bourne Bridge Gallery.

Those involved in the Smithsonian's research activities on the Othet tenovation and expansion projects moved ahead this National Mall and around the world depend on the year throughout the Instirution, coordinated by the Facilities centralized services provided by Washington-based finance, division. They included the East and West Court projects at the Narural Hisrory; plans for renovarion of the administration, facilities, and information technology staff. National Museum of Building, of the National This year was no exception, as offices in the administrative historic U.S. Patent Office home area continued to provide a reliable, effecrive support system Museum of American Art and the National Portrait Gallery; the planning fot theii colleagues throughout the Institution. renovation of the National Ait and Space Museum and the National A number of activities recognized the Smithsonian's for rhe museum's Dulles Center, and the design of American Indian's Mall was dedicated staff. The annual Unsung Heroes awards, Museum of the museum. Ground coordinated by the Ombudsman, honored employees broken for a major research laboratory for the Smithsonian nominared by their colleagues fot their exemplary service. Marine Station in Fort Pierce, Florida. The Office of Equal Employment and Minoriry Affairs Several offices analyzed and improved the efficiency of Finance presented rhe fourth annual Excellence in Equal Opportunity systems that serve the entire Smithsonian. The awards to four employees for rheir accomplishments in division, for example, led an Insritution-wide team to study reduction the making equal opportunity a reality. The Office of Human indirect cost issues, resulting in a 50 percent in

Resources introduced open houses for Smithsonian employees indirect cost rate used in financial planning and management. who work outside Washington, beginning with an event in The division also initiated several projects to improve New Yotk Ciry at the National Museum of the American financial sysrems, including a new time-and-attendance data Indian. entry system and more flexible software for developing and

Two major construction projects were completed this year: issuing financial reports. The Office of Planning, the National Museum of the American Indian's (NMAI's) new Management, and Budget continues to develop and refine its

Cultural Resources Center in Suitland, Maryland, and the automated system for improving resource planning and renovarion and expansion of the Cooper-Hewitt, National management. The office has also developed an integrated electronic management database. Design Museum. The 145,000-square-fbot NMAI faciliry is a budget assistance the of Information support center for the museum and its collection. It fearutes a Technical from Office resource center, conservarion laboratones, repatriation offices, Technology (OIT) helps the Smithsonian keep pace with indoor and ourdoor ceremonial areas, and collection storage. rapid developments in information and communication advised Objects now stored in the museum's Research Branch in the technology. This year, for example, OIT Smithsonian Bronx, New York, will be moved to the center over the next an museums in the selection and installation of a new collections system as The System five years. At the Cooper-Hewitt, a multiphase project to infotmation known Museum transform the museum's landmark structures into an (TMS). With the Office of the Provost, OIT is designing a provide searchable public access to collections accessible museum facility involved renovating three historic system to buildings, installing an upgraded climate control system, and information from the museums, the Smithsonian Institution creating the new Design Resource Center linked to the Libraries, and the Smithsonian Institution Archives.

17 Report of the Board of Regents

Secretary Heyman and the Regents' committees contributed The Investment Policy Committee also met thtee times. substantially to the Board of Regents' accomplishments at its The committee monitored rhe investment managers' three meetings on January 26, May II, and September 14, development of the Institution's endowment, rebalanced the

1998. At the September meeting, the board voted to designate portfolio, and evaluated the managers' performance. In

Esteban E. Torres as a Regent Emeritus, with all the rights addition, the committee recommended a rotal-rerurn payout and responsibilities thereof, effective upon his retirement from rare for fiscal year 1999 and proposed a plan for meeting the the U.S. House of Representatives. financial needs of the first two years of the Smithsonian's

The Regents continued their practice of meeting as a capital campaign out of endowment funds. The Regents

Committee of the Whole on the afternoons preceding each appointed Smithsonian National Board vice-chair Frank A. meeting. In these sessions, they reviewed selected museum Weil to the Investment Policy Commirtee, and the committee operations and advisory board activities, consulting with the was saddened by the passing of its member Thomas Keresey. directors and board representatives of the Freer and Sackler Ar each of their meetings, the Regents considered

Galleries, the National Museum of the American Indian, and comprehensive financial reports. They approved the trust and the National Museum of American History. In addition, the federal expenditures for fiscal year 1999 and the request to the

Regents discussed in depth such issues as Smithsonian Office of Management and Budget for fiscal year 2000 capital campaign planning, Smithsonian business appropriations. initiatives, and strategies for fulfilling facilities needs. Out The Regents also discussed how exhibition topics are of these discussions, the Regents authorized undertaking a selected and developed at the Smithsonian and were briefed national fund-raising campaign, establishing a special business on the Institution's highly respected security operations that organization within the Smithsonian, and appointing an ad safeguard collections and people. hoc Committee on Facilities. Through the Secretary's reports at theit meetings, the The Audit and Review Committee met three times during Regents were informed abour the design and implementation

the year and continued to exercise its primary responsibility of a uniform visual identity for the Smithsonian. In

for oversight of the Smithsonian's financial operations. The accordance with the new institutional logo, the Regents committee discussed KPMG Peat Marwick's report on fiscal adopted a new seal effective August 10, 1998. The Secretary's year 1997 transactions and considered the Smithsonian reports also informed the Regents about the Star-Spangled

Inspector General's semiannual reports to Congress. The Banner Preservation Project and the difficulties emanating committee also considered a study on enhancing business from the contract for architectural services for the National activities, reviewed cash management and pledge collection Museum of the American Indian. Under the Secretary's

policies and procedures, and discussed both Year 2000 initiative, congressional members of the board supported

computer problems and the Regents' policy on the rotation legislation to gain coverage for the Institution under Title VII of independent auditors. of the Gvil Rights Act, the Rehabilitation Act, and the Age

18 Discrimination Act. The congressional Regents also sought Anne Ehrenkranz, Barbara Riley Levin, Richard Meier, Enid

statutory authority for the Board of Regents to enlarge the Morse (Honorary Life Trustee), and Harry G. Robinson III to

membership of its advisory boards for the purpose of the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Board of

increasing rheir abiliry to raise support for rhe Smithsonian's Trustees; James R. Cargill II, Dollie A. Cole, Morton Funger,

museums. Robert James, Walter H. Leimert Jr., Adrienne Bevis Mars,

Among their many actions, the Regents affirmed their Thomas G. Morr, Donald B. Rice, Clive Runnells, John Safer, intention to construct die National Air and Space Museum Carrington Williams, and Daniel W Yohannes to the Dulles Center as soon as possible, approved the acquisition of National Air and Space Museum Dulles Center National

land in support of Smithsonian research programs, and agreed Board; Kurr Gittet and Elizabeth ten Groetenhuis to the to endow Smithsonian marine research out of the Seward Fteer Gallery of An Visiting Committee; and Robert Johnson Trust for Oceanography. Feinberg to the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Visiting The Regents established two advisory bodies: the board of Committee. the National Air and Space Museum Dulles Center and an

advisory board for the Anacostia Museum and Center for Staff Changes African American History and Culture. In addition, the

Regents approved bylaws for the Visiting Committees of the Government Relations Director M. John Berry left the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery and the Freer Gallery of Art and Smithsonian during fiscal year 1998 to become assistant bylaws amendments for the Smithsonian National Board. secretary for management and budget at the U.S. Department The Board of Regenrs made the following appointments of the Interior. In January, after an extensive search, the and reappointments to Smithsonian advisory boards: Carolyn S. Institution was pleased to welcome Donald L. Hardy as Blount, Sylvia A. Earle, Jane B. Eisner, Patricia Frost, director of government relations. Hardy had served as chief Nely Galan, Bert Getz, Paul Hertelendy, Dona Kendall, of staff to Senator Alan K. Simpson (R-Wyoming) and Marie L. Knowles, Marc E. Leland, John D. Macomber, became well acquainted with the Institution during Elizabeth S. MacMillan, Holly Madigan, Michael McBride, Senator Simpson's tenure as a Smithsonian Regent. Kenneth B. Miller, John M. Nelson, Joan Noto, Clemmie In August, Refugio I. ("Will") Rochi'n, former director of Dixon Spangler, and Kelso Sutton to the Smithsonian the Julian Samora Research Institute at Michigan State National Board; Rita Fraad, William G. Kerr, Henry Luce III, University, became the founding director of the Smithsonian Peter Lunder, Richard J. Schwartz, Ferdinand T. Stent, and Center for Latino Initiatives. Earlier in the year, counselor to Wesley S. Williams Jr. to the Commission of the National the Provost Franklin S. Odo esrablished the Program for Museum of American Art; David C. Driskell, Frances Asian Pacific American Studies. Humphrey Howard, and Robert H. Nooter to the Commission Ross Simons was named director of the Smithsonian of the National Museum of African Art; Todd Axelrod, B. Environmental Research Center in addition to his duties as Richard Carrion, Triad Cochran, Jerry Florence, Dorothy associate director for research and collections at the National Lemelson, and James Mellor to the National Museum of Sofield American History Board; Kenneth E. Behring, William H. Museum of Natural History. Michael was appointed director of the Office of Physical Plant, and Rex Ellis left his Frist, Arthur Gray Jr., John S. Hendricks, Stanley Ikenberry, for Studies to Jean Lane, Robert Malott, Jeffery W. Meyer, Nancy R. Morin, position as director of the Center Museum David Pilbeam, Paul G. Risser, Alan Spoon, and Milton H. become chairman of the Division of Cultural History in the

Ward to the National Museum of Narural History Board; National Museum of American History. Regrettably, Leslie James Block, Ellsworth Brown, Eloise Cobell, Jorge Flores Casson Stevens resigned from her position as comptroller to Ochoa, Catherine Fowler, Doug George, Luci Tapahonso, pursue other interests, and Daniel H. Goodwin retired from Bernie Whitebear, and Phyllis Young to the Board of Trustees the directorship of Smithsonian Press/Smithsonian of the National Museum of the American Indian; Robert A. Productions.

Bartlett, Edith A. Cecil, Jeannine Smith Clark, Elizabeth The Smithsonian was supported throughout the year by a

Frazier, Laura Howell, Alberta Kelly, William Ramsey, loyal and dedicated staff. While some may go and will be

Jeffrey R. Short Jr., and Henry Strong to the Advisory Board missed, the Institution has always been fortunate to attract of the National Zoological Park; Thomas Alexander and highly talented individuals to serve in their stead. The result

Henry Hartsfield Jr. to the Council of Philatelists of the is an ever-productive group of professionals, aided in almost National Postal Museum; Charlotte N. Castle, Shirley M. every endeavor by spirited volunteers and guided by

Gifford, Rosemary Livingston Ripley, and Frank A. Weil to increasingly involved members of the advisory boards and the the Smithsonian Institution Libraries Board; Agnes Bourne, Board of Regencs.

10 October

Collections System With the five othet Smithsonian

art museums, the National Museum of African Art acquired a collections information system. The software,

known as The Museum System, allows staff to manage

transactions and information and, ultimately, to give Chronology scholars and the public electronic access to the collection.

October

Exhibition "To Honor and Comfort: Native Quilting Traditions" opened at the George Gustav Heye Center

on October 19. Presenting 40 North American and

Hawaiian quilts together for the first time, the exhibi-

tion illustrated the similarities and differences in the history and meaning of quilts within diverse Native communities.

October

Fall and Summer 1997 Special Event The Office of Equal Employment and Minority Affairs orchestrated the fourth annual

Rediscovery Unraveling a tangle of falsified Secretary's Award Program for Excellence in Equal Op- scientific data from the early twentieth century, portunity in collaboration with the Secretary's Office

Natural History ornithologist Dr. Pamela Rasmussen and the SI Equal Opportunity Advisory Council. Several and rwo colleagues found and videotaped a pair of outstanding managers and employees were recognized

Indian forest owlets from a species long believed for exceptional contributions to the Smithsonian's Equal extinct. Rasmussen videotaped that encounter—the Opportunity goals and honored before their peers and first berween Athene blewitti and scientists in 113 hundreds of Smithsonian employees. years—and later returned to India to record its distinctive call. Rasmussen and her colleagues have October helped launch a project with the Bombay Natural History Society to survey and study the Construction The Office of Contracting negotiated owlet. and awarded a contract to William V. Walsh to replace the roof of the Patent Office Building. (NMAAINPC)

October This is one of the early contracts for the total restoration of the Patent Office Building. Publication An umbtella case statement for the Institution's first-ever national capital campaign October was drafted and distributed for review by the Office of the Executive Directot for Development to board Exhibition/Sponsorship "The Art of Jack Delano" members, museum directors, and SI development premiered—to critical accolades—in October 1997 at professionals. the Rafael Carrion Pacheco Exhibit Hall in the Banco Popular headquarters in Old San Juan. Banco Popular, October also the exhibition national corporate sponsor, made pos-

sible the exhibition's mainland debut at the Smithson- Meeting The Office of Membership and Develop- ian International Gallery by sponsoring the exhibition's ment welcomed the Smithsonian National Board to opening reception. Following its showing in Washing-

Washington, D.C., for the board's annual meeting. The ton, the exhibition traveled to the Museo del Barrio in board also held its spring meeting April 1998. New York City. October I rush and the struggle of the Post Office Department to ensure that stampeders received adequate mail service.

Exhibit Opens The Zoo's refurbished Great Cats exhibit opened October I. Second-graders from October p Alexandria's Bucknell School cut the ribbon. A grant from Save the Tiger Fund paid in part for Exhibition "Mayhem by Mail," an exhibition that ex- the renovations. plores the three categories of crimes investigated by the U.S. Postal Inspection Service, the nation's oldest con-

sumer protection agency, opened at the National Postal October I Museum.

ElectronicJournals The Smithsonian Institution October Libraries brought 177 full-text journals online and p made them available to its users in the Institution Exhibition and Programs Introducing biblical scenes, through an agreement between Academic Pub- nudes, portraits, allegories, and landscapes by a mid- lishers and the Chesapeake Information and Research twentieth-century British artist (1891-1959) whose paint- Library Alliance, of which the Libraries is a founding are highly celebrated in England but little member. ings exhibited or studied abroad, "Stanley Spencer: An

English Vision" opened at the Hirshhorn Museum and October I Sculpture Garden. Coorganized by Hirshhorn Director James T Demetrion and Andrea Rose of the British Curators Installed Leslie K. Overstreet assumed the Council in London, the show generated a Sunday-after- position of Smithsonian Instirution Libraries' Curator of noon lecture series (October 12—November 16) exploring Natural History Rare Books scheduled to open in 2001. Spencer's work from four distinct perspectives: an over-

Ms. Overstreet is involved in the planning and develop- view by Director Duncan Robinson of the Fitzwilliam ment of the new Natural History Rare Book Library. Mrs. Museum in Cambridge; the artist's milieu by curator

Jefferson Patterson contributed funds to support this posi- Judith Collins of the Tate Gallery in London; his tion for the first three years. In June 1998 Ron Brashear be- religious themes by Professor Nicholas P. Woltersdorff came the Curator of Rare Books in the History of Science of the Yale University Divinity School; and his impact and Technology. Mr. Brashear serves researchers working on later artists by Director Hugh Davies of the Museum in the Dibner Library of the History of Science and Tech- of Contemporary Art in San Diego. British writer Fiona nology. Both Ms. Overstreet and Mr. Brashear are in the MacCarthy contributed an essay to a fully illustrated

Libraries' Special Collections Department. 195-page catalog, and the show received major funding support from Howard and Roberta Ahmanson, Fieldstead and Company. After closing in Washington October 7 on January 11, 1998, the exhibition traveled to the

Centro Cultural/Arte Contemporaneo in Mexico City Public Program "Smithsonian Honors Queen of (February 19-May io, 1998) and the California Palace of Salsa" Celia Cru2, the undisputed Queen of Salsa, — the Legion of Honor, Fine Arts Museums of San Francis- received the National Museum of American History co (June 8-September 6, 1998). Programa Latino Lifetime Achievement Award for Excel- lence in Music. Ms. Cruz donated one of her world- October 11—December 7 renowned costumes to the museum and during a public oral history session, reflected upon her career, the chang- Exhibition "Wade in the Water: African American ing nature of the Latin music business, and the role of Sacred Music Traditions"—Collaboratively developed women in the Latin music business. between the National Museum of American History and the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibit Ser-

October 7 vice, "Wade in the Water" examined how the legacy of music sung during slavery and the development of the Exhibition The National Postal Museum opened the worship practices of America's black churches during "As Precious As Gold" exhibition examining the gold the nineteenth and twentieth centuries has contributed to the African American heritage and to making this tors from New York, New England, the Southeast, and music a worldwide cultural force. the West Coast.

October 14 October 22-April 26

Public Program Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, the Exhibition The National Museum of African Art first woman appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court, opened the Sylvia H. Williams Gallery, the first per- spoke about her life, personal philosophy, and hoped-for manenr gallery to be devoted to modern African art in a legacy in an interview program conducted by veteran U.S. museum, reflecting the museum's expanded mis- Washington broadcast journalist Maureen Bunyan and sion to collection and display of modern African art. presented by The Smithsonian Associates' Resident As- The gallery's inaugural exhibition, "The Poetics of Line: sociate Program. Seven Artists of the Nsukka Group," featured 64 paintings, drawings, prints, wood sculptures, and mixed-

media works by seven Nigerian artists connected to the October 18 Department of Fine and Applied Arts at the University

of Nigeria. In conjunction with the exhibition, the Special Event The Office of Membership and organized a symposium with the seven Development organized the Smithsonian Benefactors museum featured artists and leading scholars from Africa, Circle Dinner to recognize and honor those individuals Europe, and the United States who explored Nsukka whose gifts, over their lifetimes, have preserved the art and related the artists' work to the larger contem- traditions of the Smithsonian and furthered its vision. porary art scene in Nigeria and throughout the world. At the October 1997 dinner, Herbert and Evelyn Axel- rod received the Circle's annual award for their support including endowment gifts for a revolving chair in che October 23-May 12 Department of Fishes at the Natural History Museum, and for the Chamber Music Program of the American Exhibition "Oil from the Arctic: Building the Trans- History Museum's Cultural History Department. Alaska Pipeline" at the National Museum of American History examined the engineering, economic, cultural,

and environmental issues involved in building the 800- October ip mile-long Trans-Alaska Pipeline. A 21-foot section of pipeline was placed on display. Exhibition and Publication The SITES exhibition the

"Seeing Jazz" premiered at the International Gallery. The book, also entided Seeing Jazz, published for the October 25 premiere, complemented and expanded on the themes of the exhibition, including more artworks and literary Outreach The National Science Resources Center par- selections. As pan of its national tour, select works from ticipated in the 1998 Smithsonian Office of Education's the exhibition were shown at The Jazz Gallery in New Teachers Night. Staff handed out thousands of informa-

York City on February 22, 1998. The New York City tion packets about the curriculum materials and out- Host Committee brought the exhibition there as part of reach and leadership developments programs of the city-planned events for the Grammy Awards. Support National Science Resources Center. for the exhibition was provided by America's Jazz Heritage, Partnership of the Leila-Wallace-Reader's A October 23 Digest Fund and the Smithsonian Institution.

Training Seminar The Smithsonian Accessibility Pro-

October 20-2} gram presented a training session titled "Service Animals Welcome at the Smithsonian." The session was

Collecting The Archives of American Art held a four- offered to accessibility liaisons, Office of Protection Ser- day meeting of all regional collectors from around the vices staff, and all staff responsible for working with the country at the Washington Center. The meeting public. Presenting the session were speakers from the provided an opportunity for Washington staff to meet Delta Society National Service Dog Center and the U.S. and discuss a wide varietv of Archives' issues with collec- Department of Justice's Disability Rights Section. October 24 rwo fine Urhobo and Igbo figures from Nigeria; the artist's book Emandulo, Re-Creatton, created in Johannes- Public Program The Smithsonian Associates, in as- burg, South Africa; and a sculpture, The Ancestors Con-

sociation with the Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz, verged Again, by Ghanaian artist El Anatsui. ptesented the Thelonious Monk International Jazz Trumpet Competition. British musician Darren Barrett November took first prize in the contest.

Film Festival The National Museum of the

October 25 American Indian presented its biennial Native

American Film and Video Festival at the Heye Center. Donation The National Zoo receives a $52,400 The festival offered free screenings of 70 films, videos,

donation from Enron Corp. to support Asian elephant radio programs, and multimedia producrs by in- tesearch. The funds will support ro Malaysian Elephant digenous media makers from North America and Latin Satellite Tracking System, run jointly by the Conserva- America. tion and Research Center and the Malaysian Wildlife Department. November

October 26-January 31 Program The Center for Museum Studies, in collaboration with the Fundacion Antorchas and the Exhibit "About Faces" at the National Museum of University of Buenos Aites, concludes a professional

American History explored how the application of development training project, based in Argentina, medical research to everyday life in the past 50 years has designed to ensure that the cultural patrimony of South

changed our perception and understanding of the way American museums will not disappear as a result of

we look. neglect or lack of resources.

October 2p November 2

Endowment Established The Smithsonian Institution Program The 1997 Mordes Lecture in Contemporary Libraries established The Wineland Research Library Art, made possible by Board of Trustees member Mar-

Endowment in conjunction with the purchase of the vin Mordes of Baltimore and his wife, Elayne, featured

Lloyd and Charlotte Wineland Collection of Native the observations of New York Times art critic Roberta American and Western Exploration Literarure. Income Smith, who titled her talk "On Becoming and Remain- from this endowment will support projects, exhibitions ing a Critic." The annual Mordes lecture was one high- and public outreach, and study and research in collec- light in a year of stimulating public programs,

tions relating to the fields of Native American and including ongoing "First Friday," "Young at Art,"

Western Exploration literature. A reception was held to "Young Artists," and "New Voices" talks and programs, recognize the establishment of the endowment. writers' workshops, and the popular independent film

series. With the arrival in June of Linda Powell, former- October 29 ly of the Kimbell Museum in Fort Worth, Texas, as Education Program Directot, the Hirshhorn looked

Special Event The Smithsonian Associates awarded ahead to further expansion and innovation in its public the James Smithson Bicentennial Medal to filmmaker programs. George Lucas for his contributions to the advancement

of the art of motion pictures. November 3—14

November and May International Workshop The Smithsonian Center for

Materials Research and Education staff otganized and

Acquisitions Several major acquisitions will be the conducted a two-week course on "Preservation of Paper-

focus of further research and future exhibitions. They in- Based Collections and Archives," at the Museo de Bellas clude a selection of 14 sculptures from Central and East Artes in Caracas, Venezuela. Financially supported by Africa and a rare Mbete reliquary figure from Gabon; the U.S. Information Agency and the SI-150 Commit-

- ; tee, and organized in collaboration with the Galeria de who challenged the world's leading luthiers to expand

Arte Nacional and the Bibhotheca Nacional in Caracas, their limits, become more innovative, and move in new

the course attracted 17 Venezuelan museum professionals. directions in constructing guitars.

November 6 November 12

International Technical Assistance The Smithsonian Ac- Special Event The Smithsonian Associates awarded cessibility Program presented information on the ap- the James Smithson Bicentennial Medal to John Hope

plication of Universal Design principles in museums to Franklin in recognition of his outstanding achievements a group of accessibility professionals from Yamaguchi as a historian of American life. Prefecture in Japan.

November 13 November 7-July 12

Publications Awards The Office of Public Affairs was Exhibition "George C. Marshall: Soldier of Peace" presented the following awards in the National Associa- was on view at the National Portrait Gallery. The show tion of Government Communicators' Blue Pencil com- was organized to mark the 50th anniversary of the Mar- petition for 1997: First Place for the quarterly newsletter shall Plan to restore stability and prosperity to Europe. Smithsonian Institution Research Reports; First Place (tied) It traced the career of George Marshall from his for The Torch, the employee newspaper; and Third Place childhood and entry into the military to his distin- for the annual teport, Smithsonian Year ipp6. guished service as Harry Truman's Secretary of State and

following its viewing at the Gallery, traveled to the November 18 George C. Marshall Foundation in Lexington, Virginia.

Curator for the show was historian James G. Barber. Exhibition The Tropical Research Institute's exhibition "Parting the Green Curtain: The Evolution of November 7 Tropical Biology in Panama" returned to Panama to

be displayed at the Smithsonian's Marine Exhibition Exhibition "Vida y Costumbres de un Pueblo Centet. Precolombino" ("Life and Customs of a Pre-Columbian Village"), an exhibit produced by the Tropical Research Institute with the collaboration of Panama's Institute of November 20

Culture, opened at the Museo de la Nacionalidad, in la Villa de Los Santos, Panama. Exhibition "Direcrions—Toba Khedoori" opened at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, present-

November 8 ing three floor-to-ceiling wax-covered paintings on paper by this Los Angeles-based Australian-born artist

(b. Organized by Associate Curator Olga M. Gift Califoraian businessman and philanthropist 1964). Viso, who discussed Khedoori's work in a gallery talk on Kenneth E. Behring and his family made a gift of $20 December the show revealed the artist's dexterous million to the National Museum of Natural History, at 4, that time the largest donation made to a Smithsonian approach to "phantom figuration," as one critic has

museum. The Behring gift will enable the museum to coined a current trend, in enormous floating images of a

update its Rotunda and Hall of Mammals and create rooftop railing, a cutaway view of a house, and a section two new programs to promote the understanding of of empty theater seats.

mammals and how they live in the wild. December November 11 Endowment Herbert and Evelyn Axelrod made a gift

Exhibition "Blue Guitars"—An exhibit opens at the of $1.5 million to the National Museum of Natural His-

National Museum of American History of 22 blue tory to create a chair of ichthyology, the first endowed

archtop guitars selected from the collection of Scott chair in the Smithsonian's 102-year history. Curator of Chinery. Each guitar was commissioned by the collector fishes Dr. Victor Springer, whose research has been a continuing interesc of the Axelrods', will hold the chait December for the initial three-year term. Latino Outreach The Office of Public Affairs ran the

December first of four print advertising campaigns for the year in a number of Washington, D.C., Spanish-language New Wing Construction began on the new Dis- newspapers. The campaigns were geared toward the covery Center of the National Museum of Natural His- December holidays, spring events, summer events tory. Designed to complement the museum's original around the time of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival,

Beaux Arts architecture and tucked into its West Court, and Hispanic Heritage Month. The Institution-wide the center will add 80,000 square feet of public space to advertisements highlight exhibits and activities of the Natural History Building and will house a 600-seat special interest to the communiry. cafe and Washington's only 3D IMAX theater.

December December

Construction Smithsonian Marine Station—The NZP Medal Presentation Director Michael Robinson Office of Contracting negotiated and awarded a contract presented the NZP Medal for Outstanding Service to to Associated Construction for the building of the Biological Sciences and Conservation to Knut Schmidt- laboratory/office facility at Fort Pierce, Florida. This is Nielsen. The award was made in recognition of the beginning building of a research campus for Marine Schmidt-Nielsen's distinguished career in biology and Biology. his untiring quest for answers to complex questions of animal physiology. December

December Food Sen-ice Agreements The Office of Contracting

awarded food service agreements for the Special Event Smithsonian Institution Archives and negotiated and Smithsonian Mall to Sodexho Marriott and Compass its Joseph Henry Papers Project (JHPP) commemorate the 200th anniversary of the birth of the Smithsonian's Group USA, Inc. These agreements produce about one revenues Smithsonian first Secretary, Joseph Henry, with a series of articles, quarter of the trust fund for the interviews, presentations and media events. The cele- Business Activities. bration includes the launching of the project's home page on SIA's Web site on October 10, 1997. December

December Publication The Office of Equal Employment and

Minority Affairs published and distributed the fifteenth Award and Giving Fund The Smithsonian Libraries Smithsonian Institution Equal Opportunity Report in received $47,600 from the Atherton Seidell Endow- response to a 1989 request from the House and Senate ment Fund for a digital camera and other computer Committees on Appropriations. This report described equipment necessary to produce high-resolution digital the composition of the work force in terms of gender, scans. The Libraries will establish a digital imaging cen- racial/ ethnic identity, grade, and occupational categories. ter where important rare books will be scanned and It also contains a summary of the Institution's efforts to made available to large audience on the Internet. The ensure that programs reflect the nation's diversity and same month, the Smithsonian Libraries' Cooper-Hewitt, pluralism. It covered the period September 1997 to National Design Museum Branch benefitted more than September 1998. $20,000 from the Parsons School of Design Graduate

Program Annual Giving Fund, which allocates 25 percent of the total received to the branch library. December and March

December Consignment Agreements The Office of Contracting negotiated and awarded Smithsonian-wide consignment Annual Audit The Smithsonian received an un- agreements to Christie's and Sotheby's auction houses qualified opinion on its audited statements. for aucrion sales of deaccessioned works of art. These

15 agreements provided a simple standard for the sale of Linowes. Four more meetings were held during the art and a discounted fee for services. year, on January 28, 1998, April 14, June 9, and Septem-

ber 17. The group of Washington-area business and was formed to extend and deepen December I philanthropic leaders Smithsonian services to local residents.

Exhibition The Tropical Research Institute traveling ippS exhibition "Our Reefs: Caribbean Connections" opened January in Jamaica, where it was on view at three sites: Negril, Program The Center for Museum Studies initiates a Montego Bay, and Kingston, as part of its travels collaboration with Montgomery Community College, through the Catibbean area. Rockville, Maryland, to establish the Montgomery

College Humanities Institute. The institute will host a December 4 wide range of scholarly and community-focused

activities, including an annual faculty seminar led by a Training Seminar The Smithsonian Accessibility Smithsonian scholar-m-residence; museum-based Program presented a training session titled "An faculty research fellowships; srudent internships at the Accessibility Critique of NASM's 'How Things Fly'" Smithsonian; public lectures and symposia; and an exhibition. The session was offered to accessibility enhanced humanities honors program. liaisons, exhibition designers, and exhibit team members, as well as all staff responsible for working with the January public. Presenting the session was a group of people with disabilities who critiqued the exhibition from both Construction The Office of Contracting negotiated and a personal and consumer advocacy perspective. awarded a contract to Tompkins Builders for skylight window, wall replacement and miscellaneous work at the December 8-12 National Air and Space Museum. All the walls and

skylights in the Museum will be replaced over 48 months Course course "Preserving Natural History Col- The at a cost of $25 million. The museum will temain open approach lections" was an introduction to an integrated throughout the entire construction period, and the build- natural history collections, to managing and preserving ing envelope will remain secure and watertight at all times. including risk assessment, categorizing collection specimens, and collection profiling applied to collec- January—March tions-care strategic development, and sponsored by the

Center for Materials Research and Educa- Smithsonian Exhibition Horticulture Services Division col- tion. course included a full-scale exercise using The laborated with the U.S. Botanical Gardens to mount the Smithsonian Institution collections. fourth annual otchid exhibition in the Ripley Center. The display of over 5,000 orchids attracted more visitors

December 10 to the Quadrangle than any single ptevious exhibit.

Ceremony In a ceremony on December 10, National January 5-p Ait and Space Museum Director Donald D. Engen accepted into the collection a backup "Iridium" Collecting Dr. Liza Kirwin, Curatot of Manuscripts spacecraft. This is one of the few "production" models for the Archives of American Art traveled to Tesuque, in the collection, and represents achievements in space New Mexico (north of Santa Fe), to collect the papers of communications and applications for the public. Chuck and Jan Rosenak. For the past two decades, the Rosenaks have devoted their energies to studying and

December 1$ collecting twentieth-century American folk art. Their papers consist of their research material gathered in the Meeting The Office of Membership and Development course of writing three books: Museum ofAmerican Folk and the Office of the Secretary convened five meetings of Art Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century American Folk Art

the executive committee of the Smithsonian Washington and Artists (1991), The People Speak: Navajo Folk Art

Council. The Washington Council is chaired by (1994), and Contemporary American Folk Art: A Collector's

Washington attorney and philanthropist R. Robert Guide (1996).

26 —

January 15-16 February

Presentation In San Juan and Humacao, Puerto Rico, Publication A strategic plan for implementing the National Science Resources Center Executive Director capital campaign was drafted and distributed by the Douglas Lapp and Deputy Direccor Sally Goetz Shuler Office of the Executive Ditector for Development. presented workshops to government, business, and

education leaders. They discussed science education February reform and presented workshops on inquiry-cenrered science teaching. Outreach In observance of Black History Month, the

Archives of American Art inaugurated online access to

January 17 the second, revised edition of its guide The Papers of African American Artists (1992). The guide includes

Exhibition "We Shall Overcome: Photographs from photographs and other illustrations.

America's Civil Rights Era" began its national tour

with a very successful opening at the National Museum February of American History. The tour, which continues

through the year 2004, includes stops in California, Publication With the Australian Biological Resources Georgia, New York, and Pennsylvania. The exhibition Study and the Department of Environment, Canberra, explores the role of several prominent African American the museum helped produce The Darwin Declaration, a photographers Bob Adelman, Bob Fitch, Leonard — blueprint for incorporating taxonomy into the goals of Freed, Mart Heron, Charles Moore, and Gordon Parks the International Convention on Biological Diversity. in documenting one of the most decisive eras in Although the discovery, description, naming, and clas- American history. The 80 black-and-white photographs sification of individual species has been well carried out focus on key events and personalities in the civil tights for some groups, little is known about the taxonomy, era (1954-1968). biology, distribution, and genetics of the vast majority

of plant and animal species. The Darwin Declaration

January 23 explains the importance of collections-based research to

understanding the environment and the threats it faces.

Outreach The National Collections Program of the The declaration also outlines actions to be taken to sup-

Smithsonian Institution Archives launches its home port taxonomic research. The International Convention

page, featuring guidelines, publications, and other on Biological Diversity was developed by leaders of key

resources of use to museums and collections managers. natural history museums and research institutions, policy makers, funders, and ecologists and conserva- January 26 tionists, with major financial support from the Smithsonian, the MacArthur Foundation, the Global

Facility, Radio Advertising Campaign The first radio advertise- Environment and the U.S. Department of the

ment ran in the Office of Public Affairs' Black History Interior. Month campaign, one of three radio advertising

campaigns this year aimed at local African American February

audiences, ages 25 to 45. Another campaign was run in the

spring for spring break and a third in the summer for the Grant The Smithsonian Libraries was awarded a Smithsonian Folklife Festival. The following stations wete grant of $3,780 by the Smithsonian Women's Commit- used in the three campaigns in different combinations: tee to preserve nineteenth-century bindings on a collec- WHUR, WMMJ, WKYS, WPGC, WYCB, and WTOP. tion of horticultural works. The grant provides money

to clean the books and to purchase protective bindings January 26-51 for several hundred books.

Meeting Seventy-five scholars from 15 countries February gathered for the meetings of the International Byozool-

ogy Association held at the Tropical Research Institute's Web Site Redesign SITES launched its redesigned

Earl S. Tupper Conference Center. Web site: www.si.edu/SlTES. The new design provides

_ - easy access to information. Visitors will find it easier to outgrowth of the African American Communities locate exhibitions within their regions by clicking on a Project, begun at the National Museum of American map of the United States linked to tour information. History in 1981, "Berween Slavery and Freedom" was a

The site also features more extensive educational landmark gathering of scholars and community repre- resource and activity material based on current and sentatives designed to analyze and synthesize new infor- past SITES' exhibitions. Materials include "Diversity mation about the experiences of free people of color in Endangered," "The Good the Bad and the Cuddly," the antebellum South. "Frank Lloyd Wright," "Jazz Age in Paris," "Moscow Treasures and Traditions" and "Tropical Rainforests." February 6-M.ay 28 The inclusion of the new educational materials was made possible by grants from rhe Smithsonian Women's Exhibition The Archives of American Art presenred

Committee and the Educational Outreach Fund. rhe exhibit "El Movimiento: Selections from the Tomas Ybarra-Frausto Research Material on Chicano Art" in

February the gallery space of the New York Regional Cenrer. The archival display from the papers of Tomas Ybarra-Fraus-

License Agreement The Office of Contracting to illustrated the major phases of the Chicano art move- negotiated and awarded an affinity credit card with ment from its inception in the 1960s to the present.

Novus Services, Inc. This business arrangement was the continuation of financial support from Novus, which February 10 began, with the sponsorship of the I50th-anniversary

"America's Smithsonian" traveling exhibition. Presentation Tropical Research Institute scientist

Nancy Knowlton gave a presentation on "Basic science: February—April key to the management of the oceans" at "An Evening at the Smithsonian," an annual event organized by the

Public Program The Smithsonian Associates offered Fundacion Smithsonian de Panama and held at STRI's the second season of Radio Theatre—Live!, produced by Earl S. Tupper Conference Center. the L.A. Theater Works and presented in collaboration with the Voice of America. The plays, The Heiress, All February 12 My Sons, and Working, were recorded in front of live audiences for subsequent broadcast across the United Professional Presentation The Coordinator of the States on public radio and around the world on the Smithsonian Accessibility Program lectured on accessible Voice of America. design of museum-based security systems during the National Conference on Cultural Property Protection.

February, September February 18 Architecture/Engineering and Exhibit Design The Office of Contracting negotiated and awarded a contract to Public Program In an illustrated lecture presented by Polshek, Tobey & Davis to restart the National Museum of The Smithsonian Associates, embryologist Dr. Ian Wil- the American Indian Mall Museum design project. The mut of the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland, dis-

office directed the project team for design and construc- cussed the background, controversy, and possible

tion to continue the effort during litigation of the previous implications of his world-famous experiment: Dolly the

design contract. Also, the Office of Contracting awarded sheep, the first adult mammal ever to be successfully negotiated contracts to Howard-Revis Design, Staples & cloned.

Charles, and Design Communications to design the ex-

hibits for the Mall Museum. These exhibitions will show- February jp case the Museum's collections on opening day 2002.

Exhibition and Programs "George Segal, A Retrospec-

February 6-7 tive: Sculptures, Paintings, Drawings," a four-decade retrospective honoring an American artist (b. 1924) Public Program "Between Slavery and Freedom: Free whose evocative sculptures of everyday people in urban People of Color and the Coming of the Civil Wax"—An environments have become signature works of modern

28 "

art, opened at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture stitute, which provides a unique behind-the-scenes look

Garden. The show, on tour from the Montreal Museum at the Smithsonian; and the Smithsonian World Affairs of Fine Arts in Canada, included such landmark works Institute, which uses Smithsonian connections within

of the Pop Art era as Cinema, 1963, as well as single- the Washington international community to examine a

figure reliefs, boldly expressive paintings and pastels, selected tegion of the world. and the original, mixed-media version o( Depression

Bread Line, 1991, recently cast in bronze for Washing- Spring-Summer ton's new Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial. As a barometet of Segal's popularity, his auditorium talk on Educational Program The National Museum of

held its first March 9 was so popular that 200 people had to be American Art high school poster competi- turned away. In an unprecedented arrangement, the tion and award ceremony in conjunction with the Washington Metropolitan Transit Authority donated "Posters American Style" exhibition. The poster designs were popular that the advertising for the show in its subways and buses as a so U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs reproduced several of them to display at their public service. After closing on May 17, 1998, the exhibition traveled to the Jewish Museum in New York and facilities in Veteran's hospitals nationwide. the Miami Art Museum in Florida. March

February 23 Award The Archives of American Art teceived a

grant from the Smithsonian Latino initiatives Fund Benefit The Detroit Council of the Archives of administered by the Office of the Provost in the amount American Art presented its annual black-tie gala, Lundi of $42,984. This grant funded Spanish-to-English Gras XXXVIII, "An Evening of Elegance," on February translations of 12 oral history interviews with Cuban- 23, 1998. Traditionally held on the Monday preceding American artists. The award allowed the Archives to Mardi Gras, this is the longest-running fund-raising broaden its current survey of art-related manuscript event for the Archives. material in Puerto Rico.

February 23—27 March

Program The Center for Museum Studies collabor- Special Event The National Museum of American ates with George Mason University and Historic Art celebrated the final weekend of "Ansel Adams, A Alexandria to offer a one-week workshop for small Legacy: Masterworks from the Friends of Photography

museums, "Introduction to Museum Management." with extended evening hours on March 27 and 28, a

first for any Smithsonian museum. Both nights featured

February 25 live jazz, cafe dining, and screenings of a video on

Adams's career. More than 11,500 people took advantage Award Smithsonian Folkways' six-CD tecording of this opportunity, made possible by the generous sup- Anthology American Folk Music received of Grammy pott of the Monsanto Corporation, to see the most Awards for best historical album and best album notes popular exhibition in the museum's history, which at- at the 40th Annual Grammy Awards Ceremony in New tracted some 285,000 visitots in 18 Vz weeks. York City. March Spring

Public Program Legal Problems in Museum Administra- Professional Program The Smithsonian Associates' Na- tion Conference—OGC in conjunction with the American tional Outreach program formally introduced the Law Association-American Bar Association hosted the Smithsonian Institutes for Professionals. Geared to cor- annual seminar in Chicago. porate audiences, the institutes include the Smithsonian Creativity Institute, which takes participants into March Smithsonian collections, laboratories, and research

facilities for customized hands-on workshops designed Exhibition To highlight the Archives of American to introduce participants to new ways of seeing, think- Gardens Collection, Horticultute Services Division

ing, and understanding; the Smithsonian Signature In- recreated the Lanes End estate at the New England

^9 Flower Show. The exhibit received five awards, includ- gram with the Missouri Historical Society (MHS) in

ing the Boston Globe's People's Choice Award for being St. Louis. The accessibility program collaborated with the show's most popular exhibit. the MHS to develop accessible exhibits fot the Society's

new wing. These exhibits, on the history of St. Louis, March were not only to be fully accessible to people with disabilities but were also to include this group's par-

Fellowship The Center for Museum Studies, in col- ticipation in the development of the city's history. laboration with the Inter-University Program for Latino Research (IUPLR) develops a new Rockefeller Humanities March ^September j Fellowship Program with the theme "Latino Cultural Re- search in a National Museum Context: Issues of Repre- Exhibition The exhibition "Olowe of Ise: A Yoruba sentation and Interpretation." The fellowships, a mix of Sculptor to Kings" at the National Museum of African residencies for scholars and museum professionals, will be Art celebrated the work of one of Africa's greatest tradi- interdisciplinary and will support Latino/a focused scholar- tional sculptors, introducing visitors to Olowe 's distinc- ship using the extensive cultural, archival, historical, and tive style of carving wood. The exhibition presented professional resources that only the Smithsonian can offer. more than 30 major works including the museum's

palace dooe and bowl with figures, as well as shrine figures, veranda posts, and a mask. March J

Exhibit Opening and Lecture Remote Oceania: Biol- March 16-20 ogy, Archaeology, and History of Hawaii's Leeward Is- lands, a lecture by Sheila Conant, professor of zoology at Program The Center for Museum Studies offers the the University of Hawaii, focused public attention on annual "Awards for Museum Leadership" diversity semi- the Zoo's new exhibit at the Bird House, "The Birds of nar. The program explores diversity issues in museums

Paradise Lost." and provides training opportunities for enhancing

leadership skills and competencies. March March 18-21 Seminar In March, the National Air and Space

Museum's annual "Mutual Concerns of Air and Space Collecting Archives of American Art Director Museums" seminar, cohosted by the American Associa- Dr. Richard J. Wattenmaker, and Southeast Regional tion of Museums, brought more than 130 Air and Space Collector Dr. Liza Kirwin traveled to Puerto Rico to museum directors, curators, and other staff together for meet with directors of museums and archives. The three days of trading ideas and information concerning purpose of the trip was twofold: To explore a potential their museums. microfilming project documenting art in Puerto Rico and to underscore the significance of the Archives' March 7 current survey of art-related manuscript material in Puerto Rico as the foundation for future research and Outreach Archives of American Art Catalog Manager microfilming.

Karen Weiss delivered a paper at the national Art

Librarians Society of North America (ARLIS) conference in March 19 Philadelphia for the panel "Collection Level Records: Ar- chivists and Librarians Share Solutions." She was joined by Exhibition In "Directions—Kiki Smith: Night" colleagues from the Frick Art Reference Library, the Na- (March 19-June 21, 1998), an American artist (b. 1954) tional Gallery of Canada, and the university archivist at who energized figurative sculpture in the late 1980s Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. with her expressively anatomical images of the human body revealed a new direction focused on nature. The March JJ show, organized by Associate Curator Phyllis

Rosenzweig, featured a metaphorical, nocturnal ecosys- Professional Collaboration The Smithsonian Accessibility tem consisting of a diorama-like photo-etching of

Program began a four-month technical assistance pro- animals interacting at night and, filling the Directions

30 }

Gallery's center, long platforms displaying literally ners, and exhibit team members, as well as all staff

dozens of silhouetted and three-dimensional sculptures responsible for working with the public. Presenting the

of birds, stars, flowers, rabbits, cats, snowflakes, session was a group of people with disabilities who criti- raindrops, eggs, and other natural elements. qued the exhibition from both a personal and consumer advocacy perspective.

March ip March 2

Smithsonian Institution Archives produces "Historic Meeting The First International Workshop on Sus- Pictures of the Smithsonian Institution," a site on its tainable Cocoa Growing organized by the Tropical Re- home page that provides a comprehensive visual tour of search Institute, the Migratory Bird Center, and the centers. Smithsonian museums and research Institute for Conservation Biology was held at STRI's

Earl S. Tupper Research and Conference Center. The March 20-August 2 meeting gathered more than 80 international par-

ticipants, both chocolate manufacturers and repre-

Exhibition "Faces of TIME: 75 Years oiTime sentatives from cacao-producing countries. Magazine Cover Portraits" was on view at the National Portrait Gallery. Organized to mark the 75th anniver- March }1 sary of Time, this exhibition was drawn primarily from the Gallery's collection of original Time cover artwork Special Event The U.S. Postal Service launched a new and represented some of the finest and most interest- fotm of computer-generated postage at the National ing moments in the magazine's newsmaker-of-the- Postal Museum. PC-based postage, created by E-Stamp week cover tradition. Among the most eye-catching Corporation, enables mailers to electronically mail let- pieces was a life-size papier-mache caricature of The ters and documents through the Postal Service without Beatles. The show's curator was Senior Historian affixing postage stamps. Frederick S. Voss.

April March 23-27

Grant A $500,000 challenge grant awarded to the Presentation In San Juan, Mayaguez, and Ponce, Puer- NMAI by the Kresge Foundation in July 1997 was to Rico, National Science Resources Center Executive successfully completed in April thanks to the generous Director Douglas Lapp and Deputy Director Sally support of individuals, corporations, and foundations. Goetz Shuler presented workshops to government, busi- Funds raised through the Kresge challenge grant ness, and education leaders. They discussed science totaled $1.6 million. education reform and presented workshops on inquiry- centered science teaching. April March 26 Panda Studies NZP's panda conservation team

China. Scientific specialists from three Ecologist Dies Dt. James Lynch died. A Terrestrial returned from U.S. zoos worked with colleagues at Chinese zoos to Animal Ecologist at SERC since 1974, Dr. Lynch published more than 70 scientific articles on the ecology of carry out the first health and teproductive survey of salamanders, ants, and birds, with special emphasis on giant pandas in China's zoos. habitat fragmentation and conservation. April March 26 School Envirothon SERC served as one of three hosts Training Seminar The Smithsonian Accessibility for the Anne Arundel County Envirothon, a program to

Program presented a training session titled "An Acces- teach middle-school students basic environmental prin-

sibility Critique of 'American Encounters.'" The session ciples and ways to apply them to real-world problems

was offered to accessibility liaisons, exhibition desig- in their communities.

51 3

April half of the twentieth century. Highlighting such personalities as Mae West, Will Rogers, and Josephine

Exhibition "Between a Rock and a Hard Place: A Baker, the more than 200 caricature objects explored History of American Sweatshops, 1820-Present," an the intersection of wit, stylized design, and mass media-

exhibition that opened at the National Museum of generated celebrity. Along with many virtually unknown

American History in April, represented an ambitious onginal drawings, the show featured caricature on a silk

intellectual and design treatment of a complex and dress, on a theater curtain, on the walls of Sardi's restau-

controversial topic. The Office of Exhibits Central rant, and in a series of animated cartoons. The exhibition

designer's innovative use of materials, media, design, will travel to the New York Public Library in April 2000.

and lighting to express distinct time periods and diverse

exhibition's intellectual content issues enhanced the April 1 content and facilitated the understanding of challeng-

ing subject matter. African American Family Day The Zoo's annual African American Family Day featured performances of April jazz and gospel music along with African storytellers, drummers, and special animal demonstrations.

Online Exhibition In partnership with ASTC, SITES

launched the online exhibition "Rotten Truth (About April 1$ Garbage)." The exhibition provides information to

educators, students, and home users regarding the Publications The Office of Public Affairs issued its complex environmental issues surrounding daily trash general information brochure in six languages—Arabic, disposal. Links to related Web sites give users easy Chinese, French, German, Japanese, and Spanish—for access to wide ranging information and opinions on the distribution from information desks in each museum. topic. As visitors review the exhibition, they will find

suggestions for activities they can do at home or in the April 16-19 classroom. "Rotten Ttuth (About Garbage)" was made

possible in part by support from Rodale Press Inc. Study Tour Smithsonian Study Tours, a division of

The Smithsonian Associates, offered the first in a series April of tours called "American Snapshots" during a four-day program on Amelia Island, Florida. Snapshots feature

National Meeting SERC hosted a national meeting smaller towns and regions known for their unique

on invasive species for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Ser- heritage, such as Amelia Island's well-preserved Vic- vice. The meeting brought together the leading re- torian architecture. Other planned Snapshots featured

searchers in biological invasions of marine and aquatic the Amish community in Holmes County, Ohio, and ecosystems to develop national guidelines for long-term the maritime heritage of Puget Sound, Washington. monitoring of species introductions.

April 22—November April $-6

Exhibition "Between a Rock and a Hard Place: A His- Outreach At the National Science Teachers Associ- tory of American Sweatshops, 1820-Present"—This Nation-

ation's annual convention in Boston, the National al Museum of American History exhibition was designed

Science Resources Center exhibited its programs, to help the public understand the history of sweatshops in

conducted presentations, and gave wotkshops on its the United States and efforts to reform and control their

Science and Technology for Children curriculum. proliferation. The exhibition looked at global competition, government regulation, immigration, business practices,

racial, gender discrimination. April 10-August 2} and ethnic, and

Exhibition "Celebrity Caricature in America" was on April 23 view at the National Portrait Gallery. This landmark exhibition reintroduced an inventive form of portraiture Anniversary Barro Colorado Island, the Smithson-

that captured the spirit of the modern era in the first ian's oldest field station and one of the oldest in all the

31 New World tropics, celebrated its 75th anniversary as a ing public programs, education, film and video, and the reserve. resource center joined together to create a museum- wide event that was attended by a record number of April 23-26 visitors.

Public Program The Smithsonian Women's May Committee's Annual Craft Show was held again at the National Building Museum, and featured 120 artisans Exhibition "Indian Humor," an exhibition of 87 from across the country. Proceeds from the show are used paintings, photographs, sculptures, and mixed-media

to fund SI projects in the Women's Committee's competi- works opened at the George Gustav Heye Center in tive granr program. The committee is under the umbrella May. The exhibition used humor, sarcasm, and irony of the Office of Membership and Development. to dispel the stereotype of the stoic Indian. "Indian Humor" was developed by the American Indian April 24-May }0 Contemporary Arts of San Francisco.

Exhibition and Public Programs "Duke Ellington May Youth Festival and Art Exhibition"—Produced in collaboration with the District of Columbia Public Lecture The Smithsonian Institution Libraries' Schools, this National Museum of American History annual Dibner Library Lecrure featured Professor exhibition featured dynamic artwork done by srudents Katharine Park of Harvard University who delivered an from the Washington, D.C. area depicting Edward illusrrated lecture on "Visible Women: Anatomical

Kennedy "Duke" Ellington during his career. Elling- Illustration and Human Dissection in Renaissance ton's life and career was also celebrated in art, poetry, Italy." The lecrure is supported by The Dibner Fund. and musical performances. May April 30 Furniture The Office of Exhibits Central's design

Exhibition "Nacural Selections: Museum Photography" and fabrication of rhe Arts and Industnes Building infor- by Chip Clark opened at the National Museum of mation desk was inspired by the materials and motifs of

Natural History. This exhibition presented 30 photo- the mnereenth-century building's original inrerior graphs that capture life at Narural History and the finishes. Reflecting contemporary office planning require- special skills science photography, like scientific ments, the ergonomic and accessible casework meets the research, demands: curiosity, knowledge, and great needs of volunteer staff and visitors while housing publica- patience. tions, telephones, and computer equipment. The ash-and-

faux-granite desk presents a gracious and inviting focal

April 50 pomr for visitors entering from the Mall, enhancing their visit and fulfilling their quest for information.

Training Seminar The Smithsonian Accessibility Program presented a training session titled "Parents* May I Kids + Disabilities* Museums." The session was offered to accessibility liaisons, museum educators, exhibition Concert Smithsonian Folkways Recordings designers, and staff responsible for working with the celebrated its 50th anniversary with a concert in Car- public. Presenting the session were two parents, one negie Hall. Participants and performers included Ossie who herself has a disability and one whose child has a Davis, Theodore Bikel, Pete Seeger, Ella Jenkins, Luan- disability. da Williams, Ralph Stanley, and the SNCC Freedom Singers. May May I Public Program In May, the NMAI launched the first annual Children's Festival at the George Gustav Heye Exhibition "Our Town: Post Office Murals of the

Center. Staff from many museum departments includ- New Deal Era," a beautiful art exhibition featuring 17

33 mural studies and three sculptures created during the by 120 corporate representatives. Attendees joined Great Depression as decorations for post offices, opened Secretary Heyman, Regents Dr. Hannah H. Gray and at the National Postal Museum. Rep. Sam Johnson for a luncheon to discuss the theme "Education at the Smithsonian." Smithsonian National May 1-4 Board Member Marie L. Knowles gave the keynote address, and The Smithsonian: America's Classroom, a

Exhibition Restaging The 1997 "Mississippi Delta" video detailing Smithsonian education programs, was program was restaged in Greenville, Mississippi, and premiered. NOVUS Services, Inc. (now Discover Finan- featured traditions created daily in the homes, churches, cial Services, Inc.) received the Corporate Leadership rivers, fields, and juke joints of the Delta. The "Missis- Award for its support of the "America's Smithsonian" sippi Delta" program was produced for the Center for traveling exhibition and creation of an affiliate credit Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies' annual card agreement with the Smithsonian.

Smithsonian Folklife Festival.

May II—IS May J Public Program The Office of Membership and

Exhibition Seventy-five decorative envelopes were Development's "Smithsonian Treasures," the annual displayed as part of the National Postal Museum's fifth tour for Contributing Members, brought 70 people to

"Graceful Envelope" exhibit. The 75 envelope designs Washington, DC, for behind-the-scenes tours of were selected from the more than 260 entries received exhibitions, as well as the Office of Exhibits Central, by the museum as part of its fifth annual calligraphy the Smithsonian Institution Libraries, and other SI units. contest.

May 14—IS May 6-9 Program The Center for Museum Studies collabor-

Program The Center for Museum Studies, with the ates with the Smithsonian Associates Creativity Insti- Program for Asian Pacific American Studies, presents tutes to offer "New Ways of Seeing, Thinking and "Diversity, Leadership, and Museums: The Repre- Understanding," an interactive exhibit production sentation of Asian Pacific American Communities," at workshop designed for independent stockbrokers the Japanese American National Museum (JANM) in affiliated with Commonwealth Equity. Los Angeles, California. The seminar, a pilot program funded by the Anheuser-Busch Companies and the May l$ Smithsonian Institution Educational Outreach Fund with additional support from the Hawaii Museums Publication The magazine Science published a land- Association, explored diversity issues in museums and mark paper by Dr. Doug Erwin, curator of paleobiology examined current issues affecting Asian Pacific at the National Museum of Natural History, and col- Americans in the museum profession. leagues from MIT and Nanjing, China, narrowing the time frame for mass extinctions at the end of the Per- May 10 mian period 250 million years ago. By dating volcanic

ash beds in South China, Erwin and his colleagues deter-

Award The Smithsonian Board of Regents induct mined that the extinction of many insects, 85 percent of

Kenneth E. Behring into the Order ofJames Smithson all marine species, and 70 percent of all terrestrial in recognition of his $20 million gift to the National genera worldwide took place within less than 1 million

Museum of Natural History. The Office of Membership years, far shortet than the 8-to-io-miIlion-year period and Development assisted in coordination of the event. previously suggested.

May II May is—16

Special Event The Office of Membership and Devel- Symposium The National Portrait Gallery and the opment's Smithsonian Corporate Membership Program Library of Congress jointly sponsored a two-day sym- held its Annual Luncheon Meeting, which was attended posium, "Caricature and Cartoon in Twentieth-Century

34 America." Friday's session at rhe National Portrait Art in scholarly research as a part of the Second Biennial Gallery included Wendy Wick Reaves, "The Celebrity Smithsonian-Westminster Symposium, "Public Institu-

Caricature Vogue"; Thomas P. Bruhn, "The Life and tions: Access and Cultural Identity," organized conjointly Times of Al Frueh"; Bruce Kellner, "Ralph Barton: by the University of Westminster London and the

Affectionate Insults"; and Edward Sorel, "Anything Smithsonian Instirution. Goes: Caricature after i960." May 28 May 15-16

Professional Presentation The Coordinator of the

Special Event The Office of Membership and Devel- Smithsonian Accessibility Program lectured on acces- opment welcomed the James Smithson Society to sible exhibition design to members of the society for Washington. The Society, the highest circle of Con- Environmental Graphic Design. tributing Membership, gave its Founder Medal to

Shirley Sichel for her generous support of the National Summer Zoo and the work of the Conservation and Research Cen- ter. Sir Christopher Meyer, KCMG, British Ambassador Installation The National Museum of American Art in Washington, and Lady Meyer attended the dinner premiered David Hockney's 24-foot painting of the and were made honorary Smithson Society members. Grand Canyon, titled "A Bigger Grand Canyon." The

work, composed of 60 small canvases mounted as one 19-22 May continuous image, presents a sweeping, colorful view of one of America's most extraordinary topographical International 'Workshop The "Preservation of Santos" wonders. was a three-day conference sponsored by the Smithson- ian Center for Materials Research and Education held at Summer the Universidad del Sagrado Corazon, San Juan, Puerto

Rico, for an esrimated 123 attendees. It included a sur- Construction Construction of the NMAI Cultural vey of the history of polychrome Hispanic religious Resources Center continued during 1998. With the artifacts, their materials, techniques of fabrication and completion of the concrete work and the installation of decoration, and preservation and restoration. Following the dramatic, nautilus-shaped roof, the profile of the the three-day workshop, which included intensive building became visible during the summer of 1998. lecture and laboratory sessions, a unique one-day free gathering was convened at the Museo de Arte de Ponce,

Ponce, Puerto Rico, for practicing santo makers to Summer engage the presenters in thoughtful discussions of history, materials, and techniques. Training Program Thirty undergraduate students

from 18 states and 6 foreign countries took part in the

May 20 Research Training Program of the National Museum of Natural History. The program, supported by the Na- Women's Board 'Established The Smithsonian Institution tional Science Foundation, the Smithsonian Libraries established a Board, following approval by the Committee, and the director's discretionary fund, brings

Board of Regents. The Libraries' Board, which held its science students to Washington to do original research

inaugural meeting with the initial seven members, projects under the direction of museum scientists.

will provide leadership during the Institution's capital campaign and help to develop new constituencies and June generate support for the Libraries' services and programs nationwide. Award Scott Weidensaul's article "The Belled

Viper" {Smithsonian, December 1997) won first prize in May 28 the Conservation/Environment Contest and the President's

Choice award ("best of the best" for all winning

Outreach Director Richard J. Wattenmaker pre- magazine entries) in a competition sponsored by the sented a talk on the role of the Archives of American Outdoor Writers Association of America, Inc.

55 —

June standing of an art object. To demonstrate the central source of a carved-wood, stringed sculpture by British

Award "Ranchers Form a Radical Center to Protect artist Henry Moore (1898-1986), Valerie J. Fletcher, Wide-Open Spaces" by Jake Page (Smithsonian, June curator of Sculpture, borrowed nineteenth-century

1997) won the Western Writers of America's Spur Award mathematical models from the Smithsonian's Museum

for Best Western Short Nonficnon. of American History, matching those that inspired the

artist 60 years ago. The impact of Moore's innovarion

June in which organic form is imbued with the logic of engineering—was exemplified in other sculptures from

Awards Program Finance recognition awards recog- the permanent collection by Constantin Brancusi, Naum

nized Finance staff contributions. Gabo, Barbara Hepworth, Alexander Calder, and others.

June June 6, June 11

Minority Leadership Program The Smithsonian Awards Program The National Science Resources

Institution Libraries' Valerie Wheat, Librarian of the Center, in partnership with the White House Office of

Museum Reference Center, one of the Libraries' 18 Science and Technology Policy and the National Science

branches, participated in a program designed to prepare Foundation, hosted programs for teachers who received

librarians from a racial minority group for top leader- the 1997 Presidential Awards for Excellence in Elemen-

ship positions in research and academic libraries. The tary and Secondary Mathematics and Science Teaching.

program, which is sponsored by the Association of

Research Libraries, a group whose membership includes June 16

the 120 largest research libraries in North America, Exhibition opening Colombia exhibition featuring offers two training institutes and a mentoting network. Jose Mutis botanical illustrations opens at Amazonia Ms. Wheat was one of 21 librarians chosen from a highly Science Gallery. competitive pool. The Department of Education awarded ARL a grant to establish this program. June ij

June Purchase agreement The Tropical Research Institute

formalized a purchase agreement of a six-hectare lot of Award The Smithsonian Libraries was awarded land on Isia Colon, Bocas del Toro, where it will estab- $10,000 by the Latino Initiative Fund to purchase Latino lish a research and educational center. newspapers, magazines, and journals in print and

microform formats for its collections. June 18

June 2 Exhibition and Programs Associate Curator Olga M. Viso of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Training Seminar The Smithsonian Accessibility Pro- organized "Triumph of the Spirit: Carlos Alfonzo, A gram presented a training session titled "Accessibility Survey, 1975—1991" for the Miami Art Museum, an Critiques of Several SI Web Sites." The session was exhibition that opened in Washington in a slightly offered to accessibility liaisons, web designers, museum abridged version. The show went far in establishing an

educators, and staff responsible for working with the international context for Alfonzo, a Havana-born, public. Presenting the session was an expert on creating Miami-based painter (1950-1991) who died of AIDS at Web sites accessible to people who are blind. age 40. A scholarly catalog with an essay by Viso and contributions from Giulio V. Blanc, Dan Cameron,

June 4 Julia P. Herzberg, and Cesar Trasobares accompanied the show, and Hilton Kramer of The New York Observer, Exhibition "The Collection in Context: Henry Moore's among others in the local and national press, praised

Stringed Figure No. I, 1937," opened at the Hirshhorn Alfonzo's expressive, symbol-laden imagery. The Museum and Sculpture Garden, continuing a series that exhibition's Washington presentation received major uses an interdisciplinary approach to deepen under- support from the Smithsonian Latino Initiatives Fund,

36 and for che Smithsonian's "Art Night on the Mall" Smithsonian Folklife Festival featuring "Wisconsin," program of extended summer hours on Thursdays, a "Pahiyas: A Philippine Harvest," "The Rio Grande/Rio

concert series titled "Latin Music on the Plaza," cospon- Bravo Basin," and "The Baltic Nations: Estonia, Latvia, sored with the Prince George's Arts Council, attracted and Lithuania." The Office of Public Affairs developed a

some 8,000 visitors. local and national publicity campaign for the festival. Media coverage included network and local morning June 18 shows, a number of articles in the Washington Post, and coverage in the New York Times, USA Today, and Exhibition/Partnership SITES began a strategic Washingtonian magazine.

relationship with Silver Dollar Gty, a theme park located

in Branson, Missouri a popular midwestern vacation spot. June 26andJune 28 The first exhibition to be shown at Silver Dollar City was

"Earth to You, Exploring Geography," sponsored by Concerts Smithsonian Folkways Recordings cele- Nissan Motor Corporation U.S.A. In September 1998, brated "Folkways at 50" with three concerts. A Glass: Masters of the Art," an exhibition that "American children's matinee featured Ella Jenkins, Larry Long, examined the work of American glass artists, opened as 13 and children from rural schools in Alabama. "Folkways a part of Silver Dollar City's National Crafts Festival. The Founders" featured Arlo Guthrie, Toshi Reagon, the alliance between SITES and Silver Dollar City is impor- Willie Foster Blues Band, and Josh White, Jr., who tant because of the park's large visitorship 1.8 million — have carried on the traditions of Folkways artists visitors a year, all ages, drawn mostly from the South and Woody Guthrie, Lead Belly, Josh White, and Sonny Midwest generates high visibility for the Smithsonian — Terry—honored with stamps issued by the U.S. Postal and its exhibitions. Over people visited each 400,000 Service. And "Heartbeat" honored Native American exhibition during its run in Branson. In addition, Silver women singers from across the continent and celebrated Dollar City has provided financial support to SITES in the release of a new Smithsonian Folkways album. conjunction with these exhibitions.

June 29—July 10 June 20

Program The Center for Museum Studies and the Elephant Birthday Ambika, one of the Zoo's Asian Inter-University Program for Latino Research (IUPLR) elephants, was feted in honor of her 50th birthday. host the annual seminar, "Interpreting Latino Cultures: Nancy, Shanti, Tony, and Ambika showed their training Research and Museums." This program offers hands-on routine to the public in a series of interpretive demon- training in methods of researching and interpreting strations. Historic photo displays and panels on elephant museum and archival collections. This year's program conservation provided the public with information on the challenged students to develop strong research skills while role of elephants in the Zoo's history. Visitors also had a exploring issues of interpretation and representation of chance to add handmade cutout fabric decoradons to an cultural materials and traditions in museums. elephant blanket made for Ambika.

June June 23-27 30

Publication Office Public Affairs issued an Seminar The Center for Folklife Programs and Cul- The of updated version of "Native American Resources at the tural Studies held its fifth annual seminar for teachers,

Smithsonian," its Institution-wide "Resour- "Bringing Folklife into Your Classroom: A Multi- one in series of cultural Learning Experience." The teacher seminar ces" brochures. The "Resources" brochures encourage readers participate in activ- drew upon the Smithsonian Folklife Festival as a to and partake of cultural "living laboratory" for using multicultural resources ities as well as research, employment, internship, and fellowship opportunities at the Smithsonian. and folklife techniques in the K-12 classroom.

June 24-28 andJuly 1—5 July

Folklife Festival The Center for Folklife Programs Research Curator of Paintings Judith Zilczer presented and Cultural Studies produced the 32nd annual a striking discovery regarding the subject of a Willem

37 de Kooning painting in the collection of the Hirshhorn July I Museum and Sculptute Garden; her research was published in a scholarly article for the summer 1998 issue of Exhibition The permanent exhibition in the National American Art, the journal of the Smithsonian's National Postal Museum's Jeanette Cantrell Rudy Gallery Museum of American Art. Based on a comment from a reopened with a new presentation of rare and valuable colleague, Zilczer had pieced together evidence that Federal Duck Stamps from Dr. Rudy's collection. proved that a painting by de Kooning depicting a male with shock of brown hair, heretofore known as Reclining July 2 Man with the date 1964, was not a simple figure study

but instead the artist's impassioned response to the Concert The Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural

assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963. Studies held the fourth annual Friends of the Festival The work was consequently rentled Reclining Man Ralph Rinzler Memorial Concert, featuring "Klezmer!

(John F. Kennedy) and redated 1963. The Triumphant Return of Yiddish Music."

July July 2

Special Event First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton Exhibition and Programs "Directions—Tony Oursler: helped launch the second phase of SOS! (Save Outdoor Video Dolls with Tracy Leipold," which opened at the Sculpture), a $1.4 million public-sculpture conservation Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden as the first program funded by generous grants from Target Store solo museum show in Washington for this New York- and the National Endowment for the Arts. SOS! is a based artist (b. 1957), continued through September 7. nationwide public program cosponsored by the National Organized by Public Affairs Head Sidney Lawrence, the Museum of American Art and the Heritage Preservation. show presented six of Oursler 's unusual doll-like cloth figures—from puppet- to effigy-size—wherein "talking July heads" in the form of live-action video projections of

expressive, loquacious, anguished faces confront and Award Smithsonian won Best Overall External amuse the viewer. The artist's most frequent model and Magazine in the 1998 Clation Awards, sponsored by collaborator, performer Tracy Leipold, was the focus of The Association for Women in Communications. this group of works. In a series of public programs,

Oursler's intetest in film, the media, and psychology July (specifically a condition known as multiple personality

Web site Redesign A new look for Smithsonian's home disorder) was explored.

page on the World Wide Web (http:lIwww.smithsonian-

mag.si.edu) made its debut with the July 1998 issue. The July 4 new design provides expanded promotion of editorial Exhibition An exhibit of mote than 40 rare state, coverage each month, as well as easier navigation to local, and tribal waterfowl stamps opened in the Nation- popular contests, image galleries of photographers' al Postal Museum's Rarities Gallery. This exhibit was work, and a powerful search engine. loaned to the museum from the prize-winning collection of David Torre of Santa Rosa, California. July

Teacher Training SERC hosted a two-day intensive July 13-17

training session on the ecology of Chesapeake Bay for deaf Program The Center for Museum Studies col- teachers and teachers of deaf students. The training was laborates with the Institutional Studies Office to offer carried out by Gailaudet University as part of the National "Introduction to Visitor Studies," a five-day workshop Science Foundation's Summer Institute in Biology. for staff at small museums in the United States.

July I July 15 Special Event The National Postal Museum served as the site for the First Day of Issue ceremony for the 1998— Publication The publication of A Garden for Art: Out- 1999 Federal Duck Stamp. door Sculpture at the Hirshhorn Museum by the Hirshhorn

38 ——

Museum and Sculpture Garden with Thames and Hud- July 23 son was announced by the museum. The 96-page, copiously illustrated guide, researched and written by Publication The Smithsonian Accessibility Program

Valerie J. Fletcher, Curator of Sculpture, provides a wrote and delivered to the Provost the annual report on clear, in-depth overview of the subjects, styles, the Institution's progress in improving access to people

materials, and conservation issues presented by rhe with disabilities in the areas of programs, publications, museum's comprehensive collection of modern and con- and exhibitions.

temporary sculpture, with particular emphasis on fostering understanding and appreciation of each work. The July 26-30 book was made possible by a generous gift from Board

Chairman Robert Lehrman and supported by a grant Scientific Meeting The National Museum of Natural

from the Smithsonian Women's Committee. History hosted the first world conference on mollusks

squids, oysters, and snails. The two largest mollusk- July 18-23 andJuly 25-30 studying societies in the world—the American Malacological Union and Unitas Malacologica—met Institutes The National Science Resources Center together for the first time and discussed their findings

conducted two K-8 Science Education Leadership Insti- on biodiversity and conservation issues. The museum

tutes for 29 teams from school systems in 18 states, and houses the world's largest collection of mollusks, more Sweden. Most teams included a school superintendent than 10 million specimens, and the preeminent collec-

or assistant superintendent, a science coordinator or tion of North American mollusk species.

director of curriculum and instruction, an experienced

teacher, and a senior scientist representing a company or July 30-Present

academic institution. The teams worked with nationally-

recognized experts to develop strategic plans to improve Exhibition "A Collector's Vision of Puerto Rico"

the teaching of science in their elementary and middle This National Museum of American History exhibit

schools. contained art, photographs, and other artifacts that offer

insight into Puerto Rico's distinctive history and cul-

July 20-24 ture from the 1700s to the present. The artifacts are part of a vast collection created over 40 years by Puerto Rican philanthropist and businessman Teodoro Vidal Courses Three courses, "Humidity," "Mold and Mil- Santoni. dew," and "Pests," held at the Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education, were grouped around the theme of "Preservation Fundamentals." Each July 30

course dealt in depth with a particular environmental issue that has been highlighted by recent conservation Special Event The National Postal Museum cele-

developments in North America. "Humidity" reviewed brated its fifth anniversary with a party that included

the measurement of moisture in the air, psychrometric more than 2,400 well-wishers.

values, and the control of moisrure in buildings with and

without HVAC units. With the instructor, the class July 30

toured Smithsonian facilities containing recently installed

humidity controls. "Mold and Mildew" divided fungal Exhibition The creativity of everyday Americans was

damage between organic materials and inorganic sub- celebrated at the National Postal Museum with the

strates so that participants could gain a broader under- opening of "Rural Routes: Folk Art Mailboxes of Amer-

standing of the issues and so that the speakers could focus ica." This exhibition featured 11 unusual and whimsical

attention on the particular test methods and research mailboxes chosen through a nationwide contest.

associated with specific museum materials. In addition,

the susceptibility for museum staff to potential pathogenic August microorganisms was discussed. The third course was

devoted to pest control in museums, including changes in Symposium SERC organized a special symposium at the regulations of pesticides and of fumigants, as well as the annual meeting of the Ecological Society of America

the development of alternative treatments. and the American Institute of Biological Sciences in Bal-

39 —

timore, Maryland. The symposium focused on the ecol- work of a relatively unknown artist working with pure ogy of Chesapeake Bay and featured presentations from gold, steel, fossil ivory, and precious gems to create four SERC scientists. extraordinary objects featured in "Daniel Brush: Gold

without Boundaries." Beautifully installed at the

August Renwick Gallery, it drew unusually large attendance

(almost 50,000 in four months). Sponsorship SITES secured a pledge for funding from

Lockheed Martin as the sole corporate sponsor of an September exhibition on the Hubble Space Telescope. The pledge from Lockheed completes the funding needed for the Repatriation During 1998, the NMAI continued its project, which includes a highly interactive large exhibi- commitment, under federal law and museum policy, to tion (3,000 square feet) designed to travel to science repatriate human remains and objects of religious and museums and cencers in large urban areas; a small- cultural patrimony to Native groups throughout the format version of the exhibition designed for museums, hemisphere. Among the most significant returns this space centers, and educational institutions with smaller year was to the Haudenasavnee (Ironquois Confederacy) facilities; and a museum education trunk that will in- in September. clude hands-on classroom lessons on the Hubble Space Telescope, astronomy, and mathematics. To create the exhibition SITES has partnered with the Space Tele- September scope Institute. The exhibition is also generously supported by a grant from NASA. Exhibition "The Art of Being Kuna: Layers of Mean-

ing Among the Kuna of Panama" opened in September

August at the George Gustav Heye Center with Kuna rribal

leaders in attendance. The exhibition featured approx- Exhibition Design The Office of Contracting imately 300 works of art, including vibrant molas negotiated and awarded a contract to Douglas Gallagher colorful, richly decorated appliques that express all to redesign the Mammal Hall exhibit in the National aspects of Kuna culture. "The Art of Being Kuna" was Museum of Natural History. The Kenneth E. Behring organized by the UCLA Fowler Museum and included Gift supports this design effort. molas from the NMAI collection. The Smithsonian

Center for Latino Initiatives provided additional support August 20-2} for the Heye Center venue.

Exhibition Restaging The 1998 "Wisconsin" program was restaged in Madison, Wisconsin, and presented September music, crafts, foodways, work, recreational, and religious traditions to celebrate Wisconsin's 150th anniversary of International Agreement SERC and the National statehood. The "Wisconsin" program was produced for Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research of New the Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies' Zealand signed a memorandum of understanding to annual Smithsonian Folklife Festival. formally facilitate research collaborations between the two organizations. Their cooperative programs and

Fall professional training will focus on global change, land-

scape ecology, and coastal ecosystems at land-sea inter- Exhibition The National Museum of American Art's faces in both the United States and New Zealand. exhibition "Eyeing America: Robert Cottingham

Prints" celebrated the acquisition of a set of the artist's September photorealist prints spanning three decades that focus on signs, storefronts, and marquees, the emblematic details National Meeting hosted a national meeting of the urban American landscape. SERC on global change for the U.S. UV Monitoring Work Fall Group. Present at the meeting were representatives from several universities and all federal agencies in-

Exhibitions The Renwick Gallery, a department of volved in measuring changes in the penetration of the National Museum of American Art, introduced the ultraviolet solar radiation to the Earth's surface.

40 September that also launched Long Beach's celebration of October

as the city's arts month.

Publication Smithsonian Institution Archives issues

the brochure. Research Resources at the Smithsonian Institution September Archives, featuring an overview of many little-known but

highly useful ready-reference collections at SIA. Publicity Campaign The Office of Public Affairs'

publicity campaign for Hispanic Heritage Month in- September cluded news releases, radio advertisements on a Spanish-

language station, ads in three local Spanish-language Exhibition The Smithsonian Institution Libraries newspapers, and Spanish-language telephone recordings opened the yearlong exhibition "Frontier Photographer: at the Smithsonian Information Center. In addition, the Edward S. Curtis" in the Libraries' exhibition gallery office produced 15,000 post cards advertising Smithson- (located in the National Museum of American History). ian activities for Hispanic Heritage Month and had Curtis s own Reversible-back Premo camera and tripod them placed in racks throughout the Washington area were displayed with gold- and silver-tone prints Curtis from September 13 through 30. made in his studio along with 13 original photogravures

and two copper-plates. Curated by William E. Baxter, September head of the Libraries' Special Collections Department, 8 the exhibition was accompanied by an educational Reorganization The Center for Studies brochure prepared for high school curricula, as well as Museum begins a reorganization, with Smithsonian large-print and Braille versions of the brochure's text. merging the Office of Education. The new alignment will preserve

the center's mission to advance and enrich knowledge September about museum theories and practices. It will also serve

to enhance the capabilities of both offices to build a rich Public Program Environmental Law Seminar—OGC mix of constituencies for the Smithsonian. in conjunction with the American Law Association- American Bar Association and the Environmental Law

Institute hosted this annual seminar in Washington, D.C. September 15

Public Event The National Portrait Gallery, with the September Hispanic Heritage Month Planning Committee of the Smithsonian Office of Education, presented the Latino Web Site Addition In September 1998, "Kids' Castle" Film Festival Opening Celebration. The opening made its debut on the Smithsonian Web site. The new celebration was possible with major support educational area gained immediate popularity through made from Home Box Office and a generous contribution from the "kid-worthy" articles drawn from Smithsonian editorial, Washington Post Wel- interactive message boards, a "facts and photos" section, and the Embassy of Argentina. and a free monthly newsletter. Additional content for come and opening remarks were given by Alan Fern the site is provided through Smithsonian's partnership and I. Michael Heyman. Panels included "Immigration with Cricket Magazine. and Public Education" and "Latino Images in Film and Television."

September September 15—16

Special Event The Smithsonian Associates' National

Outreach program facilitated a three-day residency of Course The two-day course "Just in Time: Disastet the Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Orchestra for the Preparedness for Paper-Based Collections," part of the

Public Corporation for the Arts in Long Beach, Califor- Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Educa- nia. Members of the orchestra presented master classes, tion's RELACT program, focused on developing a dis- an open rehearsal, and an improvisation workshop for aster plan, as well as preservation management of students and teachers in the California community, and collections before, during, and after emergencies. A it sponsored a youth concert. The event culminated workshop included a hands-on exercise for rescuing with a public concert for an audience of 2,000 people water-damaged documents.

41 September l8-November 29 staff member Dr. Edward V. Sayre. His many groundbreaking endeavors, which range widely from conservation

Exhibition "Andy Warhol's Flash—November 22, science to analytical and technical studies of historic and ar- 1963" was on view at the National Portrait Gallery. tistic works, and his leadership efforts in the area of the

Warhol's portfolio of 14 silkscreen prints reinterprets characterization of archaeological materials, have brought the assassination of President John F. Kennedy and the him international acclaim. Not only have his immediate barrage of print and broadcast coverage that ensued. achievements been of exceptional merit, but his accomp-

The color prints, manipulating the photographic images lishments as both a formal and informal teacher have ex- that the public saw repeatedly in the press and on tele- tended his influence far beyond his own specific research vision, cover the four days berween the shooting and the efforts. Symposium participants included former colleagues funeral. Accompanied by a stark narration based on tele- and students from the United States, England, and Greece. type reports, the portfolio combines verbal and visual elements to capture the overwhelming public experience of September 21-25 the assassination. Course The course "Applied Optical Microscopy,"

September 19 the first in a series, provided the foundation for advanced optical microscopy applications and training at

Special Event The Smithsonian Associates' Young Bene- the Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and factors produced its ninth annual black-rie gala at the National Education. Subjects addressed included sample selection

Air and Space Museum. This glittering event raises more and preparation; microscope specifications, selection, than $100,000 each year for the Smithsonian Institution. and set-up; design and layout of microscopy spaces; function and use; imaging and photomicrography;

September 19 and October iy specialized techniques and limits of material identification; documentation and analysis; and introduction to

Public Programs National Museum of American His- specialized applications, such as archaeobotany, coating tory launched a new series of family programs under the materials, and natural history specimens. name "OuiStory" as part of an effort to bring history to life for museum visitors from preschoolers to adults. OuiStory September 24 explores America's rich cultural heritage through Museum objects, quality children's literature told by the authors or International Technical Assistance The Smithsonian by storytellers, and hands-on activities. Accessibility Program presented information on the application of Universal Design principles in museums September 20-February 28 to barrier-free design professionals with the NEC Corporation.

Exhibition The exhibition "South Africa 1936—1949:

Photographs by Constance Stuart Laxrabee" was first the September 26-January 4 public presentation of an important collection of black- and-white photographs of South Africa given to the Exhibition "Mathew Brady's Portraits: Images as His- museum by the photographer in 1997. In addition to tory, Photography as Art," was on view at the National the photographs, the collection includes Larrabee's en- Portrait Gallery. This was the most comprehensive ex- tire personal documentation of her photographic ac- hibition devoted to Brady's career in more than a cen- tivities in South Africa, which has never before been tury. More than one hundred images were on view made available to researchers. The collection is the basis representing Brady's work in every form, including, for of ongoing study and future publication. the first time, examples of his collaboration with artists

to create oil paintings, lithographs, and wood engrav- September 21-22 ings based on photographs.

Symposium "Patterns and Process A Symposium in — September 26-January 2J Tribute to Edward V. Sayre" was sponsored by the

Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Educa- Exhibition "Edith Wharton's World: Portraits of tion to honor the outstanding contributions made at the People and Places" was on view at the National Portrait intersection of science and the humanities by retired Gallery. Born into an atmosphere of material luxury,

4* Edith Wharton (1862-1937) transformed her careful "Baird's Dream: The Arts and Industries Building,"

observations of the elite, cosmopolitan society in which tracing the history of the A&I Building from

she moved into such Ametican classics as The Age of Secretary Baird's initial ideas of a U.S. National Innocence and The House of Mirth. Museum to the innovative exhibitions of today. An

on-line version of the exhibition is available on SIA's

September 26-27 Web site.

fiesta Musical Fiesta Musical, a festival for Hispanic September }0 Heritage Month, brought Latino jazz and traditional dances to the Zoo for a celebration of Hispanic culture. Award The Tropical Research Institute's Game Warden Force received the Panama Canal Honorary September 29 Public Service Award in recognition of the important service to the community by protecting the Barro Exhibition Smithsonian Institution Archives and its Colorado Nature Monument, an integral part of the Institutional History Division open the exhibition Panama Canal Watershed.

43 BUMPPS released four new modules. The Salaries and Projections Worksheet allows units to project their salaries

and benefits fot the current year. The Initial Budget Spending

Plan allows users to create and spread their initial budget

spending plans for nonallocated funds to the detailed account-

ing classification key. The Working Budget Spending Plan

module allows the user to increase, decrease, and create new the Bureaus budget spending. The OMB Non-Allocated Resources Reports of module allows the user to review and update current fiscal year income and expenses projections and enter outyear in- and Offices of come and expenses projections fot nonallocated funds. the Smithsonian Strategic and Performance Plans OPMB continued to work with seniot management and Institution for Fiscal various units across the Insrirution to update the annual performance plan for inclusion in the FY 2000 budget request to the Office of Management and Budget and Congress in the Year 1998 fall of 1998. Additional targets and measures linked to the five- year strategic plan and tied to the Institution's programs were

developed and included in the FY 2000 plan. OPMB also worked with the Under Secretary and Provost to develop a

process for collecting information on the status of the various Planning, Management, and Office of goals and measures included in the FY 1999 performance plan. Budget This information will be used to prepare the first annual performance report, in line with the Government Performance

and Results Act of 1993, which will be submitted to OMB

L. Carole Wharton. Director and the Congtess in March 2000.

Mission Statement Team-Based Organization (TBO)

The Office of Planning, Management, and Budget (OPMB) as- Faced with the multiple challenges of office mergers, highly setting priorities, sists the Secretary and Board of Regents in specialized staff, and an increasingly complex set of needs on determining the best allocation of tesources, and measuring the part of client's offices, OPMB has abandoned its formerly performance. OPMB gathers, analyzes, and presents resource hierarchical structure and has become a team-based office. A needs and information to the Office of Management and steering committee was formed to define the structure of the wise Budget, Congress, and the Board of Regents to facilitate new team organization. The experience of the BUMPPS team and favorable evaluation. OPMB also provides services to provided valuable expetience that formed part of the founda- central unit that foster the planning, allocation, and managers tion upon which OPMB began to plan and develop itself as a Institutional resources. and management of team-based organization. In March 1998, the committee develops and disseminates In- In addition, the Office also presented the new concept to the rest of the staff, and by June stitutional announcements and policy directives. the structure was in place for the work of OPMB to be performed by self-managing teams. Budget Management, Planning and Policy Systems (BUMPPS)

The BUMPPS team developed a new security foundation and implemented it with the new release of BUMPPS in FY 1998. Office of Membership and Development The Unit Budget Allocation and Budget Transfer modules

were modified to include the enhancements submitted by the users in 1997 survey. Robert V. Hanle. Executive Director {or Development The Call for Plans and Call for Budgets were fully

automated in 1998. This included the mission statement, in- Research is integral to everything we do at the Smithsonian.

itiatives, fund-raising priorities, fund-raising development It uncovers new knowledge, enriches our exhibitions, and

plans, risk assessments, items of increase, workyear resource provides the foundation for our education programs. It keeps

summary, resources by program category, and information the Smithsonian vital, and it inspires millions to return year technology. after year seeking fresh insights and stimulating challenges.

44 The many facets of research at the Smithsonian provide ways as goodwill ambassadors across the country and often laid the for our supporters to share their love for the Institution and groundwork to help bring rhe Smithsonian to their com- cheir commitment to the spirit of inquiry in which it was munities. founded. The Board Annual Giving Committee, chaired by Mrs.

This was an excellent year for private giving at the John M. Bradley, this year focused on Secretary I. Michael Smithsonian. We focused on helping our supporters build Heyman's priorities of expanding the Smithsonian's electronic their relationships with the Institution by exploring their presence and increasing opportunities for access to our un- interests in different ways and by finding the right match for paralleled resources. The National Board gave generously to them in the Smithsonian mosaic. Research was a guiding shape education programs rhat experiment with new ways of presence, and throughout the Smithsonian development com- engaging people in learning. The Board Annual Giving Fund munity, our perspectives are constantly evolving as the excite- raised more than $1.6 million for these purposes and for other ment of discovery sparks new opportunities for giving. The programs for which board members have a special affiniry.

Institution received more than $92 million in fiscal year 1998 We extend our deepest thanks to Jean Mahoney, who com- through the generosity of individuals, corporarions, founda- pleted seven years of board service this year, the last three as tions, and other friends, or 187 percent of private gifts raised board chair. Under her guidance, the board, working rhrough in 1997. Donations from individuals constituted $25.7 mil- the Office of Membership and Development, played a key role lion, or 27.7 percent of the total, including planned gifts from in organizing activities for the 150th anniversary celebration. individuals, such as charitable gift annuities, charitable Mahoney was a driving force in recruiting leaders for board remainder trusts, and bequests. Corporations and foundations, committees and engaging volunteers in productive work. including those established by individuals, contributed $60.9 During Mahoney 's tenure as chair, regional constituency million (65.5 percent). Of the total funds raised, $75.3 million development work advanced significantly, as teams of current, was restricted to specific programs. alumni, and honorary board members organized working

This major increase in support is evidence of the growing groups to discuss ways of bringing local friends into a closer recognition by a wide variery of audiences that the Smithson- involvement with the Smithsonian. Mahoney also dramatically ian is a national treasure that needs philanthropic investment increased the board's commitment to annual giving. This to continue meeting the standards of excellence for which it is change was due in part to strengthened ties between the known. The hard work of many volunteers and staff was board and Smithsonian museums, research institutes, and responsible for this success, and the momentum is building as offices, which allowed members to pursue personal interests we enter our first national capital campaign. The Smithsonian and understand how the many parts of the Institution relate is indeed fortunate to have so many friends and supporters. to the greater whole.

One thing remains constant: Our friends want the Smithson- In April, the New York Committee of the board organized ian to keep pushing the envelope of knowledge and experi- a special event at the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design menting with ways to share it worldwide. Many are exploring Museum in cooperation with the National Museum of the their interests through deepening relationships with our re- American Indian and the New York regional center of the search centers. Gifts this year included a large anonymous Archives of American An. A cocktail reception brought unresrricted gift to the Smithsonian Tropical Research Insti- together new and old friends of the Smithsonian, including tute, a gift to help the Smithsonian Environmental Research supporters of the New York "America's Smithsonian" gala, for

Center fund an internship program, foundation support for a concert by the Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Orchestra. the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory's Multiple-Mirror New York is one of our strongest bases beyond the National

Telescope project, a generous gift that helped us reconstruct Mall, and we were happy to showcase for our supporters the and plant new public gardens, and many unrestricted gifts to many ways the Smithsonian is active in their region. With the help the Archives of American An build, preserve, and National Board's assistance, we continue to build on the catalogue its collections. strong relationships we established around the nation during

The Smithsonian gratefully acknowledges the many in- our historic anniversary year. dividuals, corporations, foundations, and organizations that have supported the Institution over the years, as well as those Contributing Membership whose generous contributions during fiscal year 1998 helped The Contributing Membership is the Smithsonian's annual us achieve the successes described in this annual report. fund, an important source of unresrricted contributions that

provides support for research and other iniriatives where it is Smithsonian National Board needed most. This year, the Contributing Membership raised

The Smithsonian National Board's generous gifts and unsel- nearly $9 million. fish donation of its time and expertise are among the The program also presents Smithsonian research to large

Institution's greatest assets. Led in 1998 by Chair Jean national audiences through irs publications and events and

Mahoney and Vice-Chair Frank A. Weil, the board's 51 cur- helps engage people across the country more closely with the rent, 116 alumni, and 14 honorary members worked tirelessly Institution. "Smithsonian Treasures," the popular annual

4S series of behind-the-scenes tours, this year welcomed 70 Con- support opened new avenues of exploration for millions of

tributing Members for an insider's look at exhibition develop- people through research, education, and exhibition initiatives.

ment at the Office of Exhibits Central, a curator's perspective As planning for the upcoming capital campaign proceeded,

1 corporate that will on the Janet Annenberg Hooker Hall of Geology , Gems, and we drafted a policy for associations help us

Minerals at the National Museum of Natural History, a concert maximize corporate support while finding the best match

on a classic piano in the National Museum of American History's berween Smithsonian programs and the interests of our cor-

Hall of Musical Instruments, and an opporrunity to explore the porate supporters. A Director for Corporate and Foundation

Smithsonian Institution Libraries' rare-book collection. Relations was named earlier this fall, who will work with

In September, the Contributing Membership introduced a Smithsonian administrators, directors, and development

second behind-the-scenes tour series, "Smithsonian Focus," officers to coordinate a strategy for engaging more corporations

concentrating on a specific aspect of the Institution. This in the Institution and maximizing their philanthropic support.

year's program, "Smithsonian Architecture: Preserving Our The Smithsonian Corporate Membership Program welcomed

Buildings for Today and Tomorrow," brought 20 participants 17 new members and raised $1,027 million in unrestricted

to Washington for an in-depth look at our buildings: their funds. The program's annual luncheon in May featured Marie

preservation, their role in housing our collections, and their Knowles, executive vice president and chief financial officer of

stature as works of art. ARCO and a member of the Smithsonian National Board, as

In addition to their dues, Contributing Members gave the keynote speaker. Education at the Smithsonian was high-

generously to special needs. This year was one of the strongest lighted in a new video produced by the program. The Smithson-

ever for generating unrestricted support for research and ian: America's Classroom demonstrates the wide-ranging

education initiatives. Many Contributing Members also educational impact of Smithsonian research in the classroom,

strengthened their support by upgrading their memberships exhibitions, public programs, and behind-the-scenes activities.

to higher levels, such as the James Smithson Society. The Corporate Membership Program awarded the second annual Corporate Leadership Award to NOVUS Services, Inc. James Smithson Society (now Discover® Financial Services, Inc.). Thomas Butler, then president of NOVUS, accepted the award and described Research at the Institution requires a commitment for the how the partnership between the Smithsonian and Discover® long haul, so that Smithsonian scholars can put emerging Card has benefited the company while improving education knowledge into perspective over many years. The unrestricted nationwide. gifts of the James Smithson Society are one important means The generosity of the business community makes a positive of sustaining this commitment. This year, the society's 450 difference in the number and quality of programs that the members gave nearly $600,000 through membership dues Smithsonian is able to undertake. We especially want to recog- and special gifts. nize the contribution this year of Polo Ralph Lauren Corpora- Six new members joined the James Smithson Society En- tion, whose pledge to the Star-Spangled Banner Preservation dowed Life Program. Mrs. Alton Grimes, William Hopkins, Project will enable the Smithsonian to preserve one of our Richard and Elaine Kaufman, Shirley P. Sichel, and an country's most important icons and later rehang it in a anonymous donor made this generous commitment to the redesigned exhibition space with fresh educational and inter- long-range work of the Smithsonian. An endowed Life Mem- pretive materials. Polo Ralph Lauren's partnership with the ber makes a one-time gift, and part of the proceeds is used for Institution is an outstanding example of how corporations are the member's annual dues over his or her lifetime. This grow- making a difference in the lives of all Americans through our ing program helps provide essential support for our efforts to national museum and education center. focus on the big picture and plan ahead. The National Air and Space Museum's Dulles Center cam- Shirley Sichel was also recognized with the James Smithson paign also benefited from the generosity of the business com- Society Founder Medal for her longstanding support of the Na- munity this year. The Boeing Company made a leadership tional Zoological Park, its Conservation and Research Center, and pledge to the center. Lockheed Martin Corporation pledged its New Opportunities in Animal Health Sciences Program. She major support in addition to its support for a Smithsonian In- has founded the Sichel Family Endowment for Research to ad- stitution Traveling Exhibition Service show on the Hubble vance the vital work of these units. At the Smithson Society's an- Telescope. Federal Express Corp. also pledged its support for nual dinner, Sir Christopher Meyer, KCMG, British Ambassador the center. Discover® Card gave a significant unrestricted gift in Washington, and Lady Meyer joined Secretary Heyman in to the Smithsonian this year. The gift was part of the presenting the medal to Sichel. The Meyers were also granted company's five-year commitment to fund specific programs honorary membership in the society. and provide unrestricted support. Discover® Card also con-

tinues its association with the Institution through an affinity Highlights of Corporate Philanthropy card program, which generates donations to the Smithsonian

The business community is a growing segment of support for with every purchase made using the card and makes a con-

a wide range of Smithsonian activities. This year, corporate tribution with every card issued or renewed.

46 NAMM/International Music Products Association gave a The Women's Committee raised more than $320,000, which generous gift to support the National Museum of American it will distribute in a competitive grants program. Proceeds

History's "Piano 500" project, which will explore the history from the 1997 show, distributed in the spring of 1998, funded and life of this influential instrument on the occasion of the 27 projects in 12 museums and offices across the Smithsonian.

300th anniversary of its invention. Research was a strong component, with such projects as an exhibition on the famous and mysterious "Iceman" mummy and Foundations a program of biology and wildlife management courses in Uganda, Brazil, and China. Foundation support was strongly felt this year with programs as varied as the historically significant Star-Spangled Banner A New Rose Garden and Fountain Preservation Project (through a leadership gift from the Pew-

Charitable Trusts), the inventive Web hit "Revealing Things" Outside the east door of the Smithsonian Institution Build-

(supported by the Rockefeller Foundation), and the exhibition ing, a beautiful rose garden flourishes through the generosity "Speak To My Heart: Communities of Faith and Contem- of individual donors. The renovated Kathnne Dulin Folger porary African American Life" (underwritten by the Lilly Rose Garden is the gift of Lee and Juliet Folger and the Fol-

Endowment and the Henry Luce Foundation). Foundations ger Fund in memory of Lee Folger's mother. At the center of value the Smithsonian as a partner for leveraging change in the garden is the Gur-Karma-Rana Keith Fountain, resrored people's lives, both on the community and the national levels. and installed as a gift of the Keith family: Gurdit Singh Through their investments in scholarly and popular education Keith, Karam Kaur Keirh, Mahinder Singh Keith, Rajinder programs, research endeavors, professional development and K. Keirh, and Narinder K. Keith. training, collection sharing, and access to unparalleled exper- Juliet and Lee Folger are Contributing Members, and tise, its foundations help the Smithsonian apply considerable Mr. Folger is the former chair of the Smithsonian Luncheon resources to enhance the quality of life for people around the Group and a supporter of the Smithsonian Luncheon Group world. Endowment Fund. The Folgers and the Folger Fund are

generous contributors to many philanthropic causes in the

Smithsonian Benefactors Circle Washington area. Narinder K. Keith, a member of the Smithsonian Legacy Society and a Smithsonian volunteet, has The Smithsonian Benefactors Circle this year honored two supported the Fund for the Future, as well as the Freer and longtime friends who continue to have a strong impact on re- Sadder Galleries. search. Dr. and Mrs. Herbert Axelrod received the circle's an- tree planted in the garden honors the memory of nual award in recognition of their gift this year to establish A Joseph Coudon VII, special assistant to the Secretary from 1980 to the first endowed chair ar the Smithsonian. The Herbert and 1988. His Katherine H. established Evelyn Axelrod Revolving Chair of Systematic Ichthyology at mother Coudon Murphy the VII for Acquisitions fot the Archives the National Museum of Natural History will have a three- Joseph Coudon Fund year occupancy and rotate among curators in the Department of American Art after his death in 1988 and has been a to the ofVertebrate Zoology's Division of Fishes. Dr. Axelrod's gift generous contributor fund. ensures the vitaliry of research in the field to which he has The Folger Rose Garden space has had a number of uses devoted his professional life. over the years—a curved gravel entrance, a lawn, shrubbery,

The Axelrods also established two chamber music endow- and evenrually a rose garden, created in 1978 and redesigned ments in the Division of Cultural History at the National in 1998. The three-tieted Victorian fountain was made in the

Museum of American History to support care for their other late nineteenth century by the J.W Fiske Iron Works of New major gifts—four Stradivarius instruments and four 17th-century York Gry. The Smithsonian acquired it in 1977 from the estate of instruments by Jacob Stainer—and to enable wider audiences to Nanette F Dunlop. A new fountain in the courtyard of Blair hear these priceless instruments in live performance. House, the President's guest quarters, was cast from a mold of

The Benefactors Citcle continues as a way to honor friends the Smithsonian fountain. who have made significant commitments to the Institution. The new Folger Garden is a tangible reminder of how valu-

able individual support is to the Smithsonian. The generous Smithsonian Women's Committee gifts of Lee and Juliet Folger, the Keith family, and Katherine H. Coudon Murphy have helped to create a restful spot that The Smithsonian Women's Committee, a volunteer group thousands of visitors will enjoy in the years to come. chaired in 1998 by Paula Jeffries, continued outstanding service through its coordination of the 16th annual Smithson- Smithsonian Washington Council ian Craft Show. One hundted twenty artists were chosen from

1,600 applicants to exhibit at the prestigious show, chaired by The Smithsonian Washington Council, established last year

Eleanor Carter and held again at the National Building by the Secretary and regional leaders, remained dedicated to Museum. Nearly 17,000 people attended the four-day event expanding the Smithsonian's relationship with the in April. Washington region. Chaired by Washington attorney and

4" civic leader R. Robert Linowes, the council gave unrestricted Spangled Banner Preservation Project. Through research,

gifts that will benefit research and education projects. education, and exhibitions, the project illustrates the wide-

Members' gifts also supported the Institution's partnership ranging support the Smithsonian must seek during its capital with the D.C. Public Schools, the Museum Magnet School campaign. Gifts this year ranged from $10 million from Polo program; helped ensure that the Smithsonian Office of Ralph Lauren Corporation and a $5 million pledge from the Education's Web site reaches teachers locally and nationally Pew Charitable Trusts to $5 donations from individual sup- with lesson plans and other resources; made possible Teachers' porters. In berween, foundations, individuals, and many other

Night, an annual event showcasing ways educators can use the friends made gifts and shared their expertise so that the

Smithsonian in their teaching; and helped advance a planned Smithsonian can undertake the research necessary to conserve

Education Resource Center on the National Mall. the flag, better understand its history and context, and pro-

vide fresh educational and interpretive materials.

Smithsonian Legacy Society The Smithsonian Fund for the Future, an important vehicle

for the campaign and the foundation for a solid base of long- The Smithsonian Legacy Society, founded in 1996 to honor term support, continued to grow this year. The fund is a our friends who carry on James Smithson's tradition by living endowment established through the generosity of the making legacy gifts to the Smithsonian, gained momentum Smithsonian National Board. this year. Supporters continue to explore bequests, charitable We also developed a strategic plan for implementing the gift annuities, charitable remainder trusts, pooled income capital campaign and a case statement detailing the fund gifts, gifts of retirement and life insurance plans, and Smithsonian's needs and its benefits to the nation. In mid- other giving vehicles. Legacy gifts are a growing and impor- September, the Smithsonian Regents gave the campaign their tant source of future support at the Smithsonian. Those whose official endorsement and committed resources to support its planned gifts are made known in future years will be wel- implementation. This momentum and the early gifts to the comed into the society. campaign point to a strong national interest from people in

all regions and all walks of life. We will also deepen our Smithsonian Luncheon Group relationship with the friends whose generosiry and active

Chaired by C. Benjamin Crisman Jr., the Smithsonian involvement with the Smithsonian are described in this

Luncheon Group is a circle of supporters from the Wash- report. ington area who meet regularly to learn about Smithsonian programs, from art to zoology. The group met five times this Preserving the Star-Spangled Banner year and visited the National Museum of American History's

Hall of Musical Instruments, explored Japanese an at the Ar- The Star-Spangled Banner—an American icon and a great thur M. Sackler Gallery, attended a showing of Ansel Adams treasure of the national collections—is undergoing what may photographs at the National Museum of American Art, be the largest single textile conservation effort ever under- delved into research at the National Zoological Park's "Think taken by a museum. The three-year project, which is recog- Tank" exhibition, and attended a lecture about Mars by scien- nized by the White House Millennium Council's Save tists from the Center for Earth and Planetary Studies at the America's Treasures program, has attracted wide public National Air and Space Museum. The endowment that the attention, as well as generous support from corporations, group established two years ago for education programs to foundations, and individuals. benefit Washington, D.C. -area youth continues to grow. Polo Ralph Lauren pledged $10 million to the National

Museum of American History, the largest single corporate gift Capital Campaign ever received by the Smithsonian Institution in its 152-year

This year, we began planning in greater detail for a capital history. campaign in which we will ask the American people for their "The flag is an inspiration for all Americans," said Ralph support to ensure that their Smithsonian remains a vital na- Lauren, chairman and CEO of Polo Ralph Lauren Corpora- tional resource. The campaign received a significant boost tion. "It captures the dreams and imagination of men and from philanthropist Kenneth E. Behring, whose gift to the women all over the world. I am a product of the American

National Museum of Natural History will enable the renova- dream, and the flag is its symbol. We at Polo Ralph Lauren tion of the popular Mammal Hall and the development of out- are incredibly honored to be able to make this possible." reach activities that teach budding scientists across the The flag preservation project is also supported by a $5 mil- country about biology and conservation. The Smithsonian lion grant from the Pew Charitable Trusts and a special $3 Board of Regents recognized Behring for his generosity, and million appropriation from the Congress of the United States. he was inducted into the Order of James Smithson, a distinc- Other organizations that had contributed to the flag by the tion given to only four people in the Institution's history. close of fiscal year 199S include the John S. and James L. Another project benefiting from the early stages of the cam- Knight Foundation, the Brown Foundation, Ivan and Nina paign is the National Museum of American History's Star- Selin Family Foundation, Susan and Elihu Rose Foundation,

48 Warren Wmiarski and family, Montgomery Watson The committee's awards program is the result of its success-

Americas, Robert Hemphill, Abell-Hanger Foundation, ful and profitable annual Smithsonian Craft Show, which this

Rockwell Fund, the Veterans of Foreign Wars, the Ladies year celebrated its fifteenth anniversary and was held ar rhe

Auxiliary to the Veterans of Foreign Wars, and the Society for National Building Museum April 22 through 26. From more

theWarofi8i2. than 1,500 applicants, 120 exhibitors in all media were

The complex preservation process involves first wrapping selected to show their wares. The annual event presents the the Star-Spangled Banner in protective fabric and carefully nation's finest contemporary crafts and also raises money for removing it from the metal framework that has supported it the committee's educational and outreach programs benefit- since 1963. Then a team of conservators, led by Suzanne ing the Smithsonian. Thomassen-Krauss, will examine the flag and develop a comprehensive treatment plan. Early in 1999 it will be moved to a Smithsonian National Board custom-designed lab in the museum for conservation work.

When the 185-year-old flag returns to public view in 2002, Jean Mahoney. Chair it will have been cleaned, restored, and installed in a four- Frank A. Weil, Vice Chair story climate-controlled display case—all made possible Smithsonian National Board members work for the advance- through Smithsonian partnerships that preserve America's ment of the Institution as advocates and as private-sector ad- treasures for the public to enjoy. visors to the Secretary and Under Secretary, as well as through

personal financial support and fund-raising activities.

Support for Online Innovation This year a Campaign Planning/Fund for the Future Committee under the leadership of Allison Cowles and David Can an electronic museum experience be just as enjoyable as Silfen commenced work to structure the Smithsonian's first- the teal thing? As online technology and content continue ever Institution-wide capital campaign. their explosive growth, a Smithsonian program called In calendat yeat 1998, Mrs. John M. Bradley chaired the Smithsonian Without Walls is testing the possibilities. The board's Annual Giving Committee. Under his leadership, challenge is to create engaging Internet presentations that cap- board members' cumulative annual contributions totaled ture the sense of wonder and discovery visitors feel when they more than $1 million. This support went towatd construction come face-to-face with real objects in museum exhibitions. of a donot recognition room and for an Institution-wide mem- With generous support from the Rockefeller Foundation bership and fund-raising database fot donor cultivation and and the Merck Family Fund, the program has launched the stewardship in the capital campaign. The board's support is prototype for "Revealing Things," an inventive online exhibi- critical to the success of many promising projects that could tion about the multiple meanings of everyday objects not move forward without their directed philanthropy. (.wuw.si.edui'rsvealingtbings). A pair of patched bell-bottom jeans, a chemistry set, and a Victorian-era gas meter are just a few of the objects presented in the protorype. Using Smith- sonian collections and scholarship along with material from Archives American Art other museums and collections, the exhibition will combine of text, graphics, narration, and music.

Broad-based support is essential for innovative projects RichardJ. Wattenmaker, Director like "Revealing Things," which test the boundaries of public education and outreach. Smithsonian Without Walls receives FY 1998 was an extraordinarily productive year for the Ar- no federal funds and raises all program and operating expenses chives of American An, the largest collection of documents from outside sources. The Rockefeller Foundation and the pertaining to the study of the visual arts in America. New col- Smithsonian National Board currently provide program lections wete added to its more than 13 million holdings, and support. publications, exhibitions, and services to researchers fostered

new research in American art history. Highlights from the Smithsonian Women's Committee Archives' work in FY 1998 follow.

Millicent E Mailliard, Chair Collecting

The Smithsonian Women's Committee serves as an ongoing After four years of negotiation, the Archives acquired the source of support for a variety of Institutional programs papers of the Hans Hofmann Estate. Hofmann (1880-1966) through volunteer fund-raising and public relations services. was a member of the Abstract Expressionists who achieved In 1998, the Committee distributed $304,992 in competi- fame and influence not only through his abstract paintings tive grants to 27 projects in 10 museums and offices across the but also by means of the school that he established in

Smithsonian. America. Many American artists, such as Lee Krasner and

49 Tarry Rivers, and the critic Clement Greenberg studied with quired papers from the New York sculptor William Walcutt

Hofmann. The Hans Hofmann Papers span the dates 1911 to (1819—1882). These papers include a handwritten journal

1966, with the bulk of the material covering the period 1945— documenting his voyage from New York City to London in

1965. Roughly one quarter of the collection comprises per- 1852 and a notebook containing notes made during the sonal papers. Fully half comprises art books, periodicals, and voyage, as well as a sketchbook dating ca. 1853 and letters writ- shorter works collected by Hofmann and frequently annotated ten between 1878 and 1880. The Archives also collected select by him. papers from the estate of Herbert Waide Hemphill, Jr. (1929— Liza Kirwin, Southeast Regional Collector, traveled to Tesu- 1998), folk art collector, founder of the Museum of American que, New Mexico, in 1998 to collect the papers of Chuck and Folk Art, and Smithsonian benefactor. Jan Rosenak. For the past two decades, the Rosenaks have On March 18—21, 1998, Director Richard Wattenmaker and devoted their energies to studying and collecting twentieth Southeast Regional Collector Dr. Liza Kirwin traveled to Puer- century American folk art. Their papers consisr of their re- ro Rico to meet with directors of museums and archives and search material gathered in the course of writing three books: explore a potential microfilming project documenting art in

Museum of American Folk An Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Puerto Rico. Their trip underscored the significance of the Archives' current survey of art-related manuscript American Folk An and Anna (1991), The People Speak: Navajo (FY 1998) material Puerto Rico as the foundation fot future research Folk An (1994), and Contemporary American Folk An: A in trip was underwritten a Collector's Guide (1996). and microfilming. The by generous Latino Initiatives Fund. Dr. Among other new acquisitions in FY 1998 was the Lily grant from the Smithsonian Wat- tenmaker and Ms. Kirwin visited Puerto Rico's major cultural Harmon's Research Collection on J.B. Neumann, which con- institutions, Foundation, the sisted of Harmon's research material for a biography of an including the Luis Mufios Marin Museum of Art in Ponce, the Institute of Puerto Rican Cul- dealer J.B. Neumann (1887-1961), who was director of the ture, the University of Puerto at Rio Pedras, and the New Art Circle Gallery, New York. The collection consists of Rico photographs, interview tapes, transcripts of letters between Athenaeum. The Archives received a grant from the Smithsonian Latino Neumann and an dealer Karl Nierendorf from 1925 to 1934, Initiatives Fund administered by the Office of the Provost in and letters to Clifford Odets, as well as the unpublished biog- the amount of $42,984, which will fund Spanish-to-English raphy itself. Another notable addition was the records of O- translations of 12 oral history interviews with Cuban- Toole-Ewald Art Associates, including files on artists Louise American artists that are currently being conducted. The Nevelson, Clyfford Still, Roy Lichtenstein, and Kenneth money will also allow the Archives to broaden the current sur- Nolan, as well as materials on gallery owners and collectors. vey of art-related manuscript material in Puerto Rico that was The Archives also acquired documents from artist Joseph Sol- described above to include a field survey of the papers of Puer- man (b. 1909) and the Richard Wunder Research Collection to Rican artists in New York, which will be compiled of infor- on Harriet Blackstone, a painter who was a rurn-of-the-cen- mation about the papers of prominent Puerto Rican artists tury colleague and friend of William Merritt Chase and living in York City and will survey personal papers at Thomas Dewing. New museums, historical societies, research institutions, and arts A major addition to the Archives was approximately 100 organizations. The two surveys, one in Puerto Rico and the feet of the papers of sculptor/painter Claire Falkenstein (1908— other in New York, promise to illuminate the separate but in- 1997). More than 60 sketchbooks and a large number of draw- terrelated culture of Puerto Rican artists and greatly enhance ings complete this significant collection. Among Falkenstein's the Archives' sources for cross-cultural research. famous commissions were the gates at the home (and now The Archives held a four-day meeting of its Regional Col- museum) of Peggy Guggenheim in Venice. The Archives collectors from around the country October 20—23, 1997. The ses- lected an addition to the Jacob Lawrence/Gwendolyn Knight sions provided an opportunity fot Washington staff to meet Papers, including thtee feet of correspondence with art and discuss a wide variety of Archives' issues with collectors museums, galleries, and friends. Also added were the papers from New York, Boston, the Southeast, and the West Coast. of Los Angeles artist John Altoon [Altoonian] (1925—1969), Topics covered included collections management policies and who was a major figure in the Los Angeles art scene from the procedures, with particular emphasis on processing of archival late 1950s until his death. The Archives collected the papers of collections and registrarial standards; administrative policies Beniamino Buffano (1889—1970), documenting the life and and procedures; development planning; and collecting career of San Francisco's favorite sculptot. guidelines. Other collections include additions to the Betty Parsons

Papers, comprising correspondence (1944-1982), calen- Publications and Online Services dars/date books (1933—1981), and exhibition announcements

and clippings (1929-1944). Additions were made to the The Archives published A Finding Aid to the Rockwell Kent

Eugene Goosen Papers, the William I. Homer Papers, and the Papers, which was underwritten by a generous grant from The

Reginald Marsh Papers, as well as a gift of papers (1946-1989) Henry Luce Foundation, Inc., which also funded the process-

from the sculptor Dmitri Hadzi (b. 1921). The Archives ac- ing of the collection. Rockwell Kent (1882-1971), an energetic

50 and multicalenced man, pursued many interests and careers and Latino art and artists delineated in the Archives' publica-

during his very long and active life, including architect, tion The Papers of Latino & Latin American Artists (1996).

painter, printmaker, writer, dairy farmer, and political activist. Paul Karlstrom, West Coast Regional Center Direcror,

In FY 1998, the Archives unveiled its newly updated and spoke at a conference, "El Suefio Americano/O sonho

revised Web site, which encompasses various categories, in- amencano/The American Dream: The Reception of Latin

cluding the history of the Archives, its collections, member- American Art in the United States and Europe," held at the

ship information, list of publications in print, and its ongoing Los Angeles County Museum of Art in connection with the programs, as well as links to the online catalog and our refer- exhibition "Mexican Masterpieces from the Bernard and Edith

ence desk. The site is copiously illustrated by images and con- Lewin Collection" on January 10, 1998. Dr. Karlstrom 's paper,

tains selected documents from the collections. "Mexico, Muralism, and Modernism in Northern California,"

In observance of Black History Month in February, the concluded with a description of the Archives' Latino focus in

Archives inaugurated online access to its guide The Papers of current collecting projects

African American Artists (1992), which includes photographs The Atchives completed its Interlibrary Loan Automation and other illustrations describing the Archives' holdings. Project at the Archives' Midwest Regional Center where staff

The Archives also presented on its Web site "A Guide to bar coded a set of microfilm, consisting of nearly 8,000 reels,

Art Gallery- Records in the Archives of American Art." The that is used to service interlibrary loan requests from re- online guide contains the name and dates of each collection, searchers throughout the world. The software used for this size, reel numbers (if microfilmed), and historical notes. project enables the user to track the movement of reels throughout the Interlibrary Loan System with additional

Outreach: Exhibitions, Education, and Research Services speed and efficiency. The enhancements to the Interlibrary Loan Program will enrich the level of services provided to re- An archival display from the papers of Tomas Ybarra-Frausto, searchers worldwide "Tomas Ybarra-Frausto and the Chicano Art Movement, 19S5- Progress continues apace on various grant-funded projects. 1985," was on view in the American Art/Portrait Gallery Library, The Judith Rothschild Foundation funded a project on the in connection with Hispanic Heritage Month, September 18— Abraham Rattner Papers, including the processing and October 24, 1997. The show consisted of photographs of microfilming of the collection. A descriptive finding aid has works by leading Chicano artists, such as Malaquias Montoya also been written. and Esther Hernandez; letters, including one signed by Cesar Thanks to a grant from The Henry Luce Foundation, Inc., Chavez; and many related objects. The exhibition illustrated three collections have been processed, arranged, and the major phases of the Chicano art movement from its incep- preserved, including the Rockwell Kent Papers, which was tion in the 1960s to the present. The exhibition, organized by also microfilmed. Also processed were the Downtown Gallery Archives Technician Rosa Fernandez and Southeast Regional records. Microfilming and the preparation of a finding aid are Collector Liza Kirwin, was expanded and presented in the in progress. The Luce Foundation also funded the processing Archives' New York Regional Center display space February- of the records of the American Federation of Arts, which date May 1998. The Archives opened the exhibit "El Movimiento; from AFA's founding in 1909 through 1993. The collection is Selections from the Tomas Ybarra-Frausto Research Material particularly valuable for its documentation of twentieth-cen- on Chicano Art" on February 6, 1998, with a reception tury American an history and the wealth of information attended by more than 100 guests, including repre- about the numerous programs and exhibitions supported and sentatives of the Latino community in New York from implemented by the AFA to promote and study contemporary cultural institutions such as El Museo del Barrio, the American art. Centro de Estudios Puertorriquenos at Hunter College, Archives staff also processed the papers of Cuban art his- and the Museum of American Folk Art. The Atchives will torian Giulio V. Blanc (d. 1995), which dated from 1923 publish a finding aid to this important collection to through 1995 and are particularly valuable for the extensive ar- coincide with the exhibition. tists files of both major and lesser known contemporary Dr. Ybarra-Frausto, Associate Director for Arts and Cuban artists. Humanities at the Rockefeller Foundation, was former Chair of the Smithsonian Council and Chair of the Latino Oversight Fund-raising Committee. The documents donated by Dr. Ybarra-Frausto to the Archives represent part of his research for the book Arte Lundi Gras XXXVIII, "An Evening of Elegance," was held on

Chicano: A Comprehensive Annotated Bibliography of Chicano Art, the evening of February 23, 199S, in Farmington Hills, Michigan.

1965-1981, which he coauthored with Shifra M. Goldman in Benefit chairpersons were Mr. and Mrs. Morton L. Scholnick.

1985. The collection comprises letters, newspaper clippings, Mrs. Kim K De, president of the Detroit Chapter of the Ar- exhibition catalogues and invitations, and rare printed chives, welcomed more than 75 guests to this elegant affair, material concerning the Chicano art movement in the United which is the longest-running fund-raising event for the Archives. States and Latin America. The Ybarra-Frausto collection com- The Archives received a $2,000 grant from the Pasadena plements the Archives' extensive resources on Latin American Art Alliance toward the transcription, editing, and reproduc-

51 tion of oral history interviews of California contemporary ar- perial Highnesses Pnnce and Princess Takamado were guests of tists. Mrs. Yoshiko Mori donated $12,000 to fund a video in- honor for the gala dinner celebrating the exhibition opening. terview with Richard Shaw, a Bay Area potter. Richard Shaw: The exhibition served as a finale to the Sackler's anniversary

Love of the Common Object describes the ceramicist's artistic year and the inauguration of the Freer 's 75th—a special philosophy and goals. tribute to the continuing collegiality between the Freer and

The Archives' Annual Appeal for FY 1998 raised over the Japanese arts community that was forged by the Gallery's

$35,000 to support Archives' operations and to fund the founder during his first visit to Japan in 1895. Brown Challenge Grant, which will establish the William E. "Twelve Centuries" was organized by the Imperial House-

Wolfenden Fund fot Archives' publications. All contributions hold Agency, the Agency for Cultural Affairs, the Japan Foun- to the Brown Challenge will be matched on a one-to-one basis dation, and the Freer and Sackler galleries and was made by The Brown Foundation, Inc. possible by generous grants from the Henry Luce Foundation and the Blanchette Hooket Rockefellet Fund, with additional support from the Smithsonian's Special Exhibition Fund, the Japan World Exposition Commemorative Fund, and an Arts the Freer Gallery of Art and indemniry from the Federal Council on the and Humanities. Its illustrated catalogue won awards from the Sackler Gallery Arthur M. American Association of University Presses, the Art Director's Club of Metropolitan Washington, and the American Associa-

tion of Museums. Mtlo C. Beach, Director Many dedicated individuals menr recognition for the suc-

cess of these anniversary events, but one extraordinary volun- Much of the creative energy of the Galleries' staff, friends, teer stands out as deserving our special gratitude. Without docents, and volunteers was directed this year toward fes- the enthusiastic commitment of Cynthia Helms, I suspect the tivities around the 75th anniversary of the Freer Gallery of Art anniversaries would have been far less productive and certainly and the conclusion of last year's observance of the Arthur M. less memorable. Mrs. Helms served simultaneously as chair- Sackler Gallery's first decade. An extraordinary outpouting of man of the eight-member Anniversaries Committee (with art from generous donors; successful curatorial detective work Honorary Chairman Katharine Graham and Vice-Chairman resulting in outstanding purchases; writing and production of Ann Kinney), planning two years of special events, and the many publications; planning and funding of exhibitions and nine-member Gala Opening Committee (with Honorary research; and expansion of the Galleries' constituencies Chairman Senatot Rockefeller), organizing the dinner for through public programs, publicity, and advertising marked Jay "Twelve Centuries ofJapanese Art from the Imperial Collec- the anniversary years as a truly remarkable period of growth. tions," and as co-chairman (wirh Ada Linowes) of the seven- The anniversaries also have given the Galleries new oppor- member Freer Gallery of Art Anniversary Dinner Committee. tunities to focus on establishing endowment funds to ensure In all of these roles, Mrs. Helms was indispensable for her the future of important initiatives and programs, and to creativity, persuasiveness, and plain hard work. Our ability to launch major multiyear projects that could not be undertaken expand and refine the Galleries' offerings to visitors, scholars, without significant private support. 1 am delighted to an- of the public will enhanced far into nounce that numerous donors expressed their confidence in and far-flung members be the Galleries by contributing funds totaling nearly $10 mil- the future because of Mrs. Helms 's leadership as a deft and gra- lion over the last two years. These gifts will support a variery cious constituency builder.

is aspect of of gallery projects—from major publications, exhibitions, and Incongruous as it may seem, technology another acquisitions to endowments fot research and education. the broadening mandate of this and many other museums. As

recently five years ago, I have imagined how sig- The anniversary celebrations not only honored the Freer 's as could not distinguished past, but also forecast a bright future in tandem nificantly computers and the Worldwide Web could advance with the Sackler Gallery. Together, the two institutions form the business of running a museum. But today, it seems unlike- the national museum of Asian art for the United States, main- ly that a museum director exists who does not understand the taining separate collections and exhibition policies but shar- crucial role technology can play in attracting a wider public ing their staff and a single mission. The Freer also is home to and making better use of a gallery's collections. a specialized collection of nineteenth- and early-twentieth- And so we are particularly grateful for the support we century American art, including the wotld's most important received this year from the Smithsonian's Office of the holdings of wotk by James McNeill Whistler (1834-1919). Provost, which provided funding for the Sackler and Freer Symbolic of this auspicious alliance was the presentation of photography department to digitize and store on compact 'Twelve Centuries ofJapanese Art from the Imperial Collec- disks some 12,000 color transparencies of an in the Galleries'

tions," an exhibition of painting and calligraphy representing collections. When the conversion is completed, the images

the taste and patronage of Japanese rulers from the ninth cen- will be accessible electronically for research, education, collec- tury to the present and held at the Sackler Gallery. Their Im- tions management, and public information. The digitized im-

5* ages are also being used to create an Institution-wide database "The Buddha's Art of Healing," a presentation of 17 paint- that will offer electronic public access to the collections of all ings from an extraordinary illusrrared medical treatise, on the Smithsonian art museums. loan from rhe History Museum of Buryatia (Siberia) and one

To efficiently manage these and other computet-based of the greatest surviving tteasures of Tibetan civilization, strategies critical to our mission as a public institution attracted a large audience of visitors interested in Buddhism, devoted to research and education, I appointed Michael Tibet, and the history of medicine.

Edson, a staff member who had developed and coordinated "Puja: Expressions of Hindu Devotion," the popular intet- several impressive interactive computer-based programs, to active exhibition and Web site that resulted from collabora- head a new Departmenr of Digiral Information Services. tion among gallery educarion specialists, members of the local

Working wich colleagues in other departments, rhe digital Hindu community, scholars, and representatives from the information services staff is charged with managing and American Council of the Blind, the National Council of developing effective new uses for technology at the Galleries. Senior Citizens, the National Federarion of rhe Blind, and Gallaudet Universiry, won the 1998 Accessibility Award from Exhibitions the American Association of Museums and the National Organization on Disability. The JCPenney Company provided Summer is the season when museums on the Mall welcome a $1,000 prize to the Gallery. their largest number of visitors, as travelers from around the At the Freer, new exhibirions focused on aspecrs of the nation and the globe take advantage of the Smithsonian's collections appropriate ro the 75th anniversary. "Arts of the wealth of free and enjoyable educational pursuits. To attract Islamic World" presented many of the outstanding objects them, along with local residenrs who work during rhe day, from a part of the Freer collection chat has developed primarily rhe Freer and Sackler Galleries, joined by the National since the 1950s and grown significantly over rhe past decade. Museum of African Art, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculp- Today, the Freer collection of Islamic an, together with the ture Garden, and the International Center Gallery, have ex- rich holdings of rhe Sackler Gallery, make Washington one of tended their hours until 8:00 p.m. on summer Thursdays for the wotld's most important cities for the exhibition and study the past three years. of arts of the Islamic world. This year's attendance at the Freer and Sackler during "Art "Charles Lang Freer and Egypt" featured a display of the Night on the Mall" was up 54 percent from 1997, due in no founder's acquisitions made during two trips to Egypt, includ- small measure to the Galleries' rich selection of exhibitions, ing examples from what is acknowledged as the best collection of films, and concerts. Just as they have done during previous eighteenth-dynasty glass in the world. The exhibition organizer Art Nights, members of the Freer and Sackler docent corps Ann Gunrer, associate curaror of ancient Near Eastern art, is volunteered beyond their regular service to greet visitors, give writing a book on Freer's interest in Egypt. impromptu "mini-rours," and answer questions about the "Japanese Art in the Age of Koetsu" looked at the renais- collections. sance that transformed Kyoto into a vibranr hub of artisric ac- All the exhibition galleries were open rhis summer, with tivity in early-seventeenth-century Japan and focused in "Dear: Splendid Silks of Cenrral Asia from rhe Guido Gold- particular on the creative impact of Honoami Koetsu (1558— man Collecrion," the Gallery's first major presentation of tex- 1637), the artisr who helped to inspire that rebirth. Koetsu, tiles, attracring a new audience ro this colorful and dramatic one of the most notable aesthetic pioneers of the period, was array of rare woven silk, velvet, and cotton garments and wall highly regarded by gallery founder Charles Lang Freer, who hangings from nineteenth-century Central Asia. One admir- was able to acquire several important examples of his work. ing critic commented that the exhibition "makes a good case The four examples of Koetsu's calligraphy and one of his for the elevation of textiles to fine-art status." In conjunction ceramic tea bowls on view wete complemented by the works with the exhibition, the Gallery and the Smithsonian Associ- of other major artists of the period who collaborated with ot ates cosponsored a two-day symposium on ikat rexriles in Asia were influenced by the multitalented Koetsu. coordinated by Louise Gort, the Galleries' curator for ceramics. Participants toured the Sackler exhibition and heard from Public Programs specialists on the ikat weaving of Central Asia, India,

Thailand, Laos, and Japan. Along with a full schedule of exhibitions, public programs

Summer visirors to the Sackler also could see "Sakhi: attracted many visitors to the Galleries this year, especially Friend and Messenger in Rajput Love Painting," a small but over rhe summer. ImaginAsia, which has become an in- potent loan exhibition that explored Rajput love poetry and stitution for families and groups seeking intergenerational rhe role of the "female friend" in facilitating romance between ways to enjoy museums together, drew unprecedented the heroine and her beloved. crowds and nearly overwhelmed education department staff Another summer exhibition, "Poetic Landscapes: Two and interns. On Mondays and Wednesdays during July and

Chinese Albums," drew on two seventeenth-century albums August, the galleries were filled with children and their in the Sackler collection to show the relarionship between cal- "adult companions" exploring exhibitions as part of their ligraphy and image in Chinese painting. ImaginAsia projecrs. An experimenr with a late-afternoon

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session extending into early evening as part of "Art Night on such acclaimed artists as virruoso Wu Man, pipa (Chinese the Mall" was a huge success. lute), and Joseph Fung, guitar; actor Iraj Anvar and vocalist

Film programs this year included works by the "Beijing Reza Derakshani presenting an evening of Persian poetry and

Underground," the next generation of young filmmakers to music; Asad Ali Khan, the last surviving master of the "rudra follow the celebrated "Fifth Generation" to the Beijing Film vina" (bin), and Mohan Shyam Sharma, "pakawaj" (drum); Academy; other films from China; and series featuring recent Sanjay Mishra, guitar, and friends; Ilyas Malayev and En- productions from Iran, the Philippines, Hong Kong, Viet- semble Maqam, performing music and dance from Central nam, Japan, and Pakistan. Asia; Karma Gyaltsen of the Tibetan pop band Chaksam-Pa traditional Gamelan Mitra Special programs during Art Night—Korean dance and playing Tibetan songs; the full Balinese gamelan; the Gundecha Indonesian music and dance—were held on the Freer steps, Kusuma Ensemble, a enhanced by splendid sunsets and summer breezes. Brothers performing Hindustani vocal music; South Indian Bhise vocalist Savithri Ramanand and her Marking the opening of the Sackler exhibition "The dancer Swati and twelfth-century love poem "Gita Buddha's Art of Healing" were five Tibetan Buddhist monks ensemble interpreting the Kimura, koto. Kimura is a longtime from the Drepung Loseling Monastery in southern India. Govinda"; and Reiko member of rhe Japanese new music ensemble, Pro Musica During the first nine days of the exhibition, they created a five-foot mandala, or diagram of the universe, in colored sand. Nipponia.

The process could be observed by a visit to the Sackler Gallery or from afar on washingtonpost.com, which featured daily up- Research dates on the process. The monks' efforts attracted 23,286 fas- The Galleries' research mandate has been enhanced significantly cinated visitors to the Sackler. People arrived in a continuous this year by gifts that have allowed us to initiate important the first in a pattern of flow, watching as mandala emerged, research projects and publications. The Andrew W. Mellon white chalk lines and then an increasingly colorful diagram as Foundation gave $600,000 to support a four-year study, they filled in the lines with fine, colored sand. After the man- "Materials and Structures of East Asian Paintings," that is its destruction and dala was complete, tradition called for allowing researchers in the Department of Conservation and water, the sand could carry its deposit into a body of so that Scientific Research to address long-standing problems in the

all world. Consequently, the ninth healing powers over the on history and survival of works of an based on scientific the day, the monks performed a closing ceremony, then swept knowledge of their components. Designed and directed by and led a phalanx of visitors finished design into a container, Dr. John Winter, the Galleries' senior conservation scientist, they the to the nearby Tidal Basin, where, chanting, poured the project uses laboratory methods to examine the materials sand into the water. used in Asian paintings, how they are made, and how they

The highlight and finale of the Galleries' full schedule of deteriorate under various conditions. lectures and book events this year was the visit by acclaimed In addition to a gift of funds to purchase an outstanding writer Jan Morris, who spoke on "Imperial Everest," drawing group of Chinese paintings and calligraphy in honor of the British attempts to climb the world's comparisons between Freer 's 75th anniversary (see Acquisitions), grants from the

highest mountain and British imperialism in Asia. Morris had E. Rhodes and Leona B. Carpenter Foundation made possible

been special correspondent for the London Times and broke the initiation of two important research and publication

the story of Sir Edmund Hillary's successful conquest of projects on Chinese art: A catalogue of the Freer and Sackler

Everest in 1953. jade collections by Jenny F. So, curator of ancient Chinese an; Among the ten concerts scheduled this year in the popular and a catalogue of the Song- (960-1279) and Yuan- (1279-

Bill and Mary Meyer Concert Series were three concerts by- 1368) dynasty paintings in the Freer Gallery by Joseph Chang,

Musicians from Marlboro and performances by the Shanghai associate curator of Chinese art.

Quartet; Cho-Liang Lin, violin, Hai-Ye Ni, cello, and Li Jian, The Galleries initiated a series of Occasional Papers reviv-

piano; Mitsuko Shirai, soprano, accompanied by Hartmut ing a Freer tradition. The first of the new papers, Dara-Shikoh

H6U, piano; and the Brentano String Quartet, winner of the shooting Nilgais: Hurt: and Landscape in Mughal Painting, by Cleveland Quartet prize. Ebba Koch of the University of Vienna, focuses on an impor-

As the season finale, the Takacs Quartet devoted two even- tant Mughal hunt scene in the Sackler Gallery collection. A

ings to the six string quartets of composer Bela Bartok (1881- second Occasional Paper, TheJesuits and the Grand Mogul:

1945). Included in the program noces was an essay, "Bartok, Renaissance Art at the Imperial Court of India (1580-1610) by the Chinese Composer," by Bright Sheng, who explains how Gauvin Alexander Bailey of Clark University accompanied an

his own music is influenced by his encounters with folk music exhibition of the same title. As guest curator. Dr. Bailey ex-

in rural China during the Cultural Revolution, and by his amined the exchange of visual imagery that occurred as a

later interest in Bartok, who incorporated Hungarian folk result of Jesuit missions to India.

traditions into his work. Two imposing monographic studies Sultan Ibrahim Mir-

Presentations of Asian music regularly filled the Meyer zaos Haft Awrang, A Princely Manuscript from Sixteenth-Century

Auditorium and sounded from the Freer steps in concerts by Iran (1997), by Marianna Shreve Simpson with contributions

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by Massumeh Farhad, and The Peacock Room: A Cultural Biog- Wirh a single staff managing the complex exhibition raphy (1998), by Linda Merrill—were copublished by the Freer schedules of the Freer and Sackler Galleries, rhe systematic and Yale University Press this year. The Haft Awrang volume and prompt circulation of accurate information has emerged was produced with the assistance of the Gerry Grant Program as a critical aspect of the Galleries' exhibition program. In

and with funds provided by the Smithsonian Institution response to the need to standardize gallery procedures for ex-

Scholarly Studies Program. The Peacock Room was made pos- hibition development and implementation, Cheryl Sobas was

sible by a generous grant from the Henry Luce Foundation. hired this year as the Galleries' first exhibition coordinator. Ms. Sobas comes to the Smithsonian from the Brooklyn Acquisitions Museum of Art, where she was exhibitions manager.

In closing, I wish to personally pay tribute to the entire We were surprised and particularly delighted with the num- staff of the Freer and Sackler Galleries; These are people of ber of related objects, even whole collections, that benefactors extraordinary talent, who have worked long hours, continually generously presented in observance of the Freer's anniversary. suggested new ideas, carefully assessed possibilities, and made Among the gifts, for example, were the most important all the achievements of this year possible. They deserve the existing set of nineteenth- and twentieth-century Chinese full appreciation of our expanding circle of friends and calligraphies—the Ellsworth collection; the finest group of paintings and calligraphies outside of China by rhe seven- reenth-century eccentric Zhu Da (more commonly known by

his sobriquet Bada Shanren); 15 paintings by the twentieth- century master painter Qi Baishi; a superb group of Chinese

seals; an assembly of tea ceremony objects that animates the Center for Folklife Programs and Freer collection of tea wares; a significant number of Islamic Cultural Studies manuscripts; and a single Persian manuscript of such com- plexity that it too is a virtual collection within the covers of

one book. Those groups, and rhe magnificent individual gifts Richard Kurin, Director as well, have almost all been gatheted by true connoisseurs people who have spent years assembling a meaningful group Collaborations with associations, communities, and individuals of objects, and whose knowledge of rhem often surpasses that marked the year with work on festival programs and restagings, of scholars in the field. We are especially honored that they Folkways Recordings, ongoing projects, and educational chose the Freer to be home for these gifts, which have also in- programs. The Smithsonian Folklife Festival's success was felt spired other collectors to make important donations. These ac- not only on the National Mall, but also back in Wisconsin, the Philippines, the Baltic Nations, quisitions can be seen in a continuum with art donated fot the and throughout the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo basin. closely tenth anniversary of the Sackler Gallery last year, when this The Center worked with the Wisconsin Arrs Board and the Wisconsin Sesquicentennial distinctive giving pattern emerged: A group of 181 Japanese Commission to feature Wisconsin as a state rich in ethnic prints describing life in the port city of Yokohama, the entire diversiry, wirh presentations that included Hmong, Larvian, group shown in a very popular 1990 Sackler exhibition; two Finnish, Mexican, Tibetan, Polish, Gteek, Croatian, Swiss, major collections encompassing some 100 examples of callig- African American, and Norwegian crafts, foodways, and, of raphy, painting, and drawing from the Islamic world; and highly course, music. Displays on the dairy and agricultural in- important groups of ceramics from West Asia, the Khmer em- dustries underlined the state's slogan, "America's Dairyland," pires, and other regions in southeast Asia. In total, 898 important with a ted, Gambrel-style barn, holsteins that were milked wotks have been designated as anniversary acquisitions for the na- several times a day, a pigpen and show ring fot presentations tional collections of Asian art. We are grateful to those founda- on showing and raising pigs, and other agricultural presentations and private individuals who have contributed so generously tions that revealed some of the lesser known yet widely in honor of these important anniversaries. produced crops in Wisconsin: a cranberry marsh, ginseng gar-

den, a Three Sisters garden, and an Ojibwe Indian rice camp. Staff A decorated tavern was the scene for fiddle, tuba, and accot-

Vidya Dehejia, a scholar who has served as the curator of South dion workshops, as well as sheepshead and euchre card games and Southeast Asian art at the Sacklet and Fteer Galleries and narrative sessions. Two music stages featured a wide since 1994, was appointed to a new position as the Galleries' variety of music; one featuring soloists and small ensembles, associate director and chief curator, supervising four curatorial and the other presenting polka and dance music that reflected areas (Japan; China; South, Southeast, and West Asia; and a mix of ethnic sources, national traditions, and classical and Ametican art) and the education department. She continues to popular influences. Occupational and recreational traditions oversee the Galleries' South and Southeast Asian collections, were also highlighted, with presentations of cheese and beer which include some 4,000 works dating from the second to making, logging and wreath making, lure making and boat the twentieth centuries. building, and ice fishing. A highlight of the program came

55 on July 3 with a tailgate party. More than 150 members of the were suppressed; the large song festivals, held every four to

University of Wisconsin marching band came to open the tail- five years, provided one of the few opportunities for the

gate party by marching onto the mock football field on the expression of cultural identity. Thus music and song took on a

Mall and giving a performance of band music, and then closed special meaning, and music was heard everywhere in the

the event with a rendition of the "fifth quarter." Governor Baltic Nations program. In one very moving session at the Tommy Thompson joined other dignitaries, including Packer Lithuanian Village Table, participants from the Marcinkonys

Hall of Famer Willie Wood, former Packer Tom Brown, Village Folk Ensemble sang music of exile, from the time of

director of the Universiry of Wisconsin marching band Mike the mass deportations to Siberia. In the Foodways kitchen, Leckrone, and Jim Irwin, voice of the Packers, who spoke members of the Salmanis Family sang Latvian songs on the about football community traditions. The Wisconsin program advantages of herring as they prepared fish soup. Craft was made possible by and was produced in cooperation with demonstrations from the three countries featured work in

the Wisconsin Arts Board and the Wisconsin Sesquicentennial wood, amber, metal, ceramics, and cloth, fence making, egg

Commission on the occasion of Wisconsin's 150th anniversary decorating, and straw craft. Opening day of the Festival, June of statehood. Wisconsin corporate contributors included AT&T, 24, was also St. John's Day, or Midsummer Eve. Estonians,

SC Johnson Wax, and The Credit Unions of Wisconsin. Latvians, Lithuanians, and Americans all joined together to

"Pahiyas: A Philippine Harvest" marked the centennial of celebrate the holiday with song, dance, and a large bonfire. the Philippine declaration of independence from Spain at the The Baltic Nations program was made possible by and

Festival. This program was the result of several years of reproduced in cooperation with the Estonian Government and search and development by the Smithsonian Centet and the Estonian Ministry of Culture, the Larvian Government and Cultural Center of the Philippines. Pahiyas. a Tagalog word Latvian Ministry of Culture, and the Lithuanian Government meaning "gems" or something of value, given to strengthen a and Lithuanian Ministry of Culture. relationship, became a theme of a program that was or- The Rio Grande/Rio Bravo Festival program was a preview ganized, in part, to connect Americans and particularly of a program on the relationship of culture to environment in

Filipino Americans with the cultures of the Philippines. Some the Rio Basin planned for the 2000 Festival. A very diverse of the very best communiry-based artists who demonstrate community was formed for this festival program, which in- mastery of their tradition came to represent their country, and cluded 17 participants coming from Basin regions in Texas, they were presented in contexts familiar to all Filipinos. A bas- New Mexico, Colorado, and the Mexican states of Tamaulipas, ketball court, always a focal point of any barrio or barangay in Coahuila, and Chihuahua; and colleagues from El Colegio de the Philippines, hosted kulintang gong performers from Min- la Frontera Norte (Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez), Mexico's Con- danao Island, Kalinga and Talaandig community groups from se|0 para la Cultura y las Artes, Colorado College, Narciso upland regions of the country, and martial artists. An Martinez Cultural Arts Centet, New Mexico State University, elaborately decorated chapel was the venue fot presentations Universiry of New Mexico, and University of Texas—Pan by a bamboo marching band, devotional singers and dancers, American. Three thematic areas were defined in the program: and a rondalla ensemble. The chapel was lit up with elaborate environment and contemporary communities, traditional colored lights for Philippine-American Day and the Fourth of knowledge and management of environment, and local cul-

July celebrations. Craft traditions were presented in three ture and sustainable development. In these areas participants cluster areas that highlighted the technical process used by demonstrated crafts, ground corn, cooked on a two-hot-plate- the artist: weaving, pounding, and carving. The small san-sari burner makeshift stove, tuned accordions, talked about plant-

(general goods) store on the site, "4 Marias," was the venue for ing and ritual cycles, and generally engaged visitors in some very thought-provoking narrative sessions on topics as conversations on their traditions and on environmental issues varied as "concepts of home," "Philippine centennial," in their communities. A single stage served both for conjunto

"Filipino time," and the "faces of gender." On Philippine- music performances and dancing, and for narrative sessions

American Day, June 27, seven Filipino-American groups from where issues of land and water, migration and immigration, across the country performed on the basketball court and then gender and occupation, education, resource management, and joined the Philippine delegation for a traditional procession more were addressed. Each Festival week closed with a proces- around the Mall. Afterward, all the performing groups joined sion to San Isidro, patron saint of agriculture. The Basin in presenting an evening concert. The Philippines program project was cosponsored by El Consejo Nacional para la Cul- was produced in collaboration with the Cultural Center of the tura y las Artes with support from the U.S. -Mexico Fund for Philippines and the Philippines Centennial Commission and Culture (The Rockefeller Foundation, Fundacion Cultural was supported by the American International Group, Inc., Bancomer, the Fondo National para la Cultura y las Artes), The Starr Foundation, Bell Atlantic, the Philippine Centen- SBC Foundation, Texas Folklife Resources, and the Texas nial Foundation/USA, and the Asian Cultural Council. Council for the Humanities.

Issues of identity and resistance were at the heart of the pro- The fourth annual Friends of the Festival Ralph Rinzler Baltic gram "The Nations: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania." During Memorial Concert on July 2 was a tribute to Rinzler 's musical the Soviet occupation, native languages and traditional customs heritage and featured Klezmer musicians who were among the

56 young innovators who created this distinctive sound of the D.C., and the Smithsonian Institution, recently created the 1930s, and musicians of the Kiezmer revival. The concert was Latino Community Cultural Heritage Center (LCCHC). The supported by Friends of the Festival, the Ruth Mott Fund, mission of LCCHC is to research, exhibit, and preserve the and The Recordings Industries Music Performance Trust history and culture of the Washington Latino community.

Funds. Several Smithsonian units have been collaborating on the

As we have seen in the past, Festival programs do not always inaugural exhibit scheduled to open in the spring of 1999. end on the Mall in Washington. This year, the 1997 Mississip- The project was partially supported by grants from the DC. pi Delta program was restaged in May in Greenville, Missis- Humanities Council and the Smithsonian Educational Out- sippi, and the Wisconsin program was remounted in August reach Fund to develop educational materials to complement in Madison. The Philippine program continued with a small the exhibit. The curatorial team includes staff from the Cen- group of performers traveling to Hawai'i to participate in ter for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies and other

Philippine Centennial celebrations at the Honolulu Academy Smithsonian offices, Latin American Youth Center staff and of Arts, and exhibit signs were shipped to Manila for a display interns, Historical Society staff, local researchers, and com- mounted in the Cultural Center of the Philippines. In addi- munity advisory committee members. The African Im- tion to program outreach, the research that went into all four migrant Folklife Study continues to work with African

Festival programs also remained back home, in the form of immigrants and organizations. A steering committee was contributing fieldwork and Festival documentation to an ex- formed ro bring together African immigrants and other isting or new archive, as well as leaving behind a group of Washingtonians for exchange and dialogue between new and people trained in fieldwork skills. established African communities in the United States through

Folkways Recordings celebrated a banner year with the win- research-based educational and cultural programs. The travel- ning of two Grammy Awards and with the observance of its ing exhibition "Creativity and Resistance: Maroon Cultures of

50th anniversary. The very large reissue project that produced the Americas" is organized jointly by the Center and the the boxed set of six compact discs, ample documentation, and Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service and is a CD-ROM track on an enhanced CD—the Anthology of scheduled to begin traveling in the spring of 1999. The exhibi- American Folk Music—received two Grammy Awards in the tion addresses five centuries of ideas and experience reflecring categories of "Best Liner Notes" and "Best Historical Album" a legacy of freedom, survival, and self-determination through in February. A few months later, on May 1, a gala concert in contemporary objects, photos, text, and quotes. Carnegie Hall marked the 50th year of the founding of Collaboration with teachers, with Festival staff and partici-

Folkways Records. Ossie Davis and Theodore Bikel served as pants, and with the Smithsonian Office of Education culminated masters of ceremonies, and performers included Bernice in the fifth year of the Center's teacher's seminar. "Bringing Folk-

Johnson Reagon, Dar Williams, Mickey Hart, Ella Jenkins, life into Your Classroom: A Multicultural Learning Experience"

Los Pleneros de la 21, Lucinda Williams, the Mahogany Brass drew upon the Festival as a "living laboratory" for using multi-

Band and Norman Dixon's Untouchable Secondliners, the cultural resources and folklife techniques in the K-12 classroom.

New Lost City Ramblers, Pete Seeger, Ralph Stanley, the During the seminar, which is administered by the Office of

SNCC Freedom Singers, Toshi Reagon, and Ulali. The con- Education and taught by Center education staff, Washington- cert was supported by BMI (The American Performance area teachers tap their own cultural backgrounds, study the cul- Rights Organization), Columbia Records and Sony Music tures featured at the Festival, and learn about the research-based Entertainment, KOCH International, Smithsonian Magazine, methods of interpretarion and representation presented at the and TRO (The Richmond Organization). The Festival also Festival. By the end of the five days, teachers must oudine a celebrared Folkways at 50 with three concerts. A children's practical plan for using in their classrooms what they have matinee featured Ella Jenkins and Larry Long with children learned. The seminar brought together a record number of from rural schools in Alabama. "Folkways Founders" fearured teachers (18, in addition to several observers or auditors) and will Arlo Guthrie, Toshi Reagon, Josh White, Jr., and The Willie hopefully it lead to the ultimate collaboration of teachers,

Foster Blues Band, musicians who have carried on the tradi- tradition bearers, and srudents. tions of Folkways artists Woody Guthrie, Lead Belly, Josh

White, and Sonny Terry—recognized this year with stamps issued by the U.S. Postal Service. The third Folkways concert, "Heartbeat," honored Native American Women singers from Hirsbhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden across the continent and celebrated the release of a new Folkways album. These concerts were supported by The Recording Industries Music Performance Trust Funds. James T. Demetrion, Director

Other Center projects reflect ongoing collaborations with communities and individuals. The Latin American Youth Cen- The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, rhe Smithson- ter, in partnership with the Washington metropolitan area ian Institution's museum of modern and contemporary art, is Latino community, the Historical Society of Washington, committed to increasing the awareness and understanding of

57 —

art through acquisitions, exhibitions, publications, research ac- seminal 1937 carved wood sculpture Stringed Figure No. 1, in

tivities, public programs, and the presentation of the collec- which taut rows of string imbue an organic, natural composi-

tion in its galleries and outdoor exhibition spaces. The tion with the logic of engineering—a fusion unprecedented in museum provides a public facility- fot the exhibition, study, the history of modern sculprure. Pinpointing Moore's source,

and preservation of 20th-century art while presenting a Fletcher borrowed two nineteenth-century mathematical spectrum of contemporary work. models from the Smithsonian's National Museum of Research by Hirshhorn scholars reaped particularly reward- American History that matched those Moore saw 60 years ago

ing benefits during the year. The scholarly persistence of at the Science Museum in London, thus spurring him to cre-

Judith Zilczer, Curator of Paintings, led to a discovery about ate this first in a series of sculptures. To demonstrate the

the subject of a figurative composition by Dutch-born relationship of the British arrist's innovations to sculptures

American artist Willem de Kooning (1904-1994) in the that preceded and followed it, works from the Hirshhorn 's

Hirshhorn 's permanent collection. The painting's male figure permanent collection by Constantin Brancusi, Naum Gabo,

had always been known by its descriptive title Reclining Alan Barbara Hepworth, Alexander Calder, and others were also

and assigned the date 1964, but after a Washington colleague exhibited. pointed out that the face resembled that of President John F. During the year, Fletcher continued her long-term research

Kennedy, Zilczer began piecing together archival evidence on evolving issues, practices, and ethical quescions surround- and recollections from de Kooning's intimates and associates ing cast sculpture of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

including artist Susan Brockman, sculptor Ibram Lassaw, and Her work took her to the archives of the Musee d'Orsay in photographer Hans Namuth (who photographed the painting Paris, the Henry Moore Foundation in Hertfordshire, shortly after it was created)—which proved the painting repre- England, and elsewhere to study a broad range of artists, tech- sents the artist's persona] response to the national tragedy of niques, and materials. In June, Fletcher's capsule history of

Kennedy's assassination on November 22, 1963. Both the New the Hirshhorn 's 4.2-acre garden and plaza complex and a

York Times and the Washington Post reported Zilczer's discovery work-by-work analysis of some 65 sculptures there appeared

m July, and she presented her research in a scholarly article for in A Garden for Art: Outdoor Sculpture at the Hirshhorn Museum, the summer 1998 issue of American Art, the journal of the copublished by the museum and Thames and Hudson. The

Smithsonian's National Museum of Amencan Art. As a result 96-page guide, made possible by a generous gift from Board of Zilczer's research, the work has been retitled Reclining Man Chairman Robert Lehrman and supported by a grant from the

{John F, Kennedy) and assigned the earlier date of 1963. Smithsonian Women's Committee, provided a clear, in-depth

In the conservation department, conservator Susan Lake overview of the subjects, styles, materials, and conservation is- also examined the work of de Kooning and other Abstract sues embodied by the museum's comprehensive collection of

Expressionists, undertaking new research into the paints and modern and contemporary sculpture, using clear language to pigments used by this group, for whom the descriptive nature fostet understanding and appreciation of each work. of paint was an essential factor in communicating a message. The Hirshhom's exhibitions continued to provide compell-

Her analysis of de Kooning's work in the Hirshhorn 's collec- ing, diverse aesthetic and learning experiences for visitors.

tion revealed various mixtures of housepaint, ground glass, Stanley Spencer (British, 1891—1959), whose biblical scenes, plaster of paris, and chalk on several paintings and provided nudes, portraits, allegories, and landscapes have been little

numerous other insights into the artist's studio methods. exhibited or studied outside his native England, was the sub-

Lake's findings, which also touched on Jackson Pollock's ject of "Stanley Spencer. An English Vision" (October 9, 1997- wotk, were later published in the National Gallery of Art's January 11, 1998), cocurared by Hirshhorn Director James T. conservation research journal. Demetrion and Andrea Rose of the British Council, London.

Tapping Smithsonian resources, this year's installments of British writer Fiona MacCarthy contributed an essay to a fully

the "Collection in Context" exhibition series continued to illustrated 195-page catalog, and the show received major sup-

reflect an intetdisciplinary approach by using nonart materials port from Howard and Roberta Ahmanson, Fieldstead and

to elucidate the form, content, and context of select objects in Company. Among numerous public programs was a Sunday-

the Hirshhorn 's collection. An exhibition on Ftench Cubist afternoon lecture series (October 12—November 16) exploring sculptor Raymond Duchamp-Villon's 1914 bronze Horse, orga- Spencer's work from four distinct perspectives. "Stanley Spen-

nized by curator Zilczer, dramatized the artist's pursuit of a cer A Modern Visionary" was the keynote presentation by machine-based style by displaying studies and contextual Duncan Robinson, author of a seminal 1979 monograph on artifacts—period views of machinery expositions, examples of Spencer and Director of Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge, freeze-frame photography, and rare scientific treatises—as well England, one of more than 30 lenders to the exhibition. as correspondence and documents. Material was borrowed Judith Collins, a curator of twentieth-century British art for

from the Library of Congress, Smithsonian Institution Archives, the Tate Gallery in London, presented a lecture tided "Sacred Smithsonian Institution Libraries, and Archives of American and Secular Stanley Spencer and His Contemporaries." Then

Art. Next in che series was a summer exhibition, organized by came "Painting God in Our Village: The Religious Dimen-

Valerie J. Fletcher, Curator of Sculpture, on Henry Moore's sion of Spencer's Painting" by Nicholas P. WoltersdorfT,

58 ——

Professor of Philosophical Theology ar the Yale University outdoor concert series—rhe Hirshhorn's firsr ever—that

Divinity School. The series ended with "Scanley Spencer's attracred some 8,000 visitors over 11 weeks. The series was

Artistic Legacy," an exploration by Hugh Davies, Director of cosponsored with the Prince George's Arts Council and co- rhe Museum of Concemporary An in San Diego. After closing ordinated by Senior Educator Teresia Bush of the Hirshhorn. in Washington, the exhibition furthet introduced non-Britons The Directions series conrinued to introduce the diverse to Spencer's work at the Centto Culrural/Arte Contemporaneo work of artists establishing international reputations. "Direc- in Mexico City (February 19-May 10, 1998) and the California tions—Toba Khedoori" (November 20-February 22, 1998) Palace of the Legion of Honor, Fine Arts Museums of San presented rhree floor-to-ceiling wax -covered painrings on

Francisco (June 8—September 6, 1998). paper by this Los Angeles-based Australian-bom artist (b. 1964). "George Segal, A Retrospective: Sculptures, Paintings, Organized by Associate Curator Viso, who discussed Khe-

Drawings," on tour from the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts doon's work in a gallery talk on December 4, the show in Canada where it was organized by guest curator Marco revealed the artist's dexterous approach to phantom figura-

Livingstone, appeared at rhe Hirshhorn February 19 to May tion, as one critic has coined a current trend, in enormous

17, 1998. This four-decade retrospective honored an American floaring images of a rooftop railing, a cutaway view of a artist (b. 1924) whose evocative sculptures of everyday people house, and a section of empty theater seats. In "Directions in urban environments have become signature works of Kiki Smith: Night" (March 19—June 21, I998), an American modern art. The show included such landmark works of the artist (b. 1954) who energized figurative sculpture in the late

Pop Art era as Cinema, 1963, as well as single-figure reliefs, 1980s with her expressively anatomical images of the human boldly expressive paintings and pascels, and the original, body revealed a new direcrion focused on nature. The show, mixed-media version of Depression Bread Line, 1991, recently organized by Associate Curator Phyllis Rosenzweig, feacured a cast in bronze for Washington's new, much-visited Franklin metaphorical, nocturnal ecosystem consisting of a diorama-

Delano Roosevelt Memorial. Public programs included a like phoro-ecching of animals interacting ar night and, filling dialog with the artist on March 9, an event so popular that the Directions Gallery's cencer, long platforms displaying some 200 people had to be turned away, as well as writers' literally dozens of silhouetted and three-dimensional sculptures workshops, two programs for families, and multiple screen- of birds, stars, flowers, rabbits, cats, snowflakes, raindrops, ings of a documenrary in which Segal's singular working eggs, and other natural elements. Bringing sound and move- method is shown. Ads in subways and buses illustrating ment into the space, "Directions—Tony Oursler: Video Dolls

(appropriately) the Hirshhorn 's Bus Riders, 1962, appeared as with Tracy Leipold" (July 2-September 7, 1998) created a live- a public service by special arrangement with Washington ly, amusing, often unsettling environment in the first solo

Metropolitan Transit Authority. The 62-piece exhibition, museum show in Washington for this innovative artist (b. 1957). which attracted sizable crowds and widespread local media Organized by public affairs head Sidney Lawrence, the show coverage, including two television pieces, traveled after clos- presented six of Oursler 's unusual doll-like cloth figures ing at the Hirshhorn to the Jewish Museum in New York and from puppet to effigy size—wherein talking heads in the the Miami Art Museum in Florida. form of live-action video projections of expressive, loquacious,

"Triumph of the Spirit: Carlos Alfonzo, A Survey, 1975— anguished faces confront and amuse the viewer. The artist's

1991," a large exhibition of paintings otganized for the Miami most frequent model and collaborator, performer Tracy Art Museum by Associate Curator Olga M. Viso of the Leipold, was the focus of this group of works. In a series of

Hirshhorn, came to Washington in a slightly abridged ver- public programs for Art Night, Oursler's interest in film, the sion, appearing June 18—Seprember 13, 1998. Featuring the media, and psychology (specifically a condition known as mul- expressive, symbol-laden imagery of this Havana-born, tiple personality disorder) was explored.

Miami-based painter (1950—1991), the show went far in estab- Notable acquisitions for the year included German artist lishing a place for Alfonzo, who died at age 40 on the brink of Georg Baselitz's carved-wood sculpture, Tragic Head, 1988, broad recognirion, within international art currents of the exhibited on the lower level and featured in the Winter 1998 1980s. A scholarly catalog with an essay by Viso and contribu- calendar. Also acquired but not displayed until later were tions from Giulio V. Blanc, Dan Cameron, Julia P. Herzberg, American artist and MacArthur Prize recipient James Turrell s and Cesar Trasobares accompanied the show, and Hilton outstanding light installation, Milk Run, 1996, and Pop artist

Kramer of The New York Observer, among others in the local Claes Oldenburg's important early soft sculpture Bathtub and national press, wrote about Alfonzo's work with en- (Mode!)—Ghost Version, 1966. thusiasm. The exhibition's Washington presentation received Public programs, some newly introduced, provided diverse major support from the Smithsonian Larino Imtianves Fund, opportunities for education and enrichment during the year. and because the show had a summer time frame, public The 1997 Mordes Lecture in Contemporary An, made possible programs were able to tie into the Smithsonian's "Art Night by Board member Marvin Mordes of Baltimore and his wife, on the Mall" program of exrended evening hours on Thursdays. Elayne, featured Roberta Smith, longtime art critic for the

Viso presented a three-part exhibition tour for Art Night. New York Times and, in the early 1980s, the Village Voice, who

Most notable, however, was "Latin Music on the Plaza," an gave a lecture on November 2, 1997, ritled "On Becoming

59 and Remaining a Critic." "New Voices," featuring the view- Collections and Research points of emerging art scholars on changing exhibitions, was In fiscal year 1998, the National Air and Space Museum developed by Senior Educator Teresia Bush and launched in revised its Collections Informarion System, converting to a the fall. A "Young Artist" program started in the spring with system that will allow museum staff and eventually the "Sketching and Music in the Garden" for all ages. The general public access to collections information. Museum staff popular George Segal exhibition was enlivened by a gallery members have begun the process of taking digital images of presentation by Argentine performance artist Guillermo Sil- collections objects that will be linked to the new system and veira and by a poetry workshop that artracted nearly 60 par- made available on rhe Web site. ticipants. "First Friday" gallery talks continued monthly, and The Collections Division also introduced a bar-code system the popular independent film series included a range of new for NASM artifacts. As building 7 at the Garber Facility is and unusual works culled from international festivals and rare- being renovated, the thousands of artifacts stored in the build- ly, if ever, screened in commercial movie houses. A sampling ing are being removed. As they are removed, all objects are includes Mat'i syn (Mother and Son), 1997, Alesandr Sagoruv's being bar-coded. This will facilirare moving artifacts to masterwork about a dying woman attended by her grown son Dulles when that move begins. Bar-code information will be (in Russian with English subtitles), and Quien diablos esJuliette? integrated into the new collection information system and (Who the Hell IsJuliette?), 1997, Carlos Marcovich's offbeat Cuban will eventually provide an accurare and immediate update of hit about a friendship between a teenager and a model starring in location of each artifact in the museum's collection. a music video (in Spanish with English subtitles). Three aircraft that were on exhibit in the museum's west Trustee and staff changes for the yeat included the election end (gallery 104) were removed, disassembled, and moved of a new board member, businessman and collector Mitchell into storage at Garber. In their place, the Collections Division Rales, and the appointments of longtime Assistant Registrar assembled and suspended a Beechcraft Kingair and assembled Brian G. Kavanagh as Chief Registrar, and of Linda S. Powell, and positioned a Cessna Citation jet for the Business Wings Curator of Education at the Kimbell An Museum in Fort exhibition. The "Enola Gay" exhibition in gallery 103 was Worth, as the Hitshhorn's Education Program Director. taken down and the forward fuselage and orher B-29 parts

were srored in the gallery for the duration of the museum's

renovation project.

Restoration continued on the Aichi Seiran, with the com- National Air and Space Museum pletion of both the aircraft's floats. Over 12,700 hours were

put into this project during the year and it is approximately 90 percent complete. Restoration continues on the Hawker

Donald D. Engen, Director Hurricane with over 3,000 hours expended. Like the Seiran, it

is approximately 90 percenr complete. The Nieuport 28 res- National Ait Space attendance continued The and Museum's toration is approximately 75 percent complete, with the to climb in 199S, with over 10 million visitors. Five new majority of the work being done by volunreers. The Soviet exhibitions were opened, and progress continued on the plan- SA-2 Guidelines surface-to-air missile was completed during ning and fund-raising for the Dulles Center, including the fiscal year 1998 and work continues on the restoration of the campaign to raise $130 million to build the centet, which is transportet. The restoration of the Pitts Special Little Stinker due to open in late 2003. The Dulles Center will house nearly also continues with volunteers and is also approximately 90 200 aircraft and 100 spacecraft, most of which will be on dis- percent complete. play to the public fot the first time. Several other air and space artifacts were moved in and out

The museum also embarked on a major renovation project, of the Garber shop during the year for preservation work. which will be accomplished without ever completely closing These include World War II German aircraft, the Blohm & the building. The project will teplace all of the museum's Voss BV-155, and the Folke-Wulfe Ta-152, with work also

"window walls," the large exterior panes that give the being done on the Dornier Do 355. museum its distinctive look. All the skylights in the The NASM Engine Preservation Project also continued at museums will also be replaced. The first and second floor an extremely effective pace. More than 135 separate aircraft ceilings will be replaced, and both the lighting and public power plants have been placed on mobile stands constructed address systems will be upgraded. Each of the museum's arti- within the shop and preservation of these engines proceeds. facts currently on display will need to be carefully protected The new conservarion lab at the Garber Faciliry was com- or relocated. The project will be done in 11 phases, ending in pleted during fiscal year 1998. The new lab gives the

July 2001. Each area will be closed for approximately six Division's conservation unit a suitable work space to continue months, during which all the wotk in that area will be com- the conservation of objects to prepare them for the move to pleted. Only two areas (totaling up to 30 percent) of the the new Dulles Center. museum will be closed at one time, and this for an overlap of In a ceremony on December 10, Museum Director Donald only 40 days. D. Engen accepted into the collection a backup "Iridium"

60 spacecraft. This is one of the few "production" models in the flight records, reports, and articles relating to Ross's involve- collection, and teptesents achievements in space communica- ment with Project Skyhook and his initiation of the Strato-lab tions and applications fot the public. program for upper atmosphere research. The Aeronautics Division produced a Collections Rationale

(August 1998), which contains essays that relate to seven Exhibitions and Public Service categories of aircraft, including helicopters and iighter-than- In March, the museum's annual "Mutual Concerns of Air and ait craft and ten categories of non-aitcraft artifacts in the col- Space Museums" seminar, cohosted by the American Associa- lection. These essays set forth the tacionale for collecting tion of Museums, brought more than 130 Air and Space specific aircraft or classes of objects within each category, museum directors, curators, and other staff together for three based on their significance. days of trading ideas and information concerning our Members of the Division worked collectively to produce museums. the most recent edition of the Aircraft of the National Air and The Aeronautics Division continued its participation in the Space Museum, published by Smithsonian Institution Press and Curator's Choice lecture program. Curaror's Choice is edited by curator Robert van der Linden. designed ro spotlight significant artifacts in the collection Martin Collins of the Space History Division earned his with a brief weekly lecture, most often given by the curaror of Ph.D. degree in history from the University of Maryland. His the object to visitors to the National Air and Space Museum. dissertation was titled, Planning for Modem War: RAND and Among the Aeronautics Division lecturers for this period the Air force: 1945-1950. John Anderson of the Aeronautics were Robert van der Linden (the X-i: the first aircraft to Division published A History of Aerodynamics and Its Impact on break the sound barrier), Dominick Pisano (the Fokker Flying Machines with Cambridge University Press. Von D. D.VII), Ron Davies (the Fotd Trimotor), Alex Spencer (Wiley- Hardesty of the Aeronautics Division continued to act as Post's pressure suit). editor of the Smithsonian History of Aviation Series, publish- Robert van der Linden of the Aeronautics Division con- ed by Smithsonian Institution Press. Among the titles pub- tinued to administer rhe General Aviation Lecture Series and lished during the year were Space and the American Imagination the annual Lindbergh Lecture. Some of the fearured speakers by Howard McCurdy, and Eye in the Sky: The Story the of during the year were David Lee "Tex" Hill ("The Flying Corona Satellites, edited by Dwayne Day. Tigers"), Colonel Gail S. Haivorsen ("The Berlin Candy With the aid of satellites, scientists in the Center for Earth Bomber, Operation Vittles, and the Cold War"), and Richard and Planetary Srudies continued their research on Earth and King (The Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome"). The Lindbergh Lec- other planets. In August, Mark Bulmer, Andy and Johnston, ture was given by William H. Dana ("On the Fringes of Fred Engle the second extensive field trip to Saban- made the Space: The X-15 and the Lifting Bodies"). caya volcano in Peru, and used Landsat, Spot, and Radarsat Five new exhibitions opened at the Museum between Oc- data to determine the likely paths of rock slides caused by fu- tober 1997 and September 1998. "Star Wars: The Magic of ture volcanic eruptions. Such rock slides are similar to those Myth," which opened in October 1997, examined the mythol- found on Venus and Mars because of the dry soil types, which ogy beneath the Star Wars story and how the age-old tale of led to this research project. the "hero's journey" is brought to life in the film trilogy. This Bruce Campbell of CEPS and co-workers have been study- temporary exhibition proved enormously popular. In Novem- ing surface properties of Venus using both fractal models of ber rhe Venus section of "Exploring the Planets" was updated planetary roughness, as well as the polarization properties of to include recent images of the surface of Venus. In December Magellan radar, finding that the electrical properties of the "The National Transportation Safety Board" opened. This

Venusian surface materials vary with elevation. temporary exhibition examined the role of the NTSB in inves-

Ted Maxwell and Andy Johnston continued work in tigating aviation accidents and fostering transportation safety. southern Egypt, surveying an area ro determine the depth of "Business Wings," a temporary exhibit on business avia- penetration of orbital radar through the dry sand, and dis- tion, opened on June 10, 1998. Curator for the exhibition was covering an ancient drainage network beneath the sand Dorothy Cochrane of the Aeronautics Division. "Business through the use of Space Shuttle radar data. Wings" explored the role of aircraft are used in the business

The National Air and Space Archives made two major addi- community and showed the different ways that aircraft in tions to its collections. The Edgar Mix Glass Plare their day-to-day operations. The exhibition was made possible Stereograph Collection consists of 38 cases of glass slides taken through the support of the National Business Aviation Associ- by Edgar Mix, an internationally renowned early balloonist ation and features two significant business aitcraft, the Beech and the second American to win the Gordon Bennett Balloon King Air Model 90 and the Cessna Citation 500. Race. The slides reflect aeronautical themes, including both In July "Earth Today: A Digital View of Our Dynamic lighter- and heavier-than-air subjects from the early 1900s and Planet," was added to the newly renovated entrance area of the various aeronautical events taking place near Paris during Rocketry and Space Flight gallery. The core of this exhibit is a 1910-1911. The Malcolm D. Ross Collection contains theater that displays a computer-generated, rotating image photographs, handwritten notes, correspondence, medical of the Earth more than a meter across, on which is shown, in

61 nearreal-time, data relayed to Earth by satellites. Curator for Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives acquired rwo important vintage this exhibition was Thomas Watters of the Centet for Earth albums. One, dating from ca 1886, contains 53 images and Planetary Studies. taken in the then Belgian Congo. A second album presents 170 In September the Museum unveiled "jArriba! The History vintage prints from Uganda and Kenya, dating to 1897-1903. of Flight in Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean," a temporary exhibition that examined aviation in Exhibitions

Latin America during the first century of flight. The first level of the National Museum of African Art houses The Exhibits Division was involved in a number of other several permanent exhibitions drawing on the museum's col- projects during 1998. The Apollo 11 command module in the lection; "Images of Powet and Identiry," "The An of the Per- Milestones of Flight gallery was recovered with Plexiglas, and sonal Object," and "The Ancient West African City of Benin, the visitor information desk in the south lobby was renovated. A.D 1300—1897." In addition, in collaboration with the Design was also completed for the redo of the Douglas World Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, the museum offers "The Pioneers of Flight gallery. Exhibit team Cruiser exhibit in the ," Ancient Nubian City of Kerma, 2500—1500 B.C. a loan members developed a concept for the tedevelopment of the exhibition of works from the permanent collection of the Air Transportation hall, and a design firm was contracted to Museum of Fine Arts, fearuring objects from Kerma, an handle the exhibition design. A planning document was ancient Nubian city that was located on the Nile River. The completed for "Explore the Universe," a major new permanent exhibition was organized by the Museum of Fine Arrs, Bos- exhibition tentatively scheduled to open mid-2001. The ex- ton, and its Department of Ancient Egyptian, Nubian, and hibition will examine how our view of the universe and our Near Eastern Arr; all objects are from the Harvard University- tools for studying it have changed ovet time. The core of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Expedition. exhibition relates how space-age technology has transformed Also located on the first level is the Sylvia H. Williams Gal- our understanding of the universe and what scientists today lery, which was the location of the exhibition "The Poetics of believe the universe is like. Line: Seven Artists of the Nsukka Group," showcasing the Planning and development of a new IMAX film, Up, Up, work of seven leading members of a group of artists who have and Away, continued throughout the year. The film will ex- studied or taught in the Department of Fine and Applied Arts plore all forms of vertical flight, from balloons and airships to at the Universiry of Nigeria, Nsukka. In addition, on view in vertijets, with its primary focus being the helicopter and its the gallery was the exhibition "South Africa 1936—1949: important role in modern civil and military aviation Photographs by Constance Stuart Larrabee," the first public throughout the world. presentation of an important collection of black-and-white Continuing work by exhibits staff on the Museum's future photographs of South Africa given to the museum by the Dulles Center included the design of display cases and exhibit photographer in 1997. units and the creation of a preliminary layout of the artifacts The first level is the location of the Point of View gallery, for use by Museum staff and the contractor building the which presents small temporary exhibitions that focus on facility. specific themes 01 objects. This gallery was rhe site of two -

exhibitions this year. "A Spiral of History: A Carved Tusk from

the Loango Coast, Congo" (February i-April 26) presented a

single carved ivory tusk revealing an artist's conceptions about National Museum of African Art history and cultures in transition. "African Forms in the Furni- ture of Pierre Legrain," (Augusr 16-November 29) explored the influence African chain and stools had on the work of Roslyn A. Walker, Director Pierre Legrain (1889-1929). The museum's second-level gallery was the site of the ex- The National Museum of African Art celebrates the rich visual hibition "Olowe of Ise: A Yoruba Sculptor to Kings," present- traditions and extraordinarily diverse cultures of Africa and ing more than 30 majot works by the Yoruba sculptor fosters an appreciation of African art and civilizarions through its Many of the ceramic wotks featured in the previous exhibi- collections, exhibitions, research and public programs. tion "Purpose and Perfection: Pottery as a Woman's Art in Central Africa" were reinstalled in the exhibition "Ceramics at Acquisitions the National Museum of African Art," on the third level. by Nigerian Among the most significant artworks acquired by the Also this year, three contemporary works of an were on view- in the museum's museum in the past year were a selection of 14 sculptures from artist Sokari Douglas Camp Central and East Africa and a rare Mbete reliquary figure from pavilion.

Gabon; two fine Urhobo and Igbo figures from Nigeria; the Education and Outreach artist's book Emandulo, Recreation, created in Johannesburg,

South Africa; and a sculpture, The Ancestors Converged Again, The museum's educational offerings, which spring from the

by Ghanaian artist El Anatsui. In addition, the museum's permanenr collections and special exhibitions, provide audien-

61 ces with provocative and insightful views of the world of fellows, fellowships were underwritten by Patricia and Phillip

African art. An array of tours, workshops, and focus programs Frost and Sheila W. and Richard J. Schwartz. Our widely gave students of all ages their first encounters with real works recognized expertise in Latino studies led the Rockefeller

of African art. Foundation to fund four Larino fellowships. An aggressive

Highlights included a rwo-day symposium on the Nsukka promotional campaign, which disseminated fellowship infor-

Group, contemporary artists of southern Nigeria and its mation through new brochures and the museum's Web site,

relationship to Nigerian art and culture, and a family day produced many high-quality applications. Nineteen fellows, held in conjunction with the exhibition "Olowe of Ise." the largest number in the program's history, will pursue inde-

The museum also participated in "Art Night on the Mall," pendent research based on the museum's collection in the offering a variety of programs during extended summer hours 1998—99 academic year. on Thursday nights. Attendance was up significantly, exposing larger audiences

In addition, workshops and demonstrations by practicing to special exhibitions. "Eyeing America: Robert Cottingham artists engaged attentive audiences eager to meet and talk Prints" celebrated the acquisition of a set of the artist's with African artists. For example, artists-in-residence, Nas- photorealist prints spanning three decades that focus on signs, souko and Amidou Coulibaly, Malinke textile artists ftom storefronts, and marquees, the emblematic details of the

Cote d'lvoire, demonstrated how to spin cotton and weave on urban American landscape. The Museum premiered David a strip loom. Hockney's 24-foot painting of the Grand Canyon, ritled "A

The museum also continues to make itself accessible to Bigger Grand Canyon." The work, composed of 60 small can- people with special needs. Tours for hard-of-hearing visitors vases mounted as one continuous image, presents a sweeping, were made possible through a portable FM Assistive Listen- colorful view of one of America's most extraordinary ing System. This system also allowed hard-of-hearing visitors topographical wonders. The Museum celebrated the final to participate in educational programs in the workshop and weekend of its most popular show ever, "Ansel Adams, A lecture hall. Sign-language inrerpreters for deaf visitors were Legacy: Masterworks from the Friends of Photography," with available upon request for all museum programs. extended evening hours until 11 p.m. on March 27 and 28.

Both nights featured live jazz, cafe dining, and screenings of

Publications a video on Adams's career. More than 11,500 people took ad-

vantage of this opportunity, made possible by the generous Throughout the year, the museum published informational support of the Monsanto Corporation, to see the exhibition, materials to accompany exhibitions. This included brochures which attracted some 285,000 visitors in 18 1/2 weeks. relating to "The Poetics of Line," "Olowe of Ise," "A Spiral of The Renwick Gallery, a departmenr of the National History," "African Forms in the Furniture of Pierre Legrain" Museum of American An, introduced the work of a relatively and "South Africa 1936—1949: Photographs by Constance unknown artist working with pure gold, steel, fossil ivory, Stuart Larrabee." and precious gems to create extraordinary objects featured in

"Daniel Brush: Gold without Boundaries." Beautifully in- Photographic Archives and Library stalled at the Renwick Gallery, it drew unusually large atten-

The museum continues to be a leading research and reference dance (almost 50,000 in four months). center for the visual arts of Africa. The Warren M. Robbins In July First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton helped launch Library, a branch of the Smithsonian Insrimtion Libraries, con- the second phase of SOS! (Save Outdoor Sculpture), a $14 tains more than 20,000 volumes on African art and material million public-sculpture conservation program funded by culture. The Eliot Ehsofon Photographic Archives specializes generous grants from Target Store and the National Endow- in the collection and preservation of visual materials on ment for the Arts. SOS! is a nationwide public program African art, culture and the environment. cosponsored by the National Museum of American Art and

the Heritage Preservation.

Several acquisitions by the National Museum of American Art focused on the museum's heightened involvement with

art. of PAegalronlMatrix a National Museum of American Art contemporary The purchase (1995), multimedia installation by pioneer video artist Nam June

Paik, articulates the borderless reality of the contemporary

Elizabeth Broun, Director world and the central role of technology in modern society. The museum's acquisition of Carlos Jose Alfonzo's painting

The 1998 fiscal year saw many happy developments at the Where Tears Can't Stop (1986) explores the personal iconog-

National Museum of American Art. A dramatic increase in raphy of his Caribbean heritage. private funding revitalized the Museum's 30-year-old fellow- Of many exciting education programs held, perhaps most ship program. In addition to support from the Renwick Al- notable was the Museum's first high school poster competi-

liance and the Sara Roby Foundation, which supported rwo tion and award ceremony in conjunction with the "Posters

63 American Style" exhibition. The students' pester designs were they will be digitally photographed to allow increased access so popular that the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs to the collections through the Internet.

reproduced several of them to display at their facilities in In November 1997 the museum ptesented its biennial Na-

Veteran's hospitals nationwide. tive American Film and Video Festival at the Heye Center, of-

Major planning was started at the National Museum of fering screenings of 70 films, videos, radio programs, and

American Art for an upcoming renovation of its home in the multimedia products by 70 indigenous media makers from

Old Patent Office Building, the first in over 30 years, and on North America and Latin America.

the quiet phase of a capital campaign to raise private funds for More than $1.1 million was contributed during this fiscal expansion space and new endowment for future programs and year to NMAI's endowment funds fot the completion and acquisitions. As a part of planning for the upcoming renova- financial stability of its facilities and programs. Much plan-

tions, the Museum began making arrangements for an am- ning and other work was completed this yeat in preparation bitious program to share masterpieces from the permanent for the December 2, 1998, fund-raising gala supporting che collection with museums all over the nation while the Old George Gustav Heye Center Endowment Fund.

Patent Office is closed to visitors in Washington. Eight "Indian Humor," an exhibition of 87 paintings, photos, thematic exhibitions were offered to dozens of museums and sculptures, and mixed media works that use humor and irony

bookings began for the tours. The Museum also invested con- to dispel the stereotype of stoic and serious Indians, opened at siderable effort in finding a corporate partner for the touring the GGHC in May. The exhibition addressed stereotypes program to provide heightened visibility for this unusual op- through sarcasm, irony, and humor. "Indian Humor" was portunity for many Americans to see their national treasures developed by American Indian Contemporary Arts of San at a museum close to home. Francisco. "The Art of Being Kuna: Layers of Meaning Among the

Kuna of Panama" opened in September at the GGHC with

Kuna tribal leaders in attendance. Featuring approximately

300 works of art, including vibrant molas (colorful, richly National Museum of the American Indian decorated applique blouses that express all aspects of Kuna

culture), the exhibition illustrates contemporary and historical

W. Richard West, Director Kuna life. "The Art of Being Kuna" was organized by the UCLA Fowlet Museum and features molas from the NMAI

collection. Support for the exhibition was given by The National Museum of the American Indian is dedicated to GGHC Smithsonian Center for Latino Initiatives and the the preservation, study, and exhibition of the life, languages, the 1998 Latino Initiatives literature, history, and arts of the Native peoples of the Western Fund. federal law Hemisphere. In consultation, collaboration, and cooperation with The museum continues its commitment, under

Native peoples, the museum works to protect and foster their and museum policy, to repatriate human remains and objects Native groups cultures by reaffirming traditions and beliefs, encouraging artis- of religions and cultural patrimony to the significant tic expression, and providing a forum for Indian voices. Through throughout the hemisphere. Among most

innovative public programming, research, and collections, the returns this year was to the Haudenasaunee (Iroquois Con-

museum works to fulfill irs mission. federacy) in September.

Construction of the museum's Cultural Resources Center in

Suitland, Maryland, was nearly complete at the close of the

1998 fiscal year, with the museum preparing to occupy and begin moving the collection to the state-of-the-art facility in National Museum of Natural History early 1999. The Cultural Resources Center, designed in collaboration with tribes and Native peoples, will house, protect,

and care for the one-million-object collection; serve as a center Robert W. Fri, Director

of research, study, community service, and outreach; and sup-

port the museum's public facilities on the National Mall and Since the National Museum of Natural History first opened

the George Gustav Heye Center (GGHC) in New York City. its doors in 1910, it has become the most popular museum in A $500,000 challenge grant awarded by the Kresge Foundation the world among young people, their families, and their in July 1997 was successfully met in April 1998 thanks to the gen- teachers. More than 165 million visitors—almost 6.5 million erous support of individuals, corporations, and foundations. This in 1998—have seen the treasures of the U.S. national collec- response has raised more than Si. 6 million for the Cultural Resour- tions and learned about Earth and human cultures from the

ces Center's completion and surpassed the October 1998 deadline museum's exhibitions. Looking ahead to a new century,

of approximately $1.5 million set by the Kresge Challenge. Natural History remained committed to offering visitors ex-

Plans are well under way for the move of collections into periences that are both rewarding and fun. At the same time,

the new Cultural Resources Center. As collections are moved. the museum worked toward fulfilling its goal of becoming a

64 museum without walls and the center of a national network Human Origins Program, and their colleagues analyzed

for science education. records of more than 10,000 fossils from the Turkana basin in

The historic gift of $20 million dollars from the Kenneth Ethiopia and Kenya. The fossils, representing 246 species and

E. Behring family to the National Museum of Natural His- spanning 4.4 million years to the present, showed no evidence

tory in the fall of 1997—at that time, the largest donation of rapid evolution during the key period between 2.8 million

ever made to the Smithsonian—will further both these goals. and 2.5 million years ago. The results suggest that from its When the museum's new Behring Family Mammal Hall earliest days, our genus has shown an ability to adapt to a

opens in 2003, its exhibits will reflect contemporary under- variety of habitats.

standings of the adaptation and interdependency of species. Paleobiologist Doug Erwin was chosen to be a member of

The Behring gift is also being used to fund two programs that NASA's new virtual Institute of Astrobiology. Working

introduce museum collections and research to schools and together on the Next Generation Internet, Erwin and his col-

communities throughout the United States: Mammals in the leagues will research the very early history of life on Earth and

Schools, which provides museum specimens to school science the possibiliry of life on Mars, Jupiter's moon Europa, and

labs for srudy with the assistance of museum scientists, and elsewhere in this solar system.

Mammals on the Move, which offers lively, idea-rich small Botanist Elizabeth Zimmer of the museum's Laboratory for exhibits to airports, malls, and other public places. Molecular Systematics and colleagues completed sequencing

Other wings to the museum without walls under construc- DNA extracted from the leaves of a member of one of the first tion in 1998 included programs that bring teachers and families of flowering plants, a small tree with button-sized museum scientists together on the Internet to create, test, and flowers recently found on a remote ridge in Madagascar. The disseminate middle-school science lesson plans, and the expan- discovery and srudy of this primitive species will help sion of summer-school and intersession science courses offered botanists better understand how flowering plants came to in parrnership with Voyager Expanded Learning. The flourish on Earth 100 million years ago. museum also strengthened its ties to other institutions throughout the United States and around the world. In

Anchorage, for example, a partnership that began with the establishment of the museum's Arctic Studies Center within the National Portrait Gallery Anchorage Museum of History and An has grown to encompass long-distance learning programs for Alaskan schools and collaborations with Native cultural centers to produce exhibi- Alan Fern, Director tions seen around the world. In Texas, the museum and the

Smithsonian Center for Latino Initiatives continued to share The National Portrait Gallery is dedicated to the exhibition ideas in research, exhibitions, and education with the San An- and study of portraits of people who have made significant tonio Centro Alameda, the National Park Service, the Mission contributions to American history and culture and to the

Trails Redevelopment Project, and the Mexico-North Re- srudy of the artists who created such portraiture. It collects, search Network. Natural History has undertaken a similar documents, and preserves portraits in all media as both partnership with the Miami Museum of Science to create re- historical and artistic artifacts. search and public programs to explore South Florida's rich "Celebrity Caricature in America," a widely reviewed ex- biological diversity. hibition and visitor favorite, featured cleverly stylized like-

Research was central to the museum's work in 1998, as it has nesses of colorful personalties from the 1920s through the been every year. Outstanding examples include the following. 1940s. The exhibition will travel to the New York Public

Through the museum, the Smithsonian was one of eight in- Library in 2000, and was made possible by the Smithsonian ternational organizations to contribute to the International Institution's Special Exhibition Fund, the Smithsonian Insti-

Conservation Union's Red List of Threatened Plants, the first tution Scholarly Srudies Fund, the Marpat Foundation, the global survey of diversity and extinction among flowering Max and Victoria Dreyfus Foundation Inc., Mrs. John Timber- plants, conifers, and ferns. The Red List shows that more than lake Gibson, The Kiplinger Foundation, and NationsBank. 12 percent of species in these plant phyla are threatened with The catalog was published by Yale Universiry Press, and went extinction or nearly extinct. Led by Jane Villa-Lobos, director into a second printing. of the Department of Botany's Latin American Plants pro- For the 50th anniversary of the Marshall Plan, the National gram, museum staff compiled the Red List's data on North, Portrait Gallery and the George C. Marshall Foundation in

Central, and South American species. Lexington, Virginia, co-orgaruzed the exhibition "George C.

To test the theory that humankind's earliest hominid ances- Marshall: Soldier of Peace," sponsored by the Bayer Corpora- tors evolved in response to sudden environmental change tion Pharmaceutical Division. The accompanying catalog is during the Pliocene epoch, paleobiologist Anna Behrens- distributed by John Hopkins University Press. "Faces of meyer, codirector of the Evolution of Terrestrial Ecosystems Time: Seventy-five Years of Time Magazine Cover Portraits"

Consortium, and anthropologist Richard Potts, director of the commemorates Time's 75th anniversary and its gift to the Gal-

65 lery of original artworks for the magazine's covers. The exhibi- National Postal Museum tion and tour of fout venues (including two presidential libraries) were sponsored by Canon U.S.A., Inc. The catalog was published by Bulfinch Press/Liccle, Brown & Company in James Brum, Director association with the Gallery. Other exhibitions included

"Making a Time Cover" and "Andy Warhol FLASH—November The National Postal Museum, through its collections and

22, 1963." Work is under way on 11 other exhibitions opening library, is dedicated to the preservation, study and presenta- through 1999, and plans for touring exhibitions from the tion of postal history and philately. The museum uses re-

Gallery's permanent collection during the time the museum search, exhibits, education, and public programs to make this will be closed for renovation. rich history available to a wide and diverse audience. Approximately 300 acquisitions were added to the collections. Among them two drawings of Lincoln Kirsten by Jamie Remembering the Promise Wyeth, a pastel drawing of James Baldwin by Beauford Inscribed on the front of the National Postal Museum build- Delaney, two watercolor sketches of Josephine Baker by Paul ing is a message that aptly describes the mission and promise Colin, and a drawing of Ben Shahn by Alexander Calder. Two of this nation's mail service. The inscription reads in part: major bequests received were David Rittenhouse by Charles

Willson Peale, and Daniel Webster by Francis Alexander. Messenger of Sympathy and love Other acquisition highlights included portraits of Edward Albee Servant of Parted friends by Menden Hall, George Inness by G.P.A. Healy, Michael Consoler of the lonely

DeBakey by Peter E. Shapiro, a platinum print (ca. 1919) of Bond of the scattered family

Robert Frost by Doris Ulman, a color carbro photograph Enlarger of the common life

(1933) of Franklin Roosevelt's Second Inaugural Address by Carrier of news and knowledge Harry Warnecke, and a series of seven photographs of Promoter of mutual acquaintance American composers made in 1950 by Naomi Savage. Conser- Of peace and goodwill vation of 14 sculptures in the collection was made possible by Among men and nations a generous grant from the Smithsonian Women's Committee. The exhibits, programs, activities, and publications of the A rwo-day symposium, "Caricature and Cartoon in Twen- National Postal Museum are devoted to remembering that tieth-Century America," was sponsored with the Library of promise to the American people. Congress. The symposium "Portraiture in the Age of Photog- raphy," was organized with the Victorian Society in America. Exhibitions The Selected Papers of Charles Willson Peale and His Family. Volume y The Autobiography of Charles Willson Peale, was sub- In 1998 the museum opened several new exhibits that mitted to Yale University Press, which received a publication demonstrate the importance of that promise, including a dis- subvention from the National Historical Publication and play that celebrated the centennial of the Klondike/Alaska Records Commission of the National Archives. Gold Rush and highlighted the importance of mail to those

The newly named Center for Electronic Research and Out- who went in search of opportunity and adventure in the gold reach Services continued to bring the Gallery's collections, fields a century ago by creating an exhibit that focused on the programs, and exhibitions to the public via its award-winning role played by the U.S. Postal Inspection Service in safeguard-

Web site (which received approximately 100,000 hits this ing America's mail. past year). The new Collections Information System developed The National Postal Museum also furnished an exhibit en- by Gallery Systems, Inc., and a joint initiative by six Smith- titled "Reinventing Government: The Transformation of the sonian museums, was successfully installed. The Catalog of United States Postal Service" to the Spellman Philatelic

American Portrait's research records are included in the new Museum in Weston, Massachusetts, that celebrated the 25th

CIS database as well as the Web site's collections search. More anniversary of the creation of the U.S. Postal Service. than 25,000 responses were made to researchers' queries this In honor of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's 116th birthday, the year. museum dedicated a new exhibition, entitled "Mail to the

Programs in conjunction with current exhibitions included Chief. The Stamp Designs of Franklin D. Roosevelt." This one-man shows on Robert Benchley, H.L. Mencken, and exhibit was guest curated by Congressman Joseph Pitts of Mathew Brady and demonstrations of 19th-century photo- Pennsylvania. This exhibit included the President's persona] graphic processes. John S.D. Eisenhower's discussion of Agent sketches for postage stamps that were issued during his of Destiny: the Life and Times of Winfteld Scot! was among the administration. many lunchtime lectures and book presentations. The July In cooperation with Pitney Bowes Inc., the museum assisted series of Beatles tribute bands in the courtyard was sponsored in creating "African Americans and their Contributions to by Time magazine. Canon U.S.A. Inc., and the Henley Park Messaging," an exhibit that opened in Stamford, Connecticut,

Hotel. at the corporate headquarters of Pitney Bowes. This exhibit

66 celebrates the scientific and social achievements of African contemporary letter writing. The kits will be given to schools

Americans through their service and communications that ate financially strapped and in need. innovations.

International Outreach Education The 1937 sketch by Franklin Delano Roosevelt for a postage In conjunction with the Envelope Manufacturers Association stamp commemorating the 350th anniversary of the birth of

Foundation, the U.S. Postal Service, and America's Promise: Vitginia Dare, the first known European child bom in

The Alliance for Youth, the National Postal Museum in- America, was exhibited at the Musee des Timbres et des Mon- augurated a new series of educational activity kits that ate naies in Monaco. The sketch was donated to the Smithsonian aimed a promoting literacy, reading, and the history of writ- in 1956 by James A. Farley, who served as FDR's postmaster ten communication. The activity kits—called "classrooms in genetal from 1933 to 1940. The three-day international a can"—are provided free of charge to schools nationwide philatelic exhibition in Monaco was otganized as part of a with student populations that are disadvantaged or at risk of yearlong celebration of the 700th anniversary of the Grimaldi failing. This five-year initiative was first envisioned in 1997 dynasty in the tiny principality. In addition co the FDR when General Colin Powell asked each museum director to sketch, the exhibition featured some of the world's best consider what could be done to reach out to such at nsk known philatelic rarities. children. The National Postal Museum tesponded by pioneering the concept for a new educational activity kits that con- "Celebrate the Century" Stamp Launch tain instructional materials that allow individual children to The U.S. Postal Service chose the National Postal Museum as proudly create something themselves, while learning about the site for the national launch of its "Celebrate the Century" our shared heritage. The museum, and its partners in this program. This stamp program features images reminiscent of project, realized that something was needed that would entet- each decade of the twentieth century on stamps that will be tain and stimulate an at risk fourth-to-sixth grader, which is issued between 1998 and 2001. the target point in many school curricuiums where reading and writing skills are honed. This is also the point where New Web Page many at risk children can be saved ... or lost! While the museum had the idea for these "classroom in a can" kits, the In 1998 the museum redesigned its Web site to include an staff realized it require resources turn that would to this good array of new categories of information and images, including idea into reality, so the museum turned to the Envelope a "What's New" section and features devoted to exhibits, Manufacturers Association and its Foundation and to the U.S. educational programs, membership, library topics, events Postal Service for support, and they than measured to more up calendats and expanded general information. the challenge. Future plans call of the museum's Web site to include infor- With the help of our longtime partners, the museum is mation about the collections and "virtual exhibits." committed to producing five different "classroom in a can" activity kits over the next five years. The first of these cans was released in 1998. The initial kit was devoted to cuneiform writing, the first form of written communication. The emer- Smithsonian Center Materials gence of civilized society was characterized, in part, by the for development of writing. The earliest written symbols, Research and Education developed by the Sumetians, were pictographs impressed with a stylus in soft clay tablets. The writing, or cuneiform, was commonly inscribed on clay tablets about the size of a small Lambertus van Zelst, Director bean bag. What could be called the wotld's first envelope was a outer wrapping of clay that covered the cuneiform tablet, The Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education safeguarding the message. Cuneiform was gradually modified (SCMRE), formerly known as the Conservation Analytical and a phonetic alphabet was developed between 2500 and Laboratory (CAL), is the Smithsonian's specialized facility

2000 be. By 2000 bi., cuneiform was sophisticated enough to dedicated to research and training in the area of conservation, allow for the expression of complex thought. analysis, and technical study of museum collection and related

Each cuneiform kit includes all of the supplies needed to materials. Conservation and preservation research seeks to in- complete the lesson, self-contained in a decorative paint can. crease our understanding of the mechanisms that affect the

The cuneiform kit contained everything needed to create a preservation of materials in museum collections, in order to cuneiform tablet: clay, instructional guides, activity catds, formulate improved exhibit, storage, and other use condi- and a writing stylus. tions, as well as to develop, test, and improve treatment tech-

Subsequent "classroon in a can" activity kits will highlight nology. In collections-based reseatch, objects from museum papermaking, colonial lettet wtiting, envelope making, and collections and related matetials ate studied to increase their

67 contextual infotmation value and address questions in baseline studies, those specimens fixed with formaldehyde archaeology, art history, and so on. Several of these research will only occasionally yield DNA fragments with any research programs are conducted in collaboration with other institu- utility. Quick assay methods to distinguish alcohol -preserved tions, notably the National Institute for Standards and Tech- specimens from formalin-treated specimens have been nology (NIST) in Gaithersburg, Maryland, and the Carnegie developed. A new project, concerned with the preservation of

Institution of Washington. light element isotopic information, essential in such studies as

In FY 1998, the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution ecological sttessed systems, in herbarium specimens, yielded approved a formal name change for the unit. The new name, far more encouraging results: typically the information

Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education, is retrieved from archival collection specimens fully reflects the reflective of the mission of SCMRE as its programs have isotope ratios in the specimen at the time of collection. evolved since the 1980s, and recognizes its status as one of the SCMRE research on the mechanical properties of collection

Smithsonian tesearch institutes. materials continued, with the observations on mechanical be-

Research at SCMRE covers an interdisciplinary area that havior being tied to the chemical changes that take place in connects the physical and natural sciences with the arts and materials as a consequence of aging and other agents of humanities. Chemical, physical, and biological research on change museum collection items and related materials serves to en- SCMRE's education programs address the needs of a wide rich our contextual understanding of objects in museum col- variety of constituencies, ranging from professional training lections, or to improve our knowledge on how to preserve and for conservators and other museum professionals to outreach conserve museum collections. and information programs for high school and college stu- Chemical characterization of archeological materials and dents and the general public. The Furniture Conservation the raw materials from which they were made serves to iden- Training Program (FCTP) continued the training of the class tify objects with the source from which the raw material was of 2000. In the archaeological conservation training program, procured. Thus one may draw conclusions regarding trade and two conservators recently graduated from one of the graduate exchange patterns and political and economical relationships. school training programs received practical training and field

For trace element characterization of ceramics, SCMRE re- experience at two different archaeological sites in the Near searchers applied neutron activation analysis at a special East and Central America, as well as laboratory experience at facility maintained and operated in collaboration with NIST, SCMRE. However, as a result of a shift in programmatic em- in studies involving archaeological ceramics from various phasis for this program, the primary goal now is the education

Maya and Southwest sites. SCMRE researchers continued the of archeologists to make them aware of the benefits of on-sire coordination of an international collaborative research pro- conservation. This goal is pursued through demonstration gram, sponsored by the International Atomic Energy Agency projects, combined with field school teaching. RELACT, the

(IAEA) on the applications of these techniques in Latin training program for managers of paper-based archival research

American archaeology. Also in this year, SCMRE organized an collections, otganized several workshops/seminars for a large international symposium in honor of retired SCMRE staff audience of Smithsonian staff, and coordinated demonstration membet Dr. Edward V. Sayre, a scholar who is considered the projects within various Institutional research collections. pioneer in archaeological ceramic provenance studies using By the end of this fiscal year, the newly developed SCMRE neutron activation analysis, as well as in numerous other program in oprical microscopy, which endeavors to combine studies in archaeometry and conservation science. In studies of technique development and research application with training historic and prehistoric technologies, researchers focused on activities for professional audiences, presented its first course the technology of Far Eastern ceramic glazes. offering. Applied Optical Microscopy, an introductory course,

In the biogeochemistry program, SCMRE researchers study provided classroom and practical training to an audience of archaeological and paleological organic materials to extract conservators, archaeologists, and materials scientists on sub- and identify biomolecular information, including markers for jects ranging from system specification to sample preparation, dietary habits, disease patterns and genetic relationship. Work photomicrography, and image analysis. It is the intention to continued on a number of projects, including the study of widen the range of course offerings in this specialty area to preservation of biomolecular information in archaeological meet the needs of a large and wide-ranging audience. and paleological skeletal material. Of particular interest was After the highly successful workshop "Preservation of the positive identification, through sequencing of extracted Imageries: Hispanic American Religious Images on Wood" in

DNA, of venereal syphilis in a New World archaeological FY 1997, SCMRE staff, in collaboration with the Universidad skeletal remain. del Sacrado Corazon in San Juan, Puerto Rico, organized two

In the research on preservation of natural history workshops in Puerto Rico that, like the previous one in specimens, the study on the influence of the formalin fixing Washington, attracted large and wide-ranging audiences, process on the recovery of DNA from liquid-preserved fish including curators, conservators, collectors, and artists. "La specimens came to a conclusion. While specimens preserved Preservaci'on de Santos," a three-day workshop with laboratory only in alcohol offer a highly valuable resource for DNA exercises, held on the campus of the university, attracted a

68 local audience of 55 registrants, consisting of museum profes- tion consisting of a series of evening lectures on popular en- sionals, university scholars, srudents, artists, collectors, and vironmental topics to adults in the neighboring communities. dealers. A one-day workshop, hosted by the Museo del Arte in In addition, SERCs professional training program grew to

Ponce, was intended specifically for artists who still continue support more than twice the number of work/learn interns of the tradition of santos making. Consisting of lecture and dis- recent years. cussion sessions, it attracted an audience of 120 persons, about A major loss to SERC this past year was the death of 65 percent of whom were actual practicing santeros and sanieras. longtime principal investigator, Dt. James Lynch. Dr. Lynch

In the collaborative program with the Suitland High pioneered research in several areas that are now hot topics in

School, a local magnet school for the arts, SCMRE staff con- the technical literature and which are often featured in the tinued to develop and test materials for eventual inclusion in news media as environmental concerns. His research inves- a high school curriculum for an interdisciplinary arts and tigated the effects of habitat fragmentation on animals, the science course. indirect effects of trophic interactions, the landscape require- In the technical information program, SCMRE continued ments of migratory animals, the evolution and population to provide technical advice and expertise on preservation-re- ecology of amphibians, and the conservation biology of birds lated subjects in answer to questions received from museum and of tropical habitats. Importantly, Lynch led SERCs efforts professionals as well as the general public. An important in international research and global environmental problems. mechanism for educating the general public in preservation is- The addition of Drs. Ilka Feller and Catherine Lovelock to sues is provided with the "Guidelines" which, intended for SERCs team of principal investigators has greatly enhanced wide provide distribution to a audience, background informa- SERCs breadth of research. They contribute to the under- tion and tips on the care and maintenance of a variety of col- standing of planr ecology and plant-animal interactions with lectibles. In this respect, regularly Internet SCMRE's updated wide-ranging projects in polar, temperate, and tropical en- Web page also continues to serve an essential role. vironmenrs. Feller also serves as rhe Smithsonian's scientific

coordinator for the Mpala Research Centre in Kenya.

SERCs program in invasions biology continues to develop

at a remarkable rate. This program now supports more rhan Smithsonian Environmental 20 technicians and advanced students. The problem of in-

vasive species is increasingly recognized as a global issue Research Center worthy of major funding from many governments. SERCs

invasion biology program leads national and international

Ross B. Simons, Director research on biological invasions of coastal ecosystems. The program, headed by Drs. Gregory Ruiz and Anson Hines, is

the largesr group in the United States to study patterns and SERC research continues to focus on four major themes: impacts of marine and estuarine invasions while seeking effects of global change, landscape ecology, coastal ecosystems, strategies to limit them. and population and community ecology. During 1998, SERC scientists published high-quality papers on topics ranging Ballast water of commercial ships is currently the greatest source of species introductions, releasing larval stages from species descriptions to global change. A major article by coastal

SERCs Dr. Patrick Neale appeared in the prestigious inter- and other planktonic organisms from distant ports that are national journal Nature. SERCs principal investigators were able to colonize new bays and estuaries. SERC technicians are awarded more new external research grants and contracts than sampling ballast water in tankers arriving to Port Valdez, any other biological unit of the Smithsonian, all of which are Alaska, to measure temporal (seasonal, annual) and spatial several times larger than SERC. (source port) variation in associated plankton communities.

More than ever, SERC scientists are reaching out to present This study, the most comprehensive of its kind worldwide, their work in national and international scientific meetings. shows that a rich diversity and high abundance of coastal

SERC played a key role in organizing the annual meeting of plankton is being transported and released by the tankers. the Ecological Society of America and American Institute of SERC has also been conducting experiments aboard oil

Biological Sciences in Baltimore in August. At that meeting, tankers on voyages from California to Alaska to test the effec- four SERC scientists presented papers at a special session tiveness of ballast water management in reducing unwanred devoted to SERCs unique work on the Chesapeake Bay. In transfer of organisms. addition, SERC hosted a major national meeting on invasive SERCs research in the Chesapeake Bay now provides the species for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and a national most comprehensive assessment of coastal invasions for any meeting on global change for the U.S. UV Monitoring Work region of the nation. The study includes an intensive analysis Group. of the 400-year history of species introductions, the ecological

SERC scientists and educators extended significant new impacts of alien species and the delivery pattetns and charac- outreach to a variety of public audiences during the past year. teristics of ballast water. Chesapeake Bay, rhrough the ports of

In June, SERC scientists began a new program of adult educa- Baltimore and Norfolk, receives more ballast water of foreign

69 origin than any other porr system on the Atlantic of Pacific SERC continued the global expansion of its wetlands

coasts. research program. In collaboration with the National

The invasion biology program involves extensive collabora- Institute for Environmenral Srudies (Japan), and the

tion, most recently with the U.S. Coast Guard to establish the University of Utrecht (the Netherlands), SERC began National Ballast Water Information Clearinghouse at SERC. comparative studies of important bog and fen wetlands on

As an integral part of the national effort to prevent and con- Honshu and Hokkaido in Japan. The five-year project will

trol coastal invasions, the clearinghouse will measure the focus on aspects of nutrient cycling and will be directed changing patterns of ballast water delivery and management toward helping Japan develop methods for assessing

by ships arriving in all U.S. ports from overseas. SERC scien- wetland function. SERC scientists also completed editorial

tists synthesize the national data on ballast water delivery pat- work on a series of papers on nutrienr-use efficiency in

terns and relate these patterns to invasions by alien species in boreal, temperate, and tropical wetlands. SERC scientists coastal ecosystems. and Japanese collaborators from Kyoto University and

Several SERC projects are exploring the ctitical role of Tokyo Metropolitan University finished one of the first forests in the nitrogen cycle. In many pans of the world, studies in which seed transportation by water has been forests are becoming nitrogen-saturated, losing their ability to shown to play a key role in the development of genetic absorb nitrogenous pollutants deposited from the atmosphere. patterns in populations of a widespread wetland plant

Research directed by Dr. David Correll measured atmospheric species. nitrogen deposition and nitrogen discharges from an old- A SERC srudy by Dr. Ilka Feller focused on mangrove growth deciduous hardwood forest for 20 years. The measure- foresrs, the dominant coastal wetland type throughout the ments indicate that the forest still rerains 85 percent of its tropics. Nutrient availability in mangrove werlands effects atmospheric inputs of total nitrogen. Moreover, SERC's broad internal nutrient cycling and nutrient conservation. Feller's survey of subwatersheds throughout the Chesapeake Bay research showed that soil fertility can switch from nitrogen ro drainage basin showed that nitrate concentrations in streams phosphorus limitation across narrow ecotonal gradients in red draining forested subwatersheds were very low, suggesting mangrove forests. Phosphorus limitation was found to be a that nitrogen saturation of forests is not yet a widespread prob- major factor responsible for the widespread occurrence of dwarf lem in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. mangrove forests in the Neotropics. Experimental increases in

SERC studies were among the first to show that riparian nuttient availabiliry ro mangroves increased herbivory by

(srreamside) forests can intercept nitrogen released from adja- specialist herbivores but had no effect on generalist herbivores. cent croplands and thereby protect streams and estuaries from Feller has also discovered that herbivory by wood-boring nitrogen pollurion. Recenrly Dr. Donald Weller of SERC insects adds a major grazing step to the mangrove food web. developed heuristic models to predict the effects of spatial Previously, this food web has been assumed to be almost arrangements of riparian forests on nutrient discharge from exclusively detritus-based. Wood borers also modify canopy complex landscapes. The simple mathematical relationships architecture and create cavities in the wood that are used by can be used extrapolate results to broader landscapes. numerous other species.

Nitrogen taken up in riparian forests can be converted to Increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide are expected to gases, including nitrous oxide, which is increasing in the atmos- cause unprecedented changes in climate and ecosystems phere and contributes to global warming and the destruction of around che world. A SERC study directed by Dr. Bert Drake stratospheric ozone. One SERC project, directed by Dr. Thomas is running two long-term field experiments to discover the

Jordan, studied nitrous oxide releases from riparian forest soil. effects of projected increases in armospheric carbon dioxide.

Emitted nitrous oxide was sampled with tent-like chambers and In a Florida scrub-oak forest, increased carbon dioxide has analyzed with a unique laser spectrophotometer. Less than 1 per- increased water-use efficiency, nitrogen fixation, and carbon cent of the nitrogen taken up by the forest was converted to assimilation. In a Maryland salt marsh, a decade of exposure nitrous oxide. Nitrous oxide releases were limited by the supply to increased carbon dioxide has caused a persistent increase of soil moisture, nitrate, and organic carbon. carbon assimilation. A new study is now investigating the fate

Like riparian forests, wetlands can play a key role in reduc- of the extra carbon assimilated. ing non-point nutrient runoff into Chesapeake Bay. SERC Depletion of stratospheric ozone is increasing the penetra- scienrists, Drs. Dennis Whigham, Thomas Jordan, and tion of harmful ultraviolet (UV-B) solar radiation ro the

Donald Weller, together with collaborarors from the National Earth's surface. Measuring rhe intensity and ecological effects

Resource Conservation Service and the Chesapeake Wildlife of UV-B radiation is the focus of SERC's photobiology and

Heritage, measured nurrient flow through wetlands that were solar radiation laboratories, directed by Dr. Patrick Neale. restored in agricultural watersheds. They found that the wet- From October to December, 1997, Neale 's group traveled to lands could trap high percentages of rhe nutrients they receive Palmer Station on the Antarctic peninsula for the first applica- from surrounding croplands while also providing important tion of methods developed at SERC to track the varying sen- wildlife habitats that enhance the species diversity in agricul- sitivity of phytoplankton to UV-B radiation, in particular to tural landscapes. the increase in UV-B during springtime ozone depletion. In

70 addition, the SERC-developed instrument to monitot UV-B Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute radiation (the SR-iS specttoradiometet) documented increases

in UV-B that occurred as the ozone hole moved ovet the sta-

tion. On the other side of the globe, in the Arctic, where a Ira Rubinoff, Director second ozone hole has been developing, Neale's laboratory has

been examining the UV-B sensitivity of Arctic kelps The tropics are home to the greatest diversity of Ofgamsms on

(Laminaria spp. ). In SERC's home waters, the Chesapeake Bay, Earth, many of which developed very complex interactions a new project has begun to determine whether increased over millions of years. Research on the ecology, evolution, and eutrophication of coastal waters, inctease nutrients, related to behavior of ttopical organisms is the primary mission of the

the resistance of dinoflagellates in the bay to UV-B. Such in- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) based in the creased resistance may be a factor in formation of red tides. Republic of Panama. STRI supports 35 petmanent scientists Finally, during 1998, an SR-18 was installed on the new SERC and hundreds of visiting scientists and students from around

research tower, continuing che long-term monitoring of UV-B the world each year who work at its tetrestrial and marine re-

by Smithsonian since the mid-1970s. search facilities.

Increasing concern over the global spread of toxic and non- Duting FY 1998, Barro Colorado Island, the Smithsonian's

toxic red tides has focused research interest on physical and oldest research station in the New Wotld Tropics dedicated to

biological interactions that influence the accumulation, per- tropical research, celebrated its 75th anniversary on April 13. sistence, and demise of dinoflagellate blooms. The harmful There are now more than 1,500 publications resulting from re- effects imposed by red tides on marine fauna and associated search on the island. risks to public health and commetcial fisheries have also STRI acquired a new site for a field station in Bocas del prompted interest in means to detect, predict, and potentially Toro on the Caribbean coast of Panama and initiated plans to control harmful algal blooms. Recent studies by Dt. Wayne construct a research and educational outreach center. A small

Coats of SERC have shown that microparasites can kill red- office/laboratory and dock currently exist on the site. This

tide dinoflagellates and change host abundance on time scales facility will replace the one in the San Bias Islands, whose of hours to days. His research has also shown that parasites of contract ended this year. bloom-forming dinoflagellates have a high degree of host Renovation of the Molecular Biology Research Laboratories specificity, an observation that may lead to the use of parasites at Naos Island was completed. This building, dating from as biological controls of harmful algal blooms. Dr. Coats, in 1914, previously housed STRI's general services and mainten- conjunction with scientists at the University of Maryland, ance division that was moved to the Ancon area of Panama

Center of Marine Biotechnology, is also studying dino- City, adjacent to the Earl S. Tupper Research and Conference flagellates in Chesapeake that tesemble the toxic Pftesteria Center species. A majot new research project was initiated by the construc-

SERC's education department continues to train teachers tion of the first Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment Project and parents in the popular Teacher-led Activities for elemen- (FACE) in the tropics, in collaboration with the Brookhaven

tary students. The summer and fall seasons broughc a diverse National Laboratories, McGill University, the University of audience to SERC from the Washington, D.C. area. More Georgia, the Universidad Santa Maria La Antigua and the than one hundred middle-school srudents participated in University of Panama. The project, funded by the U.S.

Anne Arundel County's annual Envirothon, at SERC and Department of Energy, aims to establish the scientific founda-

two other county sites. The Envirothon taught students tion for understanding the consequences of increased con-

basic environmental principles and ways to apply them to centrations of carbon dioxide on the gtowth of tropical forests.

real-world problems in their communities. Anne Arundel Books by STRI authots published this year dealt with a

County again collaborated with SERC to conduct three broad range of subjects, including the social regulation of

teachet wotkshops that expose teachers to SERC's research competition and aggtession in animals (by the late Martin H.

and lab facilities. Participants experience the creeks, fiver, Moynihan); the natural and cultural history of Central and Bay by learning water sampling techniques and Ametica (edited by Anthony G. Coates of STRI); the origins

analysis. Once again Gallaudet University brought deaf of agriculture in the lowland neotropics (by Dolores Piperno

teachers from all over the United States to SERC for a of STRI and Deborah Pearsal); the history, economy, and land

two-day intensive training on the ecology of the use of the Peruvian Amazonia (by Fernando Santos-Granero of

Chesapeake Bay region. This is part of a five-year National STRI and Federica Barclay); natutalists of Panama (by Stanley

Science Foundation program (Summer Institute in Biol- Heckadon-Moteno of STRI); and methods and results from

ogy) in which SERC has actively participated. In addition tropical forest census plots (by Richard Condit of STRI). Two

to the teacher workshops, SERC continues to host under- important compendiums that included numerous publica-

graduate classes from Gallaudet. Each yeat several classes tions based on research by STRI scientists were published

come to SERC to learn about wetland ecology, field re- also: Proceedings of the 8tb International Coral ReefSymposium, search techniques, and internship opportunities. published by Harilaos Lessios of STRI and Ian Macinryre of

71 professionals, studenrs, volunreers, and the National Museum of Natural History; and Marine-ter- tunities to museum specialists. restrial flora andfauna ofCayos Cochinos Archipelago. Honduras, cultural resource edited by Hector M. Guzman of STRI. Collaborating with the Inter-Universiry Program for Latino center developed a new Rockefeller Since its opening in 1990, STRI's Earl S. Tupper Research Research (IUPLR), the and Conference Center has become a major venue for scientific Humanities Fellowship Program with the theme "Latino conferences. From January 26 through 31 the International Cultural Research in a National Museum Context: Issues of fellowships, a of Bryozoology Association held its meetings at the Tupper Cen- Represenration and Interpretation." The mix residencies for scholars and museum professionals, will be ter gathering 75 participants from 15 nations. From March 29 interdisciplinary and will support Latino/a focused scholarship through April 3 the Tupper Center served as venue for the historical, profes- First International Workshop on Sustainable Cocoa Growing, using the extensive cultural, archival, and organized by STRI, the Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center sional resources that only the Smithsonian can offer. Projects and the Institute for Conservation Biology. The conference will link arr and the politics of public display, encompass in- gathered experts from the leading cocoa producing countries depth and advanced research in rhe museum and curatorial and major chocolate manufacturers. The workshop centered fields, and contribure much-needed Latino-focused perspec- around discussions on the global state of scientific knowledge tives and interpretations to topics within many Smithsonian each year. In on cacao and its role in improving rhe conditions of small collections. A different theme will be explored farmers and protecting tropical biodiversity. 1998-1999, residencies will be hosted by the National

Another major meeting organized by STRI was held at the Museum of American Art and will focus on Latino art inter-

Smithsonian Institution in Washington from July 30 through pretation and representation. The 1999—2000 year span will of History, with August 2, and brought together biologists working on the be hosted by the National Museum American various forest plots sponsored by the Center for Tropical residencies focusing on Latino history. Residencies for 2000—

Forest Science (CTFS), a collaborative research project among 2001 will focus on cultural studies and community-based re- STRI and Princeton and Harvard Universities. Researchers search and will be hosted by the Center for Folklife Programs Center for from 11 countries working at the 13 forest dynamic sites, and Cultural Srudies, the Anacostia Museum, the

presented their results to other network members and African American History and Culture, and the National

developed collaborative projects. Museum of Natural History Department of Anthropology.

Pnnceron University, in coordination with STRI, held a The Center initiated a collaboration with Montgomery

full-semester program in Panama for 18 undergraduate stu- Community College, Rockville, Maryland, to establish the Institute will dents in biology, that lasted from February 1 through May 1. Montgomery College Humanities Institute. The The program consisted of courses in tropical ecology and host a wide range of scholarly and community-focused activi-

conservation taught by Princeton's Stephen P. Hubbell; on ties, including an annual faculty seminar led by a Smithsonian

pre-Columbian peoples and their environments taught by scholar-in-residence, museum-based faculry research fellow- Richard Cooke and Dolores Pipemo of STRI, and rwo elec- ships, student internships at the Smithsonian, public lectures

tives: tropical marine invertebrates, taught by Penelope and symposia, and an enhanced Humanities Honors Program. Barnes from STRI, and genetic diversity of tropical popula- The National Endowment for the Humanities awarded the

tions, taught by Hope Hollecher from Princeton. college a $500,000 challenge grant and fund-raising is well

Beginning January 1998, staff scientist A. Stanley Rand under way for the Institute. In working systematically with

became senior scientist emeritus. Based now in the Washing- Montgomery College, Maryland's largest and one of the

ton area, Rand continues to spend four months of the year nation's best community colleges, the Center for Museum

conducting research and advising srudents at STRI. Studies hopes to develop a model for museums across the Paleoecologist Paul Colinvaux retired from STRI on Septem- nation to collaborate with their local community colleges in ber 30 to take up an appoincment as visiting scientist at the using museum resources to strengthen the teaching of Marine Biological Laboratory, in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. humanities.

Biologist Llewellya Hillis also departed from STRI at the end The Cenrer for Museum Srudies, with the Program for

of this fiscal year. Staff scientists Nancy Knowlton and Jeremy Asian Pacific American Srudies, presented "Diversity, Leader-

B.C. Jackson initiated their appointments as professors of ship, and Museums: The Representation of Asian Pacific marine biology and oceanography of the Scripps Institute of American Communities" at the Japanese Ametican National

Oceanography in California. They will continue to maintain Museum (JANM), May 6-9, 1998, in Los Angeles, California. part-time positions and research programs at STRI. Lucy The seminar, a pilot program funded by rhe Anheuser-Busch

Dorick, STRI's Development Directot resigned to accept a Companies and the Smithsonian Institution Educational

new position as vice president fot Development of the World Outreach Fund with additional support from the Hawaii

Resources Institute. Museums Association, explored diversiry issues in museums

The Center fot Museum Srudies facilitates learning about and examined current issues affecting Asian Pacific Americans museum theories and practices. Using the Smithsonian's uni- in the museum profession. The curriculum emphasized prob- que resources, the center provides training and research oppor- lem solving strategies, team building techniques, and com-

72 murucation skills. Faculty included Irene Hirano, Director, stallation services for about two dozen Smithsonian clients and Akemi Kikumura, Curator at JANM; and Marshall and affiliates. Wong, Art Initiative Director for the L.A. County Museum of

Art. Participants represented museums and cultural institu- Consultation tions in California, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, New Consulting services are a growing and important component York, and Washington. of OEC's work. Sharing rheir expertise with Smithsonian The Center for Museum Srudies and the Inter-University clients and a number of affiliate and outside organizations, Program for Latino Research hosted "Inrerpreting Latino Cul- OEC staff have helped define the content, execution, and even tures: Research and Museums," June 29 through July 10. This feasibility of several proposed exhibitions over the past year. annual seminar offers hands-on training in methods of re- OEC has also been at the forefront of training programs searching and interpreting museum and archival collections. designed to benefit museum practitioners in the United This year's program challenged students to develop strong re- States and abroad. Examples of this assistance include: search skills while exploring issues of interpretation and representation of cultural marenals and rraditions in museums. • Editorial and content development services for a written Practicums in conducting object-based research and in access- proposal for How We Discover, a joint Si-National ing and using the collections of the Smithsonian, the Nation- Science Foundation exhibition/educational outreach al Archives, and the Library of Congress were key components project. The How We Discover project aims to engage of the program. This year's faculty included Gerald Poyo, St. "participants" in the scientific as well as creative proces- Mary's University; Refugio Rochin, SI Center for Latino In- ses applied by researchers in their work. The Office of itiatives; and Tamas Ybarra-Frausto, Rockefeller Foundation. the Provost requested OEC's help in developing the highlight of the program was the keynote presentation, A proposal and related material. "The Culturally Specific Museum: Trap or Treasure," • Conceptual design services for the National Museum of delivered Susana Torruella Leval, Director of El del by Museo Natural History on a proposed exhibition on the Vikings Barrio in York. New scheduled to open in 2000. Cenrer Studies, in collaboration with the The for Museum • Conceptual design services for Mammals on the Move, a the of Fundacion Antorchas and University Buenos Ares, series of small-scale traveling components related to the began a professional development training project, based in renovation of the Mammal Hall at the National Museum of

Argentina, designed to ensure rhat the cultural patrimony of Natural History.

South American museums will not disappear as a result of • Design consulting services to Arizona's Bisbee Mining and neglect or lack of resources. A series of three conservation and Historical Museum, a Smithsonian affiliate, for an exhibi- exhibition development workshops, using Smithsonian tion on the Bisbee coppet mines and mineralogy. specialists and local conservators as faculry, concluded in • Development, management, and ongoing support for an

November at the University of Buenos Aires Museo object handling, packing, and shipping training program

Etnografico. for members of the National Museum of Natural History's The conclusion of 1998 witnessed the beginning of a MOVE team. The MOVE project involves the transfer of merger of the Center for Museum Srudies with the Smith- objects and artifacts (ranging from elephant skulls to plaster sonian Office of Education. The new alignment will preserve casts of ancient Roman bas reliefs) from the National Museum the center's mission to advance and enrich knowledge about of Natural History to the SI Museum Support Center in museum theories and practices. It will also serve to enhance Suitland, Maryland. the capabilities of both offices to build a rich mix of con- • Training in graphics and fabrication procedures for three stituencies for the Smithsonian. museum technicians from Cape Coast, Ghana, as part of a

collaborative effort between the Smithsonian's Office of International Relations and the nation of Ghana.

Office of Exhibits Central Design, Editing, and Graphics

Exhibit designers at OEC are responsible for all aspecrs of Michael Headley, Director visual presentation, from gallery configuration and case

design to text panels, banners, and fund-raising packages.

One of the Smithsonian's largest and most comprehensive Exhibit editors collaborate with designers and curators to exhibit producers, the Office of Exhibits Central (OEC) ensure that text, design, objects, and graphics work together provides high-quality products and services to nearly every to create a cohesive, informative presentation. Graphics staff museum, office, and research program in the Institution. In provide silk-screening, phoro mounting, archival matting and

1998, OEC's 40-person staff performed consulting, design, framing, exhibit refurbishment, and other graphic art ser- editing, graphics, modelmaking, fabrication, crating, and in- vices. Among the year's highlights were:

73 • "Between a Rock and a Hard Place: A History of American • Creation of surroundings, termite mounds, and a tree for

Sweatshops" for the National Museum of American History. the tiger habitat diorama, one of the few exhibitions on

• "The Jewels of Lalique" for International Gallery. view during the renovation of the National Museum of • "The Art ofJack Delano/El Arte de Jack Delano" for Inter- Natural History's Mammal Hall. national Gallery and SITES. • Creation of a cave interior and the naturalistic elements

• "We Shall Overcome: Photographs from America's Civil Rights of a rock outcropping for the final phase of the National Era" and "Going Strong: Older Americans on the Job" for Museum of Natural History's Janet Annenberg Hooker SITES. Hall of Geology, Gems, and Minerals.

• A small-format version of "The Jazz Age in Paris, 1914-

1940" for circulation by SITES and the American Library Fabrication Association. The fabrication Unit builds fine cabinetry and display • "Pomo Indian Basket Weavers" at the National Museum of casework, as well as Plexiglas vitrines, object mounts, fix- Natural History. tures, signage, and heat-fotmed elements. Its finishing shop • "Speak to My Heart" for the Anacostia Museum and on provides services ranging from quick turnaround painting view in the Arts and Industries Building. jobs to restoration work and faux finishes. Packing and crat- • "Three Generations of African American Women Sculptors: ing, installation and deinstallation services, and the coordina- A Study in Paradox, Resonant Forms," and "In Search of tion and lending of exhibit cases are other unit specialties. Balance: The Artist Scholar" for the Center for African These m-house services have enabled SI bureaus and outside American History and Culture. organizations to mount exhibitions that might otherwise not • "Frontier Photographer: Edward S. Curtis" for the Smith- be economically feasible. sonian Institution Libraries. Major projects completed during the year include: • "Orchids of the World" for the Office of Physical Plant's Horticulture Services Division and U.S. Botanic Garden. • Installation and deinstallation of numerous exhibitions for • Design of a new desk for the Visitor Information and Asso- the National Museum of the American Indian, Center for ciates' Reception Center in the Arts and Industries Building. African American History and Cultute, International Gal-

lery, and Smithsonian Institution Libraries. Modelmaking • Fabrication of a new desk for the Visitot Information and

The modelmaking unit creates scientifically and historically Associates' Reception Center in the Arts and Industries accurate dioramas, models, and mannequins. From the gallop- Building. ing stagecoach horses at the National Postal Museum to the • A temporary exhibition on Filipino Americans organized trees and mining environments in the Hall of Geology, Gems, by Honolulu's Bishop Museum and on view at the U.S. and Minerals, the Model Shop can literally reproduce any State Department (OEC's work was coordinated through animal, vegetable, or mineral. It had a particularly active year Si's Asian affairs liaison). with a number of high-profile projects under way and com- • "Beyond the Maine: Imaging the New Empire," a National pleted. Examples include: Anthropological Archives exhibition at the Ripley Center

• Creation ofJabba the Hurt's cave palace, the centerpiece of Miscellaneous Services "Star Wars: The Magic of Myth" at the National Ait and OEC also provides a number of "spot services" for various Institu- Space Museum. tion bureaus. These range from specialized framing assignments • Creation of mannequins, trees, artificial food, and the fot clients throughout the Institution to signage and banners for taxidermy of a life-size buffalo for the National Museum of the Smithsonian Crafts Show and Folklife Festival. American History's "Communities in a Changing Nation"

exhibition opening in 1999.

• Cteation of a scale model of a traditional ocean canoe, life-

size Ainu traditional house (chise), and diorama with four mannequins of Ainu elders conducting the sacred bear Office of Fellowships and Grants ceremony for the "Ainu: Spirit of a Northern People" exhibition opening in 1999 at the National Museum of Natural History. An Ainu exhibits specialist spent six Roberta W. Rubinoff, Director months at OEC carving a scale model of a traditional Ainu

canoe as well as fabricating othet Ainu artifacts. Support from the Office of Fellowships and Grants (OFG)

• Taxidermy support, site photography, and specimen collec- enhances the quality, quantity, and diversiry of research con-

tion from the African savanna in preparation for the renova- ducted at the Smithsonian. Each year, nearly 800 students and tion of the National Museum of Natural History's Rotunda scholars come from universities, museums, and research in- and Mammal Hall. stitutes throughout the United States and abroad to use the

74 Institution's collections and facilities. OFG manages central- laboration of teachers and scientists. Scientists and engineets ized competitive internship and fellowship progtams, as well from business and industry, as well as academia, play a strong as competitive grant programs that support Smithsonian staff role in the development and implementation of National research. This office also administers all stipend appointments Science Resources Center programs. offered by the Institution. Knowledgeable, committed leaders are needed to improve

This year, for example, Clara E. Rodriguez of Fordham the quality of science education in our nation's school districts.

University did research on Latino images in the media, work- In response to this need, the National Science Resources ing at the National Museum of American History with Fath Center hosted two K-8 Science Education Leadership Insti-

Davis Ruffins, historian in the Archives Center. Rodriguez tutes in 1998: July 18-23 and July 2 5—3°. At these leadership was a senior fellow in the Latino Studies Fellowship Ptogram, institutes, teams of teachers, school administrators, and which broadens and increases the body of Latino-related scientists worked with nationally recognized experts to research. develop plans for implementing an inquiry-centered science

Under the Scholarly Studies Program, Richard Potts, direc- curriculum in their communities. The 1998 leadership in- tor of the Human Origins Program at the National Museum stitutes brought together 29 teams from school systems in 18 of Natural History, is leading a project to study fossil records states, and Sweden. The U.S. teams represented 66 school of early ancestors of humans in the African Rift using stable districts that serve more than 340,000 K-8 students. isotope analysis. This research will increase the understanding Since 1989, the National Science Resources Center has spon- of how vegetation and climatic changes in the environment sored 27 Science Education Leadership Institutes that have affected the evolution of early humans. been attended by educational leaders representing more than

Kathleen Ash-Milby of the National Museum of the 400 school districts located in 45 states and Puerto Rico.

American Indian received a grant from the Collections-Based Together, the participants in these institutes have helped in-

Research Program, which supports research on significant itiate science education reforms in school districts that serve

Smithsonian collections. Ash-Milby studies the life and the more than seven million K-8 students. paintings of Bonita Wa Wa Calachaw Nunez (1888—1972) in The National Science Resources Center has now begun a the museum's collection. Referred to by her pen name "Wa five-year Leadership and Assistance for Science Education

Wa Chaw," Nunez was a self-taught painter, poet, and Indian Reform initiative. The National Science Foundation, a group rights activist raised in New York City. of philanthropic and corporate foundations, and several pub-

lishers are supporting this program. Through this initiative,

National Science Resources Centers is establishing partner-

ships in eight regions across the U.S. and with several major National Science Resources Center corporations to provide a comprehensive program of science education leadership training, publications, and technical as-

sistance to 300 school districts nationwide. This assistance Douglas Lapp. Executive Director will enable these districts to initiate and implement inquiry-

centered science curriculum programs for all their elementary

The National Science Resources Center, operated jointly by and middle-school students. the Smithsonian Institution and the National Academy of EHinng the past year, this initiative has organized ten

Sciences, collects and disseminates information about science "Building Awareness for Science Education Reform" conferen- teaching resources, develops innovative science curriculum ces, six Strategic Planning Institutes, five Science Curriculum materials, and sponsors activities to help teachers and school Showcases and one Advanced Leadership Developmenr Con- district administrators develop and sustain effective hands-on ference. The Leadership and Assistance for Science Education science programs. The National Science Resources Center Reform regional partners have been selected on the basis of advocates an inquiry-centered, hands-on approach to science their demonstrated commitment to educational excellence education. In inquiry-centered science, students learn to ask and their ability to provide resources and leadership in sup- questions, gather information, develop theories, plan and port of K-8 science education reform. This initiative will help carry out investigations, and communicate their ideas. the regional partnership institutions to enhance their capacity

Scientists and engineers from acadernia and the business to serve as resources to school distticts in their regions, there- community, as well as educators, play a strong role in the by ensuring the sustainabiliry of the project. development and implementation of National Science The National Science Resources Center has completed the

Resources Center programs. development of a comprehensive science education program

The National Science Resources Center supports systemic for grades 1 through 6, Science and Technology for Children. science education reform efforts in communities across the Focused on topics in physical science, life science, earth nation through its materials development, information dis- science, and technology, the 24 curriculum unirs in this pro- semination, and outreach programs. All National Science gram use simple, inexpensive materials to teach science

Resources Center programs stress the involvement and col- through hands-on investigations. Each unit includes a com-

75 prehensive teacher's guide, a student guide, and a science kit and other resources for teaching middle-school science. Sup-

designed to provide a class of 30 students with the materials port for the development of this guide was provided by The

needed for eight weeks of science investigations. Merck Institute for Science Education. Resources for Teaching

The National Science Resources Center has also developed a Middle School Science contains reviews of more than 400 cur-

set of supplemental reading materials to complement the riculum materials for the teaching of physical science, life Science and Technology for Children units for grades 4 science, environmental science, earth and space science, and

through 6, the Discovery Decks. The Discovery Decks are sets applied science. The guide also contains chapters on teacher

of large imaginatively illustrated cards that expand on the references, science resource guides and periodicals, and an

major topics introduced in each Science and Technology for ancillary resource section describing programs operated by

Children unit. They include historical accounts of scientific museums, zoos, and science centers to enrich the teaching of discoveries, interviews with scientists, problem-solving science in the schools. scenarios, and information on recent breakthroughs in scien- The National Science Resources Center has disseminated

tific research. The Discovery Decks are designed for use in more than 7,000 copies of a similar guide for elemenrary classroom learning centers, libraries, and science cenrers. school teachers, Resources for Teaching Elementary School Science,

The National Science Resources Center has initiated a which was published in 1997. This guide is now available on-

Science and Technology Concepts for Middle Schools project line in a searchable format. The Eisenhower National Clearin- to develop science curriculum materials for grades 7 and 8. ghouse On-line Catalog of Curriculum Resources uses the

This four-year project is supported by grants from the National National Science Resources Center resource guides to identify

Science Foundation, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, materials for its collection and references National Science Dow Chemical Company, the DuPont Company, and Hewlett- Resources Centet reviews of curriculum materials in the Packard. evaluation section of the Eisenhower National Clearinghouse

The Science and Technology Concepts for Middle Schools database. project is developing eight inquiry-centered science modules for The National Science Resources Center works with students in grade 7 and 8. This program, when combined with hundreds of school districts across the United States that are the Science and Technology for Children elementary science pro- involved in science education reform. The National Science gram, will form a comprehensive, well-integrared program in Resources Center is working to develop a Web site that will science and technology for students in grades 1 through 8. connect lead teachers, school adminisrrarors, scientists, and

Expert science teachers, working in collaboration with community leaders in eight regions of the Untied States. This academic experts in the earth, life, and physical sciences and Web site will provide local school districts with a means of technology, are developing the student source books and accessing information and resources often not otherwise avail- teacher's guides fot the Science and Technology Concepts for able to school districts outside major metropolitan areas.

Middle Schools modules. The content and pedagogy of this In 1998, the Narional Science Resources Center, in partner- program will adhere to the content, teaching, and assessment ship with the White House Office of Science and Technology recommendations of the National Science Education Stand- Policy and the National Science Foundation, sponsored recep- ards developed by the National Academy of Sciences/National tions for the recipients of the Ptesidential Awards for Excel- Research Council. lence in Mathematics and Science Teaching. These awards are

The Science and Technology Concepts for Middle Schools staff given annually to exemplary elementary and secondary math has begun to develop the first four modules: Human Body Sys- and science teachers from across the nation. tems; Properties of Matter; Energy, Machines, and Motion; and

Catastrophic Events. These modules were initially trial-taught in classrooms within the Washington metropolitan area. They were then field-tested in middle-school classrooms in school districts Smithsonian Institution Archives located throughout the nation.

The National Science Resources Center's information dissemination activities are designed to make information on Edie Hedltn, Director high-qualiry science curriculum materials and telaced resources accessible to teachers, school system administrators, and Significant organizational changes occurred in FY 1998, per- scientists working to improve science education in the haps the most obvious taking place in our name. We moved schools. The National Science Resources Center is also work- from "Office of Smirhsonian Instirution Archives to simply

ing to develop effective ways to use electronic networks to Smithsonian Institution Archives (SLA). This marks a return facilitate communication among educational leaders and to our former title, held until 1993 when the Joseph Henry school districts involved in science education reform. Papers and the National Collections Program joined SIA. Or-

In 1998, the National Science Resources Center published ganizational change marked two of SIA's divisions as well.

the first edition of Resources for Teaching Middle School Science, a The Archives Division formed into three teams: Reference, comprehensive guide to effective science curriculum materials Records Management, and Arrangement and Description. In

76 addition, some Archives staff moved to a newly formed Tech- Smithsonian's online catalog. In addition, important testing nical Services Division. The results of these changes have been of new systems took place with both local and shared positive, with staff productivity and accountability increased, databases. SIA added to its holdings during the year through and with it a willingness to test different methods and the transfer and acquisition of 837 cubic feet of official approaches to the archival mission. Smithsonian records, personal papers, and professional

The Institution's records storage facility at National Under- organization records. ground Storage (NUS) in Boyers, Pennsylvania, coordinated The Institutional History Division (IHD) culminated a by Smithsonian Institution Archives, became fully operational year of multiple anniversary events in celebration of the 200th during the year. SIA staff from the Technical Services and birthday of Joseph Henry. Media coverage of Henry's birthday

Archives Divisions supported this important effort, with over commemoration was extensive in the Albany, New York area,

5,300 cubic feet of SIA records shipped during the year. In and published articles about Henry appeared in such news- addition, SIA coordinated the shipment of hundreds of feet of letters and journals as American Physical Society News and Issues additional records and materials from other Smithsonian in Science and Technology. A more permanent feature of the bureaus to NUS, often providing preservation rehousing and commemoration was the Henry Papers home page. Combin- other preparatory support to those bureaus. ing information about the project with information about

The Technical Services Division, created in October 1997, Henry, the home page has served as a conduit for queries brought together the preservation team, electronic records about Henry, Smithsonian history, the internship program, program, and office-wide computer support services. The and the volumes. The Division's achievements, however, ex- electronic records program (ERP) continued to provide the SI tended well beyond commemorative activity. Volume 8 of community with electronic records guidance. It initiated a The Papers ofJoseph Henry, covering the years 1850—1853, was "test bed" project with the Office of the Director, NMAH in submitted to Smithsonian Institution Press. In addition, which the offices e-mail messages are being stored in a virtual the Joseph Henry Papers Project entered into the Model records center and will be transferred in electronic form to Editions Partnership, a cooperative effort by documentary

SIA at an appropriate point. The preservation team continued editing projects and the National Historical Publications to implement the preservation plan initially developed during and Records Commission to establish standards for

FY 1997. The team conducted preservation assessments of 470 electronic publication. collections, rehoused 73 archival collections into proper The IHD established a significant presence on the storage supplies, treated 5 collections identified as containing Worldwide Web with virtual exhibitions, essays, and guides mold, and initiated a comptehensive pest monitoring pro- to historical resources. The IHD's Web site was chosen for gram for all SIA storage facilities. In addition, the preserva- participation in "Cybersurfari," an educational Web search tion team provided other Smithsonian bureaus with critical activity for K-12 audiences. The "Historic Pictures" site preservation services and technical advice. proved to be of particular interest to Web users, receiving

The Archives Division placed a renewed emphasis on over 20,000 hits duting the period May to October 1998. records appraisal and increased access to archival collections. Electronic versions of the exhibitions From Smithson to

Building on the refined appraisal criteria developed last year, Smithsonian: The Birth of an Institution and Artists at Work the Division's records management team conducted impor- were placed on the Web during the year. In addition, the tant records surveys and schedules during the year while con- Division initiated a project to digitize the publications. The tinuing to transfer and acquire records and papers. The team Smithsonian Institution: Documents Relative to Its Origin and His- completed a comprehensive survey and schedule of the Na- tory, by William Jones Rhees, published in 1879 and 1901, and tional Museum of the American Indian, the first museum- to extend this compilation of legal documents on the wide survey and schedule to be carried out by SIA. The team Smithsonian from 1900 to 2000. Database development in also completed surveys and schedules for the Office of the several subject areas continued, special projects for senior

General Counsel; the Office of the Director, Smithsonian En- administrators were completed, and several predoctoral, vironmental Research Center; and Office of the Director and doctoral, and postdoctoral students and scholars were spon-

Central Files of the Smithsonian Institution Archives. The sored by the Division during the year.

Archivist/Division Director surveyed approximately 1,300 Finally, che National Collections Program (NCP) con- cubic feet of the records of the Department of Anthropology tinued to produce the Institution's annual Collection Statis- and the National Anthropological Archives (NAA) of NMNH tics and, in addition, launched its Web site during FY during a six-month detail to NAA. While records appraisal 1998. The site features timely and informative guidelines, dominated the year, other services continued as well. SIA ser- publications, and othet resources for collections managers viced a total of 2,981 reference inquiries during the year, an 11 and administrators. The NCP continued to work with the percent increase over the previous year. Much of the increase Institution's large collections management community, was due to queries received via electronic mail. Efforts to the Office of General Counsel, the Provost's Office, and make SIA holdings more accessible kept apace through addi- others in revising Smithsonian Directive (SD) 600, Collec- tional work in the OPAC and WebPAC versions of SIRIS, the tions Management Policy. Undergoing a metamorphosis,

77 SD 600 is moving from a bulky collection of both policy and eventually include more than 28,000 records through the

procedures to a succinct policy issuance supported by an Libraries' catalog. Additions to the African art index, which

implementation manual. was created by Librarian Janet L. Stanley in 1980, will be

made as new literature is published.

To promote the preservation and accessibility of research

materials, the Smithsonian Institution Libraries in coopera- Smithsonian Institution Libraries tion with the Research Libraries Group (RLG) cohosted a three-day digital imaging workshop for library and informa-

tion professionals and specialists, archivists, curators, and Nancy E. Gwinn, Director preservation administrators on "Managing Digital Imaging

Projects." This October 27-29, 1997, workshop was the first of

The Smithsonian Institution Libraries established the three on the topic, including one scheduled to be held in the

Wineland Research Library Endowment on October 29, 1997, United Kingdom. The Smithsonian Institution Libraries parin conjunction with the Charlotte and Lloyd Wineland Collec- ticipates in the RLG Preservation Program, and several

tion of Native American and Exploration Literature. Income Smithsonian museums and archives are members of RLG.

from the endowment will support study and research, as well To foster interest in the history of the Smithsonian, the

as acquisitions and preservation of the collections. The Smithsonian Institution Libraries launched an online version

Wineland Collection of 48 titles contains a number of gems, of its I50rh-anmversary exhibition, "From Smithson to

including the first edition of Prince Maximilian's beautifully Smithsonian: The Birth of an Institution," with lesson plans

illustrated Reise in des lnnere Nord-Amerwa in denjabren 1832 bis for grade 9-12 history classes prepared by the Smithsonian

1834 (1939-41), several rare items published between 1812 and Office of Education. Providing full-text documents from

1891, and Theodor de Bry's seminal sixteenth

American Indians for centuries, and three works published in lishment, and Joseph Henry's "Programme" and accounts of

the twentieth century. One of the latter volumes was dis- Spencer Baird's administration, the online show has won played in the Libraries' exhibition "Frontier Photographer praise for its "music, images, pertinent text and clean design."

Edward S. Curtis" (September 1998—September 1999), on view The Libraries brought three researchers to work in the Dib- in the Libraries gallery (located in the National Museum of ner Library of the History of Science and Technology this year. American History). Sixteen researchers have been funded since The Dibner Fund

The Libraries appointed curators of rare books for two rare- began providing resources for the Smithsonian Institution book libraries this year. Leslie Overstreet was made Curaror of Libraries Dibner Library Resident Scholar Program in 1992.

Natural History Rare Books on October 1 and will be the Sarah Lowengard of the State University of New York, Stony librarian of the new Natural History Rare Book Library, now Brook, srudied color theory in the eighteenth century and its under construction and expecced to open in 2000. Ronald practical applications in the fields of textile dyes, ceramic

Brashear was appointed Curator of Science and Technology glazes, and painters' colors for oils and watercolors. Harry Kit-

Rare Books on June 1 and serves researchers working in the sikopoulos, New York University and New York Institute of Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology. Technology, researched the diffusion of steam engines and the

Both Ms. Overstreet and Mr. Brashear are in the Libraries' Spe- timing of the British Industrial Revolution, 1770-1870. Shan- cial Collections Department. non Allen Brown, Universicy of California Santa Cruz, worked

The Libraries began offering a number of research materials toward completing his research on the U.S. military's uses of online this year. The Libraries home page (.wuru-.sil.si.edu/) now electricity and its effects in shaping the modem infrastruc- carries the full-text contents of more than 175 science, ture, using the Dibner Library's distinguished collection in medicine, and technical journals that are available to the history of electricity.

Smithsonian staff on their personal computers. The branch Two distinguished professors discussed their research in library home pages contain a variety of other subject-specialized public lectures this year sponsored by the Smithsonian Institu- databases for in-house researchers and for the general public. tion Libraries and funded by The Dibner Fund. Henry Petros-

To facilitate research in published literature about African ki of Duke University, author of The Pencil and To Engineer is art, the Libraries has entered information about more than Human, spoke on "Pencils, Paperclips, and Invention" on

18,000 books, articles, reviews, and catalogs in the Libraries November 18. The 1998 Dibner Library Lecture was delivered online catalog, which is accessible on the Internet by Harvard University's Professor of the History of Science

(wwwjiris.si.edu/). The success of this effort is measured by the and Women's Studies Katharine Park who spoke on "Visible increasing number of interlibrary loan requests (45 to 65 Women: Anatomical Illustration and Human Dissection in monthly) for copies of these African art articles that are Renaissance Italy" on May 20. The Dibner Fund has sup- received by the National Museum of African Art branch. ported annual lectures in the History of Science and Technol-

Funded by the Getty Grant Program, the online index will ogy since 1992.

78 Valerie Wheat, Smithsonian Institution Libraries' branch Association to create poster versions of exhibitions to hang in librarian for the Museum Reference Center, completed a year's libraries across the country. It began a strategic alliance with participation in a program to prepare librarians from a racial Silver Dollar City in order to insure wide visibility for Smith- minority group for top leadership positions in research and sonian exhibitions way beyond the Belrway. academic libraries. Ms. Wheat was one of 21 librarians chosen Additionally, SITES continues to work with Ametica's Jazz from a competitive pool in this program sponsored by the Heritage to create innovative exhibitions and programs to ex-

Association of Research Libraries Leadership and Career plore the historical and social impact of jazz music.

Development Program and funded by the Department of SITES' Rural Initiative Program is designed to reach under-

Education. She adapted her completed research project, served communities in rural areas Throughout the United

"Museum and Library Collaborations: A Natural Cultural States. In addition to providing these venues with exhibi-

Partnership." into a presentation at the American Association tions, SITES works with the Federation of State Humanities of Museums in May. Councils to provide the venues with professional development

The Smithsonian Institution Libraries plays an essential programs and training, as well as assisting in the develop- role in the exhibitions, the programs, and in the research con- ment of site-specific public programming. ducred at the Institution with its IS branch libraries and SITES also expanded its national outreach this year through electronic resources available at unrw.sil.si.edu. Its collections the Internet by launching the online exhibition "Rotten Truth of 1.2 million volumes with 40,000 rare books include strong (About Garbage)" and by including new educational materials holdings in most of the Institution's historical disciplines, on its own newly tedesigned Web site. lending crucial support to founder James Smithson's mandate for "the increase and diffusion of knowledge." Particular collection strengths are in rhe fields of natural history, anthropology, and Native American history and culture to the history Smithsonian Office of Education of science and technology, American history, aviation history and space flight, postal history, design and decorative arts, African art, museology, materials conservation research, tropi- Ann Bay, Director cal biology, and environmental management and ecology. The distinguished collection of manufacturers' trade literature Web Sites for Young Researchers (285,000 pieces representing 30,000 companies) and of world's In FY 1998 SOE created two Web sites fot young tesearchers: fairs materials are used by scholars in many disciplines. The "Migrations: People, Culture, Objects, Ideas" (launched fall Libraries is actively building collections in Latino history and 1997) and "Impacto, Influencia, Cambio: Science, Technology, culture and African American history and culture. and Invention in Latin America and the Southwestern United

States" (launched September 28, 1998). Both sites contain

primary source materials such as oral histories, patent draw-

ings, photographs of objects, and documents from a variety of Smithsonian Institution Traveling Smithsonian museums and archives. The Web sites (subareas

Exhibition Service of the Smithsonian Education Web site) have been designed for use by srudents in grades 6 through 12 who are doing

projects for National History Day (about 500,000 students Anna R. Cohn, Director annually). Our purpose is to make Smithsonian resources as

useful and accessible as possible to this audience. The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service

(SITES) is the largest traveling exhibition service in the world. Museum/School Conference Its mission is to extend the Smithsonian collections, research, and In September 1998 the SOE and the Institute fot Museum and exhibitions to "sites" across the nation and beyond. SITES or- Library Studies are sponsoring a conference on the evaluation ganizes and circulates exhibitions of all shapes and sizes on the of museum schools. Participants will look at the impact of arts, sciences, and humanities. Since the first exhibition went on museum-based cutticula on cognitive, emotional, and be- the road in 1952, SITES has traveled thousands of exhibitions for havioral measures of student performance. At the conference the education and enjoyment of museum goers in every state and the schools will shate examples of instruments used to several foreign countries. measure student growth including instructional rubrics, stu- In order to expand the Smithsonian's outteach, SITES has dent and teacher surveys, and specific performance tasks. continued to seek out alternative partners and spaces to create and host exhibitions. For example, throughout its tour, the ex- Audience Research: Readers of Smithsonian in hibition "Vanishing Amphibians" traveled to science centers, Your Classroom conferences, and libraries in order to reach audiences that might not visit traditional science or natural history The Smithsonian Office of Education joined forces with the museums. SITES also continues to work the American Library Office of Institutional Studies to conduct a full-scale survey of

79 the teachers who subscribe to SOE's quarterly teaching guide A significant amount of Program time is spent on acces-

for elementary schools, Smithsonian in Your Classroom. The of- sibility reviews of facilities and exhibitions to ensure that all

fices designed a survey instrument and mailed 2,000 question- new construction is fully accessible ro people with disabilities.

naires in spring of 1998 (to about 15 percent of subscribers). A close working relationship has been fostered through these An astonishing 80 percent of those questioned responded to reviews with the Office of Physical Plant and museum exhibi-

the survey. Results indicated satisfaction with the publication tion designers, thus increasing staff awareness of what acces-

and considerable use of it in classrooms. More than half of sible design entails and helping the Institution further its

the publication's subscribers also read Smithsonian goals to become fully accessible to all visitors and staff.

magazine and take advantage of Smithsonian outreach In conjunction with its policy and implementation and

activities, and 90 percent use the Internet. Readers seek guidelines writing responsibility, the Program conducted five

more materials in science and history and activities geared seminars with staff and outside advisors with disabilities to

to the primary grades (K-3). Smithsonian staff and outside cultural organizations. Address-

ing cutting-edge issues in the areas of accessibility in museum

Teachers as Researchers settings, these sessions prepare staff to present becter

programs to the Smithsonian's entire public. To promote the use of museum-based methodologies in class- Support for Smithsonian units also included providing rooms, SOE conducted a seminar for teachers in the Washington, direcr accessibility services for visitors (for example, sign DC. area on how to develop an exhibit. Teachers visited the language interpreters, real-time captioning, and translation of Office of Exhibits Central, CAL, and met with museum into Braille.) This year the Program arranged curators to understand the processes involved in researching documents visitors attending Smithsonian and building an exhibit. Teachers emulated these processes as nearly 500 hours of services for tours of they used primary sources within the Smithsonian to build Associates courses, FONZ lectures, and docent-led

prototype exhibirs for their own classrooms. Based on this the museums. work and other research, the SOE will publish guidelines on Finally, the Program provides technical assistance on issues

classroom exhibit development in 1999. of museum accessibility to museum and Universal Design professionals around the wotld.

Office of Sponsored Projects Institutional Studies Office

Ardelle G. Foss, Director Zahava D. Doenng, Director

The Office of Sponsored Projects served Smithsonian researchers

and scholars by supporting the work of approximately 137 The Institutional Studies Office (ISO) is a pan-Institutional principal investigators who submitted 248 new proposals resource for the systematic study of the characteristics, attitudes,

valued at $63 million and by negotiating and accepting for opinions and experiences of Smithsonian constituencies. The the Institution 208 grant and contract 3wards valued at small staff includes professionals with expertise in sociology, $27 million. demography, research methods, survey statistics, and a variety of quantitative and qualitative data analysis and evaluation techniques.

Since its founding in 1987, ISO has conducted studies and

applied research for Smithsonian administrators, curators, and Accessibility Program programmatic staff. Areas of investigation include audience

and membership profiles, background studies and assessments public programs, and ongoing analyses Janice Majewski, Smithsonian Accessibility Coordinator of SI exhibitions and of employee composition. For each study, ISO is responsible

for all aspects of study ot survey design, implementation of The Accessibility Program is a pan-Institutional resource for collection, analysis, report writing. Institutional Smithsonian units to ensure that the Smithsonian's programs daca and are asked to the costs of data collection and and facilities are accessible to people with disabilities. The clients assume office provides some technical Program collaborates with all Smithsonian organizations to data entry. In addition, the country improve access to existing resources, as well as to design each consultation to cultural organizations throughout the new program, exhibition, publication, media presentation, and professional review of applied research conducted for

and building to be fully accessible to visitors and staff with them. The staff is also available, on a limited basis, to conduct

disabilities. The Program's activities this year show the range seminars in various aspects of applied quantitative and qualita-

of information and services it provides. tive research and program evaluation.

80 The results of ISO studies are disseminated in several for- (6) Statistical analyses used by the Institution to meet its mats. The major vehicle is a report series; analyses include labor force reporting requirements to the Regents, the technical appendices that both document the work and can be Congtess, and othet federal agencies. used as methodological models. The Reports are distributed (7) Presentation of research results: (a) This year two ISO staff both within and outside of the SI. Publications also include re- members made presentations at the annual meeting of the search notes. Research notes have a more limited distribution, American Association of Museums and four ISO staff either because of the subject matter or because the results are presented papers at the annual meeting of the Visitor not generalizable. Results are also presented at professional Studies Association; (b) The directot presented a paper on meetings or in journal publications. Finally, to ensure that museum visitor research to a graduating class at the clients have timely access to results while more formal docu- University of the Aits in Philadelphia. ments are being prepared, memoranda are prepared for internal use.

The Office's 1997—98 activities included: the Financial (1) Background studies: (a) A background study of the atti- Office of Chief Officer

tudes of Mall visitors towards Native Americans. This

study, in preparation for the new National Museum of the RickJohnson, Chief Financial Officer American Indian on the National Mall, was conducted in

three different museums on the Mall, (b) The Star-Spangled The Office of the Chief Financial Officer was established by Banner study—a background study designed to help in the memo from the Under Secretary dated, July 17, 1996. The preparation of a future display of this famous icon aftet con- Chief Financial Officer is responsible for the Office of the servation is completed. Smithsonian visitors in the Nation- Comprroller, the Office of Contracting, and the Office of the al Museum of American History were surveyed regarding Treasurer The Chief Financial Officer also provides oversight their use of flags, their preferences for display, and the over rhe financial management of grants and contracts in the values they associated with the flag and American history, Office of Sponsored Projects. (c) Interviews with engaged visitors in the National During fiscal year 1998 there was continued development of Museum of American Art and National Portrait Gallery. the financial plan for the Dulles Centet Project at the National This qualitative study offered insight into the experiences Air and Space Museum. There was also a focus on improving the of visitors in these two museums that share one building. It understanding of the Smithsonian's financial status with the is- also provided information on which to base a subsequent suance of a number of reports expanding upon the audited finan- survey study. cial statements. Activities of the Si-wide indirect cost team led to (2) Formative evaluation; for example, audience research for a more equitable business activity rate. "Bodyworks," a future exhibition on medicine in the National Financial systems projects included the successful imple- Museum of American History. ISO staff worked with mem- mentation of the new government travel card, stabilization of bers of the exhibition planning team in informal assessment of the processing of accounting data for payroll and planning for visitor responses to items proposed for the exhibition. Y2K compliance. Assessments of major exhibitions and programs, including (3) Some additional activities are listed below: the following: (a) "Puja," an exhibition of Hindu art at the

Arthur Sadder Gallery that was designed to be especially M • Managed the contract with the external auditors; assured an educational; (b) "Twelve Centuries ofJapanese Art from the effective annual audit, which resulted in an unqualified Imperial exhibition Sackler Collections," another at the opinion of the audited statements Gallery, was studied because its style of presentation dif- • Prepared the financial report for Smithsonian Year 199J fered so significantly from that of the Puja exhibition, • Served on the National Postal Museum Cootdinating although the visiting audiences were very similar; (c) the Committee was Contributing Membership Program studied through a • Served on Si-wide internal control committee (FMFIA) mail survey in order to compare the present membership

and their attitudes with those who were in the program ten

years ago, the time of the last study.

(4) Technical training: Three ISO staff members conducted a Office of General Counsel one-week course introducing the methods and potentials of

visitor studies. The course was offered under the auspices of the Center for Museum Studies. Participants came from John E. Huerta, General Counsel smaller museums from across the country.

(5) Statistical information on Smithsonian constituencies for The Office of the General Counsel (OGC) protects the legal

bureau and office development staffs and program person- interests of the Smithsonian Institution. In carrying out that

nel: for example, /p^7 Visits so Smithsonian Museums. mission, the OGC provides legal advice and counsel to the

Si Smithsonian Board of Regents, Secretary, Provost, Under Save America's Treasures iniriative, launched at the National

Secretary, and other managers on the administration of the In- Museum of American History on July 13 by President Bill stitution; represents the Smithsonian in litigation and other Clinton and First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton. OPA hand- adversarial proceedings to which the Institution is a party and led all media for the event and videotaped the ceremony.

befote federal, state, and local government entities on ad- OPA produced a 16-minute video for television news

ministrative matters; issues final dererminations on ad- producers with exterior views of the museums and the National

ministrarive tort and personal property claims against the Mall, as well as shots of famous artifacts, including the Star-

Smithsonian; and generally monitors developments in the law Spangled Banner. The staff also developed and produced a

for application to the Smithsonian ptograms. seven-minute film about education at the Smithsonian to be used by the Office of Membership and Development and

other offices.

Two brochures in OPA's Resources series were updated this

year; Native American Resources at the Smithsonian and African Office of Communications and African American Resources at the Smithsonian. The

brochures are intended for teachers, students, and researchers

interested in exploring Smithsonian collections, databases, DavidJ. Umansky, Director publications, and other resources.

also reestablished a full-time staff position this year to The Office of Communications is responsible for the public OPA at face of the Institution. Its Office of Public Affairs (OPA) is publicize and promote research the Institution.

dedicated to media relations, publications, and public rela-

tions. The Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Cen-

ter (VIARC) serves the 18 million people who visit the Smithsonian each year. Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center

Office of Public Affairs Mary Grace Potter, Director

During fiscal year 1998, the Visitor Information and Associates' Linda St. Thomas. Associate Director, Media Relations Reception Center (VIARC) continued to pursue its mission to Kathryn Lindeman, Associate Director, Publications broaden the public's knowledge, appreciation, and enjoyment

of the Institution and to facilitate and promote participation This year, Director of Communications David J. Umansky in its programs and activities. and staff in the Office of Public Affairs began implementing As a central support organization and the principal contact the Secretary's new visual identity program, designed by Ivan point for information about the Smithsonian, VIARCs work Chermayeff of Chermayeff & Geismar in New York Ciry. The was carried out through the Smithsonian Information Center foundation of the program is a new logo, used with a sunburst (SIC); 18 museum information/member reception desks; symbol, that links the Smithsonian name with each museum, response services for public and member mail, telephone and research institute, and office. electronic inquiries; outreach to the tourism industry; outdoor A major effort in implementing the visual identity was the wayfinding stations; two large volunteer programs thar preparation, printing, and distribution of the Smithsonian provided primary support for the Institution's public informa- Design Guidelines, which governs use of the logo by staff and activities and for staff project assistance behind the outside designers and printers. By the end of the fiscal year, tion scenes; and a docent program for the Castle. the new identity was in place on many Smithsonian products, a.m.-5:30 p.m. daily, the Smithsonian including stationery, Web sites, brochures, and reports. Operating from 9:00 Information Center attracted 1,890,838 visitors. Reception ser- A public service ad campaign put the Smithsonian in the to Associate members and their public eye this year. The ad featured Larry Fuenre's colorful Game vices were provided 26,570 memberships were sold representing $131,841 in Fish, from the Renwick Galiery's collection, with the line "Ever families; 3,735 Castle, which engaged wonder who decides what the Smithsonian keeps?" It ran in TV revenue. Docents led 300 tours of the participants. Guide, Lattna. the New Yorker, Elk Decor, and other magazines in 3,366 public and Associate

free space provided to nonprofit organizations such as the Information desk services were provided daily in 13 Smithsonian. The ad received the Addy 98 Gtation of Excellence museums by a corps of 676 Volunteer Information Specialists. from the Advertising Club of Washington, D.C During the year 1996 new volunteers were recruited, trained, Extensive media coverage followed the announcement of a and placed in desk assignments across the Institution; the Info-

three-year conservation project for the Star-Spangled Banner. Special newsletter was produced and distributed quarterly; and

The project is part of the White House Millennium Council's 83 in-service enrichment opportunities were offered to volun-

82 teer participants as a means of increasing their knowledge and Month activities to the Web, and promotion of same in the understanding of the Institution's work and collections. SIC theaters.

Incoming public inquiry mail including electronic in- The Institution-wide volunteer survey conducted annually quiries numbered 34,411. Capability to respond online through VIARC counted a total of 5,724 volunteers who con- facilitated answers to some 4,710 inquiries originating tributed some 495,551 hours of service during FY 98. Volun- primarily from The Worldwide Web. The lattet represents teer participation was acknowledged appropriately through more than a 100 percent increase in electronic inquiries. Fifty- appreciation events, service pins, the annual January supple- five new bibliographies, fact sheets, and leaflets were created ment to The Torch, and inclusion in the various staff open and uploaded to the Web on subjects ranging from anthropol- houses sponsored through the Community Committee. ogy to zoology; 51 others were created or revised for individual Appreciation events for participants in VIARC's rwo volun- responses. The Sales Reference List was updated and published teer programs included remarks by Secretary Heyman at the three times. Outgoing mail in response to both mail and spring event for behind-the-scenes volunteers when one of the phone inquiries numbered over 74,000 pieces. Institution's oldest volunteet groups, the Ham radio Public telephone inquiries documented by VIARC num- operators, and one of the newest volunteer groups. Voices bered more than 377,466, the heaviest volume experienced in 2000 from the Accessibility Program, were awarded special the history of the program. Although this number is high, service plaques. The Secretary also spoke at the holiday recep- the actual number handled was even higher as phone data tion for Volunteer Information Specialists. Volunteers also could not be retrieved during rwo when periods when the call received gift calendars, and NMAH and SIC volunteers were management system crashed. To maintain service for Institu- invited to the Sectetary's Fourth ofJuly picnic. tion callers during these periods required labor intensive Work with the tourism industry continued through par- measures by staff and volunteers. Factors influencing the ticipation in major marketplace activities including the volume of calls included the "Star Wars" exhibition and the American Bus Association; National Tour Association; Travel

IMAX film Everest, both at the National Air and Space Industry Association; and La Cumbre, the principal visit U.S.

Museum; and Black History Monch activities. travel trade show for Latin American tour operators and travel

Total volunteers participating in the Behind-the-Scenes agents. Liaison with local hospitality, convention, and visitors

Volunteer Program during the year numbered 1,240. Transla- associations was ongoing, as was online promotion of the tions completed by volunteer translators numbered 107 in 9 Smithsonian through TravelFile and NTA Online. To languages. These volunteers contributed over 176,000 hours promote the Smithsonian as a major tourist destination, of service to projects in departments, divisions, and programs VIARC also assisted the Washington, D.C. Convention and across the Institution. Visitors Association in atranging a reception at the National

Efforts to address the Institution's accessibility and cultural Museum of African An for African American Heritage tour diversity goals were ongoing. Eighteen percent of new Volun- operators. In addition, VIARC was instrumental in facilitat- teer Information Specialists represented minority constituencies; ing the display of SITES and Museum Shop items in the

23 percent of new volunteers placed in projects behind the newly opened Reagan Building and hosted a monthly meeting scenes were known to be minorities. Printed activity of the D.C. Chambet of Commerce's Convention and Tourism

"Samplers" were produced for all Heritage Celebrations and Committee, at which NASM's Dulles Center Ditector of

24-hour recorded information tapes were also provided. Major Gifts was the featured speaker.

Telephone requests for Black History Month calendars were Additional activities during Fiscal Year 1998 included the highest ever received (4,512), a 52 percent increase over creative and productive internal and external communication

1997s then record number of requests. The unprecedented systems and networks that enabled VIARC to improve and volume of requests was attributed to a misunderstanding of enhance information services for all audiences. Highlights the term "calendar" in promotional materials. As updates included, but were not limited to, the following initiatives; were required, publications were revised to reflect adherence researching and contracting for replacement of the telephone to accessibility guidelines and primary publications were system, completion of research for digitization of "Super- provided in alternate formats at all information desks for dis- guide" map and contracting fot same; completion of the tribution to visitors. In addition, tours of the SIB were offered Exhibits Archives Project fot ten museums (2,912 exhibits); in Spanish during Hispanic Heritage Month and on a request content review of 36 SI and non-SI publications; redesign and basis throughout the year. The Tourism Outreach Coordinator updating of the Smithsonian convention display unit; finaliza- attended Nuestra Gente, a U.S. -Latino Awareness Conference tion of new alternatives for outdoor wayfinding pylons; com- to enhance skills in marketing to Latinos and the annual pletion of site identification on SIC models; completion of

LaCumbre marketplace to promote travel to the Institution/ Y2K changes to VIARC's custom database programs; con-

D.C. from Latin America. Other efforts included the design figuration and installation of Pentium computers at informa- and installation of the A&I information desk, production of tion desks; cabling and connection of Sackler and NASM an open-captioned version of the SIC video, supply of Braille information desks to SINET; numerous office network and

Metro maps to all information desks, uploading all Heritage custom software improvements/enhancements including the

83 addition of new HP4000 printers for every unit; another The Office of Contracting continued its ambitious training major new project was initiated to teplace the SIC info window program for project and contract management.

program. Finalization is anticipated during FY 1999- In addition,

integration of VIARC's Web pages in the redesign of the SI home page accompanied by improved graphics and many other

enhancements resulted in a 400 percent increase in usage of our Office of Equal Employment and Web resources. (In September alone there were over 173,000 uni- Minority Affairs que visirors to our pages.) "Encyclopedia Smithsonian" continued

to expand, winning a number of awards from Internet Sites in-

cluding "links 2 Go" and "Study Web." Era L. Marshall, Director

In Fiscal Year 1998 the Office of Equal Employment and

Minority Affairs (OEEMA) continued its successful program Office of Contracting initiatives, refining and enhancing efforts that have produced marked successes in promoting EEO/Diversity and the use of

small, disadvantaged and women-owned businesses. Director John W. Cobert, OEEMA resolved an increased number of EO complaints in the informal stage through such methods as mediation and continued to provide central con- The Office of Contracting advice and assistance meetings with both employees and advisory services for all tracting, business, procurement, and managers to focus on and resolve workplace issues. Results research institutes, and offices. The of- Smithsonian museums, included responding to more than 648 contacts from managers fice is responsible directly, through its staff, and indirectly, and employees through in-depth counseling, various consult- of delegations contract- through the issuance and oversight of ative advice and assistance efforts, and the efforts of our inter- various offices, for the negotiation, contract ing authority to nal EEO counselors. Out of a total of 77 cases handled on the involving formation, and continuing contract administration informal level, five were resolved through settlement agree- the expenditure of most of the Smithsonian's appropriated ments; and ten through intake counseling. The estimated cost

federal and Institutional trust funds. The Business Contracting avoidance to the Smithsonian was $2,722,500. Five cases were

Division manages and has oversight for contracting for income setded through mediation, for a cost savings to the Smithsonian generating and special relationship business contracts. The of $22,500. Travel Services Division manages all of the Smithsonian's The investigative arm of OEEMA increased the number of travel bookings and arrangements for worldwide activities. EEO investigations conducted by internal staff. During the Branch has respon- The Property and Inventory Management fiscal year, 43 investigations were closed; of these, 21 wete

sibility fot the Institution's accountable property control system. closed using Smithsonian staff. Using a baseline of $3,000 per

During Fiscal Year 1998, the office provided regular and on- case, the use of internal staff to conduct EEO investigations

going support to the Institution's numerous exhibits, projects, resulted in a cost savings of $63,000 to the Institution. design and construction activities, and programs, and con- OEEMA continued to institute a comprehensive training tinued carryover activities from 1997. The office negotiated plan and program to educate and increase SI employees' aware-

and awarded contracts to restart the National Museum of the ness of Insricutional policy regarding the Prevention of Sexual American Indian Mall Museum design project and also to Harassment (POSH) and to help promote a wotking environ-

design exhibits for the Museum. ment free of intimation, hostility, and sexual discrimination.

The office acquired the Spacelab module, Igloo and its in- A total of 1,070 employees participated in POSH training in

strument pointing system from the National Aeronautics and FY' 1998; a POSH policy sratement was published and put on

Space Administration for accession into the National Air and the SI PRISM Web site, and the POSH database continues to Space Museum, through the General Services Administration track Institution-wide employee attendance.

federal excess program, at an estimated value of $119,000,000. In the Special Emphasis/Affirmative Employment Program

The Office of Contracting added a fourrh training area, OEEMA broadened applicant flow infotmation to pro-

course to its training program: "Simplified Acquisition," vide underrepresentation data to management and OHR for

which was specifically created fot Smithsonian Senior use in targeted recruitment; maintained an automated track- Procurement Officers. Training in Federal Contracting ing system to improve OEEMA's responsiveness to Basics (FCB). Contracting Officer's Technical Repre- unit/management concerns; and prepared trend analysis

sentative, (COTR), Project Management, and Simplified reports on weekly, quarterly, and annual bases. The office ad- Acquisition was provided to 312 Smithsonian staff mem- vised and assisted units consisting of 25 or more employees, SI bers. The FCB class was offered to the Coopet-Hewitt, managers/supervisors, and OEEMA collateral-duty officials National Design Museum and the National Museum of with diversity planning (recruitment, hiring, training) and the American Indian, on site in New York. evaluation. In FY 1998 OEEMA reviewed 1,041 selection cer-

84 tificates, certifying them with signature and through ap- The OEEMA Director represented the Smithsonian's propriate comments to management officials. programs, policies, and practices in discussions and meetings

OEEMA held meetings and training programs for all unit of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and the

Equal Opportunity officers and supervisors to provide current Interagency Council of EEO and Civil Rights Directors. information on the changes in federal and Smithsonian equal We shared "lessons learned" as part of the national effort to employment programs. Additional training was also provided improve the quality of EEO programming in the federal managers to increase their understanding of EEO laws, including government. the guidelines and issues resulring from the Adarand decision. OEEMA served as a principal participant in monthly OEEMA's Diversity team collaborated with disabled meetings of the Employee Relations Working Group, which employees, their unit managers/supervisors, the Ombudsman, entertains the presence of the Deputy General Counsel, the and such organizations as the Employee Assistance Ptogram Director of the Office of Human Resources, the Manager of (EAP) and Labor/Employee Relations (LER) to ascertain the Labor and Employee Relations, the Employee Assistance need for, facilitate the use of, and provide guidance to such Program Manager, and the Ombudsman. units as AA/PG, Museum Shops, OEMS, OFM-Quad, OPA, This collaborative effott ensures that all players in the and NMNH. dispute resolution business are kept informed of every case

OEEMA's internal Small and Disadvantaged Business involving a dispute with the Smithsonian's policies, practices, Utilization (SDBU) outreach effort was highlighted by the or procedures—whether in the informal/formal stages of the very successful Small Business Procurement Fair, which EEO complaint process, in OHR/LER, MSPB, or in the featured eight small businesses specializing in office products. District courts.

More than 150 SI staff were in attendance to meet and net- OEEMA's Director participated in meetings of the work with business representatives, resulting in subsequent SI Smithsonian's Personnel System Reform Steering Committee, contract awards in the amount of approximately $150,000 to and staff members served on various subcommitrees repre- the exhibitors. senting EEO goals and policies.

SDBU's outreach featured a significant coordination effort OEEMA continues to serve as a member of the Office of Small with the Small Business Administration (SBA) to develop a and Disadvantaged Business Utilization (OSDBU) Directors memorandum of understanding (MOU) between the Interagency Council. The Council serves as a forum to inform

Smithsonian and SBA The MOU delegares to the Smithsonian and alert federal SDBU directors of trends and developments in direct authority to award 8(a) contracts, reducing processing the small business political and economic arenas. time from rwo months to about two weeks. OEEMA prepared reports to inform of diversity initiatives,

OEEMA worked with numerous SI units to assist in identify- efforts, and accomplishments. The annual Smithsonian Institu- ing small businesses and encouraged them to set aside contrac- tion Equal Opportunity Report provided a detailed work force tual requirements for small business and 8(a) programs. These analysis and synopsis of Smithsonian museum exhibits and efforts led to the awarding of at least eight major contracts, programs to the House and Senate Committees on Appropria- including three five-year open-term information technology tions, setting forth in detail the Institution's commitment to services contracts to 8(a) films with a potential maximum value celebrating our nation's diverse historical and cultural achieve- of $7.5 million each and five new construction 8(a) term contracts ments. The annual Accomplishment Report for Diversity Action to be awarded in early FY 1999. Plans informed senior management of each unit's diversity

Our FY 1997 "Contracting Achievement Report" showed the initiatives and its efforts to meet EO responsibilities. The

Smithsonian met and significandy exceeded three of its four annual Affirmative Action Plan for Minorities and Women and small business goals: percentage contract dollars to 8(a) firms the annual Affirmative Action Plan and Accomplishment Report for were 13 percent, with a goal of u pecenr, small disadvantaged Persons with Disabilities wete prepared in accordance with businesses achieved 10 percent, with a goal of 3 percent; and EEOC directives. women-owned businesses achieved 12 percent, with a goal of 5 OEEMA published che fifth edition of its office newsletter, percent. These results placed the Institution in the top ten federal "Opportunities," during this period. This publication assists agencies in these three main categories of procurement awards. employees and managers to deal with and resolve human rela-

OEEMA, in collaboration with the EO Advisory Council, tions issues. The current issue featured information on hosted its fourth Equal Employment Award Program on Oc- reasonable accommodation, sexual harassment, how to handle tobet 28, 1997. This key EEO awareness and appreciation ac- an EEO complaint, and an update on SDBU activities. The tivity has proven successful in gaining Instirutional support publication is distributed pan-Institutionally and has consis- for EEO initiatives. OEEMA created the concept and was the tently received extremely positive reviews. first office to employ the full support and involvement of the OEEMA has established and maintains effective lines of com-

Secretary, the Under Secretary, and the Ptovost. munication with major Smithsonian offices. Our work successes

Several outstanding managers and employees were recog- result from embracing a common vision "to be valued as a highly nized for exceptional contributions to the Smithsonian's effective service organization that provides impartial, pto-accive

Equal Opportunity goals. guidance and assistance to our customers."

85 Office of Environmental Office of Protection Services Management and Safety

David F. Morrell, Director

F. William Billingsley, Director Deriving its legal authority from Title 40, United States

Code, Section 193, the Office of Protection Services (OPS) has The Office of Environmental Management and Safety con- as its mission protecting and securing the National Collec- tinued to ensure a safe and healthful environment fot all tions and other properties entrusted to the Smithsonian Smithsonian employees, volunteers, and the visiting public. Institution and ensuring rhe safety and security of staff and The office provided consultation services, training, and tech- visitors, while permitting an appropriate level of public access nical support in the areas of environmental management, fire to the collections and properties. protection, and occupational health and safety. The office also During this year, the Office of Protection Services recruited informed the Smithsonian of applicable fire, safety, and en- and hired 82 Museum Prorection Officers (MPO). OPS con- vironmental management laws and conducted inspections of rinued its contract with Wackenhut Services Incorporated to all Smithsonian facilities. FY 1998 marked the seventh annual train all 82 MPOs. The two-week training course focused on Secretary's Safety Awards Ceremony. The National Museum of basic security operations within a museum setting. Wacken- American History won the latge-faciliry award, and the hut and OPS conducted seven in-service MPS training classes Smithsonian Environmental Research Center won the small- this year. Wackenhut also assisted OPS in providing nine facility award. basic supervisory training courses for sergeants and lieutenants.

The focus of the supervisory class was the development of effec-

tive communication skills.

In addition, OPS also wotked with Wackenhut in designing Office of Physical Plant and implementing a "train the trainer" course. This course provided OPS employees with various training methods ena-

bling them to train entry-level MPO's effectively. Michael Sofield, Director J. Also this year, James J. McLaughlin was selected as Deputy Director of Operations on March 30, 1998; Douglas A. Hall Physical creates and maintains the in- The Office of Plant was selected as Chief of the Technical Security Division on frastructure and environment within which the Smithsonian April 13, 1998; William Ruth was selected as Chief of the museums, research institutes, and offices pursue their goals. Central Information on August 3, 1998; and Beverly Johnson capital construction projects; The work of the office includes was selected as Chief of the Training Division on September repait, restoration, and alteration of buildings; crafts and trade 28, 1998. James Burford was appointed to the position of Spe- facilities, of utilities systems; work to maintain operation cial Assistant to the Deputy Director on April 13, 1998. Smithsonian properties, landscaping and gardening for OPS staff developed 36 administrative and operational architectural research transportation and mail services; and policies. These policies were distributed to all OPS security

and historic preservation. For the first time ever, the Office units and divisions. Security Managers and Division Chiefs support repair was able to commit more than $50 million to were instructed to introduce and explain each of the new

and restoration of Smithsonian facilities. policies to their staff in order to ensure that all employees understand OPS-wide requirements and responsibilities.

In our continuing effort to upgrade and modernize security systems throughout the Smithsonian, OPS worked closely

with the U.S. Army Engineering Support Center, Huntsville, Office of Facilities Services Alabama, and developed a proposal title "The Smithsonian

Security Modernization Program." This proposal provides the

Richard H. Rice, Jr., Senior Facilities Services Officer program objectives to replace the Smithsonian Institution Propriety Security System and the communications infrastruc-

The Office of Facilities Services, along with other organiza- ture to bring all Smithsonian museums and facilities to a

tions in the Facilities Services Group, continued to focus on consistent standard of electronic security application.

collaborative efforts to improve service to the Institution. This year, like the two previous years, OPS staff worked Among these were several specific organizational development closely with the staff of "America's Smithsonian" to ensure

initiatives, focusing on internal relationships, communica- thar the last exhibition in Scottsdale, Arizona, was a success.

tions and leadership. The Office also led the strategy to in- OPS staff monitored the security contract for the exhibition

crease funding for repair of the Smithsonian's physical plant, and ensured that artifacts were escorted from Scottsdale to

which resulted in appropriation of $40 million in FY 1999. Washington, D.C without incident.

86 The National Conference on Cultural Property Protection tions by individuals, corporations and countries toward fur-

was held in Alexandria, Virginia, from February 9—12, 1998. thering the goals of environmental conservation. The theme for the conference was Optimizing Security with

Minimum Resources." More than 150 people from museums,

libraries, and cultural property institutions attended the

conference. The Smithsonian Associates

Mara Mayor, Director Smithsonian Magazine The Smithsonian Associates (TSA) reached out in 1998 to

Smithsonian members and the general public, offering a

Ronald C. Walker, Publisher broad array of educational and culrural programs crafted to Don Moser, Editor highlight and complement the work of the Institution.

Since its founding in 1970, Smithsonian Magazine has ex- Resident Associate Program

tended the Institution's message, expanded its influence, and TSA's Resident Associate Ptogtam provided audiences in the increased its public visibility throughout the United States greatet Washington area with a "Campus on the Mall" that is and abroad. Considered one of the greatest success stories in truly unlike any other campus in the world. Participants magazine publishing history, Smithsonian is now the twenty- selected from a dazzling array of courses and seminars chat fea- thitd largest magazine in the country with a circulation of 2 tured the wotld's leading scholars and experts. The "Distin- million. It continues to generate revenue for the Institution. guished Women" series fearured Dr. Bernadine Healy, the Editorial subjects extend beyond the scope of the first woman ditectot of the National Institutes of Health, and Institution's museums. Leading authors contribute articles Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, the first woman appointed to about the arts, history, the environment, conservation, and the the U.S. Supreme Court. "The Outsidet in Shakespeare" spot- sciences, always written with the layperson in mind. Monthly lighted actot Patrick Stewart, Shakespeare Theatre artistic fearures include "Phenomena, Comment & Notes," a commen- ditector Michael Kahn, and designer Ming Cho Lee in a tary on nature and the natural world; "Smithsonian Perspec- course devoted to two of the Bard's masterpieces. The Tempest tives," a column by the Smithsonian secretary; and reviews of and Othello. "Timeless Tuscany," cosponsored with the recently released nonfiction books. Smithsonian Institution ac- Embassy of Italy and the Italian Cultural Institute, gathered tivities are covered in three regular departments: "Around the together leading experts who traced Tuscany 's rich artistic and Mall & Beyond," "Smithsonian Highlights," and "The Object cultural heritage. In a continuing cosponsorship with the at Hand." National Science Foundation, "Polar Connections: The Arctic The awards won by Smithsonian this year include the and the Antarctic" assembled distinguished scientists to dis- Clarion Award for Best Overall External Magazine, sponsored cuss the isolated polar regions and their tremendous influence by The Association for Women in Communications. Writer on the rest of the globe. Scott Weidensaul won the Outdoor Writers Association of TSA continued to collaborate with Smithsonian museums America, Inc. President's Choice awatd ("best of the best" of on cultural and educational ptograms. In January, TSA all winning magazine entries) for "The Belled Viper" salured the opening of the National Gem Hall when National (Smithsonian, December 1997). Museum of Natural History (NMNH) curator Jeffrey Post

Also this year, Smithsonian's site on the Worldwide Web spoke to a sellout audience about the spectacular, expanded introduced a new home page design, creating opportunities Janet Annenberg Hooker Hall of Geology, Gems, and for more editorial ptomotion and greater functionality than Minerals, after which participants wete rreated to a tout of the

before. This year also saw the debut of Kids' Castle, a new hall. In "A Farewell Tribute to the Star-Spangled Banner," educational area of the Web site featuring content and TSA offered a patriotic salute in the Flag Hall of the National photographs drawn from Smithsonian editorial and geared Museum of American History (NMAH) to mark the renova-

toward kids ages 8—14. tion of our treasured national icon.

In partnership with the American Sociery of Travel Agents Music again played an important part in TSA's Resident (ASTA), Smithsonian awarded the eighth annual ASTA/ Associate programming. In collaboration with NMAH's

Smithsonian Magazine Environmental Award to Sustrans' Sea Program in African American Culture and its exhibition

to Sea Cycle Roure for the development of a cycling/hiking "Wade in the Watet," TSA presented a concerr and master route in northern England, and to Monique Rodriquez and classes taught by extraordinary teachers of three sacred music

George Strand, Cortez Travel and Expeditions, fot pioneering genres: gospel hymns, congregational spirituals and hymns,

responsible environmental tourism practices in Madagascar. and concert spirituals. TSA also ptoduced its annual series of The award recognizes outstanding achievements and contribu- chamber conceits by the Emetson Stting Quartet, the 20th

87 Century Consort, and the Smithsonian Chamber Music Smithsonian Study Tours

Society, whose performances continue to set scandards for Forty-two Associates joined with members of the Wotld Wildlife great musical performance. Fund, the California Academy of Science, the American Museum TSA continued its "Radio Theatre—Live!" series with three of Natural History, and the National Audubon Society aboard new productions: The Heiress, based on Henry James' the expedition ship Hanseatic for a voyage ro Antarctica and the Washington Square: Arthur Miller's All My Sons; and Working, Falkland Islands. NMNH curator Jeffrey Post joined experts the musical based on Studs Terkel's best-selling book. The from each of the other cosponsori ng organizations to provide the series, produced by rhe L.A. Theatre Works and presented onboard educarional program. by TSA in conjunction with the Voice of America (VOA), Senegal and Mali were featured for the first time on a study treats audiences to unique performances and a behind-rhe- tour designed to highlight the rich history of rhese two na- scenes look at radio drama in production. These world- tions. Twenty-seven Associates, accompanied by study leader class producrions are recorded for subsequent broadcast on John Franklin of the Smithsonian Centet for Folklife public radio throughout the United States and abroad on Programs and Cultural Studies, visited Dakar, Goree Island, VOA. and legendary Timbuktu. TSA presented a wide-ranging array of programs featuring TSA inaugurared the first in a series of American Snapshors individuals who are leaders in the arts, humanities, and study tours during a four-day program on Amelia Island, these were world-renowned cellist Yo-Yo Ma, science. Among Florida. Snapshots feature smaller towns and regions who discussed the cteative process and played a short musical renowned for rheir unique heritage. The Amelia Island pro- by Bach to the delight of the audience. Journalist Tad excerpt gram highlighted the area's well-preserved Victorian archirec- Szulc presented a lecture on composer Fryderyk Chopin, after ture. Other Snapshots featured che Amish community in Istomin performed several which celebrated pianist Eugene Holmes Counry, Ohio, and the maritime heritage of Puget screen Chopin masterpieces. In another unforgettable evening, Sound, Washington. life as an actress during a spe- legend Fay Wray spoke of her Local tours lasring one to four days offered a wide and excit- full-length adventute classic cial presentation of the original, ing variety of onsite learning experiences in the arts, sciences, Gingrich, Speaker of the King Kong. The Honorable Newt and humaniries, on subjects as varied as drama, geology, and joined historian Paul Johnson U.S. House of Reptesentatives, hisrory. Civil War programs are among the finest offered in a unique dialogue on the history of America. Nadine anywhere and feature outstanding study leaders who bring to laureate in literature, was featured in Gordimer, 1991 Nobel life rhis important period in American history. an interview in which she discussed her life as a writer. Bicentennial Medals: TSA awarded rwo James Smithson Master's Program in Decorative Arts one to John Hope Franklin in recognirion of his outstanding The third year of rhe Master's Program in the History of contributions as a historian of American life, and another to Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century American Decorative filmmaker George Lucas for his outstanding contributions to Arts saw stronger ties forged with othet divisions of the the advancement of the an of motion pictures. Smithsonian. Graduate students prepared the public lectures Discovery Theater presented an eclectic array of original for 'The Jewels of Lalique" exhibition at the International plays and touring productions—on subjects ranging from Gallery. Closer ties were also developed with the Renwick Gal- apartheid to dinosaurs—to engage and educate children lery as classes for the new track in American craft were throughout the Washington area. TSA's summer camps again planned. A cooperative relationship also was established with proved popular, as more than 600 area children enjoyed such several departments of George Washington University, allow- programs as "Mornings and Afternoons with che Impres- ing for exchange of students and a greater range of contextual sionists," "Dig Those Dinos!," and "TV Smithsonian: Journey classes. to Outer Space." And the 3zd Annual Smithsonian Kite Fes- The master's program welcomed its first visiting scholar, tival, entitled "Boxes in the Sky," appealed to children and Tessa Murdoch, deputy keeper of furniture and woodwork for kite aficionados of all ages. the Victoria and Albert Museum. Students in Dr. Murdoch's TSA's studio arts classes in painting, drawing, photography, seminar visited the Smithsonian Castle's furniture collection, and various handicrafts conrinued to educate and entertain stu- and interest in the Castle's collection was so strong that dents from the beginner to the ptoficient. The numerous several students continued to study it in the spring tetm and photography classes, in particular, proved especially popular, chose summer inrernships there. offering participants the opportunity to enhance their artistry,

as well as to learn darkroom techniques. National Outreach TSA upgraded irs Web site to include an e-commerce

capability. Resident Associate memberships, program tickets, Smithsonian Institutes for Professionals and U.S. and Canadian study tours (the catalogs for which Institutes for were published for rhe first time on the Worldwide Web) TSA formally introduced the Smithsonian could now be ordered online. Professionals program. Geared to corporate audiences, the institutes include the Smithsonian Creativity Institute, which Museum of Me takes participants into Smithsonian collections, laboratories, TSA, working with Educational Field Studies, Inc., launched and research facilities for customized hands-on workshops a new program, the Museum of Me. Targeted to middle- designed to introduce new ways of seeing, thinking, and school student groups visiting Washington, the two-part pro- understanding; the Smithsonian Signature Institute, which gram introduces them to museums, collecting, museum provides a unique behind-the-scenes look at the Smithson- careers, and exhibit design. Before their trips, teachers receive ian; and the Smithsonian Wotld Affairs Institute, which a preview packet that includes a CD-ROM about the Smith- uses Smithsonian connections within the Washington inter- sonian and a learning guide with suggested activities to com- national community to examine a selected area of the plement their museum visit. world. In April, TSA gave a World Affairs Institute on Eurasia for Young Benefactors Indiana University as part of an ongoing relationship with that university. Forty-five participants and spouses were intro- The Smithsonian Young Benefactors entered its ninth year duced to the region through lectures by notable international this yeat, continuing its mission of raising unrestricted funds experts including former ambassadors, a senior associate from for the Smithsonian Institution and increasing awareness the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, president of among young professionals of the goals and objectives of the the Eurasia Foundation, and State Department officials. Em- Institution. Among activities this year were a reception at the bassies hosting events included Uzbekistan, Taiwan, and "Star Wars" exhibit and screening of the IMAX film Special China. Effects at the National Air and Space Museum (NASM), a "reopening" at newly christened Annen- A Cteativity Institute for ioo employees from Common- reception the Janet berg Hooker Hall of Gems, and Minerals at wealth Equities in Boston occurred in May. Each participant Geology, NMNH, Black-Tie Gala attended two three-hour hands-on workshops. Workshop and the Ninth Annual Blast-Off at NASM, which raised more than $100,000. topics included exhibit design, entomology, forensic anthropology, animal behavior and intelligence, and African art. This collaborative effort with six Smithsonian departments engaged participants in activities that challenged them with real problems faced by designers, scientists, curators, and Affiliated Organizations researchers.

The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, the Na- Smithsonian Voices of Discovery tional Gallery of Art, and the Woodrow Wilson International lecture TSAs successful Smithsonian Voices of Discovery Center for Scholats were established by Congress within the series continued with presentations in Montgomery, Alabama; Smithsonian Institution under their own boards of trustees. The

Scottsdale, Arizona; and Boone, North Carolina. Ten scholats Institution provides administrative services on contract to Read- spoke on diverse topics including forensic anthropology, con- ing Is Fundamental, Inc., an independent organization. temporary American craft, Smithsonian horticulture, space exploration, textiles, Native American art, and Latino history.

Fifty-five presentations were made to nearly 6,000 people, with thousands more reached via electronic media broadcasts. John F. Kennedy Center for the

Smithsonian Scholars in the Schools Performing Arts

The tremendous enthusiasm expetienced by Smithsonian scholars while visiting schools as pan of Smithsonian Voices James A. Johnson, Chairman of Discovery series led to the creation of a new program, LawrenceJ. Wilker, President Smithsonian Scholars in the Schools. This program takes

Smithsonian specialists into schools around the country, The Kennedy Center is America's living memonal to President where they share their expertise with students at all grade John F. Kennedy, as well as the nation's busiest performing levels. Each program is tailored to support the individual arts facility, presenting more than 3,200 performances each school curriculum and includes hands-on classroom year for audiences of over 2 million people. More than 5 workshops, group presentations, teacher in-service training, million people visit the centet each yeat, and an additional and an evening public presentation for the greater school com- 50 million people nationwide attend Kennedy Center touring munity. Additionally, students are given instructions for ac- productions or watch television broadcasts from the centet. cessing additional information on the Smithsonian's Web site. The Kennedy Center presents the finest in music, theatet, and

The Spring Branch Independent School District in Houston dance from this nation and abroad; makes the performing arts served as pilot facility for the program. available to everyone through its free and discounted perfor-

89 mances; nurtures new works and supports artists through its sembles, the Hubermann Quartet, and Jerusalem String Quar- producing, commissioning, and training programs; and serves tet also appeared. the nation as a leader in arts education. In a continuing effort to make the performing arts available

Immediately following its successful tour of Europe in to everyone, Chairman James A. Johnson and President

October 1997, the Kennedy Centet's National Symphony Lawrence J. Wilker inaugurated the Millennium Stage on Otchestra and Music Director Leonard Slatkin opened the Capitol Hill, ptesenting lunch-hour concerts on Tuesdays and newly renovated Kennedy Center Concert Hall, praised na- Thursdays throughout the summer; but all year long the cen- tionally and internationally for its accessibility and acouscics. ter continued its free daily 6 p.m. concerts on the Millennium The second season under Slatkin's leadership was highlighted Stage. by several festivals, including a Russian Festival under the direction of NSO Conductot Laureate Mstislav Rostropovich and a Latin-Caribbean Festival. Alabama was the site of the sixth American Residency, where the otchestra spent 10 days National Gallery ofArt doing 15 concerts and 150 educational outreach events. The tegular concert schedule concluded with the highest season sales in 20 years. Earl A. Powell 111, Director African Odyssey continued for a second season with a yearlong celebration of music, dance, and theater of the African The National Gallery of An serves the nation by preserving,

Diaspora and featured the El Warsha Theatre of Egypt, the collecting, exhibiting, and fostering the understanding of

National Theater Guild of Uganda, and the Song and Dance wotks of art at the highest possible museum and scholarly

Company of Mozambique. Nationwide, "Africa Fete," a standards. celebration of African music touted 17 cities. Black traditions One of the gallery's most exciting and provocative exhibi- in modern dance were presented for the first time in the tion years included celebrations of the birth centennials of two

United States on Kennedy Center stages with 16 classical works contemporary artists, sculptor Alexander Calder and Dutch by African American choreographers that will culminate in a ptintmaker M.C. Escher, the first U.S. exhibition of paintings television seties to celebrate the new millennium. by Italian Renaissance master Lorenzo Lotto (ca. 148c—

The Kennedy Centet Amencan Dancing series was con- 1556/57); the first museum exhibition to examine Edgar ceived as a five-year retrospective exploring American modern Degas s lifelong fascination with the theme of the horse and dance. In the spring of 1998, the Kennedy Centet and the racing subjects; an exhibition of wotks by Edouard Manet,

American Dance Festival announced a new commissioning Claude Monet, and othet artists who lived in late-nineteenth- project to create new works for modem dance and jazz music, century Paris in the district surrounding the Gare Saint- supported by the Doris Duke Foundation with additional Lazare; the first comprehensive American retrospective in 20 support from the National Endowment for the Arts. years of the work of Mark Rothko; and a small exhibition in A highlight of the year was the center's unprecedented the Dutch Cabinet Galleries devoted to seventeenth

monthlong residency of the Royal Shakespeare Company in collectot's cabinets.

five productions in June. Preserving the American musical Purchases for the gallery's collections are made possible by

theater tradition is one of the Kennedy Center's most impor- funds donated by private citizens. Several northern European

tant missions. In July, the center explored the extraordinary paintings were acquired this year: a member of the Haarlem

work that forms the basis of this essentially American art civic guard in full regalia painted by seventeenth-century

fotm in che Kennedy Center's Words and Music series, a trio portraitist Johannes Cornelisz Verspronck; a Dutch coastal of concert presentations of musicals from America's theatet scene by seventeenth -century marine artist Simon de Vlieger,

past. Faith Prince and Alan Campbell starred in Belli Are Ring- and a vibrant fifteenth-century triptych depicting The Raising

ing; Dorian Harewood, Stephanie Mills, Larry Storch, and ofthe Cross by an anonymous Nuremberg artist. Other acquisi- Reginald Vel Johnson starred in Purlie: and James Brennan tions included a small open-air landscape by early-nineteenth-

and Sally Ann Howes starred in Where's Charley? century French artist Lancelot-Theodore Turpin de Crisse; an

The festival "Art of the State: Israel at 50," which featured impression of Andrea Mantegna's engraving of The Virgin and

three American premieres, included Batsheva Dance Com- Child; the gallery's first drawing by Han Holbein the

pany, Israel's leading contemporary dance troupe, in a perfor- Younger, a design for a piece of jewelry depicting the tempta- mance of Anaphase, and Kibbutz Modem Dance Company, tion of Tantalus; and fout rare photographs by twentieth-cen-

which shed light on memories of the Holocaust with its Aide tury American artist Charles Sheeler. Menwire. Cameri Theater of Tel Aviv was represented by Rina The photography collection continued to be enhanced

Yershalmi's Va Yomer, Va Yelech, a theatrical presentation of the through gifts and purchases of wotks by Berenice Abbott,

first five books of the Old Testament. Gesher Theatre's City Eugene Atget, Ilse Bing, Brassai, Horace Bristol, Harry Cal- was a haunting portrait ofJewish Odessa at the time of the lahan, Roger Fenton, Charles-Victor Hugo, Locte Jacobi,

Russian Revolution. Two of Israel's leading chamber music en- Andre Kertesz, Richard Misrach. Humbert de Molard, Aaron

90 Siskind, Alfred Stieglitz, Abraham Walkowitz, Max Yavno, ing Native Alaskan and Pacific Island children living in and Alexander Zhitomirsky and four masrers of nineteenth- Guam and Hawaii. cenrury British phocography, Julia Margaret Cameron, Roger Over the past year, RIF board and staff members developed

Fenton, David Octavius Hill with Robert Adamson, and Wil- a strategic plan to continue services to 3.5 million children liam Henry Fox Talbot. while adding at least 700,000 high-risk children to its rolls

Outstanding among gifts were eight paintings by late- over the next three years. The plan calls for increased emphasis on nineteenth- and early-rwentieth-century artists such as Vin- early intervention programs, program leader and volunteer train- cent van Gogh (a self-portraat), Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, ing, development of intensified motivational methods, and col-

Georges Braque, Henri Matisse, Raoul Dufy, Albert Marquet, laboration with selected national organizations. and Kees van Dongen, bequeathed by Betsey Cushing Whit- In 1998, RIF conrinued to expand its program for children ney; a five-panel screen by Edouard Vuillard showing a from infancy to age five. By midyear, one in every five children springtime park scene as seen from the artist's window, from served was a preschooler. Partners in this growth included the Enid Haupt; 473 contemporary prints given by Kathan National Head Start Association and civic groups such as Brown and the Crown Point Press; a Four-sided Pyramid by Kiwanis International. RIF's work with preschoolers has also contemporary artist Sol LeWitt from Mr. And Mrs. Donald received impetus from recent research by neuroscientists

G. Fisher, an ink drawing by Claude Lorrain of TheJudgment demonstrating that reading and talking to a child reinforces of Paris from Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Victor Thaw; a partial gift complex connections in nerve cells and stimulates brain of a Childe Hassam landscape from Mr. and Mrs. Raymond J. development. The growing interest of pediatricians and nurse Horowitz; and a partial gift of a trompe-l'oeil painting by John practitioners in early literacy development has resulted in the

F. Peto from Jo Ann and Julian Ganz Jr. establishment of RIF programs for preschoolers at hospitals, The Education Division completed work on gallery guides community health centers, and pediatric clinics. that provide commentaries in five languages on most of the The spotlight was on RIF's 240,000 volunteers last spring works on view in the West Building. The guides have been when RIF announced the Volunteer of the Year Award ro converted to electronic form for availability on the gallery's honor the lifetime dedication to literacy of RIF Chair Emerita

Web site, unvw.nga.gov. Fifty thousand children were given Anne Richardson. The winner was Alison Cruise of Lansing, tours and 1,000 teachers participated in workshops and the Michigan, a RIF volunteer for 22 years who has played a key

Teacher Institute. Digital images of European paintings that role in making Lansing RIF one of the largest programs in the were made for the National Gallery's European art videodisc country, serving 14,000 young people at 39 schools are also being used for the computerized collections manage- In January, RIF President and CEO William Trueheart ment system and for the Web site. The Department of Adult launched an initiative that will bring the award-winning Run-

Programs offered symposia in conjunction with the special ning Start program to every first-grader in Delaware, as well exhibitions on Lorenzo Lotto, Thomas Moran. Edgar Degas, as to preschoolers in Head Start, Even Start, and Parents As

Mark Rothko, and Manet and Monet and the Gare Saint-Lazare. Teachers settings that serve disadvantaged children. Delaware

businesses and the Delaware State Department of Education

have banded rogether to support this statewide initiative,

which will serve 80,000 first-graders and preschoolers by 20OI.

As children across the country were celebrating Reading Is Reading Is Fundamental, Inc. Fun Week in April, an awards ceremony to honor the RIF Na-

tional Poster Contest winner and the National RIF Reader

LyndaJohnson Robb, Chairman was held at the National Sports Gallery in Washington, William E. Trueheart, President and CEO D.C.'s MCI Arena. The children who attended the ceremony were entertained by RIF Ambassador John McDonough, bet-

Reading Is Fundamental, Inc. (RIF) is the nation's leading ter known as Caprain Kangaroo, and Snoopy, the popular mas- literacy organization for young people. In 1998, the volunteer cot of the Metropolitan Life Foundation, sponsor of both the services of 240,000 local citizens brought books and reading poster contest and the national teading celebration. motivation activities to some 3.5 million young people, from On March 2, 1998, in partnership with the National infancy to age 18, at more than 17,000 sites in all 50 states, the Education Association's Read Across America campaign,

District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and RIF invited children to celebtate the life and works of Dr.

Guam. Seuss (Theodor S. Geisel). In Fort Worth, Texas, RIF Chair-

RTF reaches young people in all kinds of settings—schools, man Lynda Johnson Robb joined Texas Senator Kay Bailey libraries, day-care centers, Head Stan and Even Start Centers, Hutchison in reading and then eating green eggs and ham migrant worker camps, housing developments, Boys and with children at the J. A. Cavile Branch Boys and Girls

Girls Clubs, schools for children with disabilities, hospitals, Club. and clinics. RIF also provides books and reading activities for RIF gained public support for children's reading through a young people from dozens of Native American tribes, includ- new series of public service announcements, produced by the

93 —

National Basketball Association and aired regularly during Wilson by sculptor Leonard Baskin. Next to the memorial is a the NBA season, playoffs, and championship game. small theater where a film about Wilson's life, ideas, and accomplishments runs continuously. The center's ambitious

schedule of lectures, conferences, and symposia will have room

to expand in this new space, which includes a board room, conference rooms, and the Joseph H. and Claite Flom Woodrow Wilson International Auditotium. Center for Scholars Scholars and staff of the center's Cold War International History Project are serving as academic consultants to the CNN television documentary seties on the Cold War, which Anderson, Acting Director Dean W. began airing in Seprember 1998. The center's expanded Cold

War Web site, cwihp.si.edu. provides direct access to previously Wilson Inrernational Center for Scholars is a The Woodrow classified documents from Soviet and Eastern Bloc archives, as institute for advanced research in the humanities, nonpartisan well as to in-depth information on the issues, events, and in- public policy. Created by Congress in 1968 social sciences, and dividuals presented in the series. A link from the CNN site Wilson, the centet is as the nation's living memorial to Woodrow will bring thousands of new electronic visitors. of learning public a meeting ground berween the worlds and Wilson Center scholars and staff led numetous briefings for independent, wide-ranging insti- affairs. It is the capital's only members of Congress and their staffs on nonproliferation. tute for advanced study, where vital current issues and their Ukraine and the former Soviet Union, drug certification in Latin and hisrorical background are explored through research America, United Stares—China relations, and other issues. dialogue by the center's professional staff and visiting scholars Edward O. Wilson, renowned scientist and author of two to date, more than 1,500 academics, public leaders, and jour- Pulitzer Prize—winning books, spoke about his latest book, world. nalisrs from around the Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge. He proposes a new phase in The center informs rhe public through open meerings, one of Western civilizarion's greatest driving concepts: that publications, and electronic media. Every year, more than 200 the world is orderly and can be explained by a small number meetings at the Wilson Center give the public a chance to ask of natural laws. When we have unified enough certain questions and explore new ideas wirh academic and policy ex- knowledge across all so-called divisions of human inquiry, perts. The Wilson Quarterly, a journal of ideas and information, writes Wilson, we will understand who and why we are. reaches more than 60,000 subscribers. The award-winning Excerpts from the book, as well as essays by Paul Gross and radio program "Dialogue" is produced in association with Richard Rorry, both of the University of Virginia, were

Smithsonian Productions and broadcast nation-wide by the published in the winter 1998 Wilson Quarterly. Armed Forces Radio Network. Among the workshops sponsoted by the center, the Latin In Augusr 1998, the center moved from rhe Smithsonian American Program hosted "Latin America's Role in the New

Castle to its distinctive new home in the Ronald Reagan International System," which examined the evolving inter-

Building and International Trade Center ar One Woodrow national environmenr and its impact on the strategic options

Wilson Plaza. Designed by James Ingo Freed of Pei Cobb available to the narions of the region. The workshop convened Freed & Partners, the building fulfills the congressional man- experts on international relations from across the hemisphere date of a presence for the center on Pennsylvania Avenue. A with prominent analysts to test a range of strategic scenarios memorial space on the ground floor is marked by passages against the broader perspective of those who do not necessarily from Wilson's speeches and writings and a bronze bas relief of focus on Latin America.

91 Thomas E. Lovejoy, Counselor for Biodiversity and Environmental

Affairs

Marc J. Pachter, Counselor for Electronic Communications and Special Projecrs

David J. Umansky, Director of Communications Members of the Smithsonian L. Carole Wharton, Director of the Office of Planning, Management, Councils, Boards, and and Budget Commissions, Anacostia Museum Board September 30, 1998

Mrs. Helen Allen Mr. Stanley Anderson Mr. Glover Bullock Ms. Irene Carter Ms. Dianne Dale Smithsonian Institution The Honorable Barber B. Conable, Jr., Mrs. Marie Dale Citizen of New York Board Regents Mrs. Iris Harris of Ms. Anne d'Harnoncourt, Citizen of Mrs. Concha Johnson Pennsylvania Mrs. Theresa Jones, Chairperson Mr. Louis V. Gerstner, Jr., Citizen of The Honorable William H. Rehnquist, Mrs. Delia Lowery, Recording Secretary Connecticut ChiefJustice of the Supreme Court of Mr. David Lyons Dr. Hanna Holborn Gray, Citizen of the United States, Chancellor, ex officio Dr. Caryl Marsh, Vice Chairperson Illinois The Honorable Albert Gore, Jr., Vice Mrs. Cynthia Clark Matthews Dr. Manuel L. Ibanez, Citizen of Texas President of the United States, ex Mrs. Alenitha J. Quails, Corresponding Dr. Homer A. Neal, Citizen of officio Secretary Michigan Mr. Frank A. Shrontz, Citizen of Members of the Senate Washington

Mr. Wesley S. Williams, Jr., Citizen of The Honorable Thad Cochran, Senator the District of Columbia Archives ofAmerican Art from Mississippi Board of Trustees The Honorable Bill Frist, Senator from Tennessee

The Honorable Daniel P. Moynihan, Mrs. Orto L. Spaeth, Chairman Emeritus Senator from New York Senior Officers Mrs. Keith S. Wellin, Chairman Mr. Frank Marrucci, President Arthut A. Feder, Vice President Members of the House of Mrs. I. Michael Heyman, Secretary Representatives Mrs. Joseph G. Fogg, III, Vice President Constance Berry Newman, Under Mr. Hugh Halff, Jr., Vice President Secretary Mrs. Richard Roob, Vice President The Honorable Sam Johnson, J. Dennis O'Connor, Provost Mrs. Dana M. Raymond, Secretary Representative from Texas M. John Berry, Director of Governmenr Mr. John R. Robinson, Treasurer The Honorable Bob Livingston, Relations Mrs. Jack S. Blanton Representative from Louisiana Thomas D. Blair, Inspector General Dt. Charles Blitzer The Honorable Esteban Edward Torres, Miguel A. Bretos, Counselor for Ms. Lori Blount Cucchiaro Representative from California Community Affaits Mr. Gerald E. Buck Robert V. Hanle, Executive Directot for Mr. Willard G. Clark Citizen Members Development Mrs. Francis de Marneffe

James M. Hobbins, Executive Assistant Mr. and Mrs. Donald J. Douglass

The Honorable Howard H. Baker, Jr., to the Secretary Ms. Barbara G. Fleischman Citizen of the District of Columbia John E. Huerta, General Counsel Ms. Elizabeth Marsteller Gordon

93 Mr. Raymond Horowitz Mr. Richard Meier J. Council of Bureau Mrs. Bruce Karatz Mr. Kenneth B. Miller Mrs. Dwight M. Kendall Mrs. Enid W Morse Directors Mr. Werner H. Kramarsky Mr. William P. Rayner Ms. Hilva Landsman Mr. Harry G. Robinson, III Dr. Milo Cleveland Beach Mr. Richard A. Manoogian Mr. Richard M. Smith Dr. Elizabeth Broun Dr. Samuel Miller Prof. Sue Jane Smock Dr. Spencer R. Crew Mrs. John Murchison Mr. Edward A. Weinstein Mr. James T. Demetrion Mrs. Meyer P. Potamkin Vice Admiral Donald D. Engen Mr. Jock Reynolds Honorary Members Dr. Alan Fern Mrs. Stephen Rubin Mrs. Patricia L. Fiske Mrs. Christopher Stack Mrs. Joan K. Davidson Mr. Robert Fri Mr. A. Alfred Taubman Mr. Harmon H. Goldscone Mr. Steven Newsome Lady Judith O. Thomson Ms. Dianne H. Pilgrim Dr. Michael H. Robinson Ex Officio Members Trustee Council Dr. Ira Rubinoff

Dr. Irwin I. Shapiro Mr. I. Michael Heyman The Honorable Max N. Berry Dr. Roslyn Walker Mr. J. Dennis O'Connor Mr. Gilbert S. Edelson Dr. Richard J. Wattenmaker

Mrs. Daniel Fraad Mr. W. Richard West, Jr. Mr. John K. Howac

Dr. Helen I. Jessup Mr. Alan D. Levy Council of Administrative Mrs. Abbort K_ Schlain Service Directors Council of Information Mr. Alan E. Schwartz and and Education Directors

Honorary Trustees Mrs. Lori H. Aceto Mr. Sudeep Anand Ms. Anna R. Cohn, Chair

Dr. Irving F. Burton Ms. Francine C. Berkowitz Ms. Ann P. Bay

Mr. Richard Schwartz Mr. F. William Billingsley J. Ms. Nancy J. Bechtol Mr. Joseph Carper Ms. Francine C. Berkowitz Ms. Mary Leslie Casson Mr. Joseph Carper Ex Officio Members Mr. John Cobert Dr. Zahava D. Doering Mrs. Laudine L. Creighton Ms. Anne R. Gossert Mr. I. Michael Heyman Mr. Lee Denny Dr. Nancy E. Gwinn Mr. J. Dennis O'Connor Ms. Ardelle G. Foss Mr. Mike Headley Mr. William C. Agee Mr. Mike Headley Dr. Ethel Hedlin Dr. Edie Hedlin Mr. Paul B. Johnson

Mrs. Chandra P. Heilman Dr. Richard Kurin Mr. John E. Huerta Dr. Douglas M. Lapp Cooper-Hewitt National Mr. Rick R. Johnson Ms. Janice Majewski Design Museum Board of Ms. Nikki Krakora Dr. Mara Mayor Ms. Era Marshall Ms. Mary Grace Potter Trustees B. Ms. Anna Martin Mr. David J. Umansky Mrs. Marie A. Mattson Dr. Lambertus Van Zelst Mr. Harvey M. Krueger, Chairman Mr. Patrick Miller Mr. Ronald Walker

Mr. Arthur Ross, Vice Chairman Mr. David F. Morrell Mr. James H.Wallace, Jr. Mrs. Kathleen Allaire Mr. Richard H. Rice

Mr. Jorge L. Batista Dr. Michael H. Robinson Ms. Agnes Cowles Bourne Dr. Ira Rubinoff Mr. Donald Bruckmann Ms. Cora Shores Folklife Advisory Mrs. Anne Ehrenkranz Dr. Barbara J. Smith Mrs. Joanne Foster Mr. Michael Sofield Council

Mr. George J. Gillespie, III Mrs. Mary Augusta Thomas Ms. Elaine La Roche Ms. Aileen F. Wakefield

Mrs. Barbara Levin Mr. James H. Wallace, Jr. Dr. Roger Abrahams Mrs. Nancy A. Marks Dr. L. Carole Wharton Dr. Jacinto Arias

94 Dr. Jane Beck Mr. Mitchell Rales (from June 1998) Ms. Phyllis Middleton Jackson Dr. Pat Jasper Mr. Robert Rosenblum (through June Mr. James A. Johnson Dr. Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett 1998) Ms. Ann Jordan Dr. Bernice Johnson Reagon Mr. Donald M. Koll Dr. John Roberts The Honorable James A. McClure Ex officio Members Dr. Carol Robertson Mr. Cappy R. McGarr

Dr. Gilbert Sprauve The Honorable William F. McSweeny, Jr. Mr. I. Michael Heyman Dr. John Kuo Wei Tchen Mr. Frank H. Pearl The Honorable William H. Rehnquisr Dr. Ricardo Trimillos Mr. Ronald O. Perelman Dr. Carlos Velez-Ibanez Ms. Alma Johnson Powell Mrs. Casey Ribicoff

Mr. Miles L. Rubin John F. Kennedy Center Ms. Joy A. Silverman The Honorable Jean Kennedy Smith Folkways Advisory for the Performing Arts Mr. Joshua I. Smith Board Board of Trustees Mr. Jay Stein Mr. Jerry Weintraub Mr. Thomas E. Wheeler Mr. Michael Asch Honorary Chairs Mr. James D. Wolfensohn Mr. Don DeVito

Ms. Ella Jenkins Mrs. Hillary Rodham Clinton Members Ex Officio Designated by Mr. Jon Kertzer Mrs. George H. W Bush Act of Congress Mr. John Nixdorf Mrs. Ronald Reagan Mrs. Jimmy Carter The Honorable Donna E. Shalala, Mrs. Gerald R. Ford Secretary of Health and Human Services Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson The Honorable Richard W Riley, Secretary of Education Freer Gallery of Art The Honorable Joseph D. Duffey, Officers Visiting Committee Director, U.S. Information Agency Senator Edward M. Kennedy Mr. James A. Johnson, Chairman Senator Max Baucus Mr. Kenneth M. Duberstein, Vice Mr. Richard M. Danziger, Chair Senator John H. Chafee Chairman Dr. Gursharan Sidhu, Vice Chair Senacor Trent Lott Ms. Alma Johnson Powell, Vice Senator Ted Stevens Mrs. Jackson Burke Chairman Mr. Willard G. Clark Rep. Joseph M. McDade Mr. Lawrence J. Wilker, President Dr. Kurt A. Gitter Rep. Sidney R. Yates The Honorable Jean Kennedy Smith, Mrs. Richard Helms Rep. Bud Shuster Secretary Sir Joseph E. Hotung Rep. James L. Oberstar Ms. Charlocte A. Woolard, Assistant Mr. Rogerio S. Lam Rep. Newt Gingrich Secretary Mr. and Mrs. Christopher Luce Mr. Marion Barry, Mayor, District of Mr. Paul G. Stern, Treasurer Mrs. Elizabeth Columbia Moynihan Mr. Henry M. Strong, Assistant Mr. I. Michael Heyman, Secretary, Prof". Martin Powers Treasurer Elizabeth ten Smithsonian Institution Ms. Grotenhuis Mr. William Becker, General Counsel Miss Shelby White Dr. James H. Billington, Librarian of Congress Members Appointed by the President Mr. J. Carter Brown, Chairman of the of the United States Commission of Fine Arts Mr. Robert Stanton, Director, National Mrs. Anita Arnold Hirshhorn Museum and Park Service Mr. Robert B. Barnett Sculpture Garden Board of The Honorable Stuart A. Bernstein Founding Chairman Trustees Mrs. Anitamane Cafritz Mr. Ronald I. Dozoretz Mr. Roger L. Stevensf Mrs. Phyllis C. Draper Mr. Robert Lehrman, Chairman Mr. Kenneth M. Duberstein Chairman Emeritus Ms. Camille Oliver-Hoffmann Mrs. Marjorie M. Fisher

Ms. Melva Bucksbaum Mr. Craig L. Fuller Mr. James D. Wolfensohn Mr. Marvin Mordes, M.D. Mrs. Mary Galvin Ms. Ponchitta Pierce Mr. Lionel Hampton ^Deceased

95 Honorary Trustees Mr. David S. Purvis National Museum of Mr. Charles Sawyer Mr. Philip F. Anschutz African Art Commission Mr. James H. Evans Mrs. Alma Gildenhorn Prof. David C. Driskell The Honorable Melvin R. Laird Mr. John A. Friede National Museum of the Mrs. J. Willard Marriort Mr. Joseph M. Goldenberg The Honorable Leonard L. Silverstein American Indian Board of Dr. Joseph E. Harris Mr. Dennis C. Stanfill Mrs. Frances Humphrey Howard Trustees Mr. Lew R. Wasserman Mr. Elliot Lawrence

Mr. Brian S. Leyden Mr. Manley Alan Begay, Jr. The Honorable Frank E. Moss Mr. James A. Block National Air and Space Mr. Robert H. Nooter Mr. Ellsworth Brown Mrs. Frieda Rosenthal Museum Advisory Board Mr. George L. Cornell Prof. Robert Farris Thompson Mr. Billy L. Cypress The Honorable Walter E. Washington Mr. Thomas L. Blair Mr. Vine Deloria, Jr.

General John R. Dailey Dr. Catherine S. Fowler The Honorable Jane Garvey Ex Officio Member Mr. Doug George-Kanentiio Vice Admiral Richard D. Herr Mr. Dwight Gourneau

Mr. I. Michael Heyman Mr. I. Michael Heyman Mr. George Gund. Ill Mr. Thomas W Hoog Mr. I. Michael Heyman

The Honorable Sam Johnson Mr. Peter J. Johnson Captain David Kunkel, USCG Mrs. Loretta Kaufman Lieutenant Genera] Frederick National Museum of Mr. Albert Kookesh McCorkle, USMC American Art Commission Ms. Henrietta Mann Rear Admiral John B. Nachman, USN Ms. Linda Manzanilla General Michael Mr. Gerald R. Ryan Mr. Ronald D. Abramson McMaster Brigadier General Ms. Sebastian Morris John K. Schmitt, USA Mr. Norman Bernstein Joann Dr. Y.CX. Susan Wu Mr. Jorge A. Flores Ochoa Mr. Edwin 1. Colodny Mr. Dennis Mrs. Ann Cousins J. O'Connor Ms. Nancy Clark Reynolds Mr. James T. Demetrion Ms. Luci Tapahanso National Gallery Art Mr. Barney A. Ebsworth of Mr. Bernard Whitebear Mrs. Daniel Fraad Julian Ms. Phyllis Young Board of Trustees Mrs. Patricia Frost Ms. Ofelia Mrs. Shelby M. Gans Zepeda Mr. Robert F. Erburu Mr. Ken Hakuca Mr. Julian Ganz, Jr. Mr. HughHalff.Jr.

Mr. Raymond J. Horowitz Mr. Alexander M. Laughlin Mrs. Linda Lichtenberg Kaplan National Museum Mrs. Louise of W Mellon Mr. William G. Kerr Mr. Robert H. Smith Mr. Melvin Lenkin American History Board

Mr. Henry Luce, III

Ex Officio Mr. Peter H. Lunder Dr. Ivan Selin, Chair Mr. Jesus Morales Mr. Todd Axelrod The Honorable William H. Rehnquist, Dr. Paul D. Parkman Dr. Alison R. Bernstein Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Mr. Gerald L. Pearson Mr. Richard L. Carrion the United States Mrs. Morris Pynoos Mr. Peter Claussen The Honorable Madeleine K. Albright, Mr. Frank K. Ribelin Mr. Lester Colbert, Jr. Secretary of State Mr. Richard J. Schwartz The Honorable Thad Cochran Mr. I. Michael Heyman, Secretary of the Mr. Ferdinand T Stent Mr. George M. Ferris, Jr. Smithsonian Institution Mr. Wesley S. Williams, Jr. Mr. Jerry Florence The Honorable Robert E. Rubin, Mr. George C. Freeman, Jr. Secretary of the Treasury Emeritus Members Prof. Neil Harris

Mr. Robert F Hemphill, Jr. Mr. Walker Hancock Ms. Irene Y. Hirano

Mr. R. Crosby Kemper, Jr. Thomas W. Langfitt, M.D. Mrs. Nan Tucker McEvoy Mrs. Dorothy Lemelson

96 Mr. James R. Mellor Dr. Nancy R. Morin Mrs. Jeanette Cantrell Rudy Mr. Ehhu Rose Mr. James R. Patton.Jr. Mr. Edwin M. Schmidt

Seymour I. Schwartz, M.D. Mr. Paul Risser The Honorable Robert Setrakian Mr. Marvin D. Williams Ms. Desiree G. Rogers The Honorable Ted Stevens Mr. Alan G. Spoon

Mr. Marshall C. Turner, Jr. Mr. Milton H. Ward the National Postal Museum National Museum of Mr. Howard H. Williams, HI American Indian Board of Coordinating Committee Emeritus Trustees Mr. Richard H. Arvonio Mr. S. Dillon Ripley, II Ms. Kathy Cunningham Mr. Manley Alan Begay, Jr. Ms. Ardelle Foss Mr. James A. Block Ex Officio Members Mr. William Henderson Dr. Ellsworth Brown Mr. I. Michael Heyman Mr. Rick R. Johnson Mr. Duane Champagne Dr. Dennis O'Connor Mr. J. Dennis O'Connor J. Ms. Eloise Gobell

Mr. George L. Cornell

Mr. Billy L. Cypress

Mr. Vine Deloria, Jr. National Portrait Gallery National Postal Museum Mr. Charles M. Diker Commission Director's Circle Ms. Catherine S. Fowler Mr. Douglas George The Honorable Anthony C. Beilenson The Honorable Paul Carlin, Chairman Mr. Dwighr Gourneau The Honorable Jeannine Smith dark. Chair Mr. Maynard H. Benjamin Mr. George Gund, III Mrs. Berkley Prof. Stephen Jay Gould Joan Secretary I. Michael Heyman Berry Ms. Julie Harris Mr. Thomas J. Mr. Peter J. Johnson Prof. David Levering Lewis Mr. Kieran A. Carracher Mrs. Loretta Kaufman Mr. Bruce Dobin Prof. R.WB. Lewis Ms. Henrietta Mann Ms. Bette Bao Lord Mr. Victor Forman Ms. Joann Sebastian Morris The Honorable Robert B. Morgan Mr. James Forsythe Mr. J. Dennis O'Connor Mr. Roger H. Mudd Mr. Coleman Williams Hoyt Mr. Jorge Flores Ochoa Mr. Floyd Ivey Prof. Barbara Novak The Honorable Ted Stevens Ms. F. Suzanne Jenniches Ms. Luci Tapahonso Ex Officio Members Mr. Joe Monastro Mr. Bernie Whitebear Mr. John Murchake Ms. Ofelia Zepeda Mr. I. Michael Heyman, Secretary, Mr. John O'Dell Smithsonian Institution Mr. James E. Pehra Dr. Earl A. Powell III, Director, Ms. Joyce Reid National Gallery of An Mr. Ernesto Rojas National Museum of J. The Honorable William H. Rehnquist, Mr. Thomas Stoneback

Natural History Board ChiefJustice, U.S. Supreme Court Mr. Frederick Wolff, III Mr. John Zanchi Mr. Kenneth E. Behring Dr. Isabella CM. Cunningham National Postal Museum Dr. David Dilcher National Science Resources Dr. Thomas Eisner Advisory Commission Dr. William B. Ellis Center Advisory Board Mr. Robert Fri The Honorable Winton M. Blount

The Honorable William H. Frist Mrs. Lovida Coleman Dr. Joseph A. Miller, Jr., Chair

Mr. Edward O. Gaylord Ms. Amina Dickerson Ms. Ann P. Bay

Mr. Arthur Gray, Jr. Ms. Meredith Fischer Ms. DeAnna Banks Beane

Mr. John S. Hendricks Dr. Manuel L. Ibanez Dr. Fred P. Corson Mr. David M. Hicks Mr. Azeezaly Jaffer Dr. Goery Delacote Dr. Stanley O. Ikenberry The Honorable John M. McHugh Ms. JoAnn DeMana Mrs. Jean Lane Mr. Arthur H. Morowitz Dr. Peter Dow Mr. Robert H. Malott Mr. Tim E. Needham Dr. Hubert M. Dyasi

The Honorable James A. McClure Mr. James E. Pehta Dr. Bernard S. Finn Mr. Jeffery W. Meyer Ms. Elizabeth C. Pope Dr. Robert M. Fitch

97 Dr. Jerry P. Gollub Ms. Jeanne Beekhuis Mrs. Karhryn W. Lumley Dr. Ana M. Guzman Ms. Patricia A. Bradley Mr. Claude A. Mayberry Dr. Anders Hedberg Ms. Miriam V Carmack Ms. Nell Minow

Dr. Richard Hinman Mr. Paul B. Green Mr. Richard J. Pinola Dr. David Jenkins Ms. Michele V Hagans Mrs. Lois D. Rice Ms. Mildred E. Jones Mr. Mark Handwerger Mrs. Anne Richardson Dr. John W. Layman Ms. Betty Ann Kane Mrs. Lynda Johnson Robb Dr. Leon M. Lederman Ms. Lori Kaplan Mrs. Jean Head Sisco Ms. Sarah A. Lindsey Ms. Alberta Allen "Missy" Kelly Dr. William E. Trueheart Dr. Lynn Margulis Ms. Gloria Kreisman Mr. Arthur White Dr. Ted Maxwell Mr. Harald R. Leuba Dr. Mara Mayor Ms. Suzanne Mink Dr. John A. Moore Mr. Michael Rider J. Smithsonian National Dr. Carlo Parravano Mr. Edward A. Sands Dr. Robert W. Ridky Ms. Anne Schultz Board Ms. Ruth O. Selig Mr. Ross B. Simons

Dr. Maxine F. Singer Mr. Robert J. Smith Mrs. Jean Mahoney, Chair Mr. Robert D. Sullivan Mr. M. Lee Sutherland The Honorable Frank A Weil, Vice Chair Ms. Nancy Thomas Mr. Curtis N. Symonds The Honorable Max N. Berry Dr. Gerald F. Wheeler Mrs. Laura Lee Blanton Dr. Richard L. White Mrs. John M. Bradley Dr. Paul H. Williams Smithsonian Mr. Stephen F. Brauer Ms. Karen L. Worth The Honorable Henry E. Catto Environmental Research Mr. Peter R. Coneway Center Advisory Board Mr. Thomas Edward Congdon National Zoological Park Ms. Allison Stacey Cowles Members Mr. Frank A. Daniels, Jr. Advisory Board Baron Eric de Rothschild Ms. Helen Delicti Bentley Mr. Archie W Dunham Mr. Perer Andrews Ms. Susan Hager Dr. Sylvia A. Earle Mr. Robert A. Bartlett Mr. Michael Hayman Mrs. Jane B. Eisner William H. Berman Mr. John Hobbie Mrs. Parricia Frosr Dr. David Challinor Mr. Norman Maneta Ms. Nely Galan The Honorable Jeannine Smith Clark Ms. Beth Stevens Mr. Bert A. Getz Mr. George C. Didden, III Mr. Richard P. Thomeil Mr. Stephen W. Hamblett Ms. Elizabeth B. "Barrie" Frazier Ms. Kathleen Wagner Mr. Paul Hertelendy

Ms. Caroline D. Gabel Mr. S. Roger Horchow Mrs. Laura Howell Mr. Robert L. James Mrs. Alberta Allen "Missy" Kelly III Mrs. James W. Kinnear Reading Is Fundamental, Dr. William Ramsay Mrs. Marie L. Knowles Mr. Jeffrey R. Short, Jr. Inc., Board of Directors The Honorable Marc E. Leland Mr. Henry "Hank" Strong Mr. Donald G Lubin

Mrs. Carole A. Valentine Ms. Alexandra Armstrong Mrs. Elizabeth S. MacMillan

Mrs. Beatrix von Hoffmann Ms. Lecitia Baldridge The Honorable John D. Macomber Mr. Jon E. Barfield Ms. Holly Madigan Honorary Members Ms. Loretta Barrett Mr. Frank N. Magid

Mr. Leo Beebe Mrs. John F. Mars Mrs. Joan Donner Mr. Christopher Cerf Mr. Michael Perer McBride Mrs. Ruth S. Holmberg Mr. Robert W. Coy, Jr. Mrs. Nan Tucker McEvoy Mrs. Adrienne Mars Mr. James C. Curvey Mr. Kenneth B. Miller Mr. Basel Dalloul The Honorable Norman Y. Minera FONZ (Friends ofthe National Ms. Patricia Diaz Dennis, Esq. Mr. Thomas D. Mullins Zoo) Board Mr. Lloyd Derrickson, Esq. Mr. John M. Nelson

Ms. Carole A. Valentine, President Mr. Robert S. Diamond Mrs. Lucio A. Noto Ms. Susan B. Perry, Second Vice Ms. Annette M. Felanzi Dwyer Mr. Heinz C. Prechter

President Mr. Lon Greenberg Mrs. Charles H. Price, II Mr. David Perry, Treasurer Mr. Lawrence A. Hough Mr. A.R. Tony Sanchez Ms. Francisca B. Holland, Secretary- Ms. Pamela Koprowski Mr. David M. Silfen

98 The Honorable Alan K. Simpson Ms. Cecilia H. Chin Dr. Elizabeth S. Vrba Ms. Kathy Daubert Smith Ms. Maygene Daniels Dr. John Walsh Mr. Kenneth L. Smith Dr. John A. Fleckner

Mr. Clemmie Dixon Spangler, Jr. Ms. Christraud Geary

Mr. Kelso F. Sutton Ms. Marilyn Graskowiak Smithsonian Institution Mr. Jeffrey N. Watanabe Dr. Nancy E. Gwinn

Mrs. Frank A. Weil Mr. Robert S. Harding Libraries Users Advisory Mrs. Nancy Brown Wellin Dr. Edie Hedlin Committee Mr. Anthony Welters Ms. Colleen A. Hennessey Mr. Daniel W Yohannes Dr. Pamela M. Henson Dr. Gail S. Davidson Mr. John Homiak Ms. Paula T DePriest Ms. Janet Kennelly Ms. Patricia Gossel Mr. Paul Kimberly Arthur M. Sackler Dr. Nancy E. Gwinn Ms. Gail Lowe Mr. Von D. Hardesry Gallery Visiting Committee Ms. Lillian Miller Ms. Elaine L. Johnston Ms. Lauranne C. Nash Dr. Thomas E. Lowderbaugh Mrs. Hart Fessenden, Chair Ms. Tammy Peters Dr. Nancy L. Matthews Mr. C. Jeffrey Place Mr. George J. Fan, Vice Chair Dr. Sorena S. Sorensen Mrs. John B. Bunker Dr. Marc Rothenberg Mr. Melvin J. Wachowiak, Jr. Dr. Kurt A. Gitter Dr. Barbara J. Smith

Mrs. Richard Helms Dr. Thomas F. Scapes Dr. Florence Cawthorne Ladd Ms. Joan R. Stahl Ms. Marie Lam Mr. William G. Tompkins Smithsonian Washington Mrs. James R. Lilley Ms. Linda A. Thrift Council Mrs. Jill Hornor Ma Mr. James H. Wallace, Jr. Dr. Kenneth X. Robbins Mrs. Beverly Wesrermeyer Mr. R. Robert Linowes, Chairman Mrs. Arthur M. Sackler Ms. Kathleen Williams Ms. Jin-Hyun Weatherly Ahn Mr. Sichan Siv Mr. Paul Wood Mr. Oliver T. Carr Mr. Aboulala Soudavar Mr. Mark A. Wright The Honorable Elaine L. Chao Mr. Robert Ching Tang Dr. Judith K. Zilczer Mr. Emilio A. Fernandez Mr. Paul F. Walter Mr. Donald Edward Graham

Mr. J. Roderick Heller, III Smithsonian Institution Mrs. Kathleen Mullins Hough Smithsonian Council Mt. Mario M. Monno Environmental Research Mrs. Irene Pollin Mr. John R. Risher.Jr. Dr. Robert McC. Adams Center Board of Advisors Mrs. Vicki Sant Dr. Joyce O. Appleby Mr. Ladislaus von Hoffman Dr. Ellsworth Brown The Honorable Helen Delich Bentley Dr. George R. Carruthers Ms. Suaun Hager Dr. Linda S. Cordell Mchael Hayman, M.D. Dr. Ruth Schwartz Cowan Woodrow Wilson John Hobbie, Ph.D. Mrs. Diane Frankel The Honorable Norman Y. Mineta International Centerfor Mr. David R. Gergen Beth Stevens, Ph.D. Mrs. Kinshasha Holman Conwill Scholars Board of Trustees Prof. Richard P. Thornell Dr. Daniel H. Janzen Ms. Kathleen Wagner Dr. Michael Kammen The Honorable Madeline K. Albright

Ms. Akemi Kikurma Yano The Honorable James A. Baker, III

Prof. J. Jorge Klor de Alva Mr. Steven Alan Bennett, Esq.

Smithsonian Institution Mr. John Wilbur McCarter, Jr. Mr. Samuel R. Berger Ms. Cheryl McClenney-Brooker Archives and Special Dr. James H. Billington Dr. Clifton Arthur Poodry Joseph A. Cari, Jr., Esq.

Collections Council Mr. Richard J. Powell The Honorable Joseph D. Duffey Ms. Mimi Quintanilla Mr. William R. Ferris Mrs. Rachel M. Allen Dr. Lauren B. Resnick Mr. Joseph H. Flom, Esq.

Mr. Alan L. Bain Dr. Jeremy A. Sabloff" Ms. Jean L. Hennessey

Mr. James B. Byers Mr. Igor I. Sikorsky, Jr. Mr. I. Michael Heyman

Mr. Timothy Carr Ms. Beryl B. Simpson Mr. Eli S. Jacobs

99 Mr. Paul Hae Park Mrs. William S. Mailliard Ms. Ann R. Garvey

The Honorable Richard W. Riley Mrs. Alexander M. Maish Ms. Jill Greenstein The Honorable S. Dillon Ripley, II Mrs. Martha Martin Ms. Marcia Gregory The Honorable Donna E. Shalala Mrs. Arthur K. Mason Ms. Joanie Heavey Mrs. Joan Lambert McPhee Mrs. Judith H. Houston Mrs. Metcalf Ruth Ms. Pamela Elizabeth Hudson Mrs. Sarah Milam Smithsonian Women's Ms. Vetonika O. Jenke Mrs. Louise C. Millikan Ms. Jean Kaiata Committee Mrs. Suzanne Moore J. Mr. Peter Kibbee Mrs. Horace White Peters Mr. Bruce R. Kirby Mrs. Donald W. Jeffries, Chairman Mrs. Charles L. Poor Ms. Elizabeth Kirwin Mrs. James M. Beggs, Vice Chairman Mrs. C. Michael Price Mrs. Sharon E Leathery Mrs. Edward Day, Co-Secretary Mrs. Thomas Malcolm Price J. Ms. Jane LeGrow Mrs. Margaret Camp, Co-Secretary Ms. Judy Lynn Prince Ms. Cassandra Lewis Ms. Cissel Gott Collins, Treasurer Mrs. James G. Randolph Ms. Nancy Lewis Ms. Allison Butler Herrick, Assistant Mrs. Karen Rockwood Ms. Sherri Manning Treasurer Mrs. William C. Rountree Ms. Cathy Maree Mrs. Martin Atlas Mrs. Arden Ruttenberg Ms. Elena Mayberry Mrs. Marilyn Barrett Mrs. John A. Sargent Mrs. Christine Blazina Mrs. Alice Sessions Ms. Lisa Mazzola Mrs. Annelise Brand Mrs. Joy Vige Mr. Richard Moll

Mrs. I. Townsend Burden, III Mrs. Sally Walker Ms. Dana Moreland Mrs. Margaret Bush Mrs. Wendy Wall Mr. Bruce Morrison Mrs. Doniphan Carter Mrs. James Bud Ward Ms. Lauranne C. Nash Mrs. Frank B. Clay Mrs. Charles Swan Weber Ms. Rachel Orgeron

Mrs. Lloyd E. Clayton Mrs. John R. Webster Ms. Karen Otiji Mrs. Richard Cobb Mrs. Jerome Weiss Ms. Gloria Player Mrs. Cissel Gott Collins Mrs. Philip C. White Ms. Amy Putnam Mrs. Margaret Collins Ms. Arlene Reiniger Mrs. Willis D. Crittenberger, Jr. Dr. Marc Rothenberg Mrs. Fritz Daguillard Smithsonian Internship Ms. Niki Sandoval Mrs. Helen Davison Ms. Mary Sangrey Mrs. Edward Day Council J. Mrs. Magdalene C Schremp Mrs. Jill Fn Ms. Heidi L.R. Schwartz Mrs. Mary Goldberg Ms. Pabhta T. Abeyta Mr. Raymond Seefeldt Mrs. William F. Gorog Mrs. Lori H. Aceto Mr Robert Shallcross Mrs. KarlG. Hair, Jr. Ms. Frederica Adelman Ms. Karen B. Smith Mrs. Henry L. Heymann Ms. Victoria Avera Ms. Myrna Banks Smith Mrs. Stanford R. Hicks Ms. Lisa Bennett Mr Tim Smith Mrs. George H. Hughey Ms. Ann M. Bissell Ms. Annie Teamer Mrs. Walter Innis Ms. Teresia Bush Mr. William G. Tompkins Mrs. Ronald Ivey Ms. Faya Causey Ms. Esther Washington Mrs. Joanne Johnson Ms. Anita Chapa Mrs. Betty Kadick Ms. Montrose R. Cones Ms. Jennifer Wheeler Mrs. Pamela Kloman Ms. Deirdre Cross Ms. Allison Wickens Mrs. Sherley Koteen Ms. Georgina de Alba Ms. Sabina Wiedenhoeft

Mrs. Carol Kuehl Ms. Kimberly L. Dow Ms. Andrea Williams Mrs. Jane Kuuskraa Ms. Bert)' Epps Mr Donald C. Williams Ms. Patricia Larkin Mr. Brian Fair Ms. Frances Yeh Mrs. Bruce K. MacLaury Ms. Paula Fletemeyer Ms. Alex Yi <

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~~undertaken at the Smithsonian; the Smithsonian advisor; and dates of residency.~~

~~Anacostia Museum/Center for African Academic, Research American History and Culture~~

~~Training, and Internship Audrey L. Brown, Predoctoral Fellow, American University. "African American Women's Participation in Cultural Politics and Transformative Social Action," with Gail Lowe~~

Appointments and from June 1, 1998 to November 30, 1998. Ginetta E.B. Candelano, Predoctoral Fellow in Latino Studies, Research Associates in City University of New York. "Dominicans at the Anacos- tia: 'Who's Passing Who?'," with Portia James from July 1,

1998 to September 30, 1998. Fiscal Year 1998 Claudia Hernandez, Fellow in Museum Practice, Hunter Col- lege. "Education Outreach to Minority High School Youth Audiences through Museum-School Based Programming," with Sharon Reinckens and Nancy Fuller from November

1, 1997 to September 30, 1998. The first section lists recipients of fellowships and orher appointments awarded to scholars and advanced students undet the auspices of the Office of Fellowships and Grants. Students and museum professionals who held museum internships or participated in special Center for Folklife Programs and projects administered by the Center for Museum Cultural Studies Services are lisred in the second section. The third section contains a listing of Smithsonian Research Associates. Karl H. Miller, Predoctoral Fellow, New York Universiry.

~~"Playing Changes in the Southern City: The Creation of Blues, Country, and the American Folk," with Anthony~~

~~Seeger from June 01, 1998 to August 31, 1999.~~

Nilda C. Villalta, Predoctoral Fellow in Latino Studies, Academic and Research University of Maryland. "Testimonies, War and Survival: Training Appointments Representation and Crearion in El Salvador and in the U.S. by Exiled Salvadorans," with Olivia Cadaval from Septem-

ber 1, 1998 to May 31, 1999. The Smithsonian offers, through the Office of Fellow- ships and Grants, research and study appointments to visiting scientists, scholars, and students. The appoin- tees are provided access to the Institution's facilities, staff specialties, and reference resources. The persons Conservation Analytical Laboratory listed by unit or office—in this Appendix began their residencies between October I, 1997, and September 30, 1998, and have been in residence for three months or Elizabeth Robertson, Postgraduate Fellow, Queen's Univer- longer. Predoctoral and Postdoctoral Fellows, Visiting sity. "Postgraduate Fellowship in Archaeological Conserva- Scientists or Scholars, and ocher awardees and par- tion," with Donald Williams from October 1, 1997 to ticipants in special programs are so listed. Listed for September 30, 1998. each Fellow or Visitor is the institution where each Su-Fen Yen, Visiting Scholar, Narional Taiwan University. received, or expects to receive, a degree or the home "Preservation of Museum Collections," with Donald Wil- university or institution; a brief description of the project liams from December 1, 1997 to June 10, 1998. Marshall L. Michel III, Verville Fellow, New Orleans, La. Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum "The Eleven Days of Christmas: B-52 Operarions over North Vietnam During December 1972," with Peter Jakab

~~Laure Hug, Peter Krueger-Christie's Fellow, University of from Augusr 15, 1998 to August 14, 1999.~~

~~Paris IV Sorbonne, France. "Jean-Baptiste Huet's Graphic David H. Onksr, Predoctoral Fellow, American University.~~

~~from Seprember 15, 1998 ro May 31, 1999. Aerospace Workers and the Promise of the U.S. Space Pro-~~

~~Cynthia Van Allen Schaffher, Graduate Student Fellow, Cooper- gram, 1957-1973," with Michael Neufeld from August 15, Hewitt, Nat'l Design Museum/Parsons School of Design. 1998 to August 14, 1999.~~

~~"The Artful Finisher Painters', Stainers' and Varnishers' Norman Polmar, Ramsey Fellow, Alexandria, Va. "Aircraft~~

~~Manuals and Their Influences on Nineteenth-Cenrury Carriers," with Thomas Crouch from October 1, 1997 to Amencan Furniture," with Srephen Van Dyk and Maria Ann September 30, 1998.~~

~~Conelli from August 17, 1998 to October 23, 1998.~~

~~National Museum of African Art Freer Gallery ofArt/ Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Amanda B. Carlson, Predoctoral Fellow, Indiana University,~~

Bloomington. "Nsibidi: The Art of Constructing Social Pancaroglu, Predoctoral Fellowship, Harvard Univer- Oya A. Identities: The Art of the Ejagham," with Roslyn Walker sity. "The Content and Context of Figural Imagery in the and Christraud Geary from July 1, 1998 to June 30, 1999. Arts of the Seljuq Period (1100-1300)," with Massumeh Aboubakar Sidiki Sanogo, Visiring Scholar, University of

Farhad from 1, to October November 1997 31, 1998. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. "The State of African Cinema Morgan Pitelka, Predoctoral Fellowship, Princeton Univer- J. in the U.S.," with Veronika Jenke from April 20, 1998 to sity. "Unearthing History: Raku Ceramics, Culrural December 31, 1998. Production, and Coveted Objects in Medieval and Early

~~Modern Japan," with Louise Allison Cort from March 1,~~

~~1998 to July 31, 1998.~~

~~National Museum of American Art~~

~~National Air and Space Museum Elissa A. Authur, Renwick Fellow, University of Maryland.~~

~~"Material that Makes a Difference: Fiber in Arc and the Mary C Bourke, Postdoctoral Fellowship, Australian National Cultural Hierarchy of Art and Craft in the 1960s and~~

~~University. "Satellite Image Analysis of Catastrophic 1970s," with Jeremy Adamson from September 1, 1998 to~~

~~Floods on Earth," with James Zimbelman and Robert Crad- August 31, 1999.~~

~~dock from May 1, 1998 to April 30, 1999. Anna M. Fariello, Renwick Fellow, Radford University. "The~~

William F. Chana, Verville Fellow, San Diego Aerospace Appalachian Craft Revival: Production and Distribution Museum. "Roger! Over and Out ... An Autobiography," Model for American Craft," with Jeremy Adamson from

~~with Donald Lopez and Richard Leyes from April 1, 1998 to September 1, 1998 to February 28, 1999.~~

~~September 30, 1998. Emily J. Halligan, Predoctoral Fellow, University of~~

~~Anne F. Collins, Predoctoral Fellow, University of Texas, Aus- Delaware. "An Criticism in America before 'The Crayon':~~

~~tin. The Relationship of Art to Science and Technology in Perceptions of Landscape Painting, 1825—1855," with~~

~~the United States after Sputnik, 1957-1971," with William Truettner and Katherine Manthorne from Septem-~~

~~Domimck Pisano and Jacquelyn Days Serwer from June 15, ber 1, 1998 to August 31, 1999.~~

~~1998 to September 14, 1998. David B. Raskin, Predoctoral Fellow, University of Texas,~~

~~Anne F. Collins, Guggenheim Fellow, University of Texas, Austin. "Donald Judd's Skepticism," with George Gurney~~

Austin. "The Relationship of Art to Science and Technology and Stephen Polcari from June 1, 1998 to August 31, 1998. in the United States after Sputnik, 1957—1971," with Kristin A. Schwain, Predoctoral Fellow, Stanford University. Domimck Pisano and Jacquelyn Days Serwer from Septem- "Embodying the Spirit: American Art and Modern Piety,

~~ber 15, 1998 to June 14, 1999. 1890—1917," with William Truettner from September 1,~~

Howard E. McCurdy, Charles A. Lindbergh Chair in 1998 to August 31, 1999. Aerospace History, American University. "Better, Faster, Kathleen M. Spies, Predoctoral Fellow, Indiana University, Cheaper," with Robert Smith and Thomas Crouch from Bloomingron. "Burlesque Queens and Circus Divas: Im-

~~September 1, 1998 to May 31, 1999. ages of rhe Female Grotesque in American Realist An,~~

~~C03 1900-1940," with Virginia Mecklenburg and Katherine Kathryn Henderson, Lemelson Center Senior Fellow, Texas~~

~~Manthorne from September 1, 1998 to August 31, 1999. A&M Universiry. "Straw Bale Building: Reinventing an~~

~~Stephanie L. Taylor, Predoctoral Fellow, Boston University. Old Technology for a Sustainable Environment, " with~~

"Constructing Cornell: Artistic Identity and the Invention Arthur Molella from June 1, 1998 to June 30, 1999. ofJoseph Cornell," with Lynda Roscoe Hartigan from Dean Hernn, Lemelson Center Senior Fellow, National Park Ser-

~~September 1, 1998 to August 31, 1999. vice. "The Eclectic Engineer Monrgomery C. Meigs," with~~

~~Arthur Molella from December 1, 1997 to October 31, 1998.~~

~~Vicki J. Howard, Predoctoral Fellow, University of Texas, Austin. "The Wedding Industry: Educating Women into~~

~~Consumer Society in the Twentieth Century," with Charles~~

~~National Museum of American History McGovern and Claudia Brush Kidwell from June 1, 1998 to~~

~~August 31, 1998.~~

David J. Howie, Predoctoral Fellowship, University of Pen- Shannon A. Brown, Ptedoctoral Fellow, University of Califor- nsylvania. "Probabilistic Inference in the Physical Sciences nia, Santa Cruz. "Conquering Time and Space: The During the 1920s and 1930s," with Paul Fotman from May Electrification of the U.S. Army, 1880—1920," with Bernard 1, 1998 to July 31, 1998. Finn and Elliot Sivowitch from September to 15, 1998 Colin R. Johnson, Graduate Srudent Fellow, University of January 15, 1999. Michigan. "Gendet, Sexuality, and the Reformation of the David A. Chang, Predoctoral Fellow, University of Wisconsin, Landscape in Tum-of-the-Century Rural America," with Madison. "Race, Culture, and the Revolution in Land Pete Daniel and Barbara Clark Smith from June 29, 1998 to Ownership in Oklahoma, 1889-1940," with Pete Daniel September 4, 1998.

from September 1, to November 1998 30, 1998. Sarah A. Johnson, Predoctoral Fellow, University of Brighton, Sharon L. Corwin, Predoctoral Fellow, University of Califor- U.K. "American Mail-Order Catalogues, Women's Middle nia, Berkeley. "Studies in Precisionism, Consumerism, and Class Clothing, and the Context of Consumption, 1860- Machine Age Culture," with David Haberstich and Peter 1890," with Shelly Foote and Helena Wright from July 1,

~~Liebhold from August 1, to November 30, 1998. 1998 1998 to March 31, 1999.~~

John J. Dettloff, Predoctoral Fellow, Princeton University. J. Kehaulani Kauanui, Graduate Student Fellowship, Univer- "Chemistry and Culture in France, 1750—1800," with Jon sity of California, Santa Cruz. "Historical Narratives of

~~Eklund from September 15, 1998 to June 14, 1999. 'Progression' in the 'Undoing' of the Native Hawaiian: U.S.~~

Debbie Ann Doyle, Predoctoral Fellow, American University. Blood Quantum Law, Sovereignty, and Self-Governance," Atlantic City "Gender and the Leisure Industry in and the with Rayna Green from October 14, 1997 to December 19, Miss America Pageant," with Ellen Roney Hughes from 1997

~~June 1, 1998 to August 31, 1998. Phoebe S. Kropp, Predocroral Fellowship, University of~~

~~Finis E. Dunaway, Predoctoral Fellow, Rutgers University. California, San Diego. "Making Memory in Southern~~

~~"Natural Visions: The Aesthetics of Conservation in California: The San Diego Exposition of 1915, Indian Dis-~~

~~American Culture, 1880— 1940," with Jeffrey Stine from play, Spanish Imagery, and Other Landmarks of a Fantasy~~

~~September 1, 199S to November 30, 1998. Past," with Rayna Green from March 1, 1998 to May 31,~~

~~Kathryn K. Fenn, Predoctoral Fellow, Duke University. 1998.~~

"From Youth Culture to the Counterculture: Intersections T.J. Lears, Senior Fellowship, Rutgers University. "Luck and of Gender, Culture and Politics during the 1960s," with the American Imagination," with Charles McGovern and

~~Charles McGovern from September 1, 1998 to Novembet Barbara Clark Smith from January 1, 1998 to June 30, 1998.~~

~~30, 1998. Katina L. Manko, Predoctoral Fellowship, University of Michele A. Gates Motesi, Predoctoral Fellow, George Delaware. "The Tupperware Home-Party System," with~~

~~Washington University. "Exhibiting Race, Creating Na- Charles McGovern and Steven Lubar from January 15, 1998~~

~~tion: Representations of Black History and Culture at the to July 14, 1998.~~

~~Smithsonian Institution, 1895—1996," with James Horton Carlos E. Martin, Predoctoral Fellow, Stanford University.~~

~~and Fath Davis Rufflns from September 1, 1998 to May 31, "Constructed Histories: Technology, Work, and Progress in~~

~~1999. U.S. Building Codes, 1870-1930," with Steven Lubar and~~

Catherine Gudis, Predoctoral Fellow, Yale Universiry. "The Stephen Van Dyk from June 1, 1998 to August 31, 1998. Road to Consumption: Outdoor Advertising and the Julia L Mickenberg, Predoctoral Fellow, University of Min- American Cultural Landscape, 1917—1990," with Charles nesota. "The Children's Front: 'Progressive' Children's Cul-

~~McGovern from June 1, 1998 to February 28. 1999. ture and the Unmaking of a Cold-War Consensus," wirh~~

~~Matthew Thomas Guterl, Predoctoral Fellow, Rutgers Charles McGovern from June 1, 1998 to August 31, 1998.~~

~~Universiry. "Investments in Color Prejudice," with Charles David Lindsay Roberts, Postdoctoral Fellow, Johns Hopkins~~

~~McGovern from June 1, 1998 to December 31, 1998. Universiry. "Old Math, New Math, and Aftermath: Profes-~~

104 sional Agendas and Reform Initiatives in American Mathe- Thomas A. Artiss, Graduate Student Fellow, Clark University. matics Education, 1945-1970," with Peggy Kidwell from "Phylogeny, Patterns of Homoplasy and Charactet Evolu-

~~June 1, 199S to August 31, 1998. tion in Odonates," with Ted Schultz and Dan Polhemus~~

Clara E. Rodriguez, Senior Fellow in Latino Studies, Fordham from June 1, 1998 to August 7, 1998. University. "Uncovering the Buried History of Latino Lynn Atkinson, Postdoctoral Fellowship, University of

~~Images in the Media," with Fath E>avis Ruffins from July 1, Rochester "A Phylogenetic Study of the Termite Genus~~

~~1998 to December 31, 1998. Naiutitermes," with Ted Schultz from January I, 1998 to~~

~~Michael S. Rodriguez, Graduate Student Fellow, Temple Decembet 31, 1998.~~

~~University. "Race and Party Politics During the New Rene Luis Bobe, Visiting Scientist, Universiry of Washing-~~

~~Deal," with William Bud from May 18, 1998 to August 21, ton. "Plio-Pleistocene Environments and Community~~

~~1998. Evolution in Africa," with Anna K. Behrensmeyer from~~

Nicholas S. Sammond, Predoctoral Fellow, University of September 1, 1998 to August 31, 1999. California, San Diego. "Study of Advertising and Products Emilio M. Bruna, Predoctoral Fellowship, University of

~~for Children, 1920-1960," with Charles McGovern from California, Davis. "What Is the Effect of Habitat Fragmen-~~

June 15, 1998 to Septembet 14, 1998. tation on the Foraging Patterns of Avian Pollinators?" with Serlin, Predoctoral Fellow, York University. David H. New W John Kress from January 15, 1998 to April 14, 1998. "Civic Biology: Imagining the American Body Through H. David Clarke, Visiting Scientist, University of Illinois, Medical Science, 1945—1965," with Ramanus Kondratas and Utbana-Champaign. "Systematics and Evolution of Tribes Fath Davis Ruffins from September 1, 199S to February 28, Acacieae and Ingeae (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae)," with

1999. Michael Braun from August I, 1998 to December 31, 1998. Visiting Bolivar Lourdes C. Sifontes Greco, Scholar, Simon Helen K. Coxall, Predoctoral Fellow, University of Bristol, Education: Con- University. "Reshaping Knowledge and U.K. "The Evolution and Taxonomic Status of Hantken- temporary Museums and Media in the Diffusion and inid Foraminifera Morphospecies," with Brian Huber from Narrative of History, Science, Art and Technology (from August 1, 1998 to November 30, 1998. Interdisciplinary Thought to a Postmodern Material Cul- Gunther J. Eble, Postdoctoral Fellowship, University of ture)," with Steven Lubar from March 1, 1998 to August 31, Chicago. "Morphospace Occupation in the Class 1998. Echinoidea: Comparative Analyses of Disparity After the John Troutman, Graduate Student Fellow, University of W End-Permian Mass Extinction," with Douglas Erwin from Texas, Austin. "Race, Gender, and Identity Through the October 1, 1997 to September 30, 1999. Representations of American Indians on the Historic Fron- Debra Ellis, Visiting Scientist, Universiry of Maryland. tier of American Popular Music," with Rayna Green from "Clarification of the Genetic Status of the Reindeer June 1, 1998 to August 7, 1998. Lichens, Cladina Nyl. (Lichen-Forming Ascomycotina)," Aristotle Tympas, Visiting Student, Georgia Tech University. with Paula DePriest from February 15, 1998 to August 15, "The History of the Electrical Analyzer," with Bernard 1998. Finn from November 15, 1997 to August 31, 1998. Petet G. Foster, Postdoctoral Fellowship, University of Ot- Psyche A. Williams, Graduate Student Fellow, Universiry of tawa. "Use of Non-Stationary Models in Non- Maryland, College Park. "Black-eyed Peas and Sweet Homogeneous Protein-Based Phylogenetic Potatoes: What Is African American about African Reconstruction," with David Swofford from Octobet 1, American Foodways?," with Fath Davis Ruffins from June 1997 to September 30, 1999. 1, 1998 to August 7, 1998. Stephen Frost, Visiting Student, City University of New

~~York. "Cercopithecid Evolution and Climatic Change in the Afar Depression, Ethiopia," with Anna K Be-~~

hrensmeyer from September 1, 1998 to December 31, 1999. National Museum of Natural History Leticia del Socorro Gonzalez, Senior Fellow, Instituto Nacional de Anttopologia e Historia. "Walter W Taylor's

~~Archaeological Work in Coahuila, Mexico," with J. Daniel~~

~~Frank E. Anderson, Postdoctoral Fellow, Universiry of Califor- Rogers from September 15, 1998 to July 14, 1999.~~

nia, Santa Cruz. "A Phylogenetic Analysis of Relationships Dennis G. Griffin, Predoctoral Fellowship, University of Among Spiralian Metazoans Based on Multiple Nuclear Oregon. "Nunivak Island, Alaska: Changes in Cupiit Protein-Coding Loci," with Jon Norenburg and David Lifeways as Documented through an Analysis of the Collins

~~Swofford from August 1, 1998 to July 31, 1999. and Dall Ethnographic/Archaeological Collections, Smith-~~

~~Joaquin Arroyo-Cabrales, Visiting Scientist, Texas Tech sonian Institution," with Stephen Loring from November~~

~~University. "Mammals from the State of Narayit, Mexico," : 5> ! 997 to March 31, 1998.~~

~~with Don Wilson from September 15, 1998 to September Yunbin Guan, Visiting Scientist, Washington University. H, 1999- "Isotopic Studies of the Earliest Solar System: Where and~~

~~105 How Did Preplanetary Dust Form?," with Glenn Mac- Ilona M. Oksanen, Visiting Student, University of Helsinki, Fin-~~

~~Pherson from June i, 1998 to May 31, 1999. land. "Synopsis of the Cladomaceae (Lichen-Forming Ascomy-~~

~~Jill L Heilman, Graduate Student Fellow, Arizona State cetes)," with Teuvo Ahti and Paula DePriest from September~~

~~University. "Quantification of Musculoskeletal Stress 1, 1998 to August 31, 1999.~~

~~Markers in an Urban Population," with Donald Ortner Michele D. Piercey-Normore, Visiting Scientist, Memorial~~

from June 8, 1998 to August 14, 1998. University of Newfoundland, Canada. "Molecular Sys- Yolanda Herrera Arrieta, Short-Term Visitor. Instiruto Politec- tematics of the Cladoniaceae," with Paula DePriest from

~~nico Nacional. "Anatomical Study of the Genus Muhlenber- September 1, 1998 to August 31, 1999.~~

~~gta (Poaceae)," with Paul Peterson from July 1, 1998 to Linda M. Prince, Visiting Scientist, University of North~~

~~September 30, 1998. Carolina, Chapel Hill. "Molecular Systematics of Maran-~~

~~Roger William Hutchings, Visiting Student, University of taceae and Zingiberaceae," with W John Kress from June I,~~

~~Maryland, College Park. "Curation of the Mimallonidae in 1998 to May 31, 1999. the NMNH Collections," with Robert Robbins from April George R. Proctor, Mellon Senior Fellow, Department of~~

~~1, 1998 to Septembet 30, 1998. Natural Resources, Puerto Rico. "Revision of the Kati Karkkainen, Visiting Student, University of Helsinki. Monocotyledons of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands,"~~

~~"Synopsis of the Cladoniaceae (Lichen-Forming Ascomy- with Pedro Acevedo from June 1, 1998 to May 31, 1999.~~

~~cetes)," with Teuvo Ahti and Paula DePriest from September James R. Rougvie, Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Texas,~~

~~1, 1998 to August 31, 1999. Austin. "The Effects of Low-Temperature Potassium Mzalendo Kibunjia, Short-Term Visiting Student, Rutgers Metasomatism on Volcanic Rocks and Their Metamorphism:~~

~~University. "The Archaeology of Lokalalei," with Richard A Companson of Textures and Geochemistry ofJurassic and~~

~~Potts from January 1, 1998 to June 30, 1998. Tertiary Volcanics, Western United States," with Sorena Soren-~~

~~Hyi-Gyung Kim, Postdoctoral Fellowship, University of sen from Seprember 15, 1998 to September 14, 1999.~~

~~Texas. "Phylogenetic Studies of the Guayana Highland Stephen A. Schellenbetg, Predoctoral Fellow, University of~~

~~Mutisieae (Asteraceae)," with Vicki Funk and Elizabeth Southern California. "Ecological and Evolutionary~~

Anne Zimmer from January 1, 1998 to Decembet 31, 1998. Response of Deep-Ocean Osrracodes to Paleogene Climate Heathet A. Lapham, Predoctoral Fellow, University of Vir- Events: The Late Paleocene Thetmal Maximum and Eocene-

~~ginia. "Evaluating Early-I7th-Century Siouan Responses to Oligocene 'Greenhouse-Icehouse' Transition," with Richard~~

~~an Emerging European Market Economy in the Virginia In- Benson from June 1, 1998 to August 31, 1998.~~

~~terior," with Bruce Smith and Melinda Zedet from Septem- Vira Panteleivna Semenenko, Senior Fellowship, National~~

ber 1, 1998 to August 31, 1999. Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. "The Nature of Graphite- Niels Lynnerup, Visiting Scientist, University of Copenhagen. bearing Fragments in the Krymka Chondrite," with Glenn

~~"Research in Physical Anthropology: Age Determination MacPherson and Eugene Jarosewich from October 1, 1997~~

~~and Identification of Human Remains," with Bruno Froh- to Decembet 31, 1997.~~

hch from February 1, 1998 to August 31, 1998. Laurel B. Sercombe, Predoctoral Fellow, University of Svedana Maslakova, Visiting Student, Moscow State University. Washington. "Songs in Coast Salish Myths and Folktales:

~~"Preliminary Gadisitc Analysis of Pelagic Nemerteans," with An Investigation of the J. P. Harrington Collection and~~

~~Jon Norenburg from May 23, 1998 to August 31, 1998. Other Relevant Holdings in the National Anthropological~~

~~Lisa G. Materson, Predoctoral Fellowship, University of Archives," with Jane Walsh from September 1, 1998 to~~

~~California at Los Angeles. "Constructing 'Black November 30, 1998. Womanhood': African American Women's Missionary Nancy Sikes, Visiting Scientist (Co-Princ. Investigator/SSP),~~

~~Work at Home and Abroad, 1880-1910," with Robert University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. "Early Hominid~~

Leopold from February 15, 1998 to July 14, 1998. Paleoenvironments of the African Rift: Tests of Hypotheses Stable Isotopic Analysis," with Richard Potts from Leslie J. Newman, Postdoctoral Fellowship, The University of Using

Queensland, Australia. "Biodiversity and Phytogeny of Octobet 1, 1997 to September 30, 1999. Polyclad Flarworms (Plaryhelminthes) from Western Atlan- Soili Kristina Stenroos, Visiting Scientist, University of Hel-

~~tic and Caribbean Coral Reefs," with Jon Norenburg from sinki. "A World Monograph of the Cladoniaceae (Lichen-~~

~~January 1, 1998 to December 31, 1998. Forming Ascomycetes) with Special Emphasis to the~~

~~Michael P. Noll, Predoctoral Fellowship, University of Il- Cladonia Section Unciales," with Paula DePriest from~~

~~linois. "Lithic Assemblage Variability During the April 15, 1998 to November 30, 1998.~~

~~Acheulean at Olorgesailie, Kenya," with Richard Potts Scort Steppan, Visiting Scientist, University of Chicago.~~

~~from May 15, 1998 to February 15, 1999. "Molecular Phylogenetics of the Squirrels and Their Rela-~~

~~Alexander Nuerzel, Visiting Scientist, University of Ham- tives," with Robert Hoffmann from November 1, 1997 to~~

~~burg, Germany. "Evolution of Upper Paleozoic Gastro- October 31, 1999.~~

~~pods," with Douglas Erwin from September 1, 1998 to Youngbae Suh, Visiting Scientist, University of Texas, Austin.~~

~~August 31, 1999. "Phylogenetic Relationships of Basal Angiosperms: Implica-~~

~~106 tioris from 26S Ribosomal DNA Sequencing," with Elizabeth Seals," with Daryl Boness and Robert Fleischer from~~

~~Zimmer 60m August 15, 1998 to December 31, 1999. January 1, 1998 to March 31, 1998.~~

Mikael Thollesson, Visiting Scientist, Goteborg University. Stephen J. Insley, Visiting Scientist, University of California, "Molecular Phylogeny of Nemertea (Ribbon worms)," with Davis. "Competition, Cooperation, and the Evolution of Com-

~~Jon Norenburg from March 1, 1998 to November 15, 1999. plex Communication: Adult Male Northern Fur Seals," with~~

Susan C. Vehik, Senior Fellow, University of Oklahoma. Daryl Boness from May 1, 1998 to April 30, 1999. Rachel Moreland, Visiting "Plains Social Inequality," with J. Daniel Rogers from Student, Clemson University.

September 1, 1998 to May 31, 1999. "Cryopreservation of Spermatozoa for Enhancing Reproduc- Peter D. Wilf, Postdoctoral Fellowship, University of Pennsyl- tion in Rare Felids," with JoGayle Howard from Septem-

vania- "Climatic Patterns of Insect Herbivory in the Fossil ber 1, 1998 to August 31, 1900. Trevor Pitcher, Visiting Student, Record," with Conrad Labandeira from May 1, 1998 to York University, Canada.

~~April 30, 1999. "Breeding Synchrony and Extrapair Mating Systems in the~~

~~Tropics," with Eugene Morton from May 1, 1998 to August~~

~~31, 1998. David M. Powell, Predoctoral Fellow, University of Maryland, College Park. "Modes of Reproductive Competition National Portrait Gallery Among Female Feral Horses (Equus cabullus)" with Devra~~

Kleiman from July 1, 1998 to Decembet 31, 1999. Laura K. Richman, Visiting Scientist, Johns Hopkins Univer- Nola Anderson, Fellow in Practice, Univer- Museum Sydney sity. "Characterization and Epidemiology of a Newly sity. Archival "The Use of Film and Photography in Recognized Fatal Herpesvirus in Asian and African Museum Exhibitions," with Amy Henderson and Nancy Elephants," with Richard Montali from October 1, 1997 to Fuller from March 1, 1998 to December 31, 1998. September 30, 1999. Konstantin Dierks, Predoctoral Fellowship, Brown Univer- Leo Shapiro, Visiting Scientist, State University of New York, sity. "The Iconography of Letter Writing in American Stony Brook. "Hybridization and the Decline of the Gold- Portraiture, 1750—1800," with Brandon Brame Fortune and en-winged Warbler," with Robert Fleischer from Septem- Ellen Miles from January 1, 1998 to April 30, 1998. ber 1, 1998 to August 31, 1999. Leslie K. Reinhardc, Predoctoral Fellow, Princeton University. Karen Wolf, Visiting Student, University of Maryland.

~~"The Use of Imaginary Dress in American Eighteenth- "Cryopreservation of Spermatozoa for Enhancing Reproduc-~~

~~Century Portraiture," with Ellen Miles from September 15, tion in Rare Felids," with JoGayle Howard from Septem-~~

~~1998 to September 14, 1999. ber 1, 1998 to August 31, 1999.~~

~~National Zoological Park Smithsonian Institution Archives~~

~~Mindy Ann Babitz, Visiting Scientist, University of St. Pedro M. Pruna Goodgall, Visiting Scholar, University of~~

Andrews, Scotland. "Object Manipulation and Tool Use in Habana, Cuba. "Relations Between U.S., Cuban and Other Sulawesi Crested Black Macaques," with Lisa Stevens from Caribbean Naturalists in the Nineteenth and Twentieth

Centuries," with Pamela Henson from June 1, to Oc- September 1, 1998 to August 31, 1999. 1998 tober Dina M. Fonseca, Postdoctoral Fellowship, University of 31, 1998. Patrick H. Wirtz, Predoctoral Pennsylvania. "Avian Malaria in Hawaii: The Effect of Vec- Fellow, University of Southern California. "The National Zoological Park: The Evolving tor Dispersal on the Evolution of Parasite Pathogenicity in Nineteenth-Century Context," with Pamela Henson and Endangered Hawaiian Honeycreepers," with Robert Fleis- Cynthia Field from September 1, 1998 to April 30, 1999. cher and Dan Polhemus from January 1, 1998 to March 31,

~~1998.~~

Brian T Henen, Visiting Scientist, University of California, Los Angeles. "Reproductive Nutrition of Female Desert Tortoises (Gopberus agassiziiy. Isotope Methodology and Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Potassium Effects upon Egg Production," with Olav Of-

~~tedal from September 1, 1998 to August 31, 1999.~~

Stephen J. Insley, Postdoctoral Fellowship, University of Lori Allen, Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Massachusetts. California, Davis. "Competition, Cooperation, and the "Star Formation in Nearby Molecular Clouds," with Philip

~~Evolution of Complex Communication in Northern Fur Myers from July 1, 1998 to June 30, 1999.~~

107 Aldo J. Apponi, Visicmg Scientist, Arizona State University. Time-Dependent Numetical Codes Pertaining to the Study "Molecular Spectroscopy/Asttophysics," with Patrick of the Solar Wind," with Shadia Habbal from September

~~Thaddeus from July 1, 1998 to September 30, 1998. 27, 1998 to March 31, 1999.~~

~~Christopher Ball, Visiting Scientist, Ohio State University. Adrian Ivan, Predoctoral Fellow, Massachusetts Institute of~~

~~"Carbon-Based Molecules in Interstellar Clouds and Technology. "Development of Multilayer Optics for Hard~~

~~Circumstellar Shells," with Patrick Thaddeus from X-ray Astronomy," with Suzanne Romaine from September~~

~~September 1, 1998 to August 31, 1999. 1, 1998 to August 31, 1999. Marco Barbera, Visiting Scientist, University of Palermo, Rolf Jansen, Ptedoctoral Fellow, Kapteyn Astronomical In-~~

~~Italy. "Participation in the Development Program for stitute. "Star Formation History of Nearby Field Galaxies,"~~

~~Microcalori meters X-ray Detectors," with Eric Silver from with Daniel Fabricant from January 1, 1998 to July 31, 1998.~~

October 15, 1997 to September 30, 1998. Per O.J. Jarlemark, Visiting Scientist, Chalmers University of Patrick Boyle, Short-Term Visitot, University College, Technology, Sweden. "Construction of a Multipath Calibra-

~~Dublin, Ireland. "Development of a Raster Search for tion System for the Global Positioning System," with~~

~~Counterparts to Classical Gamma Ray Bursts," with Trevor James Davis from February 1, 1998 to July 31, 1999.~~

~~Weekes from September 7, 1998 to January 7, 1999. Svante Jonsell, Visiting Student, Uppsala University. "Forma-~~

~~Robert J. Buenker, Visiting Scientist, Betgische Universitat. tion of Meta Stable PPpi Molecules," with Eric Heller from~~

~~"Quantum Chemistry," with Eric Heller from August 1, January 15, 1998 to July 15, 1998.~~

~~1998 to April 30, 1999. Edisher Kaghashvih, Predoctoral Fellow, Georgian Academy Michael Carson. Visiting Student, University College, of Sciences. "Dynamical and Compositional Properties of~~

~~Dublin. "Time-Series Analysis of AGN Light Curves," the Solar Wind," with Ruth Esser from August 1, 1998 to~~

~~with Trevor Weekes from October 1, 1997 to December 31, July 31, 1999.~~

~~1997. Jung-Hoon Kim, Short-Term Visitor, Kotea Advanced In- Hyun-Kyung Chung, Visiting Scientist, University of Wis- stitute of Science and Technology. "Classical-Quantum Cor-~~

~~consin, Madison. "Theoretical and Expetimental Studies of respondence," with Eric Hellet from Aptil 13, 1998 to July~~

~~Line Broadening in Plasmas for Lighting," with James 13, 1998.~~

Babb from June 1, 1998 to May 31, 1999. Youngung Lee, Visiting Scientist, University of Mas- Doron Cohen, Visiting Scientist, Israel Institute of Technol- sachusetts. "Analysis of the Bell Laboratories 13CO Survey

~~ogy. "Quantum Chaos, Brownian Motion and Localization," of the Galactic Plane," with Antony Stark from September~~

~~with Eric Heller from August 1, 1998 to July 31, 1999. 1, 1998 to January 15, 1999.~~

~~Wesley N. Colley, CfA Postdoctoral Fellow, Princeton Univet- Xing Li, Visiting Scientist, University of Science and Technol-~~

~~sity. "Gravitational Lenses and Cosmology," with John ogy of China. "Observational Study of the Inner Corona~~

~~Huchra from November 1, 1997 to October 31, 1999. and Multi-Fluid Solar Wind Modeling," with Shadia Hab-~~

~~Hagai El-Ad, Predoctoral Fellow, The Hebrew University. bal from August 1, 1998 to July 31, 1999.~~

~~"Study of Voids Using the VOID FINDER Algorithm," Kevin L. Luhman, Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Arizona.~~

~~with Myton Lecar from October 1, 1997 to September 30, "The Substellar Mass Function," with Robert Kirshner~~

~~1999, from August 15, 1998 to August 14, 1999. Btett Esry, Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Colorado. "Few- Mikhail Lukin, Postdoctoral Fellow, Texas A&M University.~~

~~Body and Many-Body Systems in Atomic Physics," with "Atom-Field Interactions Involving Atomic Cohetence and~~

~~Eric Heller from November 15, 1997 to November 14, 1999. Interference," with Eric Hellet from August 1, 1998 to July~~

~~Stephen Fegan, Visiting Student, University College Dublin, 31. 1999-~~

~~Ireland. "VERITAS TeV Gamma Ray Astronomy," with S. Thomas Megeath, Visiting Scientist, Cornell University. "A~~

~~Trevor Weekes from September 1, 1998 to August 31, 1999. Detailed Study of Molecular Gas and Star Formation," with~~

~~Piotr Froelich, Visiting Scientist, Uppsala University, Sweden. Patrick Thaddeus from October 9, 1997 to Septembet 30,~~

~~"Exotic Atomic and Molecular Physics," with Etic Heller 1998.~~

from February 1, 1998 to August 31, 1998. Glenn Milne, Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Toronto. Jiang-Ping Gu, Visiting Scientist, Wuppertal University, Ger- "Numerical Modeling of Crustal Deformation Rate Data

~~many. "Charge-Transfer Processes in Ion-Atom Collisions of Obtained from the Fennoscandian Region," with James~~

~~Heavy Atoms of the First and Second Rows with H and He Davis from January 10, 1998 to January 9, 1999.~~

~~Ions," with Eric Heller from September 1, 1998 to Decem- Peter W Milonni, Short-Term Visitor, Los Alamos National~~

~~ber 31, 1998. Laboratory. "Casimir-Type Effects in Rydberg Atoms," with~~

~~Saiyid Sirajul Hasan, Visiting Scientist, University of Oxford. Eric Heller from March 15, 1998 to June 15, 1998.~~

~~"Excitation of Oscillations in Solar Flux Tubes," with Martin Naraschewski, Visiting Scientist, Universitat~~

~~Wolfgang Kalkofen from March 15, 1998 to July 14, 1998. Munchen. "Bose-Einstein Condensates as Sources of~~

~~You Qiu Hu, Visiting Scientist, University of Science and Coherent Atoms," with Eric Heller from Octobet 15, 1997~~

~~Technology of China. "The Development of Multifluid to September 30, 1998.~~

~~108 Michael Pahre, Hubble Postdoctoral Fellow, California In- Molecular Systems," with Eric Heller from April 15, 1998 to~~

~~stitute of Technology. "A Multi-Color Search for Distant July 15, 1998.~~

~~Clusters of Galaxies." with John Huchra from February I, Bernard Zygelman, Visiting Scientist, University of Nevada,~~

~~1998 to January 31, 1999. Las Vegas. "Effective Gauge Potentials in Atomic Systems,"~~

~~Jesus Pelaez Alvarez, Visiting Scientist, Polytechnical University with Eric Hellet from August 1, 1998 to July 31, 1999.~~

~~of Madrid, Spain. "Dynamics/Tlectfodynamics Coupling in~~

~~the Bare-Tether System ProSEDS," with Enrico Lorenzini~~

~~from December 15, 1997 to August 31, 1998. Rosalba Pema, Predoctoral Fellow, Harvard University. "Search- Smithsonian Center for Materials ing for Gamma-Ray Burst Remnants," with John~~

~~Raymond and Avi Loeb from August 1, 1998 to May 31, Research and Education~~

1999. Raymond Piccoli, Visiting Scholar, Barles Nature Assocation, Angel D. Santiago-Torres, Senior Fellow in Latino Studies, France. "The Relationship Berween Radio and Optical Museo de Arte de Ponce. "Analysis of Materials and Technl Astronomical Techniques," with Raymond Blundell from ques in Puerto Rican Santos," with Donald Williams and January 1, 1998 to September 30, 1998. Marvette Perez from June 1, 1998 ro August 31, 1998. Jorge Sanz, Predoctoral Fellow, Complutense of Madrid, Spain. "Multiwavelength Spectroscopy of Active Binaries,"

~~with Andrea Dupree from September 1, 1998 ro August 31,~~

1999. Francesca Scire-Scappuzzo, Visiting Scientist, Massachusetts Smithsonian Environmental Institute of Technology. "Multipath in High-Accuracy GPS Research Center Positioning for Geodynamic Studies," with James Davis

from January 20, 1998 to January 19, 1999. Max Shurgalin, Visiting Scientist, Griffith University, Eike Breitbarth, Visiting Student, Norrheasrern University. Australia. "Experimental Studies of Line Broadening in "The Role of Domestic Ballast Water Transport in the Plasmas for Lighting," with Kate Kirby from March 23, Transfer of Nonindigenous Aquatic Species," with Gregory 1998 to March 22, 1999. Ruiz from April 15, 1998 to July 14, 1998. Rex T Skodje, Visiting Scientist, University of Colorado. Cathleen A. Coss, Predoctoral Fellow, George Washington "Theoretical Studies of Low-Energy Atomic Collisions wirh University. "Transmission Dynamics and Parterns of Surfaces," with Kate Kirby from September 1, 1998 to Perkinsus Infection in Chesapeake Bay Bivalves," with February 28, 1999. Gregory Ruiz from June 1, 1998 to August 31, 1998. Maarten C. Spaans, Hubble Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Jill M. Juhasz, Visiting Student, Northeastern University. Leiden. "The Structure of the Interstellar Medium in the "Domestic Ballast Water Transport: A Potential Aid in the Milky Way and Distant Galaxies," with Alexander Dalgar- Transfer of Nonindigenous Aquatic Species," with Gregory no from October 1, 1997 to September 30, 1999. Ruiz from June 15, 1998 to December 15, 1998. Vijaya Subramanian, Visiting Student, University of Romuald N. Lipcius, Senior Fellow, College of William and Colorado. "Characterization of Threshold Effects in Mary. "Source-sink Dynamics in a Marine Bivalve," with Molecule-Surface Scattering," with Eric Heller from Anson Hines and Gregory Ruiz from June 1, 1998 to

September 1, to December 1998 31, 1998. November 30, 1998. Ching-Hua Tseng, Visiting Scientist, Harvard University. Elena G. Litchman, Postdoctoral Fellowship, University of "Applications of Laser-Polarized Noble Gases for Quantum Minnesota. "Experimental Investigation of Factors Control-

~~Information Processing and Material Science," with Ronald ling UV Sensitivity of Phyroplankron in the Rhode River,"~~

Walsworth from February 1, to 1998 January 31, 1999. with Patrick Neale from December 15, 1997 ro January 14, Alberto Vasquez, Predoctoral Fellow, Univetsiry of Buenos 1999. Aires. "Coronal Streamers and Slow Wind: UVCS Observa- Catherine E. Lovelock, Visiting Scientist, James Cook Univer-

~~tions and Theoretical Modeling," with John Raymond sity. "Host and Environmental Controls on the Arbuscular~~

~~from November 1, 1997 to October 31, 1999. Mycorrhize Symbiosis in Tropical Forests," with Dennis~~

~~Barbara Whitney, Visiting Scientist, University of Wisconsin, Whigham from March 1, 1998 ro April 30, 1999.~~

Madison. "Radiative Transfer Models of Pre-Main Sequence Anne S. Marsh, Visiting Scientist, Yale Universiry. "Rising Images and Spectral Energy Distributions," with Scott CO, and Long-Term Carbon Storage in Terrestrial Ecosys-

~~Kenyon and Kenneth Wood from January 1, 1998 to tems: An Empirical Carbon Budget Validation," with Bert~~

~~August 31, 1998. Drake from November 1, 1997 to July 15, 1998. Jian-Min Yuan, Short-Term Visitor, Drexel University. "Clas- Rochelle Seitz, Postdoctoral Fellow, College of William and~~

~~sical and Quantum Behavior of Few-Body Atomic and Mary. "Top-down vs. Bottom-up Control in Clams and~~

~~100 Crabs in Marsh Ecosystems," with Anson Hines from April Kristina Hufford, Short-Term Fellow, University of Georgia.~~

~~15, 1998 to April 14, 1999. "Demographic Genetics diPlatypodium degans: Selection at~~

~~Ryouji Shimamura, Visiting Student, Tokyo Metropolitan Three Early Life Stages," with E. Allen Herre from March~~

University. "Effects of Water Dispersal of Seeds on Genetic 10, 1998 to July II, 1998. Structure within a Population in a Wetland Plant, Hibiscus Gwen Keller, Short-Term Fellow, University of Miami. "A TTioscheutos," with Dennis Whigham from October 1, 1997 to Survey of Genetic Variation Among Population oiChdyrnor-

~~September 30, 1998. " pba alternam, with Donald Windsor from December 15, PY. Tang, Postdoctoral Fellow, Universite Evonne Laval, 1997 to March 15, 1998.~~

Canada. "Spectral Resonse of Dinoflagellates to Visible David M. Marsh, Predoctoral Fellow, University of California, Light," Patrick with Neale from Seprember 1, 1998 ro Davis. "Effects of Breeding Pond Density on the Behavior

August 31, 1999. and Population Dynamics of a Tropical Frog," with A. Stan- Heather Turner, Visiting Student, North Carolina State ley Rand from June 1, 1998 ro September 30, 1998. Universiry. "Migration Dynamics in Female Blue Crabs in Michael A. McCartney, Visiting Scientist (Co-Princ. Inves-

the Chesapeake Bay," with Anson Hines 1, from June 1998 tigator/SSP), State Universiry of New York, Stony Brook. ro December 15, 1998. "Evolution of Loci Controlling Gameric Isolarion in Sea Ur- chins Separated by the Isthmus of Panama," with Harilaos

Lessios from February 1, 1998 to December 31, 1998. Susan B. McRae, Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Cambridge, U.K. "Ecological Factors Affecting Reproduc- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute tive Strategies in a Tropical Population of Moorhens," with

~~William Wcislo and Eldredge Bermingham from May 15,~~

1998 to December 15, 1999. Yves Basset, Tupper Postdoctoral Fellow, Griffith Universiry, Drude Molbo, Short-Term Fellow, Universite de Lausanne, Australia. "Vertical Gradients of Insect Diversity in Rain Switzerland. "Genetic Mating and Sex Ratio of Fig-As- Forests: Communities of Insect Herbivores Feeding on sociated Wasps," with E. Allen Herre from Augusr 1, 1998 Mature Trees vs. Seedlings," with S. Joseph Wright and to November 1, 1998. Donald Windsor from August 15, 1998 to August 14, 1999. Steven M. Phelps, Predoctoral Fellow, University of Texas, Reginald B. Cocroft, Postdoctoral Fellowship, Cornell Univer- Austin. "Vestigial Preferences in the Tungara Frog and its sity. "The Role of Communication in Social Behavior Sig- Congener Field Tests of Neural Network Predictions," nals and Responses in Group-living Insects (Homoptera:

with A. Stanley Rand from May 15, to August Membracidae)," with A. Stanley Rand and John Christy 1998 14, 1998. Kendra Pyle, Short-Term Fellow, Universiry of Pennsylvania. from January 15, 1998 ro January 14, 1999. "Vocal Communication and the Maintenance of Social Rela- Darren Crayn, Visiting Scientist, University of New South tions in Coatis, Kasua narica," with William Wales. "The Evolutionary Origins of Epiphytism and Cras- Wcislo from sulacean Acid Metabolism within the Neotropical Family June 1, 1998 to August 28, 1998. Sandra Ramirez, Short-Term Fellow, Universiry of Costa Rica. Bromeliaceae," with Klaus Winter and J. Andrew Smith "Large Seed Size in Gustavm superba: Dispersal Reward or from January 1, 1998 to December 31, 1999. A Cameron R. Currie, Predoctoral Fellow, University of Toron- an Establishment Requirement," with S. Joseph Wright

~~to, Canada. "Parasitism of Attine Fungal Gardens," with from May 15, 1998 to August 15, 1998. Oris Sanjur, Visiting Scientist, Universiry. William Wcislo from June 1, 1998 to May 31, 1999. Rutgers~~ ~~Benoit Desjardins, Shorr-Term Fellow, Universite de "Molecular Systematica of Domesticated and Wild Species~~

~~Montreal, Canada. "Public Works or the Village Dump?" of Cucurbita," with Dolores Pipemo from April 1, 1998 to~~

with Richard Cooke from July 10, 1998 to October 9, 1998. May 31, 1999. Elizabeth Dougherty, Short-Term Fellow, University of Penn- Renate Sponer, Short-Term Fellow, Universiry of Copenhagen. sylvania. "The Dynamics of Modem Conservation and Com- "Phylogeography, Popularion Structure and Asexual munity Development Practices in Rural Panama," with Reproduction in the Viviparous, Cosmopolitan Brirtle Star

~~Olga Linares from February 1, 1998 to April 30, 1998. Amphipholis aquamata: A Multidisciplinary Approach to~~

~~Jessica R. Eberhard, Postdoctoral Fellow, Princeton Univer- Studying Evolutionary Processes in Marine Invertebrates,"~~

~~sity. "Phylogeography oiPionopsttta Parrots and Ptsroglossus with Harilaos Lessios from December 1, 1997 to February Toucans: A Tesr of Haffer's Pleistocene Refuge Hypothesis," 28, 1998.~~

with Eldredge Bermingham from August 1, 1998 to July 51, Gerald Urquhart, Visiting Scientist, Universiry of Michigan. 1999. "The Quarernary Environmental History of Nicaragua: John C. Griggs, Predoctoral Fellow, University of Texas, Aus- Reconnaissance Phase," with Paul Colinvaux from October

~~tin. "Archaeological Excavations and Survey at a Shaft-and- 1, 1997 to September 30, 1998.~~

~~Chamber Tomb Cemetery Site, Colon Province, Panama," Karen Warkentin, Short-Term Fellow, University of Texas.~~

~~with Richard Cooke from June 1, 1998 to May 31, 1999. "Phenotypic Plasticity in Hatching of Amphibian~~

~~110 Embryos," with A. Stanley Rand from May 18, 1998 to Arthur M. Sackler Gallery/Freer Gallery ofArt~~

August 17, 1998. Zhao, Visiting Scientist, University of Missouri, Zhijun Ava Alkon, Bachelor's Candidate, Yale University. Education. Columbia- "Environment Reconstruction in the Middle Intern will assist with the ImaginAsia program for Yangtze Region, China; An Application of Phytolith children. 6/22/98 through 9/1/98. Analysis," with Dolores Piperno from November 1, to 1997 Augusta Babson, Bachelor's Candidate, Williams College. October 31, 1998. Education. Intern will prepare educational materials for Kirk S. Zigler, Predoctoral Fellow, Duke University. compliance with ADA. 6/2/98 through 7/28/98. "Reproductive Isolation in the Genus Lytecbinus Jennifer Carnahan. Intern will assist with the Imaginasia (Echinoidea: Toxopneustidae)," with Harilaos Lessios from program for families and programs for educators. 2/19/98 August 15, 1998 to August 14, 1999. through 6/30/98. Simon W. Zipperlen, Visiting Scientist, Universiry of Shef- Joyce Chow, Bachelor's Degree, Amherst College. Chinese field. "Integrating Canopy and Hydraulic Architecture of Art. Assist curator of Chinese art with research for upcoming Psychotria spp Shrubs Across Gradienrs of Light and Mois- exhibits. 6/19/98 through 8/31/98. rure Availability," with S. Joseph Wright and Robert Pearcy Renee Ferrara, Master's Candidate, Georgetown University. from November 1, 1997 to October 31, 1999. Islamic Art. Research on Persian collection and othet

~~Islamic materials for the print catalogue and installation.~~

~~1/12/98 through 5/30/98. Rose Garbarino, High School Student, Oakton High School. Internships and Other Assist with the family program, ImaginAsia. 8/4/98 through 10/1/98.~~

~~Appointments Jennifer Greenhill, Bachelor's Candidate, University of California—Los Angeles. American Art. Intern will work~~

The Smithsonian offers internships and other special ap- for curators, archivists, conservators for an upcoming ex- pointments to undergraduate and graduate students and hibit of Whistler prints. 1/12/98 through 3/20/98. to museum professionals. The home institution, a brief Tania Haddad, Graduate, University of Virginia. Co-teach description of the project undertaken at the Smithsonian, ImaginAsia, work with all facets of education department; and the dates of service are given wherever possible. assist with the development and implementation of educational public programs. 9/30/97 through 9/30/98. Franak Hilloowala, Master's Candidate, University of Arizona. Archives ofAmerican Art Islamic Collection. Intern will work wirh the manuscript

collection, compiling bibliographies on the collection. Susan Benz, Master's Candidate, University of Maryland. In- 6/8/98 through 7/31/98. tern will process papers of artist Albert Frueh and create a Amelia Kaplan, Bachelor's Candidate, American University. finding aid for these papers. 2/17/98 through 5/1/98. Working in photography lab doing digital imaging, pnnt- Noriko Masuda, Master's Candidate, Boston Universiry. In- ing and other activities. 10/9/97 through 12/31/97. rern will assist with handling archival materials prior to Amy Kim, Bachelor's Candidate, Duke University. Educa- shipment to Washington, D.C. 1/12/98 through 4/15/98. tion. Intern will prepare descriptions of the Asian art slide

~~collection for use by teachers. 7/6/98 through 8/14/98- Anacostia Museum Tomoko Kojima, Mastet's Candidate, American University. Public Affairs. Intern will assist with projects in the public~~

affairs office. through Adrian Loving, Master's Candidate, University of the Arts. 7/6/98 12/31/98. Master's Degree, Universiry of Louisville. Re- Education. Create written materials and models geared to Mallica Landrus, Freer rotation in Gallery the educational and outreach needs of elementary school search. Working on material for students and teachers, while considering simple construc- 18. 8/4/98 through 8/30/98.

~~tion, economical, lightweight and recyclable materials, and LeighAnne McNamara, Bachelor's Candidate, State Univer-~~

~~physical accessibility. 6/1/98 through 8/7/98. sity of New York—Oneonta. Education. Assist in Imagin-~~

~~Katie Sell, Bachelor's Candidate, College of William and Asia program for children and their adult companions.~~

~~Mary. Registrar. Cataloging objects found in the "Alice 9/8/98 through 12/8/98.~~

~~Bell Finlayson Collections." This includes research into mis- Due Tai Nguyen, Bachelor's Candidate, Capitol College.~~

~~cellaneous museum files, spanning a period of 20 years, in Library. Intern will assist with slide library projects. 7/6/98~~

~~order to locate relevant object-related information. The through 8/14/98.~~

~~process will include provenance research, cataloging, num- Nora Niedzielski-Eichner, Bachelor's Candidate, University of~~

~~bering, photo documentation, and filing. 6/8/98 through Chicago. Education. Assist with family program Imagin-~~

~~7/31/98- Asia. 8/3/98 through 8/26/98. Nicole Parfitt. Education. Intern will assist with the Imagin- ture and Environment in the Rio Grande Basin" project.~~

~~Asia family program. 2/23/98 through 6/26/98. 2/2/98 through 4/27/98. Sarah Quainton, Bachelor's Degree, Trinity University. Re- Jessica Becker. Bachelor's Degree, Universiry of Wisconsin.~~

~~search for sources of Asian film, to be carried out on the In- Folklife Festival. Intern will be transcribing interview tapes~~

ternet and the Library of Congress. Assistance in that will be used for a Folkways release of South Texas Con- production of Asian film screenings. 10/1/97 through 6/1/98. junto Music. Intern will work closely with CD producers

~~Laura Rodini, Bachelor's Candidate, Providence College. In- on rhe logistical aspects of rhe release. 9/21/98 through~~

~~tern will learn about shop operation, including buying, sell- 11/27/98.~~

~~ing, product development and design. 5/18/98 through Deanna Bickerstaff, Master's Candidate, George Washington~~

~~8/31/98. University. Archives. Intern will assist with a Web page for~~

~~Alaoui Saida, Master's Candidate, George Washington Univer- the 1998 Folklife Festival, and assist with researching and~~

~~sity. Islamic Art. Intern will research the Charles L. Freer cataloging in the archives. 6/3/98 through 8/15/98.~~

~~and private collections made in Paris in the early 1900s. Ryan Boeding, Bachelor's Degree, College of Wooster.~~

7/8/98 through 8/14/98. Folkways. Developed a system for tracking use of promo- Theresa Sotto, Bachelor's Degree, Mary's St. College of tional CDs fot Smithsonian Folkways. 6/15/98 through Education. will assist Maryland. Intern public programs 8/15/98. coordinator in producing summer films and concerts, and Andy Bryan, Bachelor's Candidate, Boston University. Intern assist the photo dept. with the digitizing of the Asian col- will assist with the Baltics Program for the 1998 Folklife lection. 6/9/98 through 8/27/98. Festival. 6/1/98 through 7/16/98. Cara Starke, Bachelor's Candidate, Cornell University. Educa- Rhona Campbell, Bachelor's Degree, Oberlin College. tion. Intern will assist with the ImaginAsia program. Folkways. Managed publicity and sales for Smithsonian 6/29/98 through 9/1/98. Folkways at a Sterling Brown poetry conference and Kristina Stephens, Bachelor's Candidate, George Washington worked with promotional materials for Folkways and its ar- Universiry. Photography. Organizing transparencies, print- tists. 9/1/98 through 5/31/99. ing, helping photographers in the studio. 1/15/98 through Wendy Clupper. Intern will study the potential for staging na- 5/15/98. tional identity through performance (focus will be the Marinita Stiglitz, Bachelor's Degree, Universiry of Rome. In- Philippines program at the 1998 Folklife Festival). 6/15/98 tern will learn Chinese mounting techniques and will join through 7/15/98. the PritzRaff Paintings conservation project. 5/11/98 Laura Collins, Bachelor's Candidate, Bucknell University. In- through 11/13/98. tern will assisr with the crafts exhibit in the Wisconsin pro- Rhoya Tocco, High School Student, West Nottingham gram at the 1998 Folklife Festival. 5/20/98 through 8/15/98. Academy. Education. Intern will research and write descrip- Susan Dyer, Bachelor's Candidate, Hamilton College. Office tions for slides to be distributed to educators. 7/13/98 of Public Affairs/ Folklife Festival. Intern for Folklife Fes- through 8/14/98. tival, working with the Office of Public Affairs on festival Kei Tokuhisa, Masrer's Degree, Universiry of the Sacred publicity, press releases, and targeted mailings. Intern will Heart. Research towards the exhibitions "Arts of Kyoto in assist with the 1998 Folklife Festival. 5/26/98 through the Age of Koetsu," and "Japanese Buddhist Art," and re- 8/15/98. search for publications. 1/5/98 through 12/31/98. Ian Eagleson, Bachelor's Degree, Oberlin College. Folkways. Rebecca Whitin, Bachelor's Candidate, Smith College. Researching archival material and assisting in the produc- American Art. Produce an edition of correspondence tion of recordings. 10/27/97 through 1/31/98. relevant to the portrait of Theodore Roosevelt by Gari Mel- Katherine Eldridge, Bachelor's Candidate, W. Virginia Wes- chers. 9/8/98 through 12/18/98. leyan. Desktop Publishing, scanning and digital manipula- Diana Yi, Bachelor's Candidate, Rutgers. Intern will assist tion for the Folklife Festival. 1/5/98 through 1/30/98. Chinese Art curator with exhibit planning and responding Pilapa Esara, Master's Candidate, Brown University. Intern to public inquiries. 6/1/98 through 8/2/98. will assist the production team with the documentation of

~~the 1998 Folklife Festival. 7/18/98 through 8/24/98. Centerfar Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies Sarah Everett, Bachelor's Degree, Whirworth College. Folklife~~

~~Festival. Intern will assist with the Baltics Program for the~~

~~Barbara Barnert, Bachelor's Candidate, Universiry of 1998 Folklife Festival. 6/1/98 through 7/16/98.~~

~~Maryland. Folklife Festival. Intern will work for with Alistair Farrell. Folklife Festival. Worked on coordinating eve-~~

~~music groups, assisting with the Wisconsin Program at the ning concerts at the festival, in addition to assisting with~~

~~1998 Smithsonian Folklife Festival. 6/8/98 through 8/15/98. teacher seminars, children's activities, and cross-program~~

~~Lucy Bates. Folklife Festival. Development of programs for sessions. 6/8/98 through 7/15/98.~~

~~the 1998 Folklife Festival, including educational materials Meredith Forstet, Bachelor's Candidare, Duke University. In-~~

~~and a video documentary based on research from the "Cul- tern will assist with the supervision of the Foodways par- ———~~

~~ticipants with the Wisconsin Program at the 1998 Festival Kieran McManus, Bachelor's Degree. Assistant archivet at~~

of American Folklife. 5/26/98 through 8/15/98. Folkways Archive. 9/8/98 through 12/31/98. Eric Gertner, Bachelor's Degree, Wesleyan University. Maria Mead, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Iowa. Intern

~~Folklife Festival. Prepared materials for the Folklife Fes- will assist with the documentation of the 1998 Folklife Fes-~~

~~tival Web site and assisted with laying out the plan for the tival, as well as the production for two documentaries for~~

~~African Immigranr project's Web site. 6/15/98 through the Festival. 6/15/98 through 8/14/98.~~

~~7/15/98. Siv Kristin Ostlund, Bachelor's Degtee, WWU. Intern will~~

~~Jennifer Graves, Bachelor's Candidate, VCU. Intern will assist conduct research, write and edit publicity teleases for~~

~~the design team for the 1998 Folklife Festival. 6/1/98 Smithsonian Folkways Recordings. 7/1/98 through~~

~~through 7/18/98. 8/26/98.~~

~~Heather Harbaugh, Bachelor's Candidate, Bloomsburg Charles Paul, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Wisconsin~~

~~University of Pennsylvania. Folklife Festival. Worked on Madison. Worked on online Smithsonian Folkways~~

~~Rio Grande/Rjo Bravo Basin program for the festival, serv- catalogue and did audio file and encoding fot Intetnet~~

~~ing as an area coordinator. 5/18/98 through 7/31/98. delivery. 6/1/98 through 8/1/98.~~

~~Johan Horwitz, Bachelor's Candidate, Wesleyan University. Brian Pfeifer, Bachelor's Degree, Naropa Institute. Work with~~

~~Intern will assist with the preservation and organization of the music collection in the archives, primarily transferring~~

~~CFPCS archives. 5/21/98 through 8/21/98. reel-to-reel tapes of Pete Seeger material onto digital~~

~~Gisela Insuaste, Bachelor's Degree, Dartmouth College. Will media. 6/1/98 through 8/30/98.~~

~~work with Latin American Youth Center staff to document Dagmar Pfensig, Master's Candidate, Washington Univer-~~

~~the D.C. Latino community. Will otganize material and sity/FU Berlin. Intern will assist with the video~~

~~make selections for exhibit and will participate in exhibit documentation of the 1998 Folklife Festival. 6/1/98~~

~~installation. 8/5/98 through 12/4/98. through 7/30/98.~~

~~Kristin Jansen, Master's Candidate, Georg August Univer- Diana Robertson, Bachelor's Degree, University of California~~

~~sitat. Intern will aid with plans for the 1998 and 1999 Los Angeles. Development of programs for the 1998~~

~~Folklife Festivals, and conduct a follow-up on the Folklife Festival, including educational materials and a~~

~~African Immigrant program from 1997. 2/17/98 through video documentary based on research from the "Culture~~

~~4/13/98. and Environment in the Rio Grande Basin" project. 2/2/98~~

~~Melissa Jeffrey, Bachelor's Candidate, University of St. through 3/27/98.~~

~~Andrews. Photographic and Web assistant with the Sonya Salazar, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Missouri~~

~~Folklife Center Folklife Festival. 6/8/98 through 8/5/98. Columbia. Folklife Festival. Worked on Rio Grande/Rio~~

~~Ethan Johnson, Bachelot's Candidate, University of Michigan. Bravo Basin program for the Festival, serving as an area~~

~~Intern will conduct market research for Smithsonian coordinator. 5/18/98 through 8/21/98.~~

~~Folkways Recordings. 6/30/98 through 8/13/98. Elizabeth Sheridan, Bachelor's Candidate, Wesleyan Univer-~~

Steffi Jost, Mastet's Candidate, University of Heidelberg. sity. 6/1/98 through 7/9/98. Worked with photo documentation in the archives and Joanne Spafford, University of Utah. Audio/Visual. Worked reorganizing archive materials. 3/16/98 through 4/10/98. with African Immigrant video material from the 1997

~~Kathetine Kowalski, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Folklife Festival program. 11/17/97 through 3/1/98.~~

~~Notte Dame. Intern will assist with the 1998 Folklife Christina Stensvaag, Bachelor's Candidate, Mary Washington~~

~~Festival. 5/18/98 through 7/31/98. College. Will conduct research for a publication and the~~

~~May Lee, Bachelot's Degree, Davidson College. Intern will Folklife Festival. 1/20/98 through 4/30/98.~~

~~assist with the Wisconsin Program at the 1998 Smithsonian Annie Stone, Bachelot's Candidate, Kansas City Art Instirute.~~

~~Folklife Festival. 6/1/98 through 8/15/98. Assist the design director with the Smithsonian Folklife~~

~~Lindsay Mayhood, Bachelor's Candidate, Colorado College. Festival. 6/8/98 through 7/20/98.~~

~~Intern will photograph Folklife Festival. 6/4/98 through Natalie Swetye, Bachelor's Candidate, Colorado College.~~

~~7/15/98. Intern will tesearch and produce a program on the culture~~

~~Heidi McKinnon, Bachelot's Candidate, University of New of the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo basin for the Folklife Festival.~~

~~Mexico. Intern will conduct tesearch for a program on the 6/1/98 through 8/7/98.~~

~~culture of the Rio Grande for the 1998 Folklife Festival. Grace Wang, Master's Candidate, University of Michigan.~~

~~6/1/98 through 8/7/98. Intern will assist with the "Pahiyas, A Philippine Harvest"~~

Heidi McKinnon, Bachelors Candidate, University of for the 1998 Folklife Festival. 6/1/98 through 8/7/98. New Mexico. Development of programs, educational Barri Williams, Bachelor's Candidate, University of materials and video documentary for the 1998—99 Maryland. Worked on coordinating evening concerts at the

~~Folklife Festival based on research from the "Culture festival, in addition to assisting with teacher seminars,~~

~~and Environment in the Rio Grande Basin" project. children's activities, and cross-program sessions. 6/1/98~~

~~2/2/98 through 7/31/98. through 7/15/98.~~

~~in ——~~

~~Centerfor Museum Studies nship applications, preparing and presenting the applications for final selection by museum professionals. 2/3/98~~

~~Maria Alonso-Moreno, Montgomery College. Office of the through 5/1/98.~~

~~Secretary. Assist in coordinating the Virgin Mary Con- Vicrona Durrer, Bachelor's Candidate, Universiry of~~

ference. 2/25/98 through 5/15/98. Maryland. Library. Worked in rhe library assisring with Eliza Duerr, Bachelor's Candidate, West Chester University. cataloging manuscripts and important documents. 6/1/98

~~Intern will assist with all aspects of the planning, coordinat- through 8/28/98. ing and implementation of the eighteenth annual museum Katherine Ebner, Masrer's Candidare, Universiry of Ok-~~

~~careers seminar. Intern will tabuluate evaluations and write lahoma. Performed curatorial research for the Curator of~~

~~final report. 6/2/98 through 7/31/98. Sculpture. 6/1/98 through 8/14/98.~~

Joy Foust, Montgomery College. Intern will work with rhe Portia Edwards, Bachelor's Candidate, University of California Workshop Series (Introduction to Visitor Studies) and work Santa Cruz. Education. Research concerning postmodern

~~on Museum Studies database. 6/1/98 rhrough 8/7/98. deconstructionist theory relating to 2D art producrion.~~

~~Kiyohito Hamada, Universiry of Tokyo. Assist with coordinat- 4/6/98 through 6/15/98.~~

~~ing CMS workshops. Conducr research on training and Danielle Ezrin, Montgomery. Library. Intern will assist with~~

~~professional development, and research sources of com- library invenrory and preservarion needs. 7/22/98 through~~

~~munity and corporate support. 1/6/98 through 3/6/98. 8/31/98.~~

~~Donna Weeks, Monrgomery College. Research materials to be Alice Farlowe, Bachelor's Candidare, Universiry of Georgia.~~

~~included in American Indian Museum Studies Program Performed curatorial research for furure temporary exhibi-~~

~~resource materials. 6/4/98 through 8/30/98. tions. 6/1/98 through 8/7/98.~~

Danielle Winner, Bachelor's Degree, St Mary's College. Intern Sophie Fawcett, Bachelor's Candidate, Cambridge Universiry, will aid wirh the Latino Graduate Training Seminar, 1998. Triniry Hall. Education. Dissertation on the nature of 5/18/98 through 7/12/98. private collections and the privare collecrion in the public

~~eye/arena. 8/24/98 through 9/24/98. Friends of the National Zoo Abigail Freeman, Bachelor's Candidate, Maryland Insrirute of Arr. Conservation. Intern will assist the Sculpture Conser-~~

~~Alison Emblidge, Bachelor's Candidate, Cornell Universiry. varor with the summer cleaning and mainrenence of the~~

~~Communications. Intern will write and research for Zoogoer outdoor Sculpture Garden, rhe wnring of condirion reports,~~

~~magazine and assist with media relations. 6/1/98 through and strucrural repairs of objects. 6/8/98 through 8/28/98.~~

~~7/31/98. Emily Hage, Bachelor's Degree, Universiry of Maryland. Baiba Perersone, Bachelor's Candidate, Vidzeme Universiry Dept. of Public Programs/Curarorial Division. Research~~

~~College. Public Affairs. Assist in Public Affairs office on a assistance. 9/9/98 through 12/31/98.~~

~~variery of projects. 9/21/98 through 12/11/98. Anna Herzlinger, Bachelor's Candidare, Haverford College.~~

~~Emily Schuster, Bachelor's Degree, Johns Hopkins. Com- Education. Gave tours of rhe collections and special exhibi-~~

~~munications. Intern will write and research for the Zoogoer tion, organized education programs' report and researched~~

~~magazine and assist with media relations. 6/8/98 through and wrore Training nores, on a furure exhibition, for rhe~~

~~9/30/98. docents. Volunreered with rhe conservarion departmenr ro~~

Judy Tasse. Writer/ediror in the Division of Exhibit Interpre- clean the outdoor sculprure. 6/1/98 through 8/15/98. tation at the National Zoological Park. Includes researching, Kimberly Kindelsperger, Bachelor's Candidare, Universiry of writing, and editing for a water exhibit scheduled to open in Maryland. Research and observation of upcoming museum

~~spring 2000. n/1/97 through 11/30/98. exhibirions, with a focus on Kiki Smith and Chuck Close~~

in the "Direcrions" series. 1/20/98 through 5/29/98. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Rachel Mayer, Bachelor's Candidate, Williams College. Educa- tion. Gave numerous rours of rhe special exhibirions Carlos

~~Tracey Avant, Masrer's Degree, George Washington Univer- Alfonzo and Directions: Tony Oursler, and the permanent~~

~~sity. Education. Inrern will assist with the research for and collecrion, taught a four-week class, for children in conjunc-~~

~~the development of didactic material for children and tion with the Smithsonian Associates on the Hirshhorn 's~~

~~families for temporary exhibits at the Hirshhorn. 6/1/98 collection. Researched and prepared Training nores for the through 8/28/98. docents on the Chuck Close exhibition, performed research~~

Elizaberh DiFebo, Bachelor's Candidate, Moravian College. on selecred artisrs, assisted with press previews and volun- Education. Gave numerous tours of the George Segal teered with the conservation dept. to clean outdoor sculp-

~~Retrospective exhibition, coordinared registration for the rure. 6/1/98 through 8/1/98.~~

Writers' Workshop, "Using the Art of George Segal to In- Laura Roulet, Bachelor's Degree, Universiry of Maryland spire Poetry," mailed applications to prospective interns as College Park. Will be assisting Hirshhorn Museum conrem-

~~well as received, maintained, and managed summer inter- porary curator Olga Viso. 9/24/98 through 6/30/99.~~

~~114 ——~~

~~Heather Ruth. Curatorial. Performed curatorial research for museum visitors and program participants. 6/8/98 through~~

~~temporary exhibitions. 275/98 through 5/3/98. 8/25/98. Helen Schlabs, Bachelor's Candidate, Salem College. Conserva- Anne Kazimirski, Bachelor's Degree, Oxford Universiry.~~

~~tion. Intern will assisr rhe Sculpture Conservator with the Qualitative and quantitative studies of museum visitors~~

~~summer cleaning and maintenence of the outdoor Sculp- and program participanrs. 10/23/97 through 12/19/97.~~

~~rure Garden, the writing of condition reports, and struc- Eric Lagdameo, Montgomery College. Intern will assisr with~~

~~tural repairs of objects. 6/8/98 through 8/28/98. evaluation of Montgomery College Humanities Institute.~~

~~Katharina Schmitt, Bachelor's Degree, Rheinische Friedrich 2/18/98 through 5/15/98. Wilhelms Universtitat Bonn. Curatorial. Intern will assist Susan Timberiake, Master's Candidate, Duke University.~~

~~with Touch for the Blind, and curatorial reseach. 6/4/98 Qualitative and quantitative studies of museum visitors~~

~~through 6/5/99. and program participants. 5/26/98 through 8/21/98.~~

Maria Shaw-Martos, Master's Degree. Registrar. Intern will Kaya Townsend, Bachelor's Degree, McGill Universiry. the exhibit and catalog/data recon- work with Tony Oursler Qualitative and quantitative studies of museum visitors ciliations of the permanent collection. 6/22/98 through and program participanrs. 2/2/98 through 1/5/98.

9/3/98. Hilary Welbourne, Bachelor's Degree, Lycoming College. Theresa Solury, Bachelor's Degree, University of Maryland Aiding in development and research of exhibits at the College Park. Conservation. Working in the conservation various Smithsonian museums. 9/14/98 through 12/18/98. department to learn basic conservation techniques for Kathryn Wycoff, Master's Candidate, Universiry of Chicago. various mediums. 9/17/98 through 5/31/99. Qualitative and quantitative studies of museum visitors Amy Stimmel, Bachelor's Candidare, University of Califor- and program participants. 7/20/98 through 9/25/98. nia—Davis. Library. Library/Education Intern. 9/17/98 through 12/4/98. Meghan Tierney, Bachelor's Candidate, Smirh College. National Air and Space Museum Cataloguing of Olga Hirshhorn Photography Collection.

9/8/98 through 12/17/98. Sarah Akndge, Bachelor's Candidate, Duke Universiry. Ex- Amy Wolfe, Mastet's Candidate, University of Florida. Public hibits. Intern will assist with repairing and maintaining Affairs. Worked in the Public Affairs Department, assisted devices for the How Things Fly gallery. 7/6/98 through with press previews, wrote press releases and announce- 8/31/98. ments, and worked at the Information Desk for An Night Alonso Alverez, Bachelor's Candidate, Amherst College. Programs. 6/1/98 through 8/1/98. Education. Intern will assist curators in the Dept. of Space

~~History in the preparation of curatorial files documenting~~

~~International Center che provenance and history of space history artifacts. 6/1/98~~

~~through 8/14/98. Adam Goncalves, Bachelor's Candidare, George Washington Naruemon Boonsom, Bachelor's Candidate, University of the~~

University'. Institute for Conservation Biology. Intern will District of Columbia. Exhibits. Intern will assisr with research and maintain a listserve for the Center and will reconfiguring, fine-tuning, and maintaining devices in the

help with logistics for conferences. 1/20/98 through 5/15/98. How Things Fly gallery. 6/1/98 rhrough 8/14/98. Eric Holmes. Design Web page for SI-MAB; assist in updat- Dan Cohen, Bachelor's Candidate, ESTACA—Paris. Restora-

~~ing mailing list, and help prepare for symposium. 7/30/98 rion. Intern will assist with the restoration of the Aichi~~

~~through 12/31/98. M6A1, Seiran. This will include work in all phases of~~

~~Omotayo Omnia, High School Student, St. Andrew High aircraft restoration. 6/2/98 through 8/19/98.~~

School. Intern will work ro close our project files and Candace Cottrell, Bachelor's Candidate, West Virginia Univer- prepare to transfered to the Archives. them be 6/30/98 sity. Archives. Intern will assist with the creation of

through 7/31/98. databases that will contribute to the preservation and con- Elizabeth Seeget, Bachelor's Candidare, University of Chicago. servation of the photographic collection at NASM. 6/10/98 Intern will coordinate Johns Hopkins course on biodiver- through 8/14/98. sity and maintain ICB listserve. 6/29/98 through 9/11/98. Jacqueline Crousillat, Associate's Candidate, Montgomery College. Phorography. Researching photo collections.

~~Institutional Studies Office 9/10/98 through 12/22/98. Andres de Orleans- Borbon, Bachelor's Candidate, Polytechnic~~

~~Eric Conrad, Bachelor's Candidare, Colgate University. Intern University of Turin (Italy). Development. Will learn basic~~

~~will interview, track and enter data for the Amazonia aircraft restoration at the Garber faciliry. Will assist with~~

~~Project. 5/20/98 through 8/5/98. the Capital Campaign. 8/3/98 through 8/28/98. Sarah Diehl, Bachelor's Degree, University of Maryland James Hakala, Master's Candidate, George Washington~~

~~Baltimore County. Qualitative and quantitative studies of Univetsity. Education. Intern will assist Explainers Coor-~~

~~11s dinator with scheduling and managing the program in the Bethany Baran, Master's Candidate, American University.~~

~~coordinator's absence. 6/1/98 through 8/14/98. Bethany will begin her internship at the Renwick Gallery,~~

~~Jim Hakala, Bachelor's Degree, George Washington Univer- working with the Curator, Kenneth Trapp. She will then~~

~~sity. Education. Help develop an explainers program for the intern with the education department. 9/8/98 through~~

~~How Things Fly gallery. 1/12/98 through 4/16/98. 4/23/99. Michael "Scott" Harris, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Jessica Braiterman, Bachelor's Degree, College of Notre Dame~~

~~Maryland—College Park. Public Affairs. Aiding in media of Maryland. Jessica will be in the education department~~

relations and the coordination of media visits and events. for the first half of the internship. She will then work in the Also includes writing pitch letters, telephone calls, making design and production department. 9/8/98 through 4/23/99. and possibly writing articles for publication. 9/24/98 Grerchen Dematera, Master's Candidate, H. John Heinz III through 12/31/98. School of Public Policy. Development. Intern will research Laramie Hickey-Friedman, Master's Candidate, University of Capital Campaign prospects for NMAA. 6/1/98 through

Delaware. Conservation. Intern will assist with examining 8/7/98. and Treating spacesuits, aircraft components, and space his- Christine Fisher, Montgomery College. MNI. Intern will tory artifacts. 6/1/98 through 8/14/98. prepare digital images for the NMAA Web site in the Of- Tara Kelly, Bachelor's Candidate, George Washington Univer- fice of New Media Iniatives. 2/6/98 through 4/24/98. sity. Education. Intern will assist with the development of a Robert French, Master's Candidate, Southern Methodist museum overview sheet for distribution to teachers and University. Robert will begin the first half of the semester schools. 6/1/98 through 5/31/99. with Andrew Connors and Helen Lucero in the curatorial Wakako Komoto, George Mason University. Education. In- department. He will then rotate to the education depart- tern will help establish physical and intellectual control of ment for the second half. 9/8/98 through 4/23/99. archival collections. Intern will write descriptions, arrange Katherine Fritzsche, Bachelor's Degree, Lawrence University. and rehouse collections, and perform preservation tasks. Kate will begin interning with Katherine Manthorne and 6/1/98 through 8/14/98. assist with the American An Journal. She will spend the Donald Langhorne, Bachelor's Candidate, Texas Southern second half of the semester with Bob Johnston in External University. Education. Intern will assist the Srudent Ser- Affairs. 9/8/98 through 4/23/99. vices Coordinator with the management of the intern pro- Courtney Hamrick, Bachelor's Degree, Randolph-Macon gram. 6/1/98 through 8/14/98. Women's College. Registrar. Intern will assist with exhibi- Michael Margolius, Bachelor's Candidate, University of tions and loans, collection storage, permanent collection Maryland—College Park. Intern will rehouse aircraft and documentation, packing and shipping, and rights and aircraft component technical manuals. 6/16/98 through reproductions. 6/5/98 through 7/31/98. 8/15/98. Sanders Hearne, Bachelor's Degree, Davidson College. Selena Neighbours, Bachelor's Candidate, Johns Hopkins. Curatorial. Intern will research the NMAA Archives on the Space History. Intern will prepare descriptive materials time that George Catlin spent in the NMAA and the result- related to the theme of the planned Explore the Universe ing first exhibition held at the SI. 6/5/98 through 7/31/98. gallery. 6/1/98 through 8/14/98. Sarah Horowitz, Bachelor's Candidate, Wellesley College. Garrett Rooney, Bachelor's Candidate, Rensselaer. Exhibits. Renwick Gallery. Intern will conduct research for an exhibi- Intern will assist with reconfiguring, fine-tuning, and tion on U.S. Navy silver. 5/26/98 through 7/31/98. maintaining devices in the How Things Fly gallery. 6/1/98 Emily Krueger, Bachelors Candidate, University of North through 8/14/98. Carolina—Chapel Hill. Intern will assist with the Nebras- Lela Sanchez, Florida State University. Intern will assist in the ka Teacher Workshop, as well as developing Web applica- Explainer's Program in the How Things Fly gallery. 6/1/98 tions. 6/5/98 through 7/31/98. through 8/7/98. Melissa Love, Bachelor's Candidare, Wellesley College. Registrar. Hyesun Suk, Master's Candidate, George Washington Univer- Intern will assist with exhibitions and loans, collection sity. Exhibits. Intern will create signage for the museum storage, permanent collection documentation, packing and with the exhibits dept. and will assist with the design of shipping, and rights and reproductions. 6/5/98 through NASM Web pages. 6/1/98 through 8/14/98. 7/31/98. Christopher Lynch, Bachelor's Degree, Bowdoin College.

~~National Museum ofAmerican Art Design and Production. Assist in the design and produc-~~

~~tion office as a lighting intern. The intern will learn the Allison Aldrich, Master's Candidate, George Washington role lighting plays in the display of artwork, learn a variety~~

~~University. Allison will begin the first section interning in of different lighting techniques for different types of art~~

the development office. She will then rotate to the and architecture. 8/13/98 through 9/25/98. registrar's department for the second half of the semester. Alison MacAdam, Bachelor's Candidate, Wesleyan. Public Af-

~~9/8/98 through 4/23/99. fairs. Intern will assist with media events, requests from the~~

~~116 — ———~~

~~press, film crews, and promotion of public programs. nal Affairs wirh product development. 6/5/98 through~~

~~6/5/98 through 7/3/98. 7/31/98- Joanna Marsh, Bachelor's Candidate, Cornell University. In- Elizabeth Wierenga, Master's Candidate, Wayne State Univer-~~

~~tern Programs. Intern will research objects in the traveling sity. Elizabeth will begin interning with Joann Moser in~~

~~folk art show in preparation for the annotated labels, and the curarorial department. She will then intern with~~

will research proposed acquisitions. 6/5/98 through 7/31/98. Richard Murray, Curator of the Abbott Handerson Thayer Bethany Martin, Bachelor's Candidate, Smith College. exhibit. 9/8/98 through 4/23/99.

~~Design. Intern will assist with the production of the~~

graphics for three exhibitions, and assist with preparations National Museum of African Art for future exhibitions. 6/5/98 through 7/31/98. Dorinna Mendoza, Bachelor's Candidate, Stanford University. Molly Barnes, Bachelor's Degree, Universiry of North Carolina Dorinna will spend the first half of her internship with the Chapel Hill. Library. Intern will contribute to the update registrar's department. She will spend the second part with of African terminology in Art and Architecture Thesaurus. Curator Lynda Hartigan. 9/8/98 through 4/23/99. 3/2/98 through 7/10/98. Barbara Palley, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Virginia. Claudia Brittenham, Bachelor's Candidate, Yale University. Education. Inrern will assist with the prepartion of educa- Intern will compile a package of information on all objects tional materials for the "Gold Rush" exhibit and assist with in the permanent collection. 6/1/98 through 7/24/98. the relared Web page. 6/5/98 through 8/21/98. Gina Cabrera, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Virginia. Jina Park, Master's Candidate, Graduate School of Hong-Ik Intern will work with the Eliot Elisofon photogtaphic of- University. Jina will begin in the registrar's department fice. 6/1/98 through 9/7/98. interning in a variety of offices. She will spend the second Jennifer Chow, Bachelor's Candidate, Universiry of Virginia. half of the semester with George Gurney in the curatorial Education. Intern will assist with the development of department. 9/8/98 through 4/23/99. educational materials for the activity room for the "Olowe Juan Rivera, Masrer's Candidate, Fashion Institute of Technol- of Ise" exhibit. 6/15/98 through 8/21/98. ogy. Development. Intern will work with corporate spon- Marsha Ford, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Maryland sors for Latino initiatives taking place over the next five College Park. Archives. Compile and catalog collection of years. 6/1/98 through 8/7/98. papers donated by Constance Stuart Larabee. 9/8/98 Timothy Rutti, Bachelor's Candidate, Universiry of Arizona through 11/13/98. Tuscon. Design and Production. Intern will assisr with the Marian Gilbride, Bachelor's Degree, University of London crearion of a database, photography and digitization of SOAS. Education Dept. Research on the Power and Iden- photos for the nineteenth-century frame documentation tity exhibit—prepared for the use of docents. 9/28/98 and storage project. 6/5/98 through 7/31/98. through 12/4/98. Michael San Filippo, Master's Degree, Middlebury College. Denise Hatcher, Bachelor's Candidate, Illinois State Univer- Advanced-level graduate internship at NMAA. 1/12/98 siry. Intern will research new African art terms for use in through 4/24/98. the NMAFA Archives and Library. 6/1/98 through 8/7/98. Suzanne Schairer, Bachelor's Degree, Universiry of Chicago. Michael Miller, Master's Candidate, California State University Suzanne will start her internship with the Depury Director, Fullerton. Intern will monitor Olowe exhibit activity room Charles Robertson. Depending on the scope of the project, and assist with various research projects associated with she may remain there for the remainder of the semester. other exhibitions. Intern will also facilitate teacher/srudent 9/8/98 through 4/23/99. workshops and tours. 4/16/98 through 6/19/98. Richard Sorenson, Master's Candidate, American Universiry. Tomoko Yagi, Master's Degree, George Washington Univer- Richard will begin interning with Therese Heyman in the sity. Education. Intern will assist curator and write a grant curatorial department. He will rhen move to the Renwick proposal. 1/12/98 through 4/18/98. and intern with the Curator, Kenneth Trapp. 9/8/98

~~through 4/23/99. Bianca Sparks, Bachelor's Candidate, Brown Universiry. In- National Museum ofAmerican History~~

~~tern will research Latino artists, assist with the drafting of~~

~~object labels, and coordinate photographic and conserva- Carrie Alcorn, Bachelor's Candidate, Smith College. Social~~

~~tion requests. 6/1/98 through 8/7/98. History. Documenting the users of women's dresses in the~~

~~Hillary Spencer, Master's Candidate, American University. period cosrume collection 1800-1824. 9/8/98 through~~

~~Hillary will spend the first part of the internship in the 12/17/98.~~

~~design and production office. She will then move to the Melissa Andrews. Public Services. Intern will research the~~

development office. 9/8/98 through 4/23/99. development of women as consumers and that market, with Adnanne Stone, Bachelor's Candidate, Wake Forest Univer- a focus on weddings and rules of etiquette. 6/29/98 through

~~siry. External Affairs. Intern will assist the Chief of Exter- 8/29/98.~~

~~117 —— —~~

~~Denver Applehaus, Bachelor's Candidate, Georgetown Univer- athlete's acheivement within the social context of the~~

~~sity. Research for the Nobel Prize 2000 Project. 1/23/98 period for an exhibition. 6/1/98 thtough 8/7/98.~~

~~through 12/31/98. Christopher Brown, Bachelor's Candidate, Bowie State Univer-~~

~~F. Juliette Arai, Mastet's Candidate, University of Maryland sity. Computer Science. Intern will assist with help calls~~

~~College Park. Archives. Intern will process the Carvel Ice and networking in the computet service dept. 6/8/98~~

~~Cream and Krispy Kreme Doughnut Corporation records. thtough 8/31/98.~~

~~6/1/98 through 8/28/98. Corey Tronnier Brown, Bachelor's Candidare, University of~~

Jennifer Atkinson, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Califor- the South. Intern will assist the "Rock and Soul" team and nia—Santa Barbara. Cultural History. Intern will assist will tesearch rhe history of music in Memphis. 5/26/98 with the production of "Encuentros: Latino America at the through 8/8/98. Smithsonian." 6/23/98 through 8/28/98. Craig Patrick Campbell, High School Srudent, Good Counsel Heather Bain, Bachelor's Candidate, Centre College. Domes- High School. Intern will help the numismatics department

~~tic Life. To assist with research on the Ipswich House ex- catalogue and organize Confederate Civil War currency by~~

~~hibit at the National Museum of American History. 1/5/98 maker, type of paper, series, etc. 7/13/98 thtough 6/15/98.~~

through 1/13/98. Nathan Campbell, Mastet's Candidate, University of Mis- Stacy Baird. Smithsonian Without Walls. Intern will provide souri—Columbia. Social History. Intern will research the research support for Revealing Things, an online exhibir cultural meaning of "home" in America for the exhibition

~~about the material culture of personal possesions. 11/17/97 "After the Revolution." 6/1/98 through 8/7/98.~~

~~through 4/1/98. Dana Caplan, Bachelor's Candidate, Smith College. Archives~~

~~Maurita Baldock, Bachelor's Degree. Archives. Intern will as- Center. Princeton Posters research project. 9/8/98 through~~

~~sist in the Archives at NMAH, helping with the advertis- 12/17/98.~~

~~ing of the history collections. 3/2/98 through 8/31/98. Eric Chin, Bachelor's Candidare, Universiry of California~~

~~Nicole Barnard, Bethel College. Intern will assist a graduate San Diego. Aid in the research of project concerning adver-~~

~~research fellow with research for doctoral thesis on New rising in America; work in SI libraries and Library of~~

~~York City. 2/9/98 through 4/30/98. Congress obtaining necessary resources. 9/17/98 through~~

~~Kristin Bauersfeld, Mastet's Degree, University of Pittsburgh. 12/4/98.~~

~~Photographic History. Intern will research industrial Gina Cincotta, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Notre~~

~~photography and assist with planning for an exhibit on Dame. External Affairs. Coordinating a projecr to develop a~~

~~photography and motion. 5/11/98 through 8/31/98. licensed museum product to be sold in the gift shop. Will~~

~~Melanie Beederman, Bachelor's Candidate, American Univer- work with curatonal staff and assist with special events and~~

~~sity. Social History. Intern will assist with collection, ex- public relations work. 8/25/98 through 12/9/98.~~

~~hibition, and research work in the Reform Movement Chrisry Coleman, Bachelor's Candidate, Skidmore College. In-~~

~~collection. 5/20/98 through 8/21/98. tern will conduct a 1910/1920 census search for women~~

~~Shannon Bell, Bachelor's Degree, University of California working for the California Perfume Company, and assist~~

~~Berkeley. Costume. Intern will research Hispanic designers with updating the Intetn Otientation Handbook. 6/15/98~~

~~Luis Extevez an Antonio de Castillo's influence on through 8/15/98.~~

~~American fashion. 6/1/98 through 8/7/98. Josephine Cooper, Bachelor's Candidare, Portland State~~

~~Suzanne Bell, Master's Candidate, USM. Internships and Fel- University. Study coronary mortality in the nventieth cen-~~

~~lowships. Use collections at the National Archives and rury due to heart attacks (w/o a stroke) with an emphasis on~~

~~Library of Congress and collect, transcribe, and collate data cases since 1948. 10/3/97 through 12/3/97.~~

~~on cotton gin manufacturers on microfilm and original Randall Craft, Bachelor's Candidate, Georgetown Universiry.~~

~~media. 3/30/98 through 5/29/98. Research for the Nobel Prize 2000 project. 1/29/98 through~~

~~Katricia Bennett, Bachelor's Candidate, Howard University. 6/1/98.~~

~~Intern will explore the contemporary constructions of race William Crane, Bachelor's Candidate, George Washington~~

~~and culture, and examine the designations of racial Universiry. Research housing development and gender is-~~

~~categories in the 2000 census. 6/1/98 through 8/7/98. sues in the United States. 10/9/97 through 12/31/97.~~

~~Shannon Berry, Mastet's Candidate, University of Missouri Elwyn Crawford, Bachelor's Candidate, Smith College. Ar-~~

~~Columbia. Costume and Textiles. 6/8/98 through 7/9/98. chives Center Researching part of the Scurlock Studio Col-~~

~~Tad Blackerer, Bachelor's Candidate, Knox College. To assist a lection. 9/8/98 through 12/18/98.~~

~~fellow in researching silent Western films. This involves re- Emily Crow, Bachelor's Candidate, Universiry of the South.~~

~~searching archival film stock and newspapers form the turn Intern will assist with production of Blue Guitar exhibit,~~

~~of the century. 9/16/97 through 12/19/97. and CD of Native American women's music. 5/27/98 Janae-Sharee Breiner, Bachelor's Degree, Appalachian State through 7/24/98.~~

~~University. Cultural History. Research on artifacts in the Jose Delannoy-Pizzini, University of Puerto Rico. Archives~~

~~Cultural History Collections, as well as on a specific Center. To learn about care for archival audiovisual~~

~~118 materials, including film, video and audio tapes. 10/6/97 Douglas Flandro, Bachelor's Degree, Brigham Young University~~

~~through 11/28/97. Office of Public Services. Intern will assist with production~~

~~Laura Diener, Bachelor's Candidate, Vassar College. Costume and execution of public programs, review and amend existing~~

~~Conservation. Work with collection of WWI women's PR databases, and undertake tasks related to exhibit mainten-~~

~~uniforms in photography, cataloging, rehousing, and con- ance and production. 3/16/98 through 12/30/98.~~

~~servation. 6/10/98 through 8/28/98. Jessica Flintoft, Bachelot's Candidate, Cornell University.~~

~~Patricia Donnellan, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Domestic Life. Assist with projects in the Division of~~

~~Michigan. Information Technology. Intern will assise with Domestic Life. Will study punchboards, petty gambling~~

~~the Computerworld/Smithsonian Award Program. 5/11/98 games, and their place in American culture. 1/26/98~~

~~through 8/7/98. through 5/15/98.~~

~~Kevin Donovan, Bachelor's Candidate, Mary Washington Emily Forester, Bachelor's Candidate, Wesleyan University.~~

~~College. Intern/Fellows Office. Conduct newspaper research Program in African American Culture. Intern will research~~

~~at Library of Congress. 8/25/98 through 12/3/98. the socioeconomic status of contemporary African~~

~~Antoinette Douglas, Montgomery College. Intern will assist American communities. 6/1/98 through 7/31/98.~~

~~with Duke Ellington program. 2/18/98 through 5/15/98. Elliot Freeman, Bachelor's Candidate, George Washington~~

~~Styron Douthit, Master's Candidate, University of Central University. Research on silent Western films, especially~~

~~Oklahoma. Archives. Intern will gain experience with those directed by Cecil B. deMille. 10/14/97 through~~

~~processing, describing, safeguarding and managing oral 12/12/97.~~

~~history collections. 3/16/98 through 7/31/98. David Georgen, High School Student, George C. Marshall~~

~~Elizabeth Dunton, Bachelor's Candidate, Smith College. So- High School. Electricity and Modern Physics. Intern will~~

~~cial History. Assisting Harry Rubenstein in the Political place information gatheted by the Chips program on the~~

~~History collection in the Department of Social History. Web. 6/25/98 through 12/31/98. Will assist in producing preliminary finding guide to Matt Gernstein, Master's Canididate, George Washington~~

~~Reform Movements collections. 9/8/98 through 12/18/98. University. Public Services. Intern will assist with writing~~

~~Arna Edmundsdottir, Bachelor's Candidate, Montgomery Col- papers, research, fact checking and othet tasks as they relate~~

~~lege. Program Planning and Design. Learning the firsthand to the book Lies Across the Landscape. 5/18/98 through 8/31/98.~~

~~process of exhibition planning and design. Attaining a Christina Glengary, Bachelor's Degree, American University.~~

~~wotking knowledge of some of the technical skills required Archives. Intern will conduct tesearch on French organiza-~~

~~of designers, as well as an understanding of the need for tions that made posters during WWI and WWII. 2/12/98~~

~~critical thinking and the value of collaborative work. through 5/1/98.~~

~~9/9/98 through 12/9/98. Rebecca Gordon, Bachelot's Candidate, Smith College. Social~~

~~Margo Edwards, Bachelor's Degree, Rice University. Social History. Research the social history of museum artifacts~~

~~Hstory. Intern will study American social history and and archives. 9/8/98 through 12/17/98.~~

~~assist with the maintenence and creation of exhibits. Anna Gorski, Bachelor's Candidate, University of California 2/17/98 through 5/29/98. Santa Cruz. Research on perceptions of Mexico and~~

~~D. Eric Ellis, Bachelors Degree, Walla Walla College. Mexicans at the turn of the century. 4/1/98 through 6/15/98.~~

~~Science, Information and Technology. Intern will be work- Jay Grinstead. Assist with research and collections on the~~

~~ing with the solid-state artifacts and documents collection National Museum of Industrial History project. 9/30/97~~

~~in the Department of Information, Science and Technology. through 4/1/98.~~

~~4/20/98 through 8/1/98. Sarah Grogan, Bachelor's Degree, Connecticut College. Cul-~~

Rachel Erekson, Bachelor's Degree, Knox College. Social History. tural History. Intern will assist with a documentary on the Researching twentieth-century Hispanic American designers, history of American wire making and wirh the production

specifically Adolfo; participating in and researching other of a book on American Indian history. Intern will also assist projects including the Gadsby Tavern program and a teacher's with the production of a concert of Native American

~~lounge; and assisting in organizing files and information for music. 11/29/98 through 7/29/98. the archives. 9/8/98 through u/25/98. Heidi Hackford, Doctoral Candidate, American University.~~

~~Emily Filler, High School Student, Ovid-Elsie High School. Science, Medicine and Society. Pteliminary work on the~~

Cultural History. Intern will assist with the production of Bodyworks exhibition. 1/26/98 through 3/1/99. the Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Orchestra. 6/10/98 Brian Hairston, Bachelor's Candidate, Hampton University.

~~through 7/19/98. Intern will explore the sociology and culture of athletics~~

~~Natalia Fitzgerald, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Vir- amoung Black Americans. 6/1/98 through 8/8/98.~~

ginia. Complete two research notebooks on the medical- Kate Halamay, Bachelor's Candidate, Smith College. Social and popular-press-based coverage of the 1916-17 typhus History. Researching the teasons behind the dramatic

~~epidermic. She will also familiarize herself with aspects of change in fashion between 1790 and 1820 in America (in~~

~~the Vidal exhibition process. 6/17/98 through 7/31/98. the costume collection of NMAH). 9/8/98 through 12/17/98.~~

~~no — —~~

~~Kia Hall, Sarah Lawrence College. Depc. of African American tivity for the Hands-On Science Center. 6/9/98 through~~

~~History and Culture. Intern will analyze comtemporary 7/10/98.~~

~~Black literary themes in the U.S., South America and Angela Nicole Irby, Bachelor's Candidate, Brigham Young~~

~~Africa. 6/1/98 through 8/7/98. University. Intern will research and write on behind-the-~~

Peter Hannah, Bachelor's Candidate, University of California scenes activities at NMAH for use in the NMAH Board San Diego. Cultural History. Sports and Leisure History: Newslettet, do research on individuals under consideration

~~Background research and some basic data entry on history for Board membership, and assist with Star-Spangled Ban-~~

~~of exercise and exercise machines in the U.S. Involves ner Project. 5/4/98 through 8/14/98.~~

~~research on inventors, patents, sports, gymnasiums, body Thomas Iurino. Program Planning. Intern will assist with the~~

images, and medical practice. 9/15/98 through 12/5/98. development of an exhibition. Intern will produce concept Thomas Harbison, Bachelor's Candidate, Duke University. drawings and models showing how exhibit space will be

~~Lemelson Center. Intern will research potential "Innovative used. 7/13/98 through 9/4/98.~~

~~Lives" presenters, help develop "Meet the Inventor" for the Christina Jacobs, Bachelor's Candidate, American University.~~

~~robot docent program and work in the Hands on History Cultural History. Research for a variery of cultutal history~~

~~room. 6/1/98 through 7/31/98. projects including, but nor limited to an exhibit on Jim~~

~~Casey Hatton, Bachelor's Candidare, University of California Henson and a documentary on historically Black colleges.~~

~~Santa Cruz. Assisting a fellow in the writing of Lies Across 9/17/98 through 5/31/99.~~

~~the Landscape: 'What Our History Markers, Memorials, and Jenny Jensen, Mastet's Candidate, University of Wisconsin~~

~~Museums Got Wrong, working on many small research Eau Claire. Curatorial. Intern will research material on~~

~~projects. Work involves rypical historical scholarship on African American history for a book being produced by~~

~~secondary sources at the Library of Congress as well as Lonnie Bunch. 6/8/98 through 8/14/98.~~

~~people, the census, internet tesources, and historic sites. Amy Johnson, Masrer's Candidate, George Washington~~

~~9/23/98 through 11/8/98. University. Cultural History. Research for the piano~~

~~Thomas Hayden, Bachelor's Candidate, Hiram College. Cul- project/exhibit. 2/9/98 through 7/31/98.~~

~~rural History. Intern will assist with cataloguing in sports Ruth Kastner, Doctoral Candidate, University of Maryland.~~

~~history. 7/6/98 through 7/31/98. Office of Fellowships. Nobel Prize exhibit and American~~

~~Lynn Heidelbaugh, Mastet's Candidate, Geotge Washington Physical Society history exhibit for APS centennial. 9/8/98~~

~~University. Domestic Life. Intern will conduct research on a through 3/31/99.~~

~~variety of artifacts in support of upcoming exhibits and Eric Kelderman. Cultural History. Intern will research the~~

~~publications. 5/26/98 through 8/18/98. Duke Ellington Archives and prepare reconstrucred scores.~~

~~Christy Hessler, Bachelor's Candidate, Biola University. Interns 5/20/98 through 9/30/98.~~

~~and Fellows. Research on mail-order clothes from after the Julie Kidd, Bachelor's Candidare, Columbia College. American~~

~~Civil War until about 1890. 9/4/98 through 12/17/98. Indians. Photograph and document Native American objects~~

~~Denise Hirsch, Bachelor's Candidate, Grinnell College. found in New Mexico. 2/2/98 through 3/1/98.~~

~~Science, Medicine, and Society. Working to identify and Dara Kosberg, Bachelor's Candidate, Geotgetown University.~~

~~describe objects and research on aspects of the Cold War for Intern will conduct video research for the Nobel Prize ex-~~

a future exhibit. 6/8/98 through 8/15/98. hibit 2/10/98 through 4/28/98. Lydia Hoffman, Master's Candidate, University of North April Lambert, Bachelor's Candidate, Johns Hopkins. Intern Carolina—Chapel Hill. Intern Office. Research Assistant to will assist with research for Dr. Loewen's book Lies Across Director Patrick Ladden on NMAH annual report. 1/20/98 the Landscape. 61^1$% through 8/15/98.

~~through 3/9/98. Natalie Landreth, Masrer's Candidate, Harvard College. In-~~

~~Karmael-Elana Holmes, Bachelor's Candidate, American tern will assisr with project for repatriation of Bermuda~~

~~University. African American Culture. Inrern will research shipwreck artifacts. 4/3/98 through 6/30/98.~~

~~contemporary African American images on television. Deborah Levine, Bachelor's Candidate, Washington Univer-~~

~~6/1/98 through 8/7/98. sity. Medical History. Intern will research medical history~~

~~April Howard, Bachelor's Degree, Syracuse University. Con- and artificial organs. 6/1/98 through 8/7/98.~~

~~duct research for the Duke Ellington Youth Festival. 2/1/98 Rachel Lille, Bachelor's Candidate, Georgetown University.~~

~~through 4/28/98. Research for Nobel Prize 2000 project. 1/26/98 through~~

~~Andrew Huebner. Public Services. Historical research on 12/31 98~~

~~topics ranging from the U.S. Civil War to race relations to Debbie Lin, Masrer's Candidate, Buffalo State College. Paper~~

~~census data to New Mexico history, for James Loewen's up- Conservation. Gain paper conservation treatment skills on a~~

~~coming book Lies Across the Landscape. 2/5/98 through 5/1/98. variety of paper objects as she helps to prepare objects for~~

~~Lisa Hynek, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Northern exhibit and loan. 6/8/98 rhrough 8/21/98.~~

~~Iowa. Hands-On-Science Center. Intern will assist with the Antoinette Livramento, Bachelor's Degree, San Fransico State~~

development of a Star-Spangled Banner conservation ac- University. Education. Intern will develop the monthly program for the series "Our Scory." This will include the creation of lab and bench activities with the general public in

~~tion of educational materials. 6/22/98 through 8/28/98. the Hands-on Science Center. Organization and creation of~~

~~Nell Maceda, High School Student, The Madiera School. complete "back-up" sets for 4-10 boxed activities. 7/27/98~~

~~Social History-. Sorting through a collection of political through 8/29/98.~~

~~history items using a critical eye to identify the best pieces Hope Michelson, Bachelor's Candidate, Georgetown Univer-~~

~~in the collection. 9/23/98 through 5/31/99. sity. Research for the Nobel Prize 2000 project. 1/19/98~~

~~Therese Malmstrom, Bachelor's Candidate, Vaxjo University. through 6/1/98.~~

~~Intern will work with the Nobel Prize exhibit. 3/2/98 Martha Miers, Bachelor's Candidate, Kenyon College. Public Ser-~~

~~through 4/29/98. vices. Intern will conduct research at the Library of Congress, Theresa Mannion, Master's Candidate, George Washington OSIA, and the National Archives. 5/27/98 through 8/7/98.~~

~~University. Director's Office. Intern will update and repack- Bridget Miller, Bachelor's Candidate, Amherst College. Cul-~~

~~age strategic planning materials from 1993-94. Intern will tural History. Intern will research movie heroes from the~~

~~work with the Capitol Campaign. 5/21/98 through 8/14/98. turn of the century. 6/15/98 rhrough 8/15/98.~~

~~Starr Marcello, Bachelor's Candidate, Wesleyan University. In- Lance Miller, High School Student. Intern will code HTML~~

~~tern will assist with research of documents and films for for the Narional Chip Collection. 7/20/98 through 12/30/98.~~

~~the project "Hollywood's Good Neighbor Policy and U.S.- Colin Moore, Bachelors Candidate, Swarthmore College. So-~~

~~Latin American Relations, 193S-1947." 6/2/98 through cial History. Intern will research American political history.~~

~~8/24/98. 6/29/98 through 8/8/98.~~

~~Kristine Mauger, Bachelor's Candidate, Malone College. Tech- Emily Moses, Bachelor's Candidate, Georgetown University.~~

~~nology. Assisting in cataloging objects, arranging Research for Nobel Prize 2000 exhibit. 1/27/98 through~~

~~photographic files and doing research in the documentary 6/1/98.~~

~~collections. Will also be assisting with exhibit work. John Murphy, Master's Candidate, Simmons College. Work-~~

~~9/14/98 through 12/17/98. ing with the archives of the Lemelson Center for Innova-~~

Jennifer Mayott, Bachelor's Degree, St. Michael's College. Pro- tion and Invention. 5/1/98 through 7/7/98. gram Planning and Design. To acquire range of graphic Lee Nagao. Intern will work on a retrospecrive of the Nobel

~~production experience through hands-on application. To as- Prize and a few of its winners. 5/18/98 through 11/30/98.~~

sist in installation of CCN exhibit. 8/24/98 through 12/3/98. Nisha Nair, Bachelor's Degree, Savannah College of Art and Melissa McAteer, Bachelor's Candidate, Syracuse University. Design. Design Department. Assist the design department

~~Internship and Fellowship Office. Design assistant during with the Star-Spangled Banner exhibit. 1/15/98 through~~

~~fabricarion phase of "Communities in a Changing Nation." 4/30/98.~~

~~Junior designer in support of program planning and Emily Neilan, Master's Candidate, Arizona State University.~~

~~design. Experience with and exposure to various museum Working with the Numismatics collection on display for~~

~~exhibitions. 5/18/98 through 8/21/98. rwo weeks and with the Chip collection in Electriciry and~~

~~Heather McClung, Bachelor's Degree, Marshall University. Modern Physics for four weeks. 6/16/98 through 8/1/98.~~

~~Electricity/Modern Physics. Working with approximately Catherine Nichols. Cultural History. Reorganize collection of~~

~~800 patents for various microchips. Entering all of the in- 35mm slides and assist with photography of objects in the~~

~~formation from those patents into a database to be put on Hispanic collection. Also determine which religious ob-~~

~~the World Wide Web. 6/3/98 through 6/30/99. jects are currently on exhibit. 6/09/98 through 8/15/98.~~

~~Leticia McDonald, Bachelor's Candidate, Saint Mary's College. Gerald O'Grady. Graphics (exhibits). To acquire a full range~~

~~Research Asst. to John McKieman-Gonzalez researching medi- of graphic production experience through hands-on applica-~~

~~cal records from the VS./Mexico border, especially the El Pase tions. To assist in installation of CCN exhibits. Special in-~~

~~entrance, during WWII. 9/14/98 through 12/16/98. terst in electronic graphics. 9/1/98 through 5/31/99.~~

~~Lindsey Mellon, Bachelor's Candidate, Virginia Tech. Inter- Melissa Obegi. Smithsonian Without Walls. Intern will con-~~

~~nship and Fellowship Office. Compiling, editing and duct research to support Revealing Things, an online exhib-~~

~~designing the internship book for the National Museum of tition about the material culture of personal possesions.~~

~~American History, "Intern Opportunities." 5/18/98 through 11/17/97 through 4/1/98.~~

~~8/14/98. Azania Olezene, Bachelor's Candidate, Hampton University.~~

~~Francine Mendoza, Bachelor's Candidate, Wheaton College. Intern will work in the graphics dept. on upcoming ex-~~

~~Cultural History. Assist with primary research of govern- hibits fot NMAH. 5/11/98 through 8/30/98.~~

ment documents, print media, and motion pictures for the Michaela Orizu, Masrer's Degree, University of Massachus- "Hollywood's Good Neighbor Policy and U.S. -Latin setts-Amherst. Research on Ellington's "Sacred Concerts."

~~American Relations 1938—1947" project. 1/27/98 through n/3/97 through 12/20/97.~~

~~5/15/98. Corina Peters. Capital Programs. To assisr in the research for~~

~~Lauren Mara Metcalfe, High School Student, Stonewall Jack- and development of a newsletter for members of the~~

son High School. Education and Public Services. Facilita- NMAH Board. 2/10/98 through 5/1/98. Alexandra Petti, Bachelor's Degree, University of Massachusetts- the country and to research the development of mammog-

Boston. Office of Interns and Fellows. Intern will conduct re- raphy Technology. 9/8/98 through 12/18/98. search for a project involving industrialization, photography, Manfred Roppelt, Masters Candidate, Catholic University of

~~and consumer culture in the U.S. (1890—1930). Intern will America. Information, Technology and Society. Intern will~~

~~work in various SI libraries and the Library of Congress. wotk with the numismatics section helping sort Confed-~~

~~4/27/98 through 5/29/98. erate paper money transferred form the Archives. 1/26/98~~

~~Molly Pettit, Bachelor's Candidate, Western Kentucky Univer- through 5/10/98.~~

~~sity. Intern will take pictures and help design the internship Alisa Rosen, Master's Candidate, George Washington Univer-~~

~~book. 6/1/98 through 7/13/98. sity. Military History. Intern will process a collection of~~

Steven Pickford, American University-. Education. Train for military artifacts. 6/3/98 through 9/30/98. and work in the Hands-on History room, assist in the Adam Sachs, Bachelor's Candidate, New York University. Cul-

~~management of the Hands-on History internship program, tural History. Assist in the production of the Smithsonian~~

~~assist with development of primary source material for Jazz Masterworks Orchestra events in the summer of 1999. teachers, other duties as assigned. 6/8/98 through 8/18/98. 7/7/98 through 7/21/98.~~

~~Stanneke Pijpers, Master's Degree, Katholieke Universiteit Florencia Sader Sanchez. Culrural History. Learn essential~~

~~Nijmegen. Intern will study the representations of New skills for coordination of onsite and "in communiry" public~~

~~York City from 1890-1940. 6/7/98 through 8/2/98. programs by assisting in the production stage of "Encuentros"~~

~~Geoffrey Pippenger, Bachelor's Degree, Middlebury College. Latin America at the Smithsonian. 6/23/98 through 12/31/98.~~

~~Researching issues in transnational identities, Pan-Amerian, Trade Sam, Master's Candidate, George Washington Univer-~~

~~etc. 10/13/97 through 1/31/98. sity. History of Technology. Assist with "Between a Rock Jamal Pope, Bachelor's Candidate, Howard University. and a Hard Place" exhibition and the National Museum of~~

~~Graphics. Doing a wide variety of tasks within the graphics Industrial History affiliation project. 2/3/98 through~~

~~office, including but not limited to installation, layout, and 5/10/98.~~

~~planning. 9/21/98 through 12/31/98. David Sawyer, Bachelor's Degree, Eastern Michigan Univer-~~

~~Daniel Presler, Bachelor's Candidate, George Mason Univer- sity. Cultural History. Research about the Washington~~

~~sity. Archives Center. Organize posters and other papers in statue by Greenough 9/10/98 through 12/3/98.~~

~~the Ella Fitzgerald Collection. 9/16/98 through 12/4/98. Kelly Scanlon, Bachelor's Candidate, College of William and~~

~~Matthew Putnam, Bachelot's Candidate, Bridgewater State Mary. Intern will assist with press releases and media aware-~~

~~College. Examining American's view of the Mexican ness of museum exhibits and events. 6/1/98 through 8/31/98.~~

~~Revolution of 1910-1920. 2/2/98 through 5/15/98. Teresa Schiavone, Bachelor's Candidate, College of William~~

~~Linda Quinn, Bachelor's Candidate, California State Univer- and Mary. Program Planning and Design. Intern will~~

sity—Northridge. Cultural History. Intern will assist with produce measured drawings and scale models that production of a CD of Native American women's music, demonstrate design intent for "American Legacies" and

~~various film projects, and a virtual exhibit on the Web. "Ipswich House." 5/26/98 through 8/6/98.~~

~~6/1/98 through 7/7/98. Sally Schmidt, Bachelor's Candidate, Johns Hopkins Univer-~~

~~Pamela Reese, Bachelor's Candidate, Weber State University. sity. Photographic Archives. Intern will catalog objects,~~

~~Intern will work with the Chip collection, researching enter data, and assist in search inquiries. 6/2/98 through~~

~~patents and bio sketches. 3/30/98 through 6/12/98. 7/9/98.~~

~~Pamela Reese, Bachelor's Candidate, Weber State University. Harry Schmidt III, Bachelor's Candidate, Georgetown Univer-~~

~~E&MP. Working with the I.C.E. Litigation Series 17 and sity. Research for the Nobel Prize 2000 project. 1/20/98~~

~~creating a science service Web page. 8/1/98 through 12/1/98. through 6/1/98.~~

~~Jen Reznick, Bachelor's Degree, College of William and Mary. Maureen Selle. Public Services. Working in the American His-~~

~~Cultural History. Intern will research and create an annotated tory Internship Office. 9/28/98 through 12/31/98.~~

~~bibliography and vemcle file of articles on New Orleans jazz. Anne Marie Sheeran, Bachelor's Candidate, Georgetown Univer-~~

~~6/15/98 through 12/31/98. sity. Social History. Intern will catalog and conduct research~~

~~Chris Ring, AA. Candidate, Montgomery College. Digital for reform movement projects. 5/26/98 through 8/26/98.~~

~~Imaging. Assisting with digital imaging project. 9/1/98 Cindy Sherman, Bachelor's Candidate, Vassar College. Armed~~

~~through 12^14/98. Forces History. Intern will assist with the cataloging, re- Lori Robbins, Master's Candidate, University of Mississippi. search and photography of a collection of women's WWII~~

~~Technology. Intern will research "Rock and Soul" exhibit uniforms. 5/26/98 through 7/31/98.~~

~~and other popular culture projects. 6/1/98 through 7/31/98. Michael Sheyahshe-Lell, Bachelor's Candidate, University of~~

~~Stacey Rolland, Bachelor's Candidate, Smith College. Science, Oklahoma. Intern will work on a virtual exhibirion for~~

~~Medicine and Society. Women's health organizations and NMAH. 6/1/98 through 8/7/98.~~

~~the history of mammography: to identify' and collect Christina Simms, Bachelor's Degree, Washington and Jeffer-~~

~~ephemera from women's health organizations from across son College. Cultural History. Intern will rehouse and — —~~

~~catalog sound recordings, and research social history- of rock tieth-century designer Freida Dianond. 6/22/98 through~~

~~and soul. 6/22/98 through i2'3i/'98. 8/28/98.~~

~~Isha Singleton, High School Student, Madeira School. Help- Dorothy Tate, Master's Candidate, Appalachian State Univer-~~

~~ing ro coordinate the National Museum of American His- sity. Internship and Fellowship Office. Intern will orient~~

~~tory- holiday celebration 1998. 9/23/9S through 12/28/98. new interns, create and update an intern directory for~~

~~Lara Smetana, Bachelor's Candidate, Georgetown University. musuem staff, and update "Intern Opportunities" for 1998-~~

~~Research for the Nobel Prize 2000 project. 1/26/98 through 1999. 5/20/98 through 7/3/98.~~

~~6/1/98. Catharine Telfair, Bachelor's Degree, Macalester College. Cos-~~

~~Rebecca Smith, Bachelor's Candidate, Amherst College. In- tume Dept. Researching for the First Ladies dresses project.~~

~~tern will assist Kathy Goodis with her Ph.D. dissertation 10/14/97 through 3/29/98.~~

~~"The Road to Consumption: Outdoor advertising and the Torrence Thomas, Bachelor's Candidate, Duke University. Ar-~~

~~American Cultural Landscape, 1917-1990." 6/4/98 through chives. Intern will assist with the implementation of an~~

~~8/31/98. electronics records managemenr program in the Archives,~~

Jennifer Snyder, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Wiscon- with attention paid to the Duke Ellington project. 6/1/98 sin—Eau Claire. Archives. Intern will organize and rehouse through 8/7/98. the Maidenfbrm collection. 6/1/98 through 8/21/98. Felicia Thompson, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Amy Sokach, Bachelor's Candidate, Appalachian State Univer- Maryland—Baltimore. Archives. Intern will help organize,

~~sity. Archives. Intern will assist with cataloging, processing process, and catalog the Scurlock Collection (includes~~

~~and organizing the Scurlock Studio Collection (including registrarial and preservation work). 5/26/98 through~~

~~related registrarial and preservation work). 5/26/98 through 12/19/98.~~

~~7/3/98. Lisa Todd, Howard University. Social History. Collecting data~~

~~Alejandra St. Guillen, Bachelor's Candidate, Wesleyan Univer- concerning the dressmaking trade in Baltimore during~~

~~sity. Intern will look at African American museums and his- 1850-1861. 7/1/98 through 12/31/98.~~

~~torical sites in the U.S. and analyze African American Courtney Tollison, Bachelor's Candidate, Furman University.~~

~~heritage tourism. 6/1/98 through 8/7/98. Social History. Intern will assist with research for the~~

~~Nicole Stanton, Doctoral Candidate, University of Michigan. Reform Movements Collections. 6/1/98 through 7/31/98.~~

~~History of Technology. Intern will conduct research for the Joshua Torrence, Master's Degtee, Indiana Universiry of Pen-~~

~~"American Legacies" exhibit and related publications. nsylvania. Information Technology. Intern will work with~~

~~5/26/98 through 9/7/98. Web page design and collection management. 2/17/98~~

David Stevens, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Califor- through 5/17/98. nia—Berkeley. Intern will research contemporary contact Alyssa Townsend, Bachelor's Degree, University of Alaska- between Africans and African Americans. 6/1/98 through Fairbanks. Sports and Leisure. Rehousing of sports collec-

~~8/7/98. tion, including unifotms. Entry into museum database of~~

~~Denise Stockman. Conservation. Intern will participate in a said collection. Various research on rehoused objects.~~

~~pre-conservation internship and will develop an under- Preliminary research for an exhibit about Jim Henson.~~

~~standing of preservation while participating in the opera- 9/1/98 through 12/31/98.~~

~~tions of the objects and paper laboratories. 5/20/98 through Jennifer Ulrich, Master's Candidate, University of Texas~~

~~1/20/99. Austin. Lemelson Center. Intern will process archives deal-~~

~~Debra Striek, Bachelor's Candidate, University of California ing with invention and innovation, and will make them~~

~~Santa Cruz. Cultural History. Exhibit research and exhibit accesible in ptint and electronic form. 6/1/98 through production of Wiley College, Jim Henson, and many other 8/7/98.~~

~~projects. 9/30/98 through 12/11/98. Asta Valentinas, Bachelor's Degtee, Thomas Aquinas College.~~

~~Jennifer Swenson, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Kansas. Medicine. Intern will conduct research for and organize the~~

~~Health Sciences. Intern will research genetic studies in the "Bodyworks" exhibit. 6/15/98 through 12/31/98.~~

~~health sciences dept. 5/25/98 through 7/25/98. Shawn Vantree, Master's Candidate, American University. In-~~

Ryan Taggart, Bachelor's Candidate, California Polytechmcal tern will review resources and standards of service at Intstirute—San Luis Obispo. Information Technology. In- NMAH. 6/1/98 through 8/7/98. tern will give demonstrations on period printing. 6/29/98 James Vincent. Intern/Fellows Office. Assist with research

~~through 8/30/98. about U.S. housing policy. 9/1/98 through 12/31/98. Jeanne Tan, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Northumbria Stephanie Wahl. Conservation. Assisting with cosrume conser-~~

~~at Newcastle. Social History. Intern will conduct research vation projects as related to exhiibt and loans and assist~~

~~for the article "Shape Changing Women, 1775-1815." with general operations of costume and textile conservation~~

~~6/17/98 through 8/30/98. lab. 3/3/98 through 6/15/98. Charles Taragin, Bachelor's Candidare, University of Chicago. Jennifer Waldron, Bachelor's Degree, College of William and~~

~~Social History. Intern will research the career of the twen- Mary. Collecrion Records. Intern will add interfiling to the~~

~~r*3 — ——~~

~~accession files of NMAH without compromising the SI Ar- Laura Zelasnic, Master's Degree, Queens College. Lemelson~~

~~chives microfilming project. 6/1/98 through 8/31/98. Center. Intern will process papers of American inventors. Meghan Wallace, Master's Candidate, University of South 6/1/98 through 8/7/98.~~

~~Carolina. Internship and Fellowship Office. Intern will Amber Zitzman, Bachelor's Candidate, West Chester Univer-~~

~~catalog objects for the Napa Valley wineries project. 5/18/98 siry. Cultural History. Doing background research for two~~

~~through 8/1/98. exhibits, one on the Panama Canal and one on cleaning~~

~~Vera Hope Walston. Exhibits. Broad experience in all areas of sponges. 7/1/98 through 8/31/98.~~

the graphics department. 4/27/98 through 4/27/99. David Waltrop, Bachelor's Degree, University of Maryland National Museum of the American Indian Baltimore. Science, Medicine and Society. Intern will re-

search biological weapons with an emphasis on anthrax. Terry Abrams, Bachelor's Degree, University of Arizona. Pub- 6/3/98 through 6/1/99. lications. Assisted publications department with the NMA1 Mari Webel, Bachelor's Candidate, Stanford University. Intern Web page through edits, and edited children's books and Fellowship Office. Intern will work with Richard Al- bluelines. 2/16/98 through 4'24/98. bourne, researching cultural and religeous history. Intern Leo Carpenter, Bachelor's Candidate, Humbolt State Univer- will also assist with orientation for new interns. 6/29/98 sity. Photo Archives. Assisted staff with general cataloging through 8/28/98. and duplication requests. Learned photocopy work and Dara Weinerman, Bachelor's Candidate, Smith College. History details of digital photo documentation of objects from of Technology. Preparation for an exhibit on the Panama collection. 6/01/98 through 8/07/98. Canal. 9/8/98 through 12/17/98. Brenna Clam, Bachelor's Candidate, Stanford University. Catherine Weis, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Kansas. Public Affairs. Assisted dept. by making contacts with Program Planning and Design. Intern will assist with media regarding national press for museum. Wrote one design layout and typesetting for the Information Age article for museum newsletter and assisted in editing all exhibit. 6/1/98 through 7/31/98. other written materials. 3/30/98 through 5/19/98. Noah Wester, Bachelor's Degree, University of Maryland. Cre- Beata Dolina, Bachelor's Degree, Hofstra University. Will ate an Internet commercial and guided tour for the Duke work with photo staff on scheduled projects—copy work, Ellington Collection Web site. 11/4/97 through 5/1/98. archive slides, produce reproductions and research new ex- Amanda Whitehead, Bachelor's Degree, Princeton University. hibits. 10/6/97 through 12/12/97. Archives. Intern will assist the American Music Collections Emil Her Many Horses, Bachelor's Degree, Augustana Col- staff with the arrangement and description of the Ray Mc- lege. Survey of the South Dakota Sioux Collection. Intends Kinley music and ephemera. 6/8/98 through 9/11/98. to study traditional design of bead and quill work so the Katherine Wolling, Bachelor's Candidate, Juniata College. In- knowledge can be shared with presentday artisans. 9/8/97 formation Technology. Intern will assist with the prepara- through 5/30/98. tion of a catalog for the calculating machine collection, Jamie Hunt, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Iowa. assist with sorting psychological documencaion, Facilities Planning. Assist staff architect on all activity photograph geometirc models, and prepare a paper on the regarding the new museum on the mall and with the con- history of math. 6/1/98 through 7/24/98. struction of Cultural Resources Center in Suitland, Md. Wooctring, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Chi- Raymond 6/1/98 through 7/31/98. cago. History of Technology. Intern will organize a proposal Marion Jones, Bachelor's Candidate, Tulane University. Ex-

for an on conceptions of time travel as it has appeared exhibit hibits. To assist in organization of Our Universe exhibit, a in science and mass media. 6/22/98 through 8/28/98. component of the NMAI permanent exhibition for the

Andrea Woody, Bachelor's Degree, California State University musuem on the mall. 9/11/98 through 12/4/98. Monterey Bay. Social History. Intern will provide support Dean Kinnerson, Master's Candidate, University of Nevada for "Rock and Soul: A Social Crossroads." 5/4/98 through Reno. Assisted Jim in researching content for the Spirit 11/31/98. Capture: Masterwork Photographs exhibit to open Fall Derek Wooten, Master's Candidate, Appalachian State Univer- 1999 in New York. Researched NMAI collection, LOC col- sity. Archives. Intern will assist with data collection in lection, and NMNH Anthropology Archives. 6/1/98 electronic media. 2/23/98 through 4'i7/98. through 8/7/98.

Amy Yeun, Bachelor's Candidate, Duke University. Cultural Jonella Larson. Bachelor's Candidate, University of Alaska History. Intern will assist with the Steinway diaries project Fairbanks. Conservation/Collections Mgmt. Will spend and the Piano 300 project. 6/15/98 through 8/7/98. equal time with collections management, conservation and Zeng Yuan Yuan, Master's Degree, Catholic Universiry of registration departments, performing duties in each of

~~America. Cultural History. Intem will assist with an those areas. 9/08/98 through n/20/98.~~

~~editorial project on Asian-American artifacts. 6/29/98 Sooja Lee, Bachelor's Candidate, Queens College. Exhibitions.~~

~~through 1/20/99. Assisted with graphic projects from design through produc-~~

~~124 ——~~

~~tion of che Kuna exhibit. Developed logo and misc. work to write summary report and modify new evaluations. on che "All Roads Are Good" show, and designed intern 6/01/98 through 8/07/98.~~

~~poster for recruitment of Exhibits intern positions. 5/13/98 Monica Shah, Master's Candidate, University of Delaware~~

~~through 10/2/98. Winrerthur. Conservation. Preparing objects for two exhibi- Michelle McCovey, Master's Candidate, California Polytechni- tions. The Horse in Plains Indian Art and Spirit Capture:~~

cs! Institute, San Luis Obispo. A pan of all activity related Masterwork Photography, through examination, documen- to the new museum on the mall, but especially to the Cul- tation, treatment, and internal mounting. 6/1/98 through

~~tural Resources Center in Suitland, Md. Research ideas for 8/7/98.~~

~~fountain design and attended all meetings and onsite ac- Monica Tate-Melendez, Bachelor's Candidate, Rutgers Univer-~~

~~tivity. 2/2798 through 5/29/98. sity. Cultural Resources. Provide resources/research list on~~

~~Miles Miller, Bachelor's Candidate, Institute of American In- the Taino culture for possible inclusion in permanent ex-~~

~~dian Art. Collections Mgmt. Assisted staff by returning ob- hibition in the mall museum. 6/1/98 through 8/7/98.~~

~~jects and pulling objects used by staff. Rehoused the entite Randy Teton, Bachelor's Candidate, Universiry of New~~

long weapons collection. Was on hand as support staff for Mexico. Conservation. Preparing objects; includes examinations, documentations, internal mountings, cleaning for all NAGPRA visits to collection. 6/19/98 through 8/21/98. rwo different exihibitions, The Horse in Plains Indian Art Hugo Naranjo, Bachelor's Degree, Strayer College. Member- and Spirit Capture: Masterwork Photography. 6/1/98 ship. To study methods to attract new members for the through 8/7/98. Office of Membership Services, especially the Spanish- Benjamin West, University of Southern California. Intern speaking public of the greater Washington, DC. area. drafted a news release regarding the incern program at 1/12/98 through 3/20/98. NMAI, and helped to "clean up" the internship mailing Patrick Natseway, Master's Degree, Memphis College of Art. list. 7/7/98 through 8/14/98. Exhibits. Assisted with research for ideas and content for Nathan Young, Bachelor's Candidate, Oklahoma Universiry. NMAI permanent exhibition for museum on the mall. Exhibitions. Assisted with the exhibition planning for the Research focused on the role of the contemporary artist in new NMAI museum on the Mall by organizing research exhibits. 6/1/98 through 8/7/98. materials, books, paper files, and database information. Par- Michaela Niero, Master's Candidace, University of Rochester. ticipated in all planning discussions for the exhibit. 6/1/98 Conservation. Preparing objects for two different exhibi- through 8/7/98. tions: The Horse in Plains Indian Art and Spirit Capture:

~~Masterwork Photography. Will examine, document, treat~~

~~and prepare some internal mounting for objects. 6/1/98 National Museum ofNatural History through 8/7/98.~~

Saza Osawa, Bachelor's Candidate, Evergreen State College. Keri Bartok, Master's Candidate, American University. Public Film & Video Center. Assist in the development of the Affairs. Assist Public Relations activities by writing ar- Native Networks Web site by acquiring information on ticles, updating press materials, handling media inquiries Native media makers and organizations in Latin America, and acting as a liason between news and entertainment also assist in the arrangements for the Living Voices radio media and the museum. 1/14/98 through 5/30/98. series. 6/22/98 through 8/14/98. Erin Beatty, Master's Candidate, University of Colorado Karen Master's University. Oughtred, Degree, Antioch Educa- Boulder. Invertebrate Zoology. Intern will assist with the

tion. Assist in creating curriculum for elementary school physical curation, inventory, and data standardization of children for the annual play, "Harvest museum Ceremony: the NMNH collection of genus Tryonia (Spring Snail).

~~Beyond the Thanksgiving Myth." Also drafted evaluation 6/1/98 through 7/3/98. forms for audience. 6/01/98 through 8/07/98. Emily Bonifay, Bachelor's Candidate, Ohio Universiry. Public~~

~~David Ramos, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Alaska, Affairs. Intern will assist with daily media inquiries, assist~~

~~Anchorage. Will assist Collections Management with with the maintence of the print, TV and radio database, es-~~

~~rehousing of objects, making mounts, etc. Will assist cort film crews in the museum and reorganize the press~~

~~curatorial staff with records on Tlingit specific objects. slide collection. 7/7/98 through 8/21/98. 10/6/97 through 12/12/97. Nathan Bowden, Master's Candidate, George Washington~~

~~Elizabeth Robertson, Bachelor's Degree, Queens University. Universiry. MSC. Intern will prepare specimens for analysis~~

~~Conservation. Assisting staff with cleaning, documenting, in stable light isotope laboratory. 3/6/98 through 6/6/98.~~

~~stabilizing objects in collection as part of ongoing conserva- Richelle Brown, High School Student, Thomas Jefferson~~

~~tion efforts, exhibit use, or for the upcoming move of the High School. Mammals. Evidences of injury and pathology~~

~~collection to Maryland. 10/01/98 through 12/31/99. in the skeletons of bottlenose dolphins. 9/18/98 through~~

~~Molly Senior, Bachelor's Candidate, Bemidji State University. 1/30/98.~~

~~Education. Assisted with the compilation of visitor respon- Matthew Finarelli, Bachelor's Degree, Duke University.~~

~~ses/evaluations to the GGHC for the last four years. Helped OIPPS. Creating and expandiong a photo database within~~

~~125 —~~

~~the Natural History Museum. Assisting any of the OIPPS Kimberlee McGrath, Bachelor's Candidate, Bucknell Univer-~~

~~staff with their daily duties. 9/28/98 through 12/31/98. sity. Intern will research repatriation for Mohegan funerary~~

~~Maximiliano Gomez, Montgomery College. Biodiversity. customs and material cultute. 6/1/98 through 8/7/98.~~

~~Intern will assist with research carried out for the long- Alexander Milas, Bachelor's Candidate, George Mason Univer-~~

~~term monitoring of the Estacion Biological Del Beni, sity. Intern will assist with database management and with~~

~~Bolivia. 3/2/98 through 5/15/98. the rehousing of the Paleoindian collection. 5/18/98 through~~

~~Rose Green, High School Student, Barrie School. Paleobiology. 9/9/98. Intern will assist with the photographic documentation of Denise Mitchel, Master's Candidare, University of Oregon.~~

~~late Paleozoic plant fossils representing the transition from Intern will conduct research for the Western Oregon~~

~~the ice age to global greenhouse climates. 6/9/98 through Indians project. 7/1/98 through 8/25/98. 7/31/98. Sean Montague, Bachelor's Degree, Memorial University of~~

~~Thomas Hanlon, NVCC. Paleobiology. Intern will study Newfoundland. Anthropology. Intern will assist the Arctic~~

~~Paleoclimate assesments using sedimentary cores taken Studies Center with the Labrador exhibit. 2/23/98 through~~

~~from Lake Issy-Kul in Krelykstan, Central Asia. 4/1/98 6/12/98.~~

~~through 12/31/98. Min Thu Myo. Anthropology. Intern will research and study~~

~~Jennifer Hembree, Bachelor's Degree, George Washington the WL. Abbot collection from the Thai-Burma border.~~

~~University. Will compile River Basin Survey data in order 6/1/98 through 8/14/98.~~

~~ro correlate relationship between excavations/surveys done Michele Nava, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Hawaii.~~

~~and the collections and teports housed at the Smithsonian. Anthropology. Intern will research the bibliographic and~~

~~10/27/97 through 1/7/98. photographic archives pertaining to the Philippine eth-~~

Amanda Jay, Bachelor's Candidate, Bradford University. nological collections at the NMNH. 6/1/98 through 8/7/98. Public Programs. Intern will help develop exhibits, includ- Mollie Oremland, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Vir-

~~ing exhibits on human evolution, ancient Egypt, and post- ginia. Sysrematics Lab. Intern will assist with the revision~~

~~Neolithic Europe. 2/9/98 through 8/28/98. of Bigelow and Schroeder's "Fishes of the Gulf of Maine."~~

~~Christina Jones, Bachelor's Candidate, George Mason Uni- 5/26/98 through 8/28/98.~~

versity. Exhibits. Intern will assist with filmography for Svea Rodgers, Bachelor's Degree, Universiry of Montana the NMNH exhibit Forces of Change. 1/21/98 through Missoula. Exhibits. Digital photography of Rocks exhibit

~~5/13/98. for Web site and electronic video; aid in exhibit installation~~

Steven Keegstra, Bachelor's Candidate, University of and graphics. 9/9/98 through 12/9/98. Maryland-College Park. ADR Primary duties include map Joy Rohde, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Chicago. and database construction, editing, involvement in Anthropology. Intern will collate documents relating to the programming and discussion on GIS project implimenta- Bureau of American Ethnology under John Wesley Powell.

~~tion. Will be assigned to new projects in archaeology, 6/22/98 through 8/28/98.~~

~~botany, invertebrare zoology, geology and paleobiology, as Carolyn Shannon, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Ok-~~

~~needed. 8/13/98 through 12/31/98. lahoma. Anthropology. Intern will assist with the assem-~~

~~Sarah Kessler, High School Student, Germantown Friends bling of archival data for repatriation evaluations. 6/1/98~~

~~School. Process and description of the William O. Field through 8/15/98.~~

~~Photograph Collection. 1/5/98 through 1/30/98. Vicki Simon, Montgomery College. Anthro/Handbook. Assist-~~

~~Amy Kim, Bachelor's Candidate, Carleton College. Fishes. Intern ing with illustration research on the Plains and Southeast~~

~~will inventory the fish illluscration collection and assist with volumes. Also working with her supervisor on various re-~~

~~reproductions of original works for Web sites. 6/15/98 through search projects relating to historical N. American Indian~~

~~8/21/98. photography. 9/22/98 through 12/31/98.~~

Kimberly Lawson, Institute of American Indian Arts. Intern Brooke Sperling, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Califor- will assist with organizing the Division of Mound Explora- nia—Santa Barbara. Repatriation. Complete and analyze a tion records. 6/1/98 through 8/7/98. thorough catalog of the brain collection in the NMNH and David Lewis, Master's Candidate, University of Oregon. In- research the social history of the autopsy to obtain a good

~~tern will assist with the Southwest Oregon research project. background on the collection. 9/15/98 through 12/4/98. 7/1/98 through 8/25/98. Mariah Steinwinter, High School Student, Sidwell Friends~~

~~Elisabeth Linington. Public Affairs. Intern will assist with School. Borany. Inrern will prepare illustrations for the ar-~~

~~media inquiries, film crews and mailings of press materials. chives, database entry, and scan for the online botanical~~

~~1/14/98 through 6/14/98. catalog. 5/11/98 through 6/5/98. Becky Malinsky, Bachelor's Candidate, American University. Susannah Stevens, Bachelor's Candidate, Carleton College.~~

~~Anthropology. Intern will conduct documentary research Education. Intern will work in the Discovery Room and as-~~

~~on Southwest Indian drawings in the National sist staff with the development of educational projects.~~

~~Anthropological Archives. 6/2/98 through 8/31/98. 6/18/98 through 8/31/98.~~

126 Sarah Trabucchi, Bachelor's Candidate, Smith College. Stephen Hardy, Bachelor's Candidate, Kansas University. Anchropology. Research on individual photographs Public Programs. Intern will research and report on fund-

~~selected for The Handbook of North American Indians, Plains ing opportunities with government agencies for programs~~

~~volume. 9/8/98 through 12717/98. related to global change and will research educational out-~~

Janina O'Brien Trent, Master's Candidate. George Washington reach programs. 6/9/98 through 7/26/98. University. Photography. Intern will create archival photo- Paul Harnik, Bachelor's Candidate, Oberlin College. Work on

~~graphic collections documenting physical anthropology a statistical survey of the morphology of the genus Pecop-~~

~~projects by Chip Clark and Doug Owsley. 3/1/98 through teris. 1/6/98 through 1/30/98. 5/15/98. Sara James, Bachelor's Candidate, College of William and~~

~~Mackenzie Tysell, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Califor- Mary. Mineral Sciences. Intern will use minerals and glass~~

~~nia Davis. Anthropology. Intern will be working with the to understand volcanic eruptions at the Arenal volcano in~~

ASC and Canadian authorities in Newfoundland to analyze Costa Rica. 5/23/98 through 8/2/98. safely previously loaned and return artifacts to the Smith- Tristan Kimbtell, Bachelor's Candidate, Kansas State Univer- sonian. 4/' 1/98 through 6/30/98. sity. Ornithology. Intern will help develop an new method R. Carlton Ward, Bachelor's Forest University. Degree, Wake for assessing the age of black-throated blue warblers by OIPPS. Digitizing biological photographs collected by using cross sections of the long-bones of birds of a known Smithsonian photographers to form a biodivesity database that age to investigate the association between endosteal will be available via the Internet. 9/1/98 through 12/18/98. deposits and age. 5/26/98 through 8/2/98. Wanda Lewis, Bachelor's Candidate, New Mexico State

University'. Anthropology Intern will be involved in National Museum ofNatural History—Research Training Program reconstructing morphological characteristics of the human face by analyzing key points on the skull. 5/23/98 through

8/2/98. Deokie Arjoon, Master's Candidate, University of Guyana. Andrea Lord, Bachelor's Candidate, Geotge Washington Botany. Intern will conduct a GIS analysis of the fish of University. Anthropology. Intetn will work with the conser- Guyana. 5/23/98 through 8/2/98. vation and rehousing of the human skeletal collections. Joseph Bagby, Bachelor's Candidate, Gilford College. 3/25/98 through 5/8/98. Anthropology. Intern will conduct field research in Mexico. Molly Markey, Bowling Green State University. Paleobiology. 5/18/98 through 7/26/98. Intern will sample and identify early Cretaceous Fot- Amy Kathryn Barbour, Bachelor's Candidate, Oberlin Col- minifera with respect to paleobiology. 5/25/98 through lege. Reorganizing the Bellerophont collection. 1/6/98 8/2/98. through 1/30/98. Arruro Marquez-Alamedz, Master's Candidate, Northern Jessica Cafarella, Bachelor's Candidate, Duke University. Arizona University. Anthropology. Intern will assist with Anthropology. Study scurvy in pre-adult human fossil the cteation of a consortium of institutions interested in remains from the American Southwest. 1/12/98 through developing research/educational programs on the anthropol- 6/15/98. ogy of Northern Mexico. 5/20/98 through 8/17/98. Christopher Claflin, Bachelor's Candidate, George Svetlana Maslakova, Bachelor's Candidate, State Washington University. Mineral Sciences. Intern will con- Moscow duct a systematic study of amphibole-bearing granite peg- University. Invertebrate Zoology. Intern will analyze literature the phylogenetic matites to test the significance of certain amphiboles as and specimens to test a hypothesis on

petrogenetic indicators. 5/23/98 through 8/2/98. relationships between several nemerteans. 5/23/98 through Ashley Cramer, Bachelor's Candidate, University of New 8/2/98. Mexico. Entomology. Intern will work on the description Colleen McLinn, Bachelor's Candidate, Eckerd College.

~~of Argyrotzienai (Insecta:Lepidoptera:Tortricidae). 5/25/98 Anthropology. Intern will study animal domestication and~~

~~through 8/2/98. its agricultural impacts in the ancient Near East. 5/23/98~~

~~Jennifer Fairchild, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Wash- through 8/2/98.~~

~~ington. Invertebrate Zoology. Intetn will study the develop- Sean Menke, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Minnesota.~~

~~ment and distribution of paralaruai Iliex condetti in the . Intern will study the morphological variation among~~

~~northern Gulf of Mexico. 5/23/98 through 8/2/98. species of the flatfish family Soleidae located in the East In-~~

Gregory Fuller, High School Student, Barrie School. Mneral dian Ocean. 5/23/98 through 8/2/98. Sciences. Separtate minerals from volcanic ashes from Cristiano Moreira, Bachelor's Candidate, University De Colima Volcano, Mexico. These will be used to date the Federal do Rio De Janeiro. Vertebrate Zoology. Intern will

~~ashes using the 40AR/39AR method. 1/7/98 through 3/4/98. study the neotropical characids subfamily Iguanodectimae.~~

Rose Green, High School Student, Bame School. Anthropology. 5/23/98 through 8/2/98. Study variation of the human mandible between genders. Thinley Namgyel, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Wis- 1/7/98 through 3/4/98. consin—Madison. Botany. Intern will conduct a phylogen-

~~127 —~~

~~tic and biogeographical analysis of the Himalayan genus C. Trisran Stayton, Bachelor's Candidate, Purdue University.~~

~~Cautleya. 5/23/98 through 8/2/98. Paleobiology. Intern will investigate how fossil bird as-~~

Michelle Nesderode, Bachelor's Candidate, University of semblages compare to living avian fauna to estimate an- North Carolina—Willmington. Invertebrate Zoology. cient ecosytems. 5/23/98 through 8/2/98. Intern will evaluate a 20-year-old sponge collection from Kevin Stewart, Bachelor's Candidate, Howard University. En-

~~the mid-Atlantic coast to look for changes in sponge diver- tomology. Intern will compile and gather resident pest in-~~

~~sity. 5/23/98 through 8/2/98. formation and data in order to plan for the move of the~~

~~Scott Owens, High School Student, Eastern Senior High department offices and collections. 5/23/98 through 8/2/98.~~

~~School. Botany. Help with inventory of endangered and Suzannah Stivison, Bachelor's Candidate, College of William~~

~~threatened plant species. 3/1/98 through 5/30/98. and Mary. Systernatics Lab. Intern will assist with a long-~~

~~Matthew Palmer, Bachelor's Candidate, Brigham Young term study of Cephalopod phylogeny. 6/8/98 through~~

~~University. Paleobiology. Intern will evaluate the intensiry 8/14/98.~~

~~and rype of insect herbivory on Eocene Flora from David Taylor, Bachelor's Candidate, Sam Houston State~~

~~Republic, Washington. 5/23/98 through 8/2/98. University. Botany. Intern will conduct a critical evaluation~~

~~Jonathan Porter, Bachelor's Candidate, Washington Univer- of specific relationships within the genus Pitcairnia. 5/23/98~~

~~sity. Anthropology. Intern will process 1933 African film through 8/2/98. footage from the Julius and Dorette Fleischman Collection Diana Thiel, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Deleware.~~

~~and the Daniel Freedman Collection. 6/1/98 through Paleobiology. Intetn will sample and identify foraminifera~~

~~7/26/98. near the K.T boundary for differences in species diversity.~~

~~Debra Ann Prince, Master's Candidate, George Washington 5/26/98 through 8/2/98. University. Anthropology. Intern will identify and catalog Dominica Tolentino, Master's Candidate, George Washington~~

~~stone tool artifacts from the middle Stone Age site of University. Intem will process, label and create a computer~~

~~Katanda, in central Africa. 3/1/98 through 5/15/98. database of images of physical anthropological objects.~~

~~Tomasz Prosynski, Bachelor's Candidate, Warsaw University. 3/4/98 through 5/15/98 . Entomology. Intern will conduct a morphological study of Allison Wack, Bachelor's Candidate, Randolph Macon Univer-~~

~~posterior eye tapeta in salticidae. 5/23/98 through 8/2/98. sity. Botany. Intern will review the change in distribution~~

~~Reyna Romero, Bachelor's Candidate, New Mexico State of flora and fauna habitat in Arlington County, Virginia~~

~~University. Invertebrate Zoology. Intern will compare spon- over the past century. 5^23/98 through 8/2/98.~~

ges from the Carolina coast from the early 1980s and today Moritz Weinbeer, Bachelor's Candidate, University of to determine changes in sponge diversity. 5/23/98 through Wuerzburg. Mammals. Intern will study the distribution, 8/2/98. evolution and biogeography of one species of fruit-eating

~~Ellen Rosenshein, Bachelor's Candidate, Binghamton Univer- bat on the Bocas del Toro Islands in Panama. 5/23/98~~

siry. Mineral Sciences. Intern will seek to study the through 8/2/98. mechanisms by which asteriods melted in the early history Maksim Yegoron, Bachelor's Candidate, University of of the solar system. 5/23/98 through 8/2/98. Michigan. Anthropology. Intern will study weaving prac-

~~Rudyard Sadleir, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Illinois tices and textile technologies of Central Asia. 5/23/98~~

~~Chicago. Paleobiology. The student will test whether rapid through 8/2/98.~~

~~burial of corals leads to better preservation than of those that Cassady Yoder, Bachelor's Candidate, University of New~~

~~remain on the sea floor after death. S'23/98 through 8/2/98. Mexico. Anthropology. Intern will test the applicability of~~

~~Sandra Saluke, Bachelor's Candidate, Cornell University. En- the fourth-rib age estimation technique for human skeletal~~

tomology. Intern will describe a new species of Elaphria. In- remains to ribs 2-9. 5/23/98 through 8/2/98. secta:Lepidopetera:Noctuidae. 5/23/98 through 8/2/98. Heidi Renee Shoup, Bachelor's Degree, Ohio State University. Portrait Vertebrate Zoology. Intern will compile exhisting mor- National Gallery phological and molecular data with new morphological data to contest competing hypotheses about the phylogonee Anne Marie Addicort, Bachelor's Candidate, California

~~of cyprinodontiffom fish. 5/23/98 through 8/2/98. Lutheran University. Assist Public Program Director with~~

~~James Skoy, Bachelor's Candidate, Brigham Young University. film series and conduct research for "Cultures in Motion"~~

~~Mammals. Intern will study the distribution and evolution performances. 10/8/97 through 12/5/97.~~

~~of porcupine rats in the Bocas Del Toro Islands in Panama. Heathet Agnello, Bachelor's Candidate, American University.~~

~~5/23/98 through 8/2/98. Graphics/Design & Production. Assist Graphics Office~~

~~Shannon Stackhouse, Bachelor's Candidate, Harvard Univer- with projects relating to the Theodore Roosevelt and~~

~~sity. Anthropology. Intern will study the effects of domes- Philippe Halsman exhibitions. Will learn silkscreemng~~

~~tication of animals and development of agriculrure on process, label fabrication and how exhibits are insralled.~~

~~ancient Near-East civilizations. 5/26/9S through 8/22/98. 9/9/98 through 12/18/98.~~

~~128 Lindsay Bowman, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Vir- Suzanne Karr, Bachelor's Candidate, Brown University. Intern~~

~~ginia. Intern will assist with the organization and research will edit and fact-check a Hans Namuth biography. 6/10/98~~

~~of the collection, editing and varifying portrait data and through 9/1/98.~~

~~images, and incorporating data and images into a national Mary Mack, Montgomery College. Conduct research for~~

~~database. 6/29/98 through 7/31/98. school and adult services programs on women that made a~~

~~William Brannon. Design & Production. Intern will assist in significant contributution to the women's movement.~~

~~the production of two exhibits. Skills Learned: label fabrica- Colead tours ar the National Portrait Gallery. 2/11/98~~

~~tion, silkscreening, photo mounting, and some computer through 5/15/98.~~

~~graphics layout programs. Will also be responsible for gallery Eva McGovern, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Nottin-~~

~~checks and cleaning. 12/1/97 through 4/17/98. gham. Painting and Sculpture. Intern will research~~

~~Valinda Carroll, Masters Candidate, Buffalo State College. photographs and photographers. 6/29/98 through 8/21/98.~~

Conservation. Intern will help with condition reports of Tami Mnoian, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Califor- untreated nineteenth and twentieth-century black-and- nia—Santa Barbara. Assisting Public Programs Director

~~white photographs. 6/8/98 through 8/28/98. with programming for "Cultures in Motion" series, and re-~~

~~Vanessa Curtis, Bachelor's Candidate, Trinity College. Educa- searching films for the NPG weekly film series. 1/6/98~~

~~tion. To research Latino cultures by creating an exhibit that through 3/11/98.~~

~~brings individuals out to expetience these cultures through Catherine Nichols, Bachelor's Candidate, Duke University.~~

~~paintings, lectures, film series and special events. 8/31/98 Education. Intern will oversee the Summer Intern Conferences~~

through 11/30/98. and social events for interns. 6/1/98 through 8/28/98. Francis Fletcher, Bachelor's Degree, College of Wooster. Suzannah Niepold, Bachelor's Candidate, Bryn Mawr. Education. Duties include biographical research on subject Electronic Research. Intern will mdentify and organize

~~and artists, editing and verifying data, organizing data and NPG collection images, scan them and manipulate with~~

~~materials, and incorporating data and images into a nation- imaging software as neccesary for the NPG collections in-~~

~~al online database. 2/17/98 through 5/15/98. formation system. 6/1/98 through 8/8/98. Rhonda Gray-Young, Bachelor's Candidate, Mongomery Col- Elaine Nuzzaco, Bachelor's Candidate, Brigham Young~~

~~lege. Office of Education. Participate with staffin high University. Intern will assist with stack and staff book in-~~

~~school classroom presentations and tours in the permanent ventory, and will help develop a plan for automating the~~

~~collection. Complete a teseatch project with an art history vertical file collection. 5/18/98 through 8/25/98.~~

~~emphasis that relates to an existing program. Assist with Judith Osborne, Montgomery College. Education. Intern will~~

~~Living History program presented in conjunction with spe- assist in the organization of the History Hunters Summer~~

~~cial exhibition. 9/28/98 through 12/18/98. Camp by researching and making copies of original Civil~~

~~Ana Cristina Gutierrez, Bachelor's Candidate, Franklin and War letters, and will make contacts with Civil War-related~~

~~Marshall College. Education. Intern will assist the Public organizations, reenactors, and designers. 2/24/98 through~~

~~Program Director with the Latino film festival, Cultures in 5/8/98.~~

~~Motion programs and film series. Also assist with the Kristen Peterson, Bachelor's Candidate, Brigham Young~~

~~Beatles' courtyard concerts. 5/4/98 through 8/14/98. University. Graphics. Silkscreen labels, photo signage,~~

Jennifet Harbster, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Califor- daily gallery check. 9/9/98 through 12/10/98. nia—Santa Cruz. Education. Intern will assist the Public Sarah Petty, Bachelor's Candidate, Mary Washington College.

~~Program Director with the production of Cultures in Mo- Education. Intern will assist the public program director~~

~~tion programs and film series. 4/6/98 through 6/15/98. with the Cultures in Motion program, program notes, and~~

~~Sarah Harre, Bachelor's Candidate, Yale University. Peale film series. Assist with the Beatles' courtyard concerts.~~

~~Family Papers. Researches Titian Ramsay Peale 's participa- 6/15/98 through 8/15/98.~~

~~tion on the Wilkes expedition to the South Pacific. Writes Rebecca Pskowski, High School Student, Richard~~

scholarly annotation and headnotes for a documentary his- Montgomery High School. Education. Intern will conduct tory publishing project. Writes a scholarly research paper tesearch on an upcoming travelling exhibition organized on an aspect of her research. 9/8/98 through 12/23/98. by the Department of Photographs. 6/22/98 through

~~Brenda Ingersoll. Design and Production. Intern will assist in 8/14/98, the Graphics Department with projects relating to the Hannah Schneider, Bachelor's Candidare, Swarthmore Col-~~

~~Time and Caricatures exhibit. Intern will learn how to lege. Peale Family Papers. Intern will conduct a textual and~~

~~silkscteen and other aspects of exhibit installation. 1/5/98 substantive analysis of a series of articles published by Peale~~

~~through 4/27/98. in the mid-nineteenth century. 5/26/98 through 8/14/98.~~

Zach Intratet, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Chicago. Suzanne Sennett, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Mas- Curatorial. Work on the Notable Americans exhibition, sachusetts—Amherst. Design. Intern will be involved with starting with the provenance of Mary Cassatt by Degas. design and graphics work for the Roosevelt, Halsman, and

~~6/22/98 through 8/14/98. Warhol exhibits. 6/23/98 through 8/31/98.~~

~~129 — —~~

~~Anna McCoy Smith, Bachelor's Candidate, Salem College. Re- ing musuem, historic and lecture programs. 10/4/97~~

searching the popular images of Theodore Roosevelt, which through 5/31/98. appeared in illustrated magazines and newspapers at the turn of the twentieth century, iz/27/97 through 1/29/98. NatioTtal Zoological Park Cambra Stern, Bachelor's Candidate, Tufts University. Photog-

raphy. Inventory and catalog the Portrait Gallery's exten- Margaret Barse, Bachelor's Degree, Northwestern University. sive video collection, cteating a database for easy access to Public Affairs. Intern will assist with video projects for the this information. 6/22/98 through 8/7/98. Web site at the NZP. 6/15/98 through 8/15/98.

~~Christopher Suwyn, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Christina Bentz, Bachelor's Degree, Coe College. Intern will~~

~~California—Santa Cruz. Library. Intern will assist with in- assist with the educational programming pertaining to~~

ventory, assist with generating exchange requests for exhibi- Neotropical migratory birds. 6/1/98 through 8/7/98. tion catalogs, and develop a plan fot an automated vertical Jennifer Esposito, Veterinary Doctoral Candidate, Texas A&M file system. 6/29/98 through 8/28/98. College of Vet. Med. Beaver Valley, Intern will work with

~~Minako Takahashi, Master's Candidate, George Washington the golden lion tamarins in a free-ranging program. 5/18/98~~

~~University. Exhibitions. Intern will assist with assembling through 8/15/98.~~

~~proposal packets, cteating and maintaining exhibits history Katie Flickinger, Bachelor's Degree, University of Mas-~~

~~databases, and archiving files. 5/18/98 through 7/2/98. sachusetts. Intern will study minetal appetite in the pygmy~~

~~Sarah Weisman, Bachelor's Degree, Kenyon College. Peale marmoset. 6/8/98 through 8/31/98.~~

Family Papers. In 1998, the Charles Willson Peale Family- Elise Geldon, Bachelor's Candidate, Princeton University. Papers revised FONZ—Membership. 6/15/98 through 8/21/98. and submitted for publication, vol. 5, The Lisa Griffin, Bachelor's Autobiography of Charles Willson Peale. Research begins on Candidate, Oregon State University. Horticulture. Intern will volumes 6 and 7, the children of Charles Willson Peale. identify trees that are hazardous to tourists staff 9/21/98 through 12/18/98. and and catalogue exhisting trees in the landscape. 6/22/98 through 9/11/98. Katia Jones, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Maryland

~~National Postal Museum Baltimore Counry. Nutrition Lab. Intern will study the ef-~~

~~fect of nutrition on reproduction in the common marmoset.~~

Anna Dernbach, Bachelor's Degree, Linfield College. To work 6/1/98 through 8/7/98. Daniel Lebbin, Bachelot's Candidate, with the exhibits writer/editot in providing background re- Duke University. Animal Records. Intern will develop search and concept development for the design team work- identification systems to distinguish between specimens of the same species ing on an upcoming exhibit on postal automation. 1/12/98 without using tags or markings. through 3/27/98. 5/18/98 through 7/7/98. Amber Lyons, Bachelor's Candidate, Unity College. Mam- Aimee Gee, Bachelor's Candidate, University of California mals. Intern will assist with great cats. 5/26/98 through Berkeley. Education. Intern will assist with the creation 8/21/98. and conduct of a museum summer camp for middle-school Laurie Nelson, Bachelor's Degree, Cornell University. Intern students. 6/15/98 through 7/31/98. will assist with the desert turtle project. 6/1/98 through Lynn Heidelbaugh, Master's Candidate, George Washington 8/21/98. University. To research historical and photographic Kathleen Palmer, Bachelor's Degree, Davidson College. materials at departments and museums of the Smithsonian, Public Affairs. 6/3/98 through 9/15/98. the Library of Congress and the National Archives. 1/13/98 Pablo Pedraza, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Puerto through 4/30/98. Rico. Amazonia Gallery. Intern will study the interrelation- Brian Huber, Bachelor's Candidate, Virginia Technical In- ship between art and science. 6/15/98 through 8/20/98. stitute. Education. Intem will assist with the creation and Danielle Sanders, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Miami. conduct of a museum summer camp for middle-school stu- FONZ—Membership. 6/15/98 through 8/21/98. dents. 6/15/98 through 7/10/98. Lisa Ming-I Liu, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Chicago. Office ofAccessibility Curatorial. Intern will research the history of Chinese im-

migrants in America in the late nineteenth and early twen- Clare Brown, Master's Candidate, George Washington Univer- tieth centuries. 6/22/9S through 9/11/98. sity. To research and revise the Smithsonian's guidelines for Travis Riley, Bachelor's Candidate, Wheaton College. Respon- accessibile exhibit design. i'20/98 through 5/30/98. sible for updating the museum's Web site using information, photographs and text provided by the museum's Web

~~site group. 1/5/98 through 1/23/98.~~

~~Jen Smith, Bachelor's Candidate, Howard University. To become familiar with various aspects of creating and produc-~~

~~130 —— —~~

~~Office of Exhibit Central Jennifer Chow, Bachelor's Candidate, Universiry of Virginia. Narional Museum of African Art. Education. Intern will~~

assist with the development of educational materials for the Kristin Fuller, Bachelor's Candidate, Howard University. Assist activity room for the Olowe of Ise exhibit. 6/15/98 through in the implementation of activity-based costing accounting 8/21/98. system in an effort to better track overhead costs, direct Gretchen Dematera, Mastet's Candidate, H. John Heinz III materials, and direct labor used in the exhibition processes. School of Public Policy. National Museum of American 9/18/9S through 5/31/99. Art. Development. Intern will research Capital Campaign Zaneta Hong, Bachelor's Candidate, Cornell University. In- prospects for NMAA. 6/1/98 through 8/7/98. tern will organize information concerning internships and Brian Hairston, Bachelor's Candidate, Hampton Universiry. will rotate in the design, editing and modelmaking Intern will explore the sociology and culture of athletics divisions. 6/8/98 through 8/31/98. amoung Black Americans. 6/1/98 through 8/8/98. Andrea Pippins, Bachelor's Candidate, Temple University. Kia Hall, Sarah Lawrence College. National Museum of Graphics. Assisting with the design and preparation of American History. Dept. of African American History and graphics for exhibits at the Smithsonian. 6/1/98 through Culture. Intern will analyze comtemporary Black lirerary 8/7/98. themes in the U.S., South Amenca and Africa. 6/1/98 Aim Schulman, Master's Candidate, University of Maryland. through 8/7/98. Fabrication. Working on the Woody Guthrie traveling ex- Ginger Hargett, Bachelor's Candidate, Oberlin College. Office of hibition. 9/15/98 through 1/28/99. the Smithsonian Institution Atchives. Inrern will develop a

~~database for anthropological and archaeological records in~~

~~Office of Fellowships and Grants the National Anthropological Atchives. 6/8/98 through~~

~~8/19/98.~~

~~Terry Abrams, Bachelor's Degree, University of Arizona. Demse Hatcher, Bachelor's Candidate, Illinois State Universiry.~~

~~National Museum of the American Indian. Publications. National Museum of African Art. Intern will research new~~

~~2/16/98 through 4/24798. African art terms for use in the NMAfA Archives and~~

~~Shannon Bell, Bachelor's Degree, University of California Library. 6/1/98 rhrough 8/7/98.~~

~~Berkeley. National Museum of American History. Costume. Clyde Higgs, Mastet's Candidate, East Carolina University.~~

~~Intern will research Hispanic designers Luis Exrevez's and Office of Sponsored Projecrs. Intern will edit and updare~~

~~Antonio de Castillo's influence on American fashion. 6/1/98 the Principal Invesror's Guide—compiling survey results~~

~~through 8/7/98. and developing financial reports. 6/1/98 through 8/7/98.~~

~~Katricia Bennett, Bachelor's Candidate, Howard University. Karmael-Elana Holmes, Bachelor's Candidate, American~~

~~National Museum of American History. Intern will explore Universiry. National Museum of Natural Hisrory. African~~

~~the contemporary constructions of race and culture and American Culture. Intern will research contemporary~~

~~examine the designations of racial categories in the 2000 African American images on television. 6/1/98 through~~

~~census. 6/1/98 through 8/7/98. 8/7/98.~~

~~Christina Bentz, Bachelor's Degree, Coe College. National Katia Jones, Bachelot's Candidate, University of Maryland~~

~~Zoological Park. Intern will assist with the educational Baltimore Counry. Narional Zoological Park. Nurrition~~

~~programming pertaining to neotropical migratory birds. Lab. Intern will study the effect of nutrition on reproduc-~~

6/1798 through 8/7/98. tion in the common marmoset. 6/1/98 through 8/7/98. Idana Bonsi, Master's Candidate, University of Maryland Amy Kim, Bachelor's Candidate, Carleton College. National College Park. OPMB. Intern will redesign budget book Museum of Natural History. Fishes. Intern will inventory

~~and directives review and will develop training materials. the fish illlustration collection, and assist with reproduc-~~

~~6/1/98 through 8/7/98. rions of original works fot Web sites. 6/15/98 through~~

~~Janae-Sharee Breiner, Bachelor's Degree, Appalachian State 8/21/98.~~

~~University. National Museum of American History. 6/1/98 Kimberly Lawson, Instirute of American Indian Arts. National~~

~~through 8/7/98. Museum of Natural History. Intern will assist with organiz-~~

~~Gina Cabrera, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Virginia. ing rhe Division of Mound Exploration records. 6/1/98 National Museum of African Art. Intern will work with through 8/7/98.~~

~~the Eliot Elisofon Photographic office. 6/1/98 through Antoinette Livramenro, Bachelor's Degree, San Fransico Srate~~

~~9/7/98. University. National Museum of American History. Educa-~~

~~Nathan Campbell, Master's Candidate, Universiry of Mssouri tion. Intern will develop the monthly program for the~~

~~Columbia. Narional Museum of American History. Social series "Our Story." This will include the creation of educa-~~

~~History. Intern will research the cultural meaning of tional materials. 6/22/98 rhrough 8/28/98.~~

~~"home" in America for the exhibition After the Revolu- Adrian Loving, Master's Candidate, Universiry of the Arts.~~

~~tion. 6/1/98 through 8/7/98. Education. Create written materials and models geared ro~~

~~t33 —~~

~~the educational and outteach needs of elementary school will work on a virtual exhibition for NMAH. 6/1/98 students and teachers, while considering simple construc- through 8/7/98.~~

~~tion, economical, lightweight and recyclable materials, and Bianca Sparks, Bachelor's Candidate, Brown Universiry.~~

~~physical accessibility. 6/1/98 through 8/7/98. National Museum of American Art. Intern will research~~

~~Shauna Lukin, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Alaska- Latino artists, assist with the drafting of object labels, and~~

~~Fairbanks. National Museum of Natural History. Arctic coordinate photographic and conservation requests. 6/1/98 Studies Center. Assisting in the development of the through 8/7/98.~~

~~exhibition Looking Both Ways: Heritage and Identity of Alexandra St. Guillen, Bachelor's Candidate, Wesleyan Univer-~~

~~the Alutiiq people and assisting in the production of an sity. Intern will look at African American museums and his-~~

Alutiiq elder-youth conference. 6/1/98 through 8/7/98. torical sites in the U.S. and analyze African American Kimberlee McGrath, Bachelor's Candidate, Bucknell Univer- heritage tourism. 6/1/98 through 8/7/98.

~~sity. National Museum of Natural History. Intern will re- Nicole Stanton, Doctoral Candidate, University of Michigan.~~

~~search repatriation for Mohegan funerary customs and History of Technology. Intern will conduct research for the~~

material culture. 6/1/98 through 8/7/98. American Legacies exhibit and related publications. 5/26/98 Heidi McKinnon. Bachelor's Candidate, University of New through 9/7/98. David Stevens, Bachelor's Mexico. Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies. Candidate, Universiry of California Berkeley. National of Intern will conduct research for a program on the culrure of Museum American History. Intern will research contemporary contact between the Rio Grande for the 1998 Folklife Festival. 6/1/9S Africans and African Americans. through 8/7/98. 6/1/98 through 8/7/98. Natalie Swerye, Bachelor's Candidate, Sean Montague, Bachelor's Degree, Memorial University of Colorado College. Cen- ter for Folklife Programs and Culrural Studies. Intern will Newfoundland. National Museum of Natural Hiscory. research and produce a program on the culture of the Rio Anthropology. Intern will assist the Arctic Studies Center Grande/Rio Bravo basin for the Folklife Festival. 6/1/98 with the Labrador exhibit. 2/23/98 through 6/12798. through 8/7/98. Min Thu Myo. National Museum of Natural History. Totrence Thomas, Bachelor's Candidate, Duke University. Ar- Anthropology. Intern will research and study the W.L. chives. Intern will assist with the implementation of an Abbot collection from the Thai-Burma border. 6/1/98 electronics records management program in the Archives, through 8/14/98. with attention paid to the Duke Ellington project. 6/1/98 Michele Nava, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Hawaii. through 8/7/98. National Museum of Natural History. Anthropology. In- Shawn Vantree, Masrer's Candidate, American University. tern will research the bibliographic and photographic ar- National Museum of American History. Intern will review chives pertaining to the Philippine ethnological collections resources and standards of service at NMAH. 6/1/98 at the NMNH. 6/1/98 through 8/7/98. through 8/7/98. Wendy Pagell, Bachelor's Candidate, Aurora University. Of- Calvin Walker, Master's Candidate, U.S. International fice of Information Technology. Intern will analyze the FY Univertsity. Smithsonian Tropical Research Instirute. 1998 expenditures and generate financial projections, and Conducting surveys related to the development of STRI's reconcile data from the financial reporting system. 7/1/98 college-level courses in tropical ecology and marine biol- through 8/7/98. ogy. 6/15/98 through 8/21/98. Andrea Pippins, Bachelor's Candidate, Temple University. Of- Grace Wang, Master's Candidate, University of Michigan. fice of Exhibit Central. Graphics. Assisting with the design Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies. Intern and preparation of graphics for exhibits at the Smithsonian. will assist with Pahiyas, A Philippine Harvest for the 1998 6/1/98 through 8/7/98. Folklife Festival. 6/1/98 through 8/7/98. Juan Rivera, Master's Candidate, Fashion Institute of Tech- nology. National Museum of American Art. Develop- Office General Counsel ment. Intern will work with corporate sponsors for of

Latino initiatives taking place over the next five years. Rosenfield, Master's 6/1/98 through 8/7/98. Jamie Candidate, George Washington Universiry. Research project on restirution of culrural Lela Sanchez, Florida State University. National Air and Space property confiscated by Nazi troops during WWII. 1/12/98 Museum. Intern will assist in the Explainer's Program in through 6/12/98. the How Things Fly gallery. 6/1/98 through 8/7/98. Carolyn Shannon, Bachelor's Candidate, Universiry of Ok- lahoma. National Museum of Natural History. Anthropol- Office ofImaging, Printing, and Photographic Services ogy. Intern will assist with the assembling of archival data

~~for repatriation evaluations. 6/1/98 through 8/15798. Diego Rubin De Celis, Montgomery College. Intern will as-~~

~~Michael Sheyahshe-Lell, Bachelor's Candidate, University of sist with digital format transformation of the most com-~~

~~Oklahoma. National Museum of American History. Intern monly used photos of the imaging deptartment in order to~~

~~131 —~~

make chem accessible from the Smithsonian database. Office of Planning, Management, and Budget 3/16/98 through 5/8/98. Susan Huntet, Bachelor's Candidate, Savannah College of Art Kazuharu Ishida, Mastet's Degree, Grad School of Media and and Design. To study the influence computers have had on Gov., Keio University. Redesign the Call for Plans to in- the photographic medium. 6/1/98 through 8/1/98. clude measurements for performance and strategies and Jeanie Kahnke, Mastet's Candidate, Geotge Mason University. how they relate to an organization's initiatives. 10/14/97 Intetn will help plan, organize, staff and manage a college through 5/1/98. internship program for the digital imaging laboratory.

1/22/98 through 5/1/98. Josh Moeller, Bachelor's Candidate, George Mason University. Office of the Physical Plant- -Architectural History and Intern will scan and digitize archive pictures and objects to Historic Preservation

~~be placed on the Internet. 5/19/98 through 8/31/98.~~

Sarah Poff, Bachelor's Candidate, Miami University. Intern Christopher Alexander, Bachelor's Candidate, Geotge will assist OIPPS projects for the anthropology dept. 6/1/98 Washington University. Research on American architecture

~~through 7/31/98. and development of virtual tour of Smithsonian Building.~~

~~Christina Shomaker, Bachelor's Degree, George Washington 8/31/98 through 11/20/98. University. Will create a Web site and an image library for Marion-Fairlie Benson, Bachelor's Candidate, New Yoik~~

~~the anthropology dept. 10/1/97 through 8/30/98. University. Intern will conduct tesearch related to~~

Jessamyn Steimer, Bachelor's Candidate, Haverford College. nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century architecture for a Intern will assist with scanning, photo conversion, and CD Spring 1999 AHHP lecture series. 5/26/98 through 7/31/98. other imaging projects. 5/27/98 through 8/31/98. Sarah Fayen, Bachelor's Degree, Yale University. Researched Monsee Wood, Bachelor's Candidate, Virginia Commonwealth Adolf Cluss, architect of the Arts and Industries Building, University. Intern will assist with electronic imaging, scan- correspondence regarding the construction of the building.

~~ning and printing with photo CD. 6/15/98 through 8/5/98. 6/8/98 through 8/14/98.~~

~~Lucy Maulsby, Master's Degree, Cambridge University. Re-~~

~~Office of Information Technology search the McMillian Plan of 1901 and its impact on the Na- tional Museum of Natural History and the Freer Gallery of~~

~~Wendy Pageil, Bachelor's Candidate, Aurora University. In- Art. 1/12/98 through 3/20/98. tern will analyze the FY 1998 expenditures and generate~~

~~financial projections, and teconcile data from the financial Office of the Physical Plant- -Horticultural Services reporting system. 7/1/98 through 8/7/98. Division~~

~~Office Membership and Development of Aislinn Adams, Diploma, National Botanic Gardens. Butterfly~~

Garden. Intern will work in the Butterfly Garden, main- Aimee Caton, Bachelor's Candidate, Duke University. Mem- taining proper conditions for the plants in the butterfly bership. Designed gift brochure, sent letters, invitations, habitat. While doing this, she will observe seasonal chan- and other mailings to members, researched membership ges in butterfly populations, and their life in the habitat. benefits. 6/1/98 through 8/14/98. She may have the opportunity to wotk on plans for the new Michele Gehrig, Bachelor's Candidate, Hollins College. educational center that is under development in the gar- Development. Assisted with coordinating mailings, events, den. 8/31/98 through 12/25/98. and meetings for constituents. 1/5/98 through 1/30/98. Melissa Antokal, Bachelot's Candidate, University of Illinois Kathleen Jarrott, Bachelor's Degree, University of Illinois. Urbana/Champaign. Intern will catalog slides and enter Prospect research projects as assigned. 5/26/98 through 7/25/98. data into the SIRIS database. Intern will also be involved Tamika McKim-Neblett. To develop a communications plan with digitizing images for the computer record. All ac- for OMD's planned giving program. 1/5/98 through 4/17/98. tivities will use techniques used in the Archives of Karen Raymond, Associate's Candidate, Montgomery Col- American Gatdens. 6/1/98 through 8/14/98. lege. Women's Committee. Maintaining member informa- Cindy Burkhardt, Western Michigan University. Intern will tion, assisting with events, meetings, and daily office work with all aspects of collection management of the or- operations. 9/8/98 through 12/31/98. chid collection. Intern will cultivate, label, identify, tecord growth and flowering and verify nomenclature for

~~Office of Public Affairs specimens. 6/1/98 through 8/14/98. Trish Fix, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Virginia. Intern~~

~~Kelly Scanlon, Bachelor's Candidate, College of William and will work with the integtated pest management program.~~

~~Mary. Intern will assist with press releases and media aware- She will study and analyze insects, diseases, nematodes and~~

~~ness of museum exhibits and events. 6/1/98 through 8/31/98. physiological problems on garden plants and work with~~

~~135 —~~

management techniques fot problems identified. 6/1/98 Office of Sponsored Projects through 7/31/98. Sarah Gould, Bachelor's Candidate, Smith College. Intern will Cheryl Alston, Bachelor's Candidate, Wayne State University. catalog slides and enter data into the SIRIS database. Intern Intern will receive training in grant writing in relation to will also be involved with digitizing images for the com- cultural institutions. 6/8/98 through 1/15/99. puter record. All activities will use techniques used in the Lisa Ann Beaverhead, Bachelor's Candidate, Salish Kootenai Archives of American Gardens. 6/1/98 through 8/7/98. College. Develop skills in grant seeking, proposal writing, Anne-Marie Hanson, Bachelor's Degree, James Madison and administration to be used at a local nonprofit organiza- Universiry. Horticultural Services Division. Intern will be tion in my hometown. 6/8/98 through 8/15/98. working in general grounds maintenance so that she can Aaliyah Bilal, High School Student, Oxon Hill High School. gain the broadest possible experience in the field. This will Will take information from various foundations and create include turf management, rose cultivation, spring bulb several volumes of reference materials for customers. Also planting and care of perennials, shrubs, and trees. 9/21/98 designing a training calendar for OSP staff. 8/3/98 through through 1/9/99. 8/28/98. Jill Osipchak, Bachelor's Candidate, West Va. University. In- Idana Bonsi, Master's Candidate, University of Maryland. Re- tern will assist the Landscape Architect in working with search financial information for Smithsonian financial sys- plans of the museum grounds. This will include peparing tem. 1/27/98 through 5/22/98. drawings, verifying plants and evaluating construction Clyde Higgs, Master's Candidate, East Carolina University. In- drawings. 5/18/98 through 8/14/98. tern will edit and update the Principal Investor's Guide Christa Partain, Northern Virginia Community College. Enid compiling survey results and developing financial reports. Haupt Garden. Intern will work with the horticulturist in 6/1/98 through 8/7/98. maintaining the Enid A. Haupt Garden. This includes Naomi Mintz, Bachelor's Candidate, George Mason Univer- watering, weeding, pest control and grooming. Intern will sity. Serve in a training capacity as an assistant to the also cultivate roses and tropical plants. 2/2/98 through Contract Administrator at OSP. Will help produce a hand-

~~5/22/98. book on grant proposal guidelines. 10/6/97 through~~

~~12/5/97. Florencia Sader Sanchez. Intern will gain experience with Smithsonian Institution Archives various aspects of grant-wtiting. 3/23/98 through 6/12/98.~~

~~Meghan Gutierrez, Bachelor's Candidate, University of California—Santa Cruz. Institutional Archives. Cataloging Product Development and Licensing women's and African Americans' contributions to the~~

~~Smithsonian Instirution. 9/16/98 through 12/4/98. Susan Garrett, Bachelot s Degree, Johns Hopkins University.~~

~~Ginger Hargett, Bachelor's Candidate, Oberlin College. In- Assists Product Managers in product development of~~

~~tern will develop a database for anthropological and ar- Smithsonian-licensed merchandise for the retail market~~

~~chaeological records in the National Anthropological (outside Museum shops and mail-order catalogue). 6/1/98~~

~~Archives. 6/8/98 through 8/19/98. through 6/1/99. Alexander Lourie, Bachelor's Candidate, Kenyon College. Aditi Mehta, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Richmond.~~

~~Preservation. Intern will assist with general duties in the Assists Product Managers in product development of~~

~~preservation department of the Archives. 6/17/98 through Smithsonian-licensed merchandise for the retail market~~

~~8/7/98. (outside Museum shops and mail-order catalogue)~~

~~Jose Delannoy-Pizzini. Intern worked on defining and develop- and developed PD&L Web site. 5/18/98 through~~

~~ing a mission statement for the Casals Museum, researching 8/7/98.~~

~~and discussing collections management policy issues, and Christy Nyberg, Bachelor's Degree, University of Florida. In-~~

~~conducting interviews with selected SI staff to assist in his tern will assist with the development of a marketing pack-~~

~~assessment of the Pablo Casals Collection in Washington, age for presentation to potential licensees. 7/1/98 through~~

~~D.C for possible donation by Ms. Martha Casals to the 11/1/98.~~

~~Museo Pablo Casals in San Juan. 9/21/9S through io'3o/9S. Elise Schimeck, Bachelor's Canidate, Michigan State Univer-~~

~~Michael Rhodes, Master's Candidate, University of Wisconsin. siry. Assists Product Managers in product development of~~

~~Intern will arrange and describe the papers of Oscar L Smithsonian-licensed merchandise for the retail market~~

~~Cartwright (entomologist). 5/26/98 through 7/31/98. (outside Museum shops and mail-order catalogue). 5/18/98~~

~~Tina Wong, Bachelor's Candidate, Swarthmore College. through 8/7/98.~~

Joseph Henry Papers. Intern will research the Caroline Schumann, Betmannschule. Assist in producing the Smithsonian's connections with Japan during Joseph engagement calendar for 1999 and related duties. 10/14/97

~~Henry's secretaryship. 5/19/98 through 7/23/98. through 12/5/97.~~

~~154 —~~

~~Smithsonian Centerfor Materials Rooni Mathew, Master's Candidate, Duke University. Streamflow Research and Education simulation model for the Patuxent River system. 6/1/98 through 8/21/98.~~

~~Stephanie Hornbeck, Master's Candidate, New York Univer- Rebecca Miller. The role of Arbuscular mycorrhizae in seed-~~

~~sity Archaeological Conservation Intern. Field research to ling recruitment. 6/8/98 through 8/24/98-~~

~~be conducted in Harappa, Pakistan and Copan, Honduras. Jill Peloquin, Bachelor's Degree, Eckerd College. Photobiology.~~

~~10/1/97 through 9/30/98. Utilization of flourometry to determine and define the~~

~~effects of ultraviolet radiation on the photosynthesis of the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Arctic kelps, Laminaria solidungula and Laminaria sac- charinia. 6/15/98 through 10/2/98.~~

~~Safra Altman, Bachelor's Degree, Brown University. Survey of Rachel Poretsky, Bachelor's Candidate, Brandeis University.~~

~~the density and distribution of the parasite Perkinsus Nuttient Lab. Probing for dentrification genes in soil~~

~~marinus in Macoma balthica clams in the Rhode River. microorganisms. 6/2/98 through 8/21/98.~~

~~3/2/98 through 5/21/98. Kathryn Roache, Bachelor's Degree, University of Delaware.~~

~~Dina Benn, Bachelor's Candidate, Oberlin College. Invasion Gene probing of nitrogen reducing bacteria in a riparian~~

Ecology. Intern will study the abundance, population struc- forest system. 1/20/98 through 5/15/98. ture, and general ecology of the green crab in Tuckerton, Federico Rotman, Bachelor's Degree, University of New N.J. 6/1/98 through 8/20/98. Hampshire. Education. Population structure of two Rhode

~~Dorrit Blakeslee, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Chicago. River bivalve species: Macoma balthica and Macoma~~

~~Study on nutrient sedimentation and release in the Rhode mitchelli. 4/13/98 through 7/3/98.~~

~~River estuary. 6/22/98 through 8/28/98. Lucia Salazar, Bachelor's Candidate, Universiry of Oklahoma.~~

Sally Box, University of Adelaide. Intern will study the im- Intern will study parasitic infestation of dinoflagellates, pact of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide on plant and and trophic relarionships amoung planktonic prorozoa.

~~ecosystem processes. 6/8/98 through 8/14/98. 6/1/98 through 8/21/98.~~

Elizabeth Bricken, Bachelor's Candidate, Warren Wilson Col- Sally Schoenfeld, Bachelor's Candidate, Emory University. In- lege. Modeling of the nitrogen and phosphorous flow in vasions Biology. Verifying Vibrios: A study of population

~~the Patuxent Watershed. 6/1/98 through 8/21/98. dynamics of Vibrio cholerae in the Chesapeake Bay region.~~

Patrick Campfield, Bachelor's Candidate, Universiry of 5/18/98 through 8/7/98. Maryland—College Park. Intern will study sperm limita- Laura Schreeg, Bachelor's Candidate, Saint Mary's College. tion in Chesapeake Bay blue crabs. 5/29/98 through 8/29/98. Dendroecological and ecophysiological analysis in gap Christine Chui, Master's Candidate, Yale University. Study of versus nongap environments of deciduous and evergreen

~~interaction between two toxigenic strains of Vibrio schrub understoreys. 5/25/98 through 8/14/98. cholerae. 6/1/98 through 8/28/98. Kristen Smeby, Bachelor's Candidare, Tulane Universtiy. Solar~~

Claire Dacey, Bachelor's Degree, Stanford University. Canopy Biology Lab. 5/18/98 through 8/7/98. Studies. Study of leaf characteristics as indicators of light Cynthia Smith, Bachelor's Degree, Central Michigan Univer-

~~environment. 5/25/98 through 7/31/98. sity. Plant Ecology. 5/11/98 through 7/31/98. Payton Deeks, Bachelor's Candidate, Bowdoin College. Studying Maria Unger, Master's Candidate, Universiry of Vienna.~~

~~factors influencing juvenile blue crab prey selectivity of Anatomical adjustments of Scirpus olneyi to elevated CO,.~~

~~two clam species. 6/4/98 through 8/28/98. 6/8/98 through 8/28/98. Sarah Eppley, Bachelor's Degree, Bucknell University. Chemistry. Catherine Ware, Bachelor's Candidate, Dartmouth College.~~

~~Physical characterization study of water sediment, and nutrient Study of rwo strains of Vibrio cholera ro see if the competi-~~

~~dynamics in a Patuxent River reach. 6/15/98 through 8/21/98. tion between them affects their abundance on the~~

Mary Ford, Bachelor's Degree, Harvard. Environmental and zooplankton that they live on. 9/8/98 through 12/15/98. ecology instruction. 3/30/98 through 6/19/98. Enrico Yepez-Gonzalez, Bachelor's Candidare, University of

~~Jon Hasfjord, Bachelor's Candidate, Warren Wilson College. Guadalajara. Study of the effects of elevated CO : on carbon~~

~~Web page design for SERC education department. 5/26/98 export in marsh soil water. 4/1/98 through 7/24/98.~~

~~through 8/14/98.~~

~~Ingrid Hogle, Bachelor's Degree, University of Michigan. Smithsonian Institution Libraries Determining phosphorus levels and mineralization rates in~~

~~wetland soils. 4/20/98 through 7/10/98. Elizabeth Houck, Bachelor's Candidate, Smith College.~~

~~David Johnson, Bachelor's Candidate, Duke University. An in- NMAH Library. Assist with pteparation of SIL exhibit~~

~~vestigation of mixotrophy in Prorocentrum minimum. describing the exploration of the southeastern United~~

6/8/98 through 8/29/98. States through early literature. 9/8/98 through 12/17/98. Jonathan Lee, Bachelor's Candidate, University of California Tina Mason, Master's Candidate, University of Texas, Austin.

~~Berkeley. How size-dependent predation risk affects the use Preservation Services. Intern will work with rare-books con-~~

~~of shallow water refuge. 5/26/98 through 8/22/98. servation. 1/26/98 through 8/28/98.~~

~~135 Smithsonian Magazine Amy Navitsky, Bachelor's Candidate, Smith College. Publica- tions. Intern will examine the contributions made by the~~

~~Laura Gonzales, Bachelor's Candidate, American University. Latino community to the history of science and technology.~~

~~Intern will be involved with most aspects of magazine 6/8/98 through 8/17/98.~~

~~publishing. 6/1/98 through 8/7/98. Rossina Tran, Senior, University of Maryland, College Park.~~

~~Work on SOE Web site and serve as a research assistant for~~

Smithsonian Press/Smithsonian Productions NMAH. n/14/97 through 2/14/98. Shauna Weiler, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Caroline Casey, Bachelor's Candidate, Claremont McKenna California—Berkeley. Educauon. Review currenr literature College. Intern will prepare manuscripts and illustrations and conduct primary research in object-based learning; for the SI Press book Spaceflight. 6/15/98 through 8/7/98. research current programs available for K-I2 students and Patrece Dean, Master's Candidate, Howard University. Intern educators in all Smithsonian museums; observe program will assist with the maintenance of the audiotape archive events, seminars and conferences of SOE. 9/1/98 through and database. 5/18/98 through 8/31/98. 12/10/98. Douglas Jameson, Bachelor's Candidate, Peabody Conservatory.

~~Intern will assist with digital audio editing and audio studio Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute production. Intern will also assist with the maintenance of the~~

audiotape archive and database. 5/18/98 through 8/31/98. Nidia Maritza Aguisre Ateneio, Master's Candidate, Univer- Maggie McWilliams, Bachelor's Candidate, Hollms College. sidad Santa Maria La Antigua. Abundanaia distribucion Smithsonian Press. Intern will assist with a manuscript that y parametros dasometricos de aspecies maderables en la Cuen- SIPP is considering publishing with the British Film In- ca del Canol. Proyecte di Menirereo-Componente Cobertura stitute. 1/5/98 through 1/30/98. Boseosa. 4/13/98 through 8/13/98.

~~Sofia Castillo, Master's Candidate, Fac. Ciencias Agro- Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service pecoarias U.P. Coleccion y Indentificacion de plagas en~~

~~Jose Delannoy-Pizzini. To obtain a broad overview of collec- semillas de Arboles Natives de Panama. 2/1/98 through~~

~~tions management policies and procedures to assist in the 5/30/98.~~

~~assessment, acquisition, and documentation of the Pablo Mabelle Chong, Bachelor's Degree, University of Panama.~~

~~Casals Archival Collection. 9/21/98 through 11/13/98. Intern will study industrially important microfungi from~~

~~Casey-Marie Pelasara, High School Student, Glenelg Country decaying macromycetes. 2/1/98 through 7/30/98.~~

~~School. Intern will assist with the development of the the Alexandra Moran. Intern will work with BioLead project.~~

~~exhibit This Land is Your Land: The Life and Legacy of 5/1/98 through 9/30/98.~~

Woody Guthrie. 6/16/98 through 7/30/98. Andrew Patterson, Bachelor's Candidate, University of Idaho. Angelica Delfina Sanchez, Master's Candidate, University of Intern will work with fertilization project on gigante penin- Texas—San Antonio. Intern will prepare information on sula supervised by Joseph Wright and Kyle Harme. 1/15/98 the traveling exhibit of Black Seminoles in Washington through 7/15/98.

~~DC. and Texas. 6/8/98 through 8/14/98. Maribel Arlene Gonzales Torres. Intern will study mtDNA variation in highland and lowland avian species complexes.~~

through 8/11/98. Smithsonian Office of Education 8/11/97 Gustavo Adolfo Vargas Urrego, Universidad de los Andes. Claudia Arze-Bravo, Montgomery College. Publications. Intern Branch carbon balance and allocation during extreme El

~~will research Latino contributions in science and technology. Nino and La Nina in a wet neotropical forest. 8/14/98~~

~~6/8/98 through 8/17/98. through 12/22/98. Felisa Brunschwig, Bachelor's Degree, Tufts University. Publi-~~

~~cations. Intern will research Latino contributions to science The Smithsonian Associates and technology. 6/8/98 through 8/17/98.~~

~~Isabel Guajardo, Bachelor's Degree, VCU. Intern will assist Julia Bilek, Montgomery College. Discovery Theater. Intern~~

~~with the creation of discovery boxes about Buddist an for will research folk tales for use in upcoming theater produc-~~

~~use by teachers and assist with the summer camp program. tions. 2/1/98 through 5/31/98.~~

~~7/7/98 through 8/31/98. Corinne Gray, Bachelor's Candidate, Smith College. Study Swatantar Mann, Master's Degree. The intern will have the Tours. Intern will assist with the study tours program.~~

opportunity to observe and gain hands-on experience in 6/22/98 through 8/28/98. creating classroom curriculum using museum resources. Kathleen Whelley, Bachelor's Candidate, Wellesley College. Ms. Mann will work with Deps. Museum School Teachers To get acquainted with the workings of educational tour

~~to develop a discover}' box about Buddish art to use in the planning, program design, marketing and evaluation as it~~

~~classroom. 4/2.0/98 through 12/31/98. relates to museums. 5/26/98 through 8/7/98.~~

136 Dr. Diane Research Associates Patrice Gifford-Gonzalez Mr. Norman Hallendy Dr. Catherine A. Hawks Research Associate status is confetted by the directors of museums, research Dr. Charlene James-Duguid institutes, and offices on individuals from outside the Institution are who Dr. Richard T. Koritzer, D.D.S. conducting ongoing research in which the Smithsonian has collections or ex- Mr. Edgardo Krebs

~~pertise. Research Associates are granted access to the Institution's facilities Dr. Joel C. Kuipers~~

~~and reference resources and often consult or collaborate with Smithsonian re- Dr. H. Leedom Lefferts~~

~~searchers. Most appointments of Research Associates are for a duration of Dr. Bonnie S. Magnes-Gardiner~~

~~three years and are renewable. The following is a list of individuals who held Dr. Sally McLendon~~

~~the title of Research Associate during fiscal year 1998. Dr. Betry J. Meggers Dr. Margareta Musilova Dr. Christopher Nagle Dr. Michael D. Petraglia~~

Ms. Mercedes del Rio Center Dr. Robert G. Schmidt for Folklife National Museum of Dr. Douglas Siegel-Causey Programs and Cultural African Art Ms. Nancy Sikes Studies Dr. Kenyan G. Tomaselli Dr. Labelle Prussin Dr. John W. Verano

~~Mr. Roland Freeman Dr. Jeffrey K. Wilkerson Mr. Daniel Goodwin Dr. Frederick A. Winrer~~

Dr. Ivan Karp Dr. John E. Yellen National Museum of Ms. Corinne Kratz Mr. Alan Lomax American Art Office of Biodiversity Programs Mr. Worth Long Dr. Rene Lopez Dr. Wanda M. Com Dr. Claude Gascon Ms. Kate Rinzler Dr. Charles C. Eldredge

~~Department of Botany~~

~~Dr. Patrick Herendeen National Museum Conservation Analytical of Dr. Merideth Anne Lane Laboratory American History Dr. Elbert L. Little Dr. Diane S. Littler~~

~~Gen. Roy K. Flint Dr. Alicia Lourteig Ms. Jacqueline S. Olin Dr. Nancy Morin Dr. Mark Plotkin~~

~~Dr. Robert J. Soreng National Museum of Dr. Basil Stergios Freer Gallery of Natural History Dr. Anna L. Weitzman ArtlArthur M. Sackler Department Gallery Department ofAnthropology of Entomology~~

Ms. Patricia O. Afable Dr. David Adamski Dr. Esin Atil Mr. Kenneth Bilby Dr. Joachim Adis Mr. W. Thomas Chase Dr. Tamara L. Bray Dr. David H. Ahrenholz Ms. Elisabeth West Fitzhugh Mr. Noel Broadbent Dr. Annette Aiello Dr. Thomas Lawton Dr. Alison S. Brooks Dr. Leeanne E. Alonso Mrs. Mary S. Slusser Mr. Roger H. Colten Dr. Vitot O. Becket Dr. Anita G. Cook Dr. William E. Bickley Dr. Karen Marie Dohm Dr. Andrew Van Zandt Brower National Air and Space Dr. Jean-Paul Dumont Dr. Brian V, Brown Dr. Ann Fienup-Riordan Mr. Robert C Busby

~~Museum Dr. Catherine S. Fowler Dr. Astnd Caldas~~

~~Dr. George C. Frison Mr. Curtis J. Callaghan Dr. John R. Breihan Dr. Joan M. Gero Dr. Robert W Carlson~~

~~137 Dr. Gabriela Chavarria Dr. John R. Holsinger Dr. Debra A. Willard Dr. Eduardo Dominguez Dr. Roy K. Kropp Dr. Keddy Yemane~~

~~Dr. Lance Durden Dr. Marjorie L. Reaka-Kudla Dr. Ellis L. Yochelson~~

~~Dr. Robert L. Edwards Dr. E. Taisoo Park~~

~~Dr. Neal L. Evenhuis Mr. Richard E. Petit Department of Vertebrate Zoology Mr. John Fales Dr. Janet W. Reid~~

Dr. Douglas C. Ferguson Dr. Edward E. Ruppert Dr. Allen Allison Dr. Adrian B. Forsyth Dr. Mchael Vecchione Dr. Ronald Altig Dr. Amnon Freidberg Dr. Aaron Matthew Bauer Dr. Raymond G. Gagne Exhibits Office of Mr. Bruce M. Beehler Ms. Nicole Gibson Dr. Eleanor D. Brown Dr. Jeffrey Glassberg Prof. Franz Zeithammer Dr. John R. Burns Dr. E. Eric Grissell Dr. John E. Cadle Dr. Ralph E. Harbach Department of Paleobiology Dr. Philip J. Clapham Dr. Michael W. Hastriter Dr. C.Kenneth Dodd, Dr. Shelton P. Applegate Jr. Dr. Thomas J. Henry Dr. Maureen Donnelly Dr. William I. Ausich Mrs. Elaine R.S. Hodges Dr. L. Bernor Dr. Louise H. Emmons Dr. Ronald W. Hodges Raymond Dr. Annalisa Berta Dr. Carl H. Ernst Dr. Gustavo Hormiga Dr. Robert Ewan Fordyce Dr. Darlene D. Judd Dr. Robyn Burnham Dr. Zhongyuan Chen Dr. Alfred L. Gardner Dr. George O Krizek Dr. J. Whitfield Gibbons Dr. James Donald Lafoncaine Dr. James M. Clark Culver Dr. David A. Good Dr. Gerardo Lamas Dr. Stephen J. Dr. Harry Grier Dr. Berte Loiselle Dr. John D. Damuth, Jr. J. Dr. Daryl P. Domning Dr. Lester A. Hart Dr. Arnold S. Menke Dr. Dr. Lawrence R. Heaney Dr. Douglass R. Miller J. Thomas Dutro, Jr. Dr. Stephen Blair Hedges Dr. Scott E. Miller Dr. Ralph E. Eshelman Dr. Richard Highton Dr. Charles Mitter Dr. Jerzy Fedorowski Dr. Aleta Hohn Dr. Steve Nakahara Dr. Robert A. Gastaldo Mr. Ivan Ineich Dr. David A. Nickle Dr. Thomas G. Gibson Michael D. Gortfried Mr. Morton L. Isler Dr. Allen L. Norrbom Dr. Hanger Mrs. Phyllis R. Isler Dr. Paul A. Opler Dr. Rex Alan Dr. Elisabeth Kalko Dr. Enrique G. Ortiz Dr. Robert W Hook Dr. Nigel Ms. Roxie C. Layboume Dr. James Pakaluk Hughes Dr. Bradley C. Livezey Dr. John T. Polhemus Dr. Scott E. Ishman Dr. Jonathan B. Loses Dr. Patricia Gentili Poole Dr. Thomas W. Kammer Dr. Lori Marino Mr. Curtis Sabrosky Dr. Carl F. Koch Dr. Linda R. Maxson Dr. Nikolaj Scharff Dr. Spencer G. Lucas Dr. Roy W. McDiarmid Dr. Michael E. Schauff Dr. Christopher G. Maples Mr. Joseph C. Mitchell Dr. Jeffrey W. Shultz Dr. Jerry N. McDonald Dr. Molly R. Morris Dr. Robert L. Smiley Dr. Herbert W. Meyer Dr. Thomas A. Munroe Dr. David R. Smith Dr. Robert B. Neuman Dr. Guy G. Musser Dr. M. Alma Solis Dr. William A. Oliver, Jr. Dr. Hidetoshi Ota Dr. Felix A.H. Sperling Dr. Lisa E. Osterman Dr. William Perrin Dr. Manya B. Stoetzel Dr. John Pojeta,Jr. Louis Pribyl.Jr. Mr. Gregory K. Pregill Dr. F. Christian Thompson Dr. J. Dr. John E. Repetski Dr. John E. Randall Dr. Natalia J. Vandenberg Dr. Rafael Sa Dr. Richard E. White Dr. William J. Sando Omar de

~~Dr. Norman E. Woodley Dr. Judith Skog Dr. Elizabeth Anne Schreiber~~

~~Dr. Anthony D. Socci Dr. Norman J. Scott, Jr.~~

~~Dr. I. Gregory Sohn Dr. Jiakun Song Department of Invertebrate Zoology Dr. Sreven M Stanley Dr. Brian J. Stafford~~

~~Dr. G. Denton Belk Dr. Joshua I. Tracey Mr. Wayne C. Starnes Dr. Barbara Best Dr. James W Valentine Dr. David L. Stein Dr. Darryl L. Felder Dr. Katherine Sian Davies-Vollum Dr. Ian R. Swingland~~

~~Dr. Mark J. Grygier Dr. Andrew G. Warne Dr. William F. Smith-Vaniz~~

158 Wassersug Dr. Pan Wenshi Mr. Richard J. Smithsonian Dr. Nadja Wielebnowski Mrs. Marilyn J. Weirzman Dr. Kevin Winker Environmental Research Center Department of Zoological Research National Zoological Park Dr. John M. Francis Dr. James T Carlton Dr. David W. Johnston Dr. Paul R. Jivofif Lipcius Biological Programs Dr. Patricia Majluf Dr. Romuald N. Dr. Elizabeth Anne Perry Dr. David L. Smith Prof. Diane K. Stoecker Dr. Ann P. Beyers Dr. Richard A. Tankersley Dr. Sue A. Ellis Department of Herpetology Dr. Simon F. Thrush Dr. Mary M. Hagedorn Dr. James B. Murphy Dr. Keiji Wada Dr. Stephen J. O'Brien Dr. Donna L. Wolcott Dr. Nancy Cameron Pratt Interpretive Programs Dr. Thomas G. Wolcott Dr. William F. Rail Dr. Samuel K. Wasser Dr. Judy M. Manning

Conservation Research Center Smithsonian Tropical Dr. Sreven R. Beissinger Office of the Provost Dr. Joel Berger Research Institute Dr. Rjchard Despard Estes Wilton S. Dillon Dr. John Gordon Frazier Dr. Dt. Tomas Arias Dr. Martha S. Fujita Dr. Hector Barrios Dr. Karen L. Goodrowe Dr. Mary Alice Coffroth Dr. Deborah Caldwell Hahn Dr. Phyllis D. Coley Dr. Yadvendradev Jhala Smithsonian Dr. Laurel Collins Dr. William R. Lance Institution Archives Dt. Nicholas J. Georgiadis Dr. Mary Victoria McDonald Dr. Gregory S. Gilbert Dr. Charles McDougal W Mahabir Gupta Joseph Henry Papers Dr. Dr. William McShea J. Dr. Roberto Ibanez Dr. Jill D. Mellon Dr. Albert E. Moyer Dr. Jorge Illueca Dr. Brian Mller Dr. Peter Jung Dr. Sriyanie Miththapala Dr. Howard R. Lasker Dr. lllar Muul Dr. Steve Mulkey Dr. Mary Ann Ottinger Smithsonian Astrophysical Dr Diomedes Quinrero Dr. Terry Phillips Dr. Robert E. Ricklefs Dr. Edward D. Plotka Observatory Dr. Tyson Roberts Dr. Jorge Humberto Vega Rivera Dr. Michael Ryan Dr. Terry Lynn Roth Dr. Alastair Cameron Dr. Hans-Ulnch Schnirzler Dr. Mitchel Schiewe Dr. Charles Gammie Dr. Robert F. Stallard Dr. Lisa G. Sorenson Dr. Alyssa Goodman Dr. Henry Stockwell Dr. Mchael D. Sorenson Dr. Josh Grindlay Dr. Melvin Tyree Ms. Rebecca E. Spindler Dr. Roberr Kirshner Dr. Bridget Joan Stutchbury Dr. Chris Kochanek Dr. Michael Sruwe Dr. Avi Loeb Dr. Katetina Vlcek Thompson Dr. Jane Luu Dr. Richard H. Wagner Dr. Ramesh Narayan Dr. William Press Dr. Paul J. Weldon

[39 i*

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~~150 Franzmann, Albert W., and Charles C. Schwartz, eds. Ecology~~

~~and Management of the North American Moose.~~

~~Freestone, Ian, and David Gaimster, eds. Pottery in the Making:~~

~~Ceramic Traditions.~~

~~Geary, Christraud M., and Virginia-Lee Webb, eds. Delivering~~

~~Views: Distant Cultures in Early Postcards.~~

~~Gmelch, George, and J.J. Werner. In the Ballpark: The Working Publications of the Lives of Baseball People. Godelier, Maurice, Thomas R. Trautmann, and Franklin E.~~

Tjon Sie Fat. Transformations of Kinship. Smithsonian Goldsmith, Peter D. Making People's Music: Moe Asch and Folkways Records. Institution Press in Gordon, Ian. Comic Strips and Consumer Culture, 1890—194$. Horak, Jan-Christopher. Making Images Move: Photographers and Avant-Garde Cinema. Fiscal Year 1998 Johnsgard, Paul A. North American Owls: Biology and Natural History, (pbk.) Kingery, W David, ed. Learning from Things: Method and Theory of Material Culture Studies, (pbk.)

~~Kirchner, Bill, ed. A Miles Davis Reader.~~

During fiscal year 1998, the Smithsonian Institution Kriz, Marjorie M., ed. Soaring above Setbacks: The Autobiography Press released more than 80 publications, including ofJanet Harmon Bragg, African American Aviator, (pbk.) Kunz, Thomas H., and Paul A. Racey, eds. Bat Biology and trade books, exhibition catalogs, monographs, museum Conservation. guides, and sound recordings. The most important are Kurin, Richard. Reflections ofa Culture Broker: A Viewfrom the listed below. Smithsonian.

~~Lemann, Nicholas. Out of the Forties, (pbk.)~~

~~University Press Lopez, Donald S. Into the Teeth of the Tiger, (pbk.)~~

Malaro, Marie C. A Legal Primer on Managing Museum Collec- Arbon, Lee. They Also Flew: The Enlisted Pilot Legacy, 1912- tions. 2d ed. 1942 (pbk.) Mark, Mary Ellen. Portraits. Ardouin, Claude Daniel, ed. Museums and Archaeology in West McCurdy, Howard E. Space and the American Imagination. Africa. McFarland, Stephen L. America's Pursuit of Precision Bombing, Bischof, Werner. After the War. 1910-194$ (pbk.) Blakely, Robert L., and Judith M. Harrington, eds. Bones in Mergen, Bernard. Snow in America. the Basement: Postmortem Racism in Nineteenth-Century Medical Mitchell, C. The Reptiles Virginia, (pbk.) Training. Joseph of Moyer, Albert E.Joseph Henry: The Rise an American Bogart, Michele H. Public Sculpture and the Civic Ideal in New of Scientist. York City, 1890-1930. (pbk.) Moynihan, Martin H. The Social Regulation of Competition and Bosman, Paul, and Anthony Hall-Martin. Cats of Africa. Aggression in Animals. Bradburd, Daniel. Being There: The Necessity of Fieldwork. Charles. Edison Pictures, 1890-1900: Annotated Brown, Dona. Inventing New England: Regional Tourism in the Musser, Motion An

Nineteenth Century, (pbk.) Filmography. L., Charlton, eds. The Burri, Rene. Poetry by Miguel Barnet. Cuba y Cuba. Nichols, Deborah and Thomas H. Archaeology City-States: Cross-Cultural Approaches. Carlebach, Michael L. American Photojournalism Comes of Age of

Ottenberg, Simon. Neu : Traditions from Nigeria: Seven Artists of Crisman, Kevin J., and Arthur B. Cohn. When Horses Walked on Water. Horse-Powered Terries in Nineteenth-Century America. the Nsukka Group.

~~Day, Dwayne A., John M. Logsdon, and Brian Latell, eds. Eye Panzer, Mary, with an essay by Jeana K. Foley. Mathew Brady~~

~~in the Sky: The Story ofthe CORONA Spy Satellites. and the Image of History.~~

~~Dilworth, Leah. Imagining Indians in the Southwest: Persistent Petranka, James. Salamanders of the United States and Canada.~~

~~Visions of a Primitive Past, (pbk.) Prussin, Labelle. African Nomadic Architecture: Space, Place, and~~

~~Engen, Donald D. Wings and Warriors: My Life as a Naval Aviator. Gender, (pbk.)~~

~~Ferber, Linda S., and Barbara Dayer Gallati. Masters ofColor and Rappole, John H. The Ecology of Migrant Birds: A Neotropical~~

~~Light: Homer. Sargent, and the American Watercolor Movement. Perspective, (pbk.)~~

~~Frank, Barbara E. Mande Potters and Lealherworkers: Art and Saler, Benson, Charles A. Ziegler, and Charles B. Moore.~~

~~Heritage in West Africa. UFO Crash at Roswell: The Genesis of a Modern Myth.~~

~~IJI Santos-Granero, Fernando, and Frederica Barclay. Selva Central: sil Phytolith Identification." 40 pages, 76 figures, 2 tables.~~

~~History. Economy, and Land Use m Peruvian Amazonia. 6 July 1998.~~

Selig, Ruth Osterweis, and Marilyn R. London, eds. 86. Lynn J. Gillespie and W. Scott Armbruster. "A Contribu- Anthropology Explored: The Best of Smithsonian tion to the Guianan Flora: Dalechampia. Haematostemon, AnthroNotes. Omphalea. Pera. Plukenetia, and Tragia (Euphorbiaceae) with

~~Shepherdson, David J., Jill D. Mellen, and Michael Notes on Subfamily Acalyphoideae." 48 pages, 14 figures.~~

~~Hucchins. Second Nature: Environmental Enrichment for 15 October 1997.~~

~~Captive Animals. 87. Paul M. Peterson, Robert D. Webster, and Jesus Valdes- Spudis, Paul D. The Once and Future Moon, (pbk.) Reyna. "Genera of New World Eragrostideae (Poaceae:~~

~~Stark, Mriam T., ed. The Archaeology of Social Boundaries. Chloridoideae)." 50 pages, 1 table. 14 November 1997. Stattersfield, Alison, Michael Crosby, Adrian Long, and David~~

~~Wege. Endemic Bird Areas of the World: Priorities for Biod- Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology iversity Conservation.~~

Stoddart, Tom. Sarajevo. 86. Richard S. Boardman. "Reflections on the Morphology, Tidwell, William D. Common Fossil Plants of Western North Anatomy, Evolution, and Classification of the Class America. 2d ed. Stenolaemata (Bryozoa)." 59 pages, 129 figures. 26 August Tisdale, Mary E., and Bibi Booth, eds. Beyond the National 1998. Parks: A Recreation Guide to Public Lands in the West. 87. IG. Sohn and Louis S. Kornicker. "Ostracoda from the Trapp, Kenneth R., and Howard Risatti. Skilled Work: Late Permian of Greece (Thaumatocyprididae and American Craft in the Renwick Gallery. Polycopidae)." 34 pages, 20 figures, 2 tables, 1 map. 26 Tucker, Graham M., and Michael I. Evans, comps. Habitatsfor August 1998. Birds in Europe: A Conservation Strategy for the Wider Environment.

~~Twelve Centuries ofJapanese Art from the Imperial Collections. Wattenmaker, Patricia. Household and State in Upper Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology~~

~~Mesopotamia: Specialized Economy and the Social Uses of Goods~~

~~in an Early Complex Society. 586. Nancy A. Voss, Michael Vecchione, Ronald B. Toll, and~~

Werrell, Kenneth P. Blankets of Fire: U.S. Bombers overJapan Michael J. Sweeney, editors. "Systematics and Biogeography of during World War 11. (pbk.) Cephalopods." 2 volumes, 599 pages, 257 figures, 69 tables. Wiessner, Polly, and Akii Tumu. Historical Vines: Enga Net- 28 May 1998. works Exchange. Ritual, and Warfare in Papua of New Guinea. 590. Henk Wolda, Charles W. O'Brien, and Henry P. Stock-

~~well. "Weevil Diversity and Seasonaliry in Tropical Panama~~

~~as Deduced from Light-Trap Catches (Coleoptera: Smithsonian Books Cur- culionoidea)." 79 pages, 27 figures, 9 tables. 7 May 1998.~~

~~The Smithsonian Guides to Historic America. Revised and 591. Stephen D. Cairns. "A Generic Revision and Phylogenetic updated editions. Analysis of the Turbinoliidae (Cnidaria: Scleractinia)." 55~~

~~pages, 5 figures, 10 plates, 6 tables. 23 October 1997.~~

592. Wayne N. Mathis. "Shore Flies of the Belizean Cays (Dip- Smithsonian Collection of Recordings tera: Ephydridae). " 77 pages, 258 figures, 6 tables. 12 TheJazz Singers: A Smithsonian Collection ofJazz Vocalsfrom November 1997.

~~1919 to 1994. 593. Louis S. Kornicker and Elizabeth Harrison-Nelson. "Myodocopid Ostracoda of Pillar Point Harbor, Half Moon~~

~~Bay, California." 53 pages, 28 figures, 6 tables. 12 November Federal Series Publications 1997-~~

~~Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology 594. OliverS. Flint, Jt. "Studies of Neotropical Caddisflies, LIII: A Taxonomic Revision of the Subgenus Curgia of the~~

Genus Chimarra (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae)." 131 pages, 39. Eugene I. Knez. "The Modernization of Three Korean Vil- 446 figures, 26 maps. 23 July 1998. lages, 1951-1981: An Illustrated Study of a People and Their 595. Louis S. Kornicker and Bernard A. Thomassin. Material Culture." 216 pages, color frontispiece, 191 figures, "Ostracoda (Myodocopina) of Tulear Reef Complex, SW 35 tables. 6 October 1997. Madagascar." 134 pages, 86 figures, 2 tables. 22 January 1998. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 596. Nicole Boury-Esnault and Klaus Rutzler, editors.

~~"Thesaurus of Sponge Morphology." 55 pages, 306 figures. 85. Dolores R. Piperno and Deborah M. Pearsall. "The Silica 2 December 1997.~~

Bodies of Tropical American Grasses: Morphology, 597. Donald R. Davis. "A World Classification of the Har- Taxonomy, and Implications for Grass Systematics and Fos- macloninae, a New Subfamily of Tineidae (Lepidoptera:

~~152 Tineoidea). 81 pages, 346 figures, 8 maps, 1 cable. 22 599. Louis S. Kornicker and Thomas M. Iliffe. "Myodocopid~~

~~January 1998. Oscracoda (Halocypridina, Cladocopina) from Anchiaiine~~

~~598. Belinda Alvarez, Rob W.M. van Soesr, and Klaus Caves in the Bahamas, Canary Islands, and Mexico." 93~~

~~Riitzler. "A Revision of Axinellidae (Porifera: Demospon- pages, 64 figures, 2 maps, 9 tables. 13 July 1998.~~

~~giae) of the Central West Atlantic Region." 47 pages, 23 600. Robert Hershler and Winston F. Ponder. "A Review of~~

~~figures, 18 tables. 11 September 1998. Morphological Characters of Hydrobioid Snails." 55 pages, 21 figures. 10 July 1998.~~

~~153 . Article. "Tribuce to George Tsutakawa (1910—1997),'~~

~~International Examiner. Seattle, WA, January 1998.~~

~~-. Lecture. "The Development of California's Counter-Culrure in the 1950s and 1960s," Orange County~~

~~Museum of Art, Newport Beach, CA, February I998.~~

~~" . Catalogue essay. "Richard Bunkatl, Mendenhall~~

~~Gallery, Pasadena, CA, February 1998. Publications of the . Panelist. "Inventing Culture for California: An Overview of the Visual Arts, 1849-1906," Humanities~~

~~West, Herbst Theatre, San Francisco, CA, May 1998.~~

Staff of the Smithsonian . Article. "On the Edge of America: California Modernist Art and Cultute," The Sydney Papers, Sydney, Institution and Its Australia, May 1998. — . Video interview. "Val Laigo," video documentary.

~~Wing Luke Museum, Seattle, WA, August 1998.~~

~~Subsidiaries in Fiscal . Chair panelist. "Visions of Empire in West Coast Public Art," American Studies Association Conference, Year 1998 Seattle, WA, November 1998.~~

~~Center for Folklife Programs and Archives American Art of Cultural Studies~~

~~Office of the Director Printed Materials~~

Archives of American Art. A Finding Aid to the Tomds Ybarra- Belanus, Betty and Marjorie Hunt. "Teacher Seminar in Its Frausto Research Material on Chicano Art, Ip6^ipp7, Archives Fifth Year." Smithsonian Talk Story (iaXFall 1998)7. of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, 1998. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. .Journal, quarterly magazine, published continuously Borden, Carla and Peter Seitel, editors. Smithsonian Folklife since i960. Festival Program Book. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Stover, Catherine and Lisa Lynch. A Finding Aid to the Rockwell Institution. Kent Papers. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian , editor. Smithsonian Talk Story (yXSpnng 1998). Institution, 1998. Washington, DO: Smithsonian Instirunon. Wattenmaker, Richard Lecture. "Samuel Yellin: American J. , editor. Smithsonian Talk Story (laXFall 1998). Blacksmith," Reynolda House, Museum of American Art, Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. seminar "The American House," Winston-Salem, North Cadaval, Olivia, with Lucy Bates, Heidi McKinnon, Diana Carolina, November 1997. Robertson, and Cynthia Vidaurri, compilers. "Culture &

~~. Lecture. "Soutine: Sources and Legacies," New York Environment in the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo Basin: A Studio School. December 1997. Preview." In Smithsonian Folklife Festival Program Book,~~

. Lecture. "Dr. Albert C. Barnes and The Barnes edited by Carla M. Borden and Peter Seitel, 79—93. Foundation," Faculte des Letres et Science humaine of the Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. University of Neuchatel under the auspices of a grant from . "Latino Community Cultural Heritage Center" the Swiss-American Cultural Exchange Council, April 1998. Smithsonian Talk Story (i3XSpnng I998):7. Washington,

. Lecture. "Public Institutions: Access and Cultural DC: Smithsonian Institution. Identity," the role of the Archives of American Art, Second and Cynthia Vidaurri. "The Rio Grande/Rio Bravo Biennial Smithsonian- Wescminster Symposium, the Festival Program—A Preview." Smithsonian Talk Story University of Westminster London, and the Smithsonian (iaXFall I998):6. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, May 1998. Institution.

~~West Coast Regional Center Early, James. "Repositioning U.S.-Caribbean Relations:~~

~~Karlstrom, Paul J., Panelist, "Mexico, Muralism and Reflections on Development and African-American-~~

Modernism in Northern California," Mexican Masterpieces Caribbean Identities." In U .S. -Caribbean Relations: Their Conference, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, CA, Impact on Peoples and Culture, edited by Ransford W. Palmer.

~~January 1998. Westport, CT: Praeger Press.~~

~~154 . "Cultural Policy' Issues on che Web." Smithsonian Reiniger, Arlene and Tom Vennum. "The Festival Continues:~~

~~Talk Story (i3XSpring I998):6. Washington, D.C.: In Wisconsin." Smithsonian Talk Story (i4XFall 1998)::. Smithsonian Institution. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.~~

~~Ftanklin, John Whittington and John Hope Franklin, editors. . "Wisconsin." Smithsonian Talk Story (i4XFall I998):3.~~

My Life and an Era: The Autobiography of Buck Colbert Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. Franklin. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. Rinzler, Kate. "The Fourth Annual Friends of the Festival

~~Horowitz, Amy. "Folkways at 50." Smithsonian Talk Story Ralph Rinzlet Memorial Concert." Smithsonian Talk Story~~

~~d3XSpring 1998)::. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian (i3XSpring I998):6. Washington, DC: Smithsonian~~

~~Institution. Institution.~~

~~Kennedy, Richard. "Rethinking the Philippine Exhibit at the Seeger, Anthony. "Ethnomusicology and Music Law"~~

~~1904 St. Louis World's Fair." In Smithsonian Folkltfe Festival (reprint). In Bruce Ziff and Pratima V. Rao, Borrowed Power:~~

~~Program Book, edited by Carla M. Borden and Peter Seitel, Essays on Cultural Appropriation, 52—67. New Brunswick: 41-44. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Rutgers University Press.~~

~~. "Folkways at 50: Festivals and Recotdings." In . "Pahiyas: A Philippine Harvest." Smithsonian Talk~~

~~Story (l3XSpring I998):4_ Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Smithsonian Folklife Festival Program Book, edited by Carla~~

~~Institution. M. Borden and Peter Seitel, 98—99. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. -. "Pahiyas: A Philippine Harvest." Smithsonian Talk~~

~~Story (i4XFall I998):4_ Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian . "More Folkways News." Smithsonian Talk Story~~

~~Institution. (i3)(Spting i998):io. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. Kurin, Richard. Reflections ofa Culture Broker: A Viewfrom the~~

. "Speaking of Folkways." Smithsonian Talk Story Smithsonian. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press. (l4XFall I998):I2. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian . The Smithsonian Folklife Festival: Culture Of, By, and Instirution. For the People. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution. Smith, Stephanie. "News from the Archives." Smithsonian Talk . "The Festival and Folkways—Ralph Rinzler's Living Story (i4XFall I998):i7. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Cultural Archives." la Smithsonian Folklife Festival Program Instirution. Book, edited by Carla M. Borden and Petet Seitel, 5-8. Vennum, Thomas "The Enduring Craftsmanship of Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution. Jr. Wisconsin's Native Peoples: The Ojibwe Birch-bark Canoe." . "Doctor, Lawyer, Indian Chief (reprint). In Smithsonian Folklife Festival Program Book, edited by Carla Anthropology 97/98. Guilford, CT: Dushkin Publishing M. Borden and Peter Seitel, 26-30. Washington, DC: Group/Brown & Benchmark Publishers. Smithsonian Institution. . "Director's Talk Story." Smithsonian Talk Story (i3XSpnng

. "Birchbark Canoe Technology Filmed." Smithsonian 1998):!. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution. Talk Story (i3)(Spring I998):7. Washington, DC: . "Director's Talk Story: Funding Cultural Work Smithsonian Institution. Now." Smithsonian Talk Story (nXFall I998):z. Washington, Vidaurri, Cynthia and Olivia Cadaval. "Rio Grande/Rio Bravo DC: Smithsonian Institution. Basin Program Extended." Smithsonian Talk Story . "Festival Visitor Survey." Smithsonian Talk Story (i4XFall d3XSpring I998):5. Washington, DC: Smithsonian I998):8. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. Instirution. NDiaye, Diana Baird. "AIFS Update." Smithsonian Talk Story

~~(i3XSpring I998):9. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. Sound Recordings~~

~~. "Maroon Exhibition." Smithsonian Talk Story~~

~~(i3XSpring I998):9. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Black Banjo Songsters of North Carolina and Virginia. SFW Institution. 40079.~~

~~. "African Immigrant Folklife Study Project Update." Deep Polka: Dance Musicfrom the Midwest. SFW 40088.~~

~~Smithsonian Talk Story (L4XFall I998):i6. Washington, DC: Woody Guthrie. Hard Travelin': The Asch Recordings, Volume 3. Smithsonian Institution. SFW 40102.~~

~~. "Update on the Maroon Exhibition." Smithsonian Heartbeat z More Voices of First Nations Women. SFW 40455.~~

~~Talk Story (14XE2II 1998)117. Washington, DC: Roscoe Holcomb. The High Lonesome Sound. SFW 40104.~~

~~Smithsonian Institution. Music of Indonesia 1$ Kalimantan Strings. SFW 40429.~~

Parker, Diana. "The Festival As Community." In Smithsonian Music of Indonesia 14: Lombok. Kalimantan, Banyumas: Folklife Festival Program Book, edi ted by Carla M. Borden and Little-known Forms ofGamelan and Wayang. SFW 40441.

~~Peter Seitel, 4. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. Music of Indonesia /c South Sulawesi Strings. SFW 40442.~~

. "The Mississippi Delta." Smithsonian Talk Story Pete Reiniget, sound supervisor. A Treasury of Library of d3XSpring I998):i3. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Congress Field Recordings. Selected and annotated by Stephen Institution. Wade. Rounder CD 1500.

~~I5S recording engineer and sound supervisor. Dan Crary's Montreal: Montreal Museum of Fine An, 1998. Exhibition ,~~

~~Holiday Guitar. Sugar Hill CD-3871. catalog. English and French editions. Directions—Tony Oursler. Video Dolls with -, recording engineer and sound engineer. Stephen Lawrence, Sidney.~~

Wade's Dancing in the Parlor. County Records CD-2721. Tracy Leipold. Washington, D.C.: Hirshhorn Museum and brochure. Mike Seeger. Southern Banjo Sounds: An Anthology ofStyle and Sculpture Garden, 1998. Exhibition

Technique. SFW 40107. . "Remarks at the Roger Brown Memorial Service, Art Institute of Pete Seeger. Birds. Beasts. Bugs & Fishes (Little and Big). SFW December 15, 1997." The School of the Chicago, Alumni News no. (Winter 98):5- 45039- 9, 4 1997— Rosenzweig, Phyllis. Directions—Kiki Smith: Night. . /// Had A Hammer: Songs of Hope and Struggle. SFW Hirshhorn and Sculpture 40096. Washington, D.C.: Museum Garden, 1998. Exhibition brochure. Shout On: The Lead Belly Legacy, Volume }. SFW 40105.

. "Grace Hartigan and the Abstract Expressionists." In The Harry Smith Connection: A Live Tribute to the Anthology of Grace Hartigan: Ah-Ex Pointillism/ipSS-ipp}. Baltimore: American Folk Music. SFW 40085. Loyola College Art Gallery, 1997. Exhibition catalog. The Smithsonian Folkways Children's Music Collection. SFW Viso, Olga M. Directions—Toba Khedoori. Washington, D.C.: 45°43- Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, 1997. Sounds of North American Frogs: The Biological Significance of Exhibition brochure. Voice in Frogs. SFW 45060.

. Triumph of the Spirit: Carlos Alfonzo. A Survey, Josh White. Free and Equal Blues. SFW 40081. 10J5-100L Miami: Museum of Modern Art of Dade County, Miami, Florida, 1998. Contributing author. Exhibition

~~catalog.~~

Triumph of the Spirit: Carlos Alfonzo, A Survey. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden ipyj-ippL Washington, D.C: Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, 1998. Exhibition brochure. Spanish edition translated by Pilar Molnar.

~~Benezra, Neal. An Uncommon Vision: The Des Moines Art Center. Zilczer, Judith. "Identifying Willem de Kooning's 'Reclining~~

~~Des Moines: Des Moines Art Center, 1998. Contributing Man.' " American Art 12, no. 2 (Summer 1998): 26-35.~~

~~author. . "The 'Intentional Fallacy' and Curatorial Practice."~~

~~Demetrion, James T. Introduction in Valerie Fletcher, A Grapevine, no. 27 (September 1997): 1-2.~~

~~Garden for Art: Outdoor Sculpture at the Hirshhorn Museum. London and New York: Thames and Hudson in association with the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, 1998.~~

~~. Stanley Spencer: An English Vision. Washington, D.C.: National Air and Space Museum Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, 1997. Exhibition brochure.~~

~~. An Uncommon Vision: The Des Moines An Center. Des Division of Aeronautics Moines: Des Moines Art Center, 1998. Contributing author.~~

Demetrion, James T., and Andrea Rose. Preface and Anderson, John. "Research in Supersonic Flight and the Acknowledgments in Stanley Spencer: An English Vision. Breaking of the Sound Barrier," in From Engineering Science to

~~New Haven: Yale University Press in association with The Big Science: The NACA and NASA Collier Trophy Research~~

~~British Council and Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Project Winners, edited by Pamela Mack, NASA SP-4219,~~

~~Garden, 1997. Essay by Fiona MacCarthy. Exhibition U.S. Government Printing Office, 1998, pp. 55-86.~~

~~catalog. . "Some Reflections On the History of Fluid Dynamics,"~~

~~Fletchet, Valerie. A Garden for Art: Outdoor Sculpture at the in Handbook of Fluid Dynamics, edited by Richard Johnson, Hirshhorn Museum. London and New York: Thames and CRC Press, 1998, pp. 2-1-2-15.~~

~~Hudson in association with the Hirshhorn Museum and . A History ofAerodynamics and Its Impact on Flying~~

~~Sculpture Garden, 1998. Machines, Cambtidge University Press, paperback edition,~~

~~. George Segal, a Retrospective: Sculptures, Paintings, 1998. Drawings. Washington, D.C.: Hirshhorn Museum and Crouch, Tom. "Santos-Dumont and the NASM Airship," Air~~

~~Sculpture Garden, 1998. Exhibition brochure. & Space Smithsonian June/July 1998. " . "Saul Baizerman's Series 'The City and the People.' . "From the Earth to the Moon," movie review, The~~

~~In Saul Baizerman's Lifetime Project, 6-25. Greensboro, N.C.: Journal ofAmerican History, December 1998, pp. 1197-1199.~~

~~Weatherspoon Art Gallery, Universicy of North Carolina, Davies, Ron. Airlines of Latin America Since ipip, Paladwr~~

~~1997. Exhibition catalog. Press, October 1997 reprint.~~

~~. "Violence, Alienation, and Uncertainty in the Art of . Charles Lindbergh. An Airman. His Aircraft, and His~~

~~Alberto Giacometti." In Alberto Giacomati, 18—29. Great Flights, Paladwr Press, November 1997.~~

~~156 . Berlin Airlift. Paladwr Press, July 1998 Margaritifer Sinus Regions of Mars, Jour. Geophys. Res.,~~

~~. Cento Aereo Amanonico, Revista Aerea, April : 102, E6, 13,321-13,340, 1997.~~

~~Hardesty, Von. Russian Aviation and Air Power. London: Frank Craddock, R.A., Eaton, L.S., Russo, C.J., and Torley, R.F., A~~

~~Cass, 1998. new method for determining the emplacement~~

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~~Continents: Cultures ofSiberia and Alaska. Smithsonian Hunt, D.R. and B. Frohlich. 1998. "Non-destructive Institution Press, Washington, D.C. computerized tomographic investigation of a saponified~~

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~~Sioux Revolt of 1862." Native Nations: Journeys in American Kaeppler, Adrienne 1998. Airplanes and Saxophones:~~

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~~Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, New York. Supplement 26:152 (abstract).~~

~~. 1998. Review. In Oceania: Visions, Artifacts, Histories. Loring, Steven. 1998. "In Torngak's Realm: the~~

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~~. 1998. "Tonga and Samoa." Arts of the Pacific. Douglas Lidchi, eds. British Museum Press, London, pp. 207—220.~~

~~Newton, ed. Barbier-Muetler, Geneva. . 1998. "Stubborn Independence: an essay on the Innu~~

~~Kaeppler, Adrienne L. and Jacob Love, eds. 1998. Australia and archaeology." Bringing Back the Past: Historical~~

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~~(with audio CD). Survey of Canada Paper 158. Canadian Museum of~~

~~Kaupp, P. Ann and Roger Shuy. 1998. "Medicine, Law, and Civilization, Ottawa, pp. 259—276.~~

~~Education." In Anthropology Explored, Ruth O. Selig and Manhein, Mary H., Ginesse Listi, N. Eileen Barrow, Robert E.~~

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~~Kaupp, P. Ann, Ruth O. Selig, Alison S. Brooks, JoAnne Adults and Children" Proceedings of American Academy of~~

~~Lanouette, eds. 1998. AnthroNotes. National Museum of Forensic Sciences IV:l87—188 (abstract).~~

~~Natural History Publication fot Educators, 20(1). Mann, D.H., T.D. Hamilton, A.L. Crowell, and B.P. Finney.~~

~~Kress, W.J., W.R. Heyer, P. Acevedo, J. Coddington, D. Cole, 1998. Climatic Changes, Sea-Level, and Geological~~

~~T.L. Erwin, B.J. Meggers, M. Pogue, R.W. Thonngton, Disturbances in the Gulf Alaska Region During the R.P. Vari, M.J. Weitzman, and S.H. Weitzman. Amazonian Holocene, Arctic Anthropology.~~

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~~YamallLiving Yamal Exhibit Catalog. Moscow: Sovetskii new introduction).~~

~~sport, 64 pp. Bilingual Russian-English edition (to be . 1998. Foreword. Mexican Rural Development and the published in November). Plumed Serpent by Betry B. Faust, Bergin & Garvey,~~

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~~Cyperaceae. Pp. 486-663. In J.A. Steyermark, P.E. Berry, Pruski. J.F. and S.F. Smith. 1997. Tapeinostemon sessiliflorum~~

~~and B. Hoist eds., Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana. (Gentianaceae), a new combination for a Guayana endemic.~~

~~Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, Missouri. Brittonia 49: 346—349.~~

~~Kelloff, C.L. and G.S. McKee. 1998. A New Species of Richardson, K.S. and V.A. Funk. 1998. Using limited data to~~

~~Hecistopteris From Guyana, South America. American design a protected area system in Guyana. Society for~~

~~Fern Journal 88(4):i55—157. Conservation Biology, symposium on setting conservations~~

~~Kuzoff, R.K., J_A. Sweere, D.E. Soltis, P.S. Soltis and E.A. ptiorities: decisions with uncertain data, abstracts p. 75 Zimmer. 1998. The phylogenetic potential of entire 26S (abstract)~~

~~rDNA sequences in plants. Mol. Biol. Evol. 15: 251-263 Skog, L.E. and L.P. Kvist. 1998. Novae Gesneriaceae~~

~~Kvist, LP., L.E. Skog and M. Amaya-Marquez. 1998. Los Neottopicarum VII: new publications. Novon 7: 413—416 generos de Gesneriaceas de Colombia. Caldasia 20: 12-28 [dated "1997"].~~

~~[in Spanish with English abstract]. Soreng, R.J. 1998. An infrageneric classification for Poa in~~

~~Littler, M.M. and D.S. Littler. 1998. An undescribed fungal North America, and other notes on sections, species, and~~

~~pathogen of reef-forming crustose coralline algae discovered subspecies of Poa, Puccinellia, and Dissanthelium (Poaceae:~~

~~in American Samoa. Coral Reefs 17(2): 144. Poeae). Novon 8(2): 187-202.~~

~~. 1997. An illustrated marine flora of the Pelican Cays, Soreng, RJ. and J.I. Davis. 1998. Phylogenetics and character~~

~~Belize. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington 9: evolution in the grass family (Poaceae): simultaneous~~

~~1-149. analysis of morphological and chloroplast DNA resrriction~~

~~Mosyakin, S.L. and WL. Wagner. 1998. Notes on two alien site character sers. Bot. Rev. 64(1): 1—85.~~

~~taxa of Rumex L. (Polygonaceae) naturalized in the Soreng, R.J. and E.E. Terrell. 1998. Taxonomic notes on~~

~~Hawaiian Islands. Bishop Mus. Occas. Pap. 55: 39-44. Schedonorus, a segregate genus from Festuca or Lolium,~~

~~Nicolson, D.H. 1998. R.S. Cowan (1921-1997). Taxon 47: with a new nothogenus, xSchedololium, and new~~

~~520—530 [obituary and publications]. combinations. Phytologia 83(2): 84-86.~~

~~. 1998. Richard Sumner Cowan. Plant Press i(i):5 Stenroos, S. and PT. DePnest. 1998. Small insertions at a [obituary]. shared position in the SSU rDNA of Lecanorales~~

~~. 1998. Obituaries of Frans Antonie Stafleu and (lichen-forming Ascomycetes). Current Genetics 33: Richard Sumner Cowan. Flora North America Newsletter 124-130.~~

~~11(4): 35-36. . 1998. SSU phylogeny of the cladoniiform lichens.~~

~~Nowicke, J.W., M. Takahashi and G.L. Webster. 1998. Pollen American Journal of Botany 85: 1548-1559.~~

~~morphology, exine structure and systematica of Strong, M.T. 1997. Machaerina (Cyperaceae) in South~~

~~Acalyphoideae CEuphorbiaceae) Part 1. Tribes Clutieae America. Novon 7: 308-319.~~

~~(Clutia), Pogonophoreae(Pogonophora), Chaetocarpeae Srrong, M.T. and P. Goetghebeur. 1998. (1328-1329) Two~~

~~(Chaetocarpus, Trigonopleura). Review of Palaeobotany and proposals to conserve names in Bulbostylis (Cyperaceae).~~

~~Palynology 102: 115-152. Taxon 47: 155-156.~~

~~Peterson, P.M. and O. Morrone. 1997 (1998). Allelic variation Sytsma, K.J., D.A. Baum, A. Rodriquez, W.J. Hahn, L.~~

~~in the amphitropical disjunct Lycurus setosus (Poaceae: Katinas, W.L. Wagner and P. C. Hoch. 1998. An ITS~~

Eragrostideae). Madrono 44: 334—346. phylogeny for Onagraceae: congruence with three Peterson, P.M. Planchuelo. and A_M. 1998. Bromus cathanicus in molecular data sets. Amer. J. Bot. Suppl. 85(6): 160-161

South America (Poaceae: Bromeae). Novon 8: 53-60. (abstract). Peterson, P.M., R.J. Soreng, and G. Davidse. 1998. Proposal to Turquet, J., J.P. Quod, A. Coute and M.A. Faust. 1998. conserve the name Elionurus (Poaceae, Andropogoneae) Assemblages of benthic dinoflagellates and monitoring of

with that spelling. Taxon 47: 737—738. harmful species in Reunion Island, SW Indian Ocean, Peterson, P.M, R.D. Webster, and J. Valdes-Reyna. 1997. Genera 1993-1996. Pp. 44-47. In B. Reguera, J. Blanco, M.L of New World Eragrostideae (Poaceae: Chloridoideae). Fernandez and X Wyatt, eds., Harmful Algae. Xunta de Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 87. 1-50. Galicia and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission

~~Pruski, J.F. 1997. Proposal to conserve the name of UNESCO, Paris, France.~~

~~Acanthospermum against Centrospermum (Compositae: Wagner, W.L. 1998. Species status for a Sonoran Desert annual~~

~~Heliantheae). Taxon 46: 805-806. member of Oenothera sect. Anogra. Novon 8: 307—310.~~

~~. 1997. Review. The Genus Jungia L. fil. (Compositae- Wagner, W.L. and D.H. Lorence. 1998. A new, dioecious~~

~~Mutisieae) by Gunnar Harling. Comp. News 31: 27—28. species of Hedyotis (Rubiaceae) from Kaua'i, Hawaiian~~

~~. 1998. Stenopadus andicola sp. nov. (Asteraceae: Islands, and the taxonomy of Kaua'i Hedyotis~~

~~Mutisieae), a new generic record for Ecuador. Novon 8: 67-69. schlechtendahliana resolved. Novon 8: 311-317.~~

~~167 . 1998. A new species of Wikscroemia (Thymelaeaceae) Epstein, M.E. 1998. Environmental Auditing: Butterflies~~

~~from Hiva Oa, Marquesas Islands. Novon 8: 318-320. (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea) of~~

~~Wagner, WL. and R.K Shannon. 1998. Notes on Hawaiian Roxborough State Park, Colorado, USA: Baseline~~

~~Melicope (Rutaceae). Bishop M us. Occas. Paps. 56: 15-17. Inventory, Community Attributes, and Monitoring Plan.~~

~~Walker, W and L.J. Dorr. 1998. A note on indigenous uses of Environmental Management, 22(2): 287—295 [3 figs.].~~

~~Dypsis decaryi in southern Madagascar. Principes 42(3): . 1995 (1997). Evolution of locomotion in slug~~

~~136-139. caterpillers (Lepidoptera: Zygaenoidea: Limacodid group).~~

~~Wang Wentsai, Pan Kaiyu, Li Zhenyu, A.L. Weitzman, and Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 34: 1—13 [22 figs.].~~

~~L.E. Skog. 1998. Gesnenaceae. Pp. 244-401. In Wu . 1997. Biology oiDakerides mgenita (Lepidoptera:~~

~~Zheng-yi and P.H. Raven, eds.. Flora of China, vol. 18. Dalceridae). Tropical Lepidoptera, 8(2): 49-59 [39 color figs.].~~

Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing Feller, I.C. and Mathis, W.N. 1997. Primary Herbivory by and St. Louis. Wood-Boring Insects along an Architectural Gradient of Weitzman, A.L. Neotatea (Clusiaceae). Pp. 308—310. In 1998. Rhizophora mangle. Biottopica, 29(4): 440-451 [3 figs.; 3 The Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana, vol. 4. tables]. Weitzman, A.L., L.E. Skog, W.T. Wang, K.Y. Pan, and Z.Y. Hint, O.S., Jr., and Bueno-Soria, J. 1998. Studies of Li. 1998. New taxa, new combinations, and notes on Neotropical Caddisflies LVI: Descriptions of Five New Chinese Gesneriaceae. Novon 7: 423-435 [publication date Species of the Genus Metrichia Ross (Trichoptera: "I9971 Hydroptilidae) from Pakitza, Peru, with a Checklist and

Wen, J., S. Shi, R.K. Jansen and EA. Zimmer. 1998. Bibliography of the Described Species of the Genus. Phylogeny and biogeography of Aralia sea. Aralia Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington,

~~(Araliaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 85: 866-875. 100(3): 489-496 [12 figs.]. Yatskievych, and Wagnet. Proposal to G. WL. 1998. (1374) Flint, O.S., Jr. 1998. New species and records of Climacia from~~

~~amend Art. 46.6 to avoid "Anonymous" as author of a the Nootropics (Neuroptera, Sisyridae). Acta Zoologica name. Taxon 47: 773-774. Fennica, 209: 107-117 [39 figs.].~~

~~. Studies of Neotropical Caddisflies, LIII: A Taxonomic Revision of the Subgenus Curgia of the Genus Department of Entomology Chimarra (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae). Smithsonian~~

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~~figs.]. Corrales, J.F. and Epstein, M.E. 1997. Review of Costa Rican [48 Venadkodia. with descriptions of two new species and Henry, T.J. and Froeschner, R.C. 1998. Catalog of the Stilt~~

~~localities fot V ruthm (Lepidoptera: Lirnacodidae). Revista Bugs, or Berytidae, of the World (Insecta: Hemiptera:~~

~~de Biologia Tropical, 45(3): 1093-1105 [28 figs.]. Heteroptera). Contributions of the American~~

~~Davis, D.R. 1998. A World Classification of the Entomological Institute, 30(4): 1—72 [1 fig.].~~

~~Herat)1 in Harmacloninae, a New Subfamily of Tineidae (Lepidoptera: , J. and ME. Schauffi998. Mandibular teeth~~

~~Tineoidea). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 597: Chalcidoidea: function and phylogeny. Journal of Natural~~

~~1—81 [346 figs.]. History 32: 1227—1244.~~

. 1998. A Revision of the Genus Lamyristis Meyrick LaFontaine, J.D. 1998. Noctuoidea, Noctuidae (Part). The (Lepidoptera; Psychidae) and Proposal of a New Related Moths of America North of Mexico, 1-348.

~~Genus Acoremaia from Southeast Asia. Proceedings of the Liebherr, J.K. and Polhemus, D.A. 1997. R.CL. Perkins: 100~~

~~Entomological Society of Washington, 100(1): 114—125 Years of Hawaiian Entomology. Pacific Science, 51(4):~~

~~[31 figs]- 343-355 f.8 figs]-~~

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~~fot Basis a Long-Term Ecological Monitoring Program. Schauff, M.E. , LaSalle, J., and Wijeseskara, A. 1998. The~~

~~Pacific Science, 51(4): 490-504. Genera of Chalcid Parasites (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)~~

~~Malikul, V. [illust.]. Eastern Butterflies, by PA. Oplet. The of Citrus Leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton~~

~~Peterson Field Guide Series, Houghton Mifflin Co., (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Journal of Natural History 32: Boston, 1—486. 1001-1056.~~

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~~Ephydridae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Elmidae: Elminae), Insecta Mundi, 11(1): 1—20.~~

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~~. 1997. A Revision of Neotropical Ditricohphora 1998. Descriptions of Mature Larvae of Two Amiseginae,~~

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~~Entomological Society of Washington, 99(4): 697-704 (Hymenoptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of~~

~~U figs.]. America, 91(5): 598-601 [13 figs.].~~

Moffett, M.W [photographer]. 1998. Planet of the Beetles, by Wetterer, J.K., Schultz, T.R. and Meier, R. 1998. Phytogeny D. H. Chadwick. National Geographic, 193(3): 100-119. of Fungus-Growing Ants (Tribe Attini) Based on mtDNA Polhemus, D.A. 1997. Phylogenetic Analysis of the Hawaiian Sequence and Morphology. Molecular Phylogenetics and

~~Damselfly Genus Megalagrion (Odonata: Coenagrionidae): Evolution, 9(1): 42-47.~~

~~Implications for Biogeography, Ecology, and Conservation Wolda, H., O'Brien, C, and Stockwell, H.P. 1998. Weevil~~

~~Biology. Pacific Science, 51(4): 395-412 [9 figs.; 1 table], Diversity and Seasonality in Tropical Panama as Deduced~~

~~. 1998. Two New Species of Water Striders from Light-Trap Catches (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea).~~

~~(Heteroptera: Gerridae) from the Philippines. Proceedings Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 590: 1—79. of the Entomological Society of Washington, 100(2):~~

~~261-268 [9 figs.].~~

. 1998. Nysius AA (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae), a new Department of Invertebrate Zoology species of Micropteraous Wekiu Bug from the Summit of Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawaii. Proceedings of the Bayer, F.M. 1997. Narella nuttingi, a new gorgonacean ococoral

Entomological Society of Washington, 100(1): 25-31 of the Family Primnoidae (Anthozoa) from the eastern Pacific. Proceedings the Biological Society Washington [9 figs-]- of of Polhemus, D.A. and Polhemus, JT. 1997. A Review of the no(4):5ii-5i9-

~~Genus Limnometra Mayr in New Guinea, with the . 1997. Rtisea and riisei Duchassaing & Michelotti,~~

~~Description of a Very Large New Species (Heteroptera: i860 (Cnidaria, Anthozoa): proposed conservation as the~~

~~Gerridae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, correct original spellings of generic and specific names~~

~~105(1-2): 24-39 [15 figs]- based on the surname Riise. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 54(l):n— . 1998. Assembling New Guinea: 40 million years of 13.~~

~~island arc accretion as indicated by the distributions of . 1997. Umbellula Cuvier, (1797) (Cindaria, Anthozoa):~~

~~aquatic Heteroptera (Insecta). Biogeography and Geological proposed conservation as the correct original spelling, and~~

~~Evolution of Southeast Asia, 327-340 [5 figs.; 1 cable]. corrections to the entries relating to Umbellularia Lamarck,~~

~~Schauff, M.E. 1998. New Eulophidae (Hymenoptera) reared 1801 on the Official Lists and Indexes of Names in Zoology.~~

~~from citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 54(i):I4—18.~~

~~(Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Proceedings of the Bayer, F.M. and A.A. Olsson. 1998. A review of the~~

~~Entomological Society of Washington, 100: 256-260. circumaustral gorgonacean genus Fannyella Gray, 1870 with~~

descriptions of five new species. Senckenbergiana Biologica Schauff, M.E. and LaSalle, J. 1998. The relevance of systematics to biological control: protecting the investment 77(2):i6i-204. in research. Pp. 425-436. In Pest Managment—Future Blow, W.C. and R.B. Manning. 1997. A new genus,

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~~169 Caims, S.D. 1997. A generic revision and phylogenetic analysis of Kornicker, L.S. 1997. The four faces of the maxilla (Ostracoda:~~

~~the Turbmoliidae (Cnidaria: Scleractirua). Smithsonian Cyprid'midae). Journal of Crustacean Biology I7<4):654—658,~~

~~Contributions to Zoology 591:1—55. figs. 1-2.~~

. 1998. Azooxanthellate Scleracrinia (Cnidaria: Kornicker, L.S. and B.A. Thomassin. 1998. Ostracoda Anthozoa) of Western Australia. Records of the Australian (Myodocopina) of Tulear reef complex, SW Madagascar.

~~Museum 18:361-417. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 595:1—134.~~

Chace, F.A., Jr. 1997. The Caridean shrimps (Crustacea: Kornicker, L.S. and E. Harrison-Nelson. 1997. Myodocopid Decapoda) of the Albatross Philippine Expedition, Ostracoda of Pillar Point Harbo, Half Moon Bay,

~~1907—1910, Part 7: Families Aryidae, Eugonatonotidae, California. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 593:1—53,~~

~~Rhynchocinetidae, Bathypalaemonidae, Processidae, and figs.I-28.~~

~~Hippolytidae. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 587:1—106, Kornicker, L.S. and T.M. Iliffe. 1998. Myodocopid Ostracoda~~

~~figs. 1-29. (Halocypridina, Cladocopina) from anchialine caves in the~~

~~Fauchald, K. and G. Rouse. 1997. Polychaete systematics: Past Bahamas, Canary Islands, and Mexico. Smithsonian~~

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~~Ferrari, F. and A. Benforado. 1998. Setation and setal groups Lu, H. and K. Fauchald. 1998. Description of Eunice weintraubi~~

~~on antenna I of Ridgewayia klausruetzleri, Pleuromamma and E. wui, two new species of eunicid polychaetes from~~

~~xiphias, and Pseudocalanus elongatus (Crustacea: Copepoda: northern Gulf of Mexico. Proceedings of the Biological Society Calanoida) during the copepodid phase of their of Washington m(i):23O-240.~~

~~development. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington Manning, R.B. and T.Y. Chan. 1997. The Genus Faughnia~~

~~m(i):209-22i. from Taiwan, with the descriprion of a new species~~

~~Ferraris, J. D. and J.L. Norenburg. 1997. Oxygen uptake (Stomatopoda: Parasquillidae)._/~~

~~Pysiological divergence in Panamanian cognate pairs and McLaughlin, P.A. and R. Lemaitre. 1997. Carcinization in the~~

~~latitudinally distant populations of decapod Crustacea. Anomura—fact or fiction? I. Evidence from adult~~

~~Marine Ecology i8(2):I27-I46. morphology. Contributions to Zoology, Amsterdam 67(2)79—123.~~

~~. 1997. Volume and ion regulation during repeated Nates, S.F, D.L. Felder and R. Lemaitre. 1997. Comparative~~

~~exposure to temperature change: Physiological divergence larval development in two species of the burrowing ghost~~

~~in Trans-Isthmain cognate pairs and latitudinally distant shrimp Genus Lepidophthalmus (Decapoda: Callianassidae).~~

~~populations of decapod Crustacea. Marine Ecology Journal of Crustacean Biology 17(3)^97—519.~~

~~i8(3):i93-209. Ortiz, M. and R. Lemaitre. 1997. Seven new amphipods~~

~~Fornshell, J. and F Ferrari. 1998. Oceanography in high school (Crustacea: Peracarida: Gammaridea) from the Caribbean~~

~~setting. The Oceanography Society Magazine 11:153-154. coast of South America. Boletim de Investigaciones Marinas y Heard, R.W. and R.B. Manning. 1997. Austinixa, a new genus Costeras 26:71—104.~~

of pinnotherid crab (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura), with Perez Farfante, I. and B. Kensley. 1997. Penaeoid and the description of A. hardyi, a new species from Tobago, sergestoid shrimps and prawns of the wotld. Keys and

West Indies. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington diagnoses for the families and genera. Memoires du Museum iio<3):393-398. national d' Histoire naturelle, Paris, series 4 175:1-233. Hershlet, R. and D. Sada 1998. A systematic review of the Reid, J.W. 1997. Argyrodiaptomus nhumirim, a new species, and

~~hydrobiid snails (Gastropoda; Rissoidea) of the Great Basin, Ausirinodiaptomus kleereloperi, a new genus and species, with~~

~~western United States. Part I. Genus Pyrgulopsis. The Veliger redesction of Argyrodiapomus macrochaetus Brehm, new rank, 4I(i):i-I32 from Brazil (Crustacea: Copepoda: Diaptomidae).~~

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~~marine isopod crustaceans on coral reefs. Coral Reefs parasensitivus sp.n. (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) from the U.S.A. 17:83-88. Zoologischer Anzeiger 236:109-118.~~

~~Kensley, B. and R. Heard. 1997. Tridentella ornata (Richardson Reid, J.W. and J.D. Spooner. 1998. Stolonicyclops heggiensis, new~~

~~1911), new combination: records of hosts and localities genus, new species, from Georgia, U.S.A. (Copepoda:~~

~~(Crustacea: Isopoda: Tridentellidae). Proceedings of the Cyclopoida: Cyclopidae). Journal of Crustacean Biology Biological Society of Washington uo(3):422-425. i8(2):405-4ii.~~

~~Kensley, B., M. Ortiz and M. Schotte 1997. New records of Ruetzlet, K 1997. The role of psammobiontic sponges in the~~

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~~Reef, Australia, with extensions to the known distributions shallow submarine eruption of 1952—1953: Bulletin of~~

~~of D. australiensis W.M. Tattersall, 1940 and D. spinata Volcanology, v. 59, pp. 262—275. Murano, 1990, and a key ro the genus Doxomysis. Proceedings French, B.M. 1997. Memorial: Eugene M. Shoemaker~~

~~ofthe Biological Society of Washington no<3):426—438. (1928-1997), Meteoritics and Planetary Science, v. 32, p. 985.~~

~~Tchesunov, A.V. and WD. Hope. 1997. Thalassomermis French, B.M. and CM. Anderson. 1997. "The man passing by~~

~~megamphis n. gen., n. sp. (Mermithidae: Nemata) from the on his way to the Moon" (memorial to E.M. Shoemaker),~~

~~bathyal south Atlantic Ocean.Journal of Hematology The Planetary Report, v. 17, no. 6, (Nov.-Dec., 1997), 29(4):45I-464. pp. 14-15.~~

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~~Tudge, C.C, B.G.M. Jamieson, L. Sandberg and C. Erseus. 2613-2616.~~

~~1998. Ultrastrucrure of the mature spermatozoon of the Giaramita, M., MacPherson, G.J., and Phipps, S.P. 1998.~~

~~king crab Lithodes maja (Lithodidae, Anomura, Decapoda): Petrologically diverse basalts from a fossil oceanic forearc in~~

~~further confirmation of a bthodid-pagurid relationship. California: The Llanada and Black Mountain remnants of~~

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~~World Congress of Malacology, Washington, D.C. 26: 26. and adaprive significance." Marine Ecology—Progress Series~~

~~Washington, D.C (1998). 174: 51-65 (1998).~~

~~Bernal Alvarado, Jose. Caracterizacion de la comunidad de Colinvaux, Paul A. "A new vicariance model for Amazonian~~

~~macroinvertebrados bentonicos del mesolitoral arenoso en endemics. " Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 7(2):~~

~~dos areas de la Bahi'a de Panama. Tesis de Licenciatura, 95-96 (1998).~~

~~Panama: Universidad de Panama (1998). Condit, Richard. "Ecological implications of changes in~~

~~Boscolo, Marco, and Buongiorno, Joseph. "Managing a drought patterns: Shifts in forest composition in Panama."~~

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~~diversity." Commonwealth Forestry Review 76(4): 246-253 . Tropical forest census plots: methods and results from Barro~~

~~(I997)- Colorado Island, Panama and a comparison with other plots.~~

~~Boscolo, Marco, Buongiorno, Joseph, and Panayotou, Georgetown, Texas: Springer-Verlag (1998).~~

~~Theodore. "Simulating options for carbon sequestration Cooke, Richard G. "The Felidae in Pre-columbian Panama."~~

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~~Brenes R., Carlos, Gallegos, A., and Coen, E. "Variacion anual National de Cultura 27: 50-66 (1997).~~

~~de la temperatura superficial en el Golfo de Honduras." In Cooke, Richard G., Sanchez Herrera, Luis Alberto, Isaza~~

~~Marine-Terrestrial Flora and Fauna ofCayos Cochinos Aizpurua, Ilean Isel, and Perez Yancky, Aguilardo. "Rasgos~~

~~Archipelago, Honduras: 187-197, edited by Guzman, Hector, mortuorios y artefactos inusitados de Cerro Juan Diaz, una~~

~~Vol. 46 (Suppl 4): Revista de Biologi'a Tropical (1998). aldea precolombina del Gran Code" (Panama Central)." La~~

~~Brodie, Renae J. "Movements of the terrestrial hermit crab, Antigua 1998(53): 127-196 (1998).~~

~~Coenobita clypeatus (Crustacea: Coenobitidae)." In Cooke, Richard G., and Sanchez, L. Alberto. "Goetaneidad de~~

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~~in unison. In The New York Times: January 6, C4 (1998). Rican coral reefs: description, geographic distribution and~~

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~~Ross, R. Kenyon, and Smith. G.E. John. "Habitat approach." Abstracts, Monocots 11, 2nd International Conference~~

~~associations of coastal birds in Panama." Colonial V'aterbirds on the Comparative Biology of the Monocotyledons, 2jSept-2 Oct:~~

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~~Cannatella, David C, Hillis, David M., Chippindale, Paul T, Dalling, James W, Harms, Kyle E., and Aizprua, Rafael.~~

~~Weigt, Lee, Rand, A. Stanley, and Ryan, Michael, J. "Seed damage tolerance and seedling resprouting ability of~~

~~"Phylogeny of frogs of the Physalaemus pustulosis species Prioria copaifera in Panama."Journal of Tropical Ecology 13(4):~~

~~group, with an examination of data incongruence." 481-490 (1997).~~

~~Systematic Biology. June 47(2): 311-335 (1998). Dalling, James W, Swaine, M.D., and Garwood, Nancy C.~~

~~Chai, Peng, Chang, Andrew C, and Dudley, Robert. "Flight "Dispersal patterns and seed bank dynamics of pioneer trees~~

~~thermogenesis and energy conservation in hovering in moist tropical forest." Ecology 79(2): 564-578 (1998).~~

~~hummingbirds." TheJournal of Experimental Biology 201: DeGusta, David, and Milton, Katharine. "Skeletal patrologies~~

~~965-968 (1998). in a population of Allouatta palliata: behavioral, ecological,~~

~~208 and evolutionary implications." InternationalJournal of Fincke, Ola M. "Conflict resolution in the Odonata:~~

~~Primatology 19(3): 615-650 (1998). implications for understanding female mating patterns and~~

~~Dudley, Robert. "Atmospheric oxygen, giant Paleozoic insects female choice." BiologicalJournal of the Lirmean Society 6o<2):~~

~~and the evolution of aereal locomotor performance." The 201-220 (1997).~~

Journal of Experimental Biology 201: 1043-1050 (1998). Fleischer, Robert C, Tarr, Cheryl L., Morron, Eugene S., Duke, Norman C. "Reforestacion de manglares en Panama." Sangmeister, Alexandra, and Derrickson, Kim C. "Mating

~~In Ecosistemas del Manglar. 231-258, edited by Field, CD. system of the dusky antbird, a tropical Passerine, as~~

~~Managua: Editora del Arte (1997). assessed by DNA fingerprints." Condor 99(2): 512-514 (1997).~~

~~Eberhard, William G. "Grave-robbing by male Eulaema Fortunato, Helena. "Calibrating phylogenies with the fossil~~

~~leabrai bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)." Journal of the Kansas record " 63rd AMU Meeting, Program with Abstracts: 28~~

~~Entomological Society 70(1): 66 (1997). (1997)-~~

~~. "Sexual selection by cryptic female choice in insects . "Desarrollo larval en el grupo Strombina: calibracion~~

~~and arachnids." In The evolution of mating systems in insects de la variacion morfologica del protoconcho y su utilizacion~~

~~and arachnids: 32—57, edited by Choe, Jae and Crespi, para inferir el tipo de desarrollo en especies fosiles." Ill~~

~~Bernard J. Cambridge, New York and Melbourne: Congreso Latinoamericano de Malacologi'a (III CLAMA)~~

~~Cambridge University Press (1997). Abstracts: no. (1997).~~

~~Eberhard, William G, and Huber, Bernhard A. "Courtship, . "Reconciling observed patterns of temporal~~

~~copulation, and sperm transfer in Leucauge manana occurrence with cladistic hypotheses of phylogenetic~~

~~(Araneae, Tetragnathidae) with implications for higher relationship." American Malacological Bulletin 14(2): 191-200~~

~~classification. "Journal of Arachnology 26(3): 342-368 (1998). (1998).~~

~~Eberhard, William G, Huber, Bernhard A., Rodriguez, S. Fortunato, Helena, and Jackson, Jeremy B.C. "Contrasting~~

~~Rafael Lucas, Briceno, R. Daniel, Salas, Isabel, and modes of larval development across the Isthmus of~~

~~Rodriguez, Viterbo. "One size fits all? Relationships Panama." Abstracts, World Congress of Malacology,~~

~~between the size and degree of variation in genitalia and Washington. D.C.. Washington, D.C. (1998).~~

~~other body parts in rwenty species of insects and spiders." Fortunato, Helena, Penchaszadeth, Pablo E., and Moloslavich,~~

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~~acuminatus (Coleoprera: Scarabaeidae)." Behavioral Ecology Veliger 41(2): 208-211 (1998).~~

~~and Sociobiology 41: 335—341 (1997). Garces B., Humberto A., and Dominici Arosemena, Arturo.~~

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~~acuminatus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)." Proceedings ofthe Royal isopodos del mesolitoral arenoso de la Bahfa de Panama."~~

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~~ofthe Kansas Entomological Society 69(4): 405-406 (1997). Symstad, Amy. "Multiple-scale spatial distribution of the~~

~~Emlen, Stephen T., Wrege, Peter H., and Webster, Michael S. fungal epiphyll Scolecopeltidium on Tnchilia spp. in two~~

~~"Cuckoldry as a cost of polyandry in the sex-role-reversed lowland moist tropical forests." CanadianJournal of Botany~~

~~wattled yuasz^Jacana jacana." Proceedings ofthe Royal Society of 75(12): 2158-2164(1997).~~

~~London Series B Biological Sciences 265(1413): 2359-2364 (1998). Gomez Raboteaux, Nadilia Nadina. Variacion foliar de Zamia~~

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~~and the diversity, abundance and distribution of congeneric Licenciatura, Panama: Universidad de Panama (1997).~~

~~understory shrubs" [abstract]. Kurzbeilrage zur Tropenokologie: Gompper, Matthew E. "Population ecology of the~~

~~Abstracts ofthe Final DFG Symposium 12: 89 (1998). white-nosed coati (Nasua narica) on Barro Colorado Island,~~

~~Engelbrecht, Bettina, and Hertz, H. "Evaluation of different Panama."Journal of Zoology 241(3): 441-455 (1997).~~

~~methods to estimate understory light conditions in tropical Gompper, Matthew E., Gittleman, J.L., and Wayne, R.X.~~

~~forests. [Abstract]." Kurzbeitrdge zur Tropenokologie: Abstracts "Genetic relatedness, coalitions and social behavior of~~

~~ofthe Final DFG Symposium 12: 88 (1998). white-nosed coatis Nasua narica." Animal Behavior 53:~~

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~~in the scouting activity of the leaf-cutting ant Atta the frog, Agalychnis callidryas." Journal of Herpelology 31(3):~~

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~~experimental mechanical damage in lowland Panama." distribution: Hyaiinobatrachium chirripoi." SSARP~~

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~~Guzman, Hector M. "Diversity of stony, soft, and black corals Ibafiez D., Roberto, Jaramillo, Cesar A., and Fuenmayor, Q.~~

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~~new species of Eastern Pacific barnacle blennies King, David A. "Influence of leaf size on tree architecture:~~

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~~understory species with short- and long-lived leaves." strangler figs in Panama." Inside CTFS Summer: 7, 14~~

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~~13-14 (1998). rwo neotropical fruit-eating bats, Carollia persptcillata and~~

~~Roulston, T'ai H. "Hourly capture of rwo species of Megalopta C. castanea, feeding on piper." Behavioral Ecology and~~

(Hymenoptera: Apoidea; Halictidae) at black lights in Sociobiology 42: 397—409 (1998). Panama with notes on nocturnal foraging by bees." Journal Tomblin, David C, and Adler, Gregory H. "Differences in

~~of the Kansas Entomological Society 70(3): 189-196 (1998). habitat use becween rwo morphologically similar tropical~~

~~Ryan, Michael J., Rand, A. Stanley, and Weigt, Lee A. forest rodents." Journal of Mammalogy 79(3): 953—961 (1998).~~

~~"Allozyme and advertisement call variation in the Tungara Travers, Steven E., Gilbert, Gregory S., and Perry, Ethan F.~~

~~frog, Physalaemus pustulosus." Evolution 50(6), 2435—2453 "The effect of rust infection on reproduction in a cropical~~

~~&997)- tree (Faramea occidenlalis)." Biotropica 30(3): 438—443 (1998).~~

~~Salazar-Allen, Noris. "Una aproximacion a la flora de musgos Velasquez Runk, Julie. "Productivity and sustainability of a~~

~~del Cerro Hoya, Panama." Bnolatina 44: 7 (1998). vegetable ivory palm (Phytelephas aequatortalis, Arecaceae)~~

~~. "Metodos sencillos para crecimiento de briofitos con under three management regimes in northwestern~~

~~fines de docencia." Briolatma 40: 5-7 (1997). Ecuador." Economic Botany 52(2): 168—182 (1998).~~

~~. "Editorial." Bnolatina 43: 1 (1998). Velayos, Mauricio, Correa, Mireya, Galdames, Carmen, and~~

~~Salazar-Allen, Noris, Arrocha, Clotilde, and Morales, Maria Castroviejo, Santiago Araiiz. "Primera aproximacion al~~

~~Isabel, eds. "Briolatina." Briolalina 41: (1997). catalogo de las plantas vasculares de la Isla de Coiba~~

Sanchez, Elizabeth M. Catalogo colectivo de publicaciones (Panama). " In Flora y Fauna del Parque Nacional de Coiba seriadas sobre zoologi'a en dos bibliotecas y en dos centres (Panama), edited by Castroviejo, Santiago. Madrid: Real

~~de documentacion de la Ciudad de Panami 1S62-1995. Jardin Bocanico (1997).~~

~~Tesis de Licenciatura, Panama: Universidad de Panama Vend, Fredric V, and Aiello, Annette. "A new species of~~

~~(1997)- leaf-mining Oulema from Panama (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae; Criocerinae)." Journal of the Nao York deduced from light-trap catches (Coleoptera:~~

~~Entomological Society 105(1—2): 40—44 (1997). Curculionoidea)." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 590:~~

~~Ventocilla, Jorge. "Caceria en huertas entre los indi'genas 1-79 (1998).~~

~~Kunas del Caribe de Panama." In Manejo de fauna silvestre en Wuerth, Mirjam K.R., Winter, Klaus, and Koerner,~~

~~la Amazonia: 111—117, edited by Fang. Tula G., Bodmer, Christian. "Leaf carbohydrate responses to CO : enrichment~~

~~Richard E., Aquino, Rolando, and Valqui, Michael H. La at the top of a tropical forest." Oecologia Berlin. Aug.~~

~~Paz, Bolivia: OFAVIM (1997). 116(1-2): 18-25 (1998).~~

~~Villalaz, Janzel R., and Gomez, Juan A. History, present Wulff, Janie L "Parrotfish predation on cryptic sponges of~~

~~condition, and future of the molluscan fisheries of Panama: Caribbean coral reefs." Marine Biology Berlin 129(1): 41—52~~

~~33-40, edited by NOAA Technical Report NMFS, 128 (1997). (1997).~~

Wcislo, William T. "Ate behavioral classifications blinders to Zeh, David W, Zeh, Jeanne A., and Bermingham, Eldredge. "Polyandrous, sperm-storing females: Carriers of male studying natural variation?" In The evolution ofsocial behavior genotypes through episodes of adverse selection." in insects and arachnids: 8—13, edited by J.C. Choe and B.J. Proceedings ofthe Royal Society of London Series B Biological Crespi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1997). Sciences 264(1378): 119-125 "Behavioral environments of sweat bees (Halictinae) (1997). Zeh, Jeanne A., Newcomet, Scott D., and Zeh, David in relation to variability." In The ei>olution ofsocial behavior in W "Polyandrous females discriminate against previous mates." insects and arachnids: 316-332, edited by J.C. Choe and B.J. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United Crespi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1997). States of America 95(23): 13732—13736 (1998). . "Social interactions and behavioral context in a largely Zeh, Jeanne A., and Zeh, David W. "The evolution of solitary bee, Lasioglossum (Dialictus) figueresis (Hymenoptera, polyandry II: Post-copulatory defenses against genetic Halictidae)." Insectes Sociaux 44(3): 199-208 (1997). incompatibility." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London . "Social terminology: what are words worth?" Trends Series B Biological Sciences 264(1378): 69-75 0997)- in Ecology and Evolution 12(4): 161 (1997). Zhao, Zhijun, Pearsall, Deborah M., Benfer, Robert A., Jr., . "Sexual dimorphism of wasp antennal structure in and Piperno, Dolores R. "Distinguishing rice (Oryza relation to parasitic and non-parasitic behavior saliva Poaceae) from wild Oryza species through phytolith (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)." Journal of Hymenopteran analysis, II: Finalized method." Economic Botany 52(2): Research 7(2): 178-181 (1998). 134-145 (1998). Wcislo, William T, and Danforth, Bryan N. "Secondarily Zotz, Gerhard. "Demography of the epiphytic orchid, solitary: the evolutionary loss of social behavior." Trends in Dimerandra emarginata" Journal of Tropical Ecology 14: Ecology and Evolution 12(12): 468—474 (1997). 725-741 (1998). West, S.A., and Allen, Herre E. "Stabilizing selection and Zotz, Gerhard, Budel, S., Meyer, A., Zellner, H, and Lange, varience in fig wasp sex ratios." Evolution 52(2): 475—485 O.L. "In situ srudies of water relations and C0 2 exchange of (1998)- the tropical macrolichen, Sticta tomentosa." New Phytologist West, S.A., Herre, E.A., Compton, S.G., Godfray, H.C.J., and 139: 525-535 (1998). Cook, J. M. "A comparative study of virginity in fig wasps." Zotz, Gethard, and Ziegler, H. "The occurrence of

~~Animal Behaviour 54: 437-450 (1997). crassulacean acid metabolism among vascular epiphytes~~

Williams, ST., and Benzie, J.A.H. "Indo-West Pacific patterns of from Central Panama." New Phytologist 137(2): 223-229 genetic differentiation in the high-dispersal starfish Linckia d997)- laevigata." Molecular Ecology 6(6): 559-573 (1997).

~~Wilson, David T, and McCormick, Mark I, "Spatial and~~

~~temporal validation of settlement-marks in che otoliths of~~

~~tropical reef fishes." Marine Ecology Progress Series 153(1-3): Center for Museum Studies 259-271 (1997). Winter, Klaus, Richter, Andreas, Engelbrecht, Bettina,~~

~~Posada, Juan, Virgo, Aurelio, and Popp, Marianne. "Effect Cooper, Karen Coody, ed. Tribal Museum Directory. Center for~~

~~of elevated C02 on growth and Museum Studies, Smithsonian Institution, 1998.~~

~~crassulacean-acid-metabolism activity of Kaianchoe pinnata . "Arthur C. Parker, from Cattaraugus Reservation~~

~~under tropical conditions." Planta Heidelberg 201(4): Childhood to American Museum Leadership." History News~~

~~389-396 (1997). 54, #3 (Summer, 1998): 9—II. Winter, Klaus, and Virgo, Aurelio. "Elevated CO, enhances~~

~~growth in the rain forest understory plant. Piper cordulatum,~~

~~at extremely low light intensities." Flora Jena. July 193(3):~~

~~323-326 (1998).~~

~~Wolda, Henk, O'Brien, Charles W, and Stockwell, Henry P.~~

~~"Weevil diversity and seasonality in tropical Panama as~~

~~113 Smirhsonian Insrirution Archives. OSIA Annual Report for Office of Exhibits Central Fiscal Year ippj. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian~~

~~Instirurion Archives, March 1998.~~

~~Airman, Diana Cohen, "Exhibit Design Meets the Web." Tompkins, William G. "Legal and Erhical Issues: Fish and~~

~~Exhibitionist magazine (a publication of" the National Wildlife." The New Museum Registration Methods, edired by~~

~~Association for Museum Exhibition, the standing Rebecca A. Buck and Jean AJlman Gilmore. Washington, professional commirtee on exhibirion of the American D.C: American Association of Museums, 1998.~~

~~Associarion of Museums), Vol. 18, No. I (Spring 1998). Williams, Kathleen, "Smithsonian Institution Archives news~~

~~in brief," Museum Archivist, v. 12, no. 2 (September 1998): 7-8-~~

~~National Science Resources Center~~

~~Smithsonian Institution Libraries STC Meets the Standards (rev). Burlington, NC: Carolina~~

~~Biological Supply Company, 1998.~~

~~Discovery Deck: Magnets and Motors. Burlington, NC: Carolina Carr, Tim and Debra Shumate. "Posral Service in Colonial~~

~~Biological Supply Company, 1998. America: a Bibliography of Material in the Smithsonian Discovery Deck: Food Chemistry. Burlington, NC: Carolina Institution Libraries' Narional Postal Museum Branch."~~

Biological Supply Company, 1998. Philatelic Literature Review 47 (no. 1, 1998). Discovery Deck: Experiments with Plants. Burlingron, NC: DeGroff, Amy B. "The Edge of the Web: Half-Caf Carolina Biological Supply Company, 1998. Java—Using JavaScript to Power Web Pages. " LITA Discovery Deck: Measuring Time. Burlington, NC: Carolina Newsletter 18(1) (Winter 1997): 22-23.

Biological Supply Company, 1998. Ellis, Janice Sragnirto. "Aloft in a Balloon: Treatment of a Discovery Deck: Land and Water. Burlingron, NC: Carolina Scrapbook of an Early Aeronautica Collected by William

~~Biological Supply Company, 1998. Upcott, 1783-1840" in The Book and Paper Group Annual.~~

~~American Institute for Conservation, 16 (1997): 9—13.~~

~~. Review. The Drawner by Robert Drewe. Library~~

~~Journal 122 (16) (October 1, 1997): 120.~~

~~. Review. The Letter by Richard Paul Evans. Library Smithsonian Institution Archives Journal 122 (17) (October 15, 1997): 91.~~

~~. Review. The Prodigy by Noel Hynd. LibraryJournal~~

123. (19) (November 15, 1997): 76. Bain, Alan L. "Smithsonian Institution Archives: Its History Nancy E. Gwinn. Review. From Grunts to Gigabytes: and Activities on Digital Imaging," conference paper. Communications and Society by Dan Lacy. The Library Proceedings of the Second DocumentingJapan International Quarterly 67 (4) (October 1997): 399-402. Seminar, January II, 1998. Carolyn Hamilton. "Sharing the of Giving at New Glaser, Jane, editor. /; (Newsletter of the International Joy Southern Rock" in The Washington Informer (June Commmittee for the Training of Personnel (ICTOP) of the 34 (33) 3-10, 1998): 18. Intentional Council of Museums) 15, no. 1 (March 1998) and Martin Kalfatovic B. "Project Access: 15, no. 2 (August 1998). R. and Amy DeGroff. Providing Henson, Pamela M. "The Smithsonian Institution," in A Internet Access to the Smithsonian Institution in Creating Historical Guide 10 the U.S. Government, edited by George T. Research Communiry" Finding Common Ground:

Kurian, et al. New York, Oxford University Press, 1998. the Library of the Future Without Diminishing the Library of the Millikan, Frank R. "Joseph Henry's Grand Meteorological Past. Cheryl M. LaGuardia and Barbara A. Mitchell, eds. 27-36. York: Neal-Schuman, Crusade." Weatherwise, v. 50, no. 5 (October/November New 1998.

~~1997): 14-17. . (With Joan Stahl.) "An Insider's Guide ro~~

~~National Collections Program. Smithsonian Institution Collection Washingron, D.C." LibraryJournal 123 (10) (June 1, 1998,~~

~~Statistics, 1997. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Special Supplement): S15.~~

~~Archives, 1998. . "Edge of the Web: What the ?XMLI: Making the~~

~~Rothenberg, Marc. "Smithsonian's commitment to Native Web Safe for SGML." LITA Newsletter 19.4 (Fall 1998). At~~

~~Americans began with Henry," Torch, 97-11 (November http.i/www. lita. org/newslettivlpnj].~~

~~1997): 3- . "What's Everyone Reading? (Nikolai Gogol: The~~

~~. Union General paid final respects to Henry with a Fastest Troika Imaginable)." Friends of the Arlington Public~~

~~touching eulogy," Torch. 97—12 (December 1997): 3. Library News (Summer 1998): 4.~~

~~214 . "Edge of the Web: Half-Cafjava: Using JavaScript Lucien R. Rossignol with Rosalee McReynolds. "Using~~

~~to Power Web Pages: Supplemental Sites." LITA Newsletter ProQuest Statistics as an Ad in Collection Development"~~

~~19.3 (Summer 1998). Ac http:llivww.tita.org,'newslettl. in Proceedings of the North American Serials Interest Group,~~

~~. "Edge of the Web: What's WYSIWYG for You is eds.C.N. Simser and MA. Somers, pp. 263-266.~~

~~WYSIWYG for Me: Cascading Sryle Sheets." LITA Binghamton, N.Y: Haworth Press, Inc., 1998.~~

~~Newsletter 19.2 (Spring 1998). At http:llwww.lita.orglnewslettl. Janet L. Stanley. Modern African Art (1998), at www.sil.si.edu.~~

. "Edge of the Web: Do You Want to Know a Mary Augusta Thomas, Pat Ensor, and Milton T. Wolf, eds. Secret?—Cryptography, Privacy and Security." LITA Information lmagineering: Meeting at the Interface. Chicago:

~~Newsletter 19. 1 (Winter 1997). At http://wwwJita.org/xeuslett/. American Library Association, 1998.~~

~~. "What's Everyone Reading? (With Alice Up the . "Dance Magazines." Entries 2308-2332 in Magazines~~

Grandfather Clock: Automated Alice, by Jeff Noon)." Friends for Libraries, Bill Katz and Linda Sternberg Karz, eds. 9th ed., Providence, ofthe Arlington Public Library News (Fall 1997): 3. 429-435. New N.J.: R.R. Bowker (1997).

~~. "Edge of the Web: Cookies: Stating the Not So~~

~~Obvious on the Web." LITA Newsletter 18.4 (Fall 1997): 22—23. At http://www.lita.org/newslett/.~~

~~. Review. "Portraits: Talking with Artists at the Mel, the Smithsonian Office of Education Modem, the Louvre and Elsewhere" by Michael Kimmelman~~

~~(1998). LibraryJournal 123.12 (July 1998): 86.~~

~~. Review. "JumpingJavaScript" by Janice Winsor and Smithsonian in Your Classroom Telecommunications Electronic Brian Freeman (1997). Review "How Things Fly: Activities for Teaching Flight" Sep/Oct~~

~~ITER) 5.4 (May 1998). At httpu'Iwww.lita.orgi'terlter-^4.html. 1997~~

. Review. "Art Objecthood: and Essays and Reviews" by "Plants and Animals: Partners in Pollination" Nov/Dec 1997 Michael Fried. Library Journal 123.4 (March 1, 1998): 86. "Teaching from Objects and Stories: Learning about the

. Review. "Sotheby's: The Inside Story" by Peter Watson. Bering Sea Eskimo People," Jan/Feb 1998 Library Journal 123 (3) (February 15, 1998): 138. "What Is Currency? Lessons from Hisroric Africa," May/Jun

~~. Review. "The Columbia Encyclopedia on CD-ROM" (1997). 1998~~

~~Reference & User Services Quarterly 37 (2) (Winter 1997): 200.~~

~~. Review. "Building the Getty" by Richard Meier~~

~~(1997). LibraryJournal 122.20 (December 1997): 98.~~

~~. Review. "Interna Digital Libraries: International Institutional Studies Dimensions" by Jack Kessler (1996). Telecommunications Office~~

~~Electronic Review (TER) 4.9 (October 1997). At~~

http://www.lita.org/ter/ter-4-p.html. Bielick, S. and Doering, Z.D. 1998. Selected Characteristics of the . Review. "The Art Forger's Handbook" by Eric Hebborn Smithsonian Institution (SI) Workforce (Research Note 98-10). (1997). LibraryJournal 111 (15) (September 15, 1997): 68. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution.

. Review. "Encyclopedia of Physical Anthropology." (1997). Bielick, S. and Karns, D.A. 1998. Still Thinking About RQ 36 (4) (Summer 1997): 603-4. Thinking (Report 98-5). Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Amy E. Levin. "Bibliography for Women's History Month: Instirution. Health, History, and Lifestyle. " At Diehl, S.K. and Kalata, J.M. 1998. Uniting Lives: Constituent http://www.sil.si.edu/SILPublications/womenshistorybib.htm Perspectives on the 1997-98 School Year Anacostia (August 1998). Museum/Center for African American History and Culture and Sheila M. Riley. "A Report from the Program: ALCTS/LITA Lucy E. Moten Elementary School Partnership (Research Note 'Managing Metadata for the Digital Library'" LITA 98—5). Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution. Newsletter 19 (3) Summer 1998. Also at DiGiacomo, K.R. and Doering, Z.D. 1998. 1997 Visits to http:l/www. lita. org/newslett/vipn^/ip96^tx4C. Smithsonian Museums (Report 98-2). Washington, D.C:

~~. Review. "Tell Me Lies" by Jennifer Cruise. Library Smithsonian Institution. Journal 169. February 123 (3): 15, 1998. DiGiacomo, K.R., Karns, DA., and Doering, Z.D. 1998.~~

~~. Review. "The Unexpected Salami" by Laurie Gwen Teachers Talk: A Study of Smithsonian in Your Classroom~~

~~Shapiro. LibraryJournal ill (6) : I2 5- April I, 1998. conducted for the Smithsonian Office of Education (Report~~

. Review. "The Doomsday Report" by Rock Brynner. 98—8). Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution. Library Journal 123 (10): 149. June 1, 1998. DiGiacomo, K.R. with Karns, D.A., Pekarik, A.J., Smith, S.

~~. Review. "Ghost Children" by Sue Townsend. Library J, Doering, Z.D. 1999. Summer Visitors to TheJanet Annenberg~~

~~Journal 11J, ( IO ) : 161. June 1, 1998. Hooker Hall of Geology. Gems and Minerals at the National~~

~~. Review. "The Lazarus Child" by Robert Mawson. Museum of Natural History (Report 99-1). Washington,~~

~~LibraryJournal 123 (13): 132. August 1998. DC: Smithsonian Institution.~~

~~115 Doering, Z.D., DiGiacomo, K.R. and Pekarik, A. 1998. Images (Research Note 98-12). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian~~

~~of Native Americans: A Background Yisitor Study for the Institution.~~

~~National Museum of the American Indian (Report 98—3). Kalata, J.M., Doering, Z.D., and Pekarik, A J. 1997. On the~~

~~Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Road with Rock and Soul. Curator, 40 (4) (Research Note~~

~~Doering, Z.D., Pekarik, A.J., and Kindlon, A.E. 1997. 97-10).~~

Exhibitions and Expectations: The Case of "Degenerate Smith, S. J and Pekarik, A. 1998. More Asian Art Experiences: Art." Curator, 40(7.) (Research Note 97-9). Visitor Preferences and Responses to Twelve Centuries ofJapanese

Doering, Z.D. and Smith S.J. 1998. Racial and Ethnic Art from the Imperial Collection (Report 98—7). Washington, Distributions (Research Note 98-1). Washington, D.C.: D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Institution.

Doering, Z.D., Smith, SJ. and Kalata, J.M. 1998. Smithsonian Contributing Members: Results from the 1997 Contributing Membership Program Survey (Report 98—1). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution (Report 98—iA: Summary). Office of General Counsel

Institutional Studies Office. 1998. Background Studies for BodyWorks: A Forthcoming Exhibition at the National Museum Browne, Rachelle V. (Coauthor) Building Community Museums. of American History (Research Note 98-3). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.

~~Institutional Studies Office. 1998. Exploring Amazonia: Three~~

~~Studies of Visitors at the National Zoological Park (Report Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. 98-9). Office of Public Affairs Institutional Studies Office. 1998. NASM Tracking Study:~~

~~Background for a Wayfinding System (Research Note 98—4).~~

~~Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Blue Bulletin. A biweekly rwo-to-four-page newsletter with~~

~~Institutional Studies Office. 1998. Science on the Mall: Concept administrative information for staff. Circulation is to every~~

~~Testing Interviews Summary Report (Research Note 98—2). Smithsonian staff member. Editor: Colleen Hershberger~~

~~Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. The Torch. A monthly newspaper for Smithsonian employees,~~

~~Institutional Studies Office. 1998. Talks with Engaged Visitors which highlights staff roles in research, exhibitions,~~

~~at the National Museum of American An and the National collections and other activities; exhibitions "Now~~

~~Portrait Gallery (Research Note 98-7). Washington, D.C.: Showing"; classified ads; staff "Spare Time" activities; and~~

~~Smithsonian Institution. more. Circulation is 10,600, which includes staff,~~

~~Institutional Studies Office. 1998. Visitor Responses to the volunteers, Smithsonian boards and commissions, and a list~~

Mammal Hall at the National Museum of Natural History of interested individuals and organizations outside the (Research Note 98—6). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Smithsonian. Editor: John Barrat Institution. Smithsonian Institution Research Reports. A quarterly newsletter

Kalata, J _M. 1998. Air Transportation: Exhibition Plan Interviews that disseminates information on Smithsonian research to Summary Report (Research Note 98—11). Washington, D.C.: an audience of some 60,000 readers, mostly Smithsonian

Smithsonian Institution. Contributing Members but also scientists, scholars, Kalata, J_M. and Barone, N. 199S. Combining Early Childhood libraries, museums, universities, journalists and others. Education and Museum Learning: A Seminar Evaluation Editor Jo Ann Webb

~~216 Administrative Program Officer Office of Planning, Jerry Jankowski Management and Writer/Editor Budget Grey Hautaluoma~~

Contributing Director Membership L. Carole Wharton Program Manager The Smithsonian Assistant Director for Budget Christine Skennion Formulation and Institution and Execution Smithsonian C. Austin Matthews Women's Committee Assistant Director for Its Subsidiaries, Compliance and Program Coordinator

~~Representation Cynthia Goodson Mary Rodriguez September 30, 1998 J. Assistant Directorfor Program Planning and Management Support Provost Kathleen R. Johnson The~~

Assistant Director for Policy Development Office of the Provost Assistant The Secretary Office Margaret C. Gaynor Earl R. Bice Associate Director for Systems Administrative Officer and Administrative The Provost

Office of the Henry E. Goodejr. Support J. Dennis O'Connor Secretary Auditor Jack D. Zickafoose Executive Officer for Peter D. Gould Administration Auditor Mary Tanner Secretary Programs The Denka B. Henderson Exectuive Officer for

I. Michael Heyman Criminal Investigator Barbara Schneider Executive Assistant Office of Ruth Selig Robert L. Johnson James M. Hobbins Confidential Assistant Auditor Membership and Deputy Executive Assistant Sandy Reid Seksin Kardmai Development Kathy A. Boi SI Webmaster Supervisory Auditor Personal Assistant Petet House Kevin E. Kreitz Barbara A. Cederborg Executive Director for Web Manager Auditor Administrative Assistant Development Melissa Lane Lynn E. Lantz Carol F. Anderson Robert V. Hanle Awards Administrator Auditor Special Assistant Director of Individual Giving Joan Zavala Lisa V. Leonard Leigh White and Volunteer Relations Administrate Officer Management Auditor Secretariat Records Diana D. Duncan Arleen McClain Supervisor Gary S. Ling Director of Administration and Program Assistant Betty Russell Supervisory Auditor J. Operations Vera Chase Brian W. Lowe Margo H. Knight Secretary Criminal Investigator Directorfor Corporate Relations Iris Washington Anthony G. Medici Joni Henderson Program Specialist Management Analyst Office of Inspector Development Officers Neil Kotler Kimm A. Richards Barbara W Freeman Program Assistant General Supervisory Criminal Carrie Harrison Priscilla Brown Investigator Linda A. Robertson Computer Specialist Gerard A. Roy Rafael Pena Inspector General Program Manager, Smithsonian Program Analyst Thomas D. Blair Auditor National Board Richard Haas Deputy Inspector General and Joyce E. Smith Judie Boerger Support Assistant Counsel Supervisory Auditor Database Coordinator Management Richard C. Otto Joan M. Trudeau Ann Angel Bissell Taneesha Barnes

217 Assistant Director Operations Membership & Volunteer Department Head, Image Anacostia Museum for Dianne G. Niedner Coordinator Rights & Reproduction / and Center for Administrative Officer Maria Musick Photographic Services African American Brinah White Registrar Jill Bloomer Assistant Director. Membership Cordelia Rose Head of Plant Services History and and Development Associate Registrar John Hanson Culture Nora Trebbe Maroulis Steve Langehough Director of the Cooper-Hewitt

Grant Coordinator Assistant Registrar Museum / Parsons Mary Piznar Master Program Juliette Ibelli Director Membership Coordinator Maria Conelli Head of Security Steven Cameron Newsome Athena Kaldis James Kirk Associate Directorfor Research Curator Emeritus Assistant Curator of Applied and Collections Garnett McCoy Arts & Industrial Design Deborah Willis Deborah Shinn Center for Folklife Associate Directorfor External Curator of Drawings & Prints Affairs Programs Marilyn Symmes and Shireen Dodson Cooper-Hewitt, Assistant Curator Cultural Studies Associate Director for Public Gail Davidson Service National Design Paper Conservator Robert Hall Director Museum Konstanze Bachmann Associate Director for Facilities Richard Kurin Curator of Textiles and Special Projects Deputy Director Director Gillian Moss Sharon A. Reinckens Richard Kennedy Dianne Pilgrim Senior Researcher Director and Curator, Special Assistant to the Director Milton Sonday Smithsonian Folkways Thomas Reynolds Textiles Conservator Recordings Assistant Director for Lucy Commoner Anthony Seeger Archives Administration Collectikons Manager of Director, Smithsonian Folklife Linda Dunne Barbara Duggan American Art Festival Special Assistant to the Director Curator of Wallcoverings Diana Parker Nerissa Tackect Joanne Kosuda-Warner Director, Cultural Studies and Assistant Director for Public Head Design Department Director of Communication Programs Ellen Lupton Richard J. Wattenmaker James Early Susan Yelavich Exhibition Curator, Special West Coast Regional Director Senior Ethnomusicologist Financial Program Projects Paul J. Karlscrom Thomas Vennum, Jr. Administrator Lucy Fellowes Curator of Manuscripts Assistant Director, Smithsonian Robin A. Schlinger Exhibition Specialist Elizabeth S. Kirwin Folkways Management Analyst Christine Editor, Journal McKee Amy Horowitz Loma Hannah Writer-Editor Darcy Tell Administrative Officer Budget Assistant Assistant to the Director and Patry O'Connell Barbara Strickland Rona Simon Liaison to the Board Librarian Folklorists of Museum Shop Manager Trustees Stephen Van Dyk Olivia Cadaval Chris Masaoay Skip Moellman Reference Librarian Diana Baird N'Diaye Assistant Shop Manager Claire Gunning Assistant Director for Archival Oliver Hummel Peter Seitel Programs Head of Education FolkloristslEducation Specialists Facilities Manager B. Byers Dorothy Dunn Belanus James Angelo Rodriguez Betry J. Collections Processing Program coordinator for School Chief. Head of Development and Marjorie Hunt Programs Barbara Dawson Aikens Public Affairs Festival Technical Director! Registrar Laura James Kerry Macintosh Folkways Sound Supervisor Susan Cary Assistant Development Officer Program Coordinator for Production Chief. Reference Services Katherine Reed Audience Development Pete Reiniger

~~Judith E. Throm Public Information Specialist Sharon Mei Mah Program/Publications Manager~~

~~Catalog and Internet Resources Barbara Livenstein Program Coordinator for Adult Carla M. Borden~~

~~Manager Special Events Manager Audience Program Manager Karen B. Weiss Pamela Havlock Egle Zygas John W. Franklin~~

218 Design Director Hirsbhorn Museum National Center for Earth and Kenn Shrader Air and Planetary Studies Division Coordinator, Latino Cultural and Sculpture Space Museum- Resource Network Garden Chairman Cynthia VIdaurri Director Bruce A. Campbell Program Specialist/Intern Geologists Coordinator Director Donald D. Engen Deputy Mary Bourke Arlene Reiniger James T. Demetnon Director Donald Patricia A. Jacobberger Archivist Assistant Directorfor S. Lopez Manager. Jellison C. Jeiifrey Place Administration Capital James R. Zimbelman Assistant Archivist Beverly Lang Pierce Campaign/Development Ronald Robert A. Craddock Stephanie Smith Assistant Directorfor Art and Mirenda Thomas Watters Media Specialist Public Programs Supervisory Development Officer Geophysicist Charles Weber Neal Benezra Anne Seeger Bruce A. Campbell Administrative Assistants Curators Supervisor. Public Affairs Geographer Michael Fetters Linda Benner Valerie J. Fletcher J. Frederick Engle BUI Holmes Frank Gettings Manager, Special Events Andrew Johnston Heather MacBride Judith Zilczer Linda Hicks Cultural Studies and Phyllis Rosenzweig Communication Program Olga M. Viso Collections Division Collections and Assistant Publications Manager Research Department Cenny Hester Jane McAllister Chief Collections Division Folkways Manufacturing Read, Public Affairs Associate Director for Thomas M. Alison Coordinator Sidney Lawrence Collections and Research Chief. Preservation/Restoration Michael Maloney Librarian Ted A. Maxwell Unit folkways Specialist Anna Brooke William C Reese

Dudley Connell ChiefPhotographer Chief, Collections Processing Aeronautics Division Folkways Marketing Manager Lee Stalsworth Unit Education Brenda Dunlap Program Director John E. Fulton Assistant Folkways Marketing Linda Powell Chairman Conservator Manager (from June 1998) Domimck A. Pisano Ed McManus Chris Conservators Weston Curators Folkways Production Laurence Hoffman Tom Alison Archives Division Coordinator Lee Aks John Anderson Mary Monseur A. Clarke Bedford Dorothy Cochrane Chairman Folkways Sound Engineer Susan Lake Tom Crouch Thomas F. Soapes Tom Adams Chief, Exhibits and Design R.E.G. Davies Supervisory Archivist Folkways Fulfillment Specialists Edward Schiesser Von D. Hardesty Marilyn Graskowiak Lee Michael Demsey Design and Production Peter Jakab Supervisory Technical Judy Gilmore Supervisor Russell E. Lee Matt Levine Robert Allen Information Specialist Richard Leyes Ronnie Simpkins Registrar Dana Bell Michael J. Neufeld Research Associates Brian Kavanagh F. Robert van der Linden Roland Freeman Building Manager Exhibits and Public Daniel Goodwin Fletcher Johnston Services Department Ivan Karp Assistant Building Manager Space History Division

~~Alan Lomax Pamela Smith Associate Directorfor Exhibits~~

~~Worth Long and Public Services Acting Chairman Rene Lopez Nadya A. Makovenyi Allan A. Needell Research Collaborator Curators Kate Rinzler Paul E. Ceruzzi Exhibits Division Martin Collins~~

~~David DeVorkin Chief Cathleen S. Lewis Sandy Rittenhouse-Black~~

~~Valerie Neal Chief. Design Unit Frank Winter Stephen H. Estrada~~

219 Supervisor, Audiovisual Unit Assistant Director, Exhibit Warren M. Robbins Renwick Gallery David N. Heck Design and Facility Library Curator-in-Charge Supervisor, Production Unit Alan Knezevich Kenneth R. Trapp David Paper Senior Scholar Emeritus Librarian Senior Curator Chief, Media Unit Roy Sieber Janet Stanley Adamson Patricia A. Woodside Jeremy Operations Administrator Planetarium Director Publications Office Ellen M. Myette Cheryl Bauer Curatorial

Department Writer-Editor Public Services Division Migs Grove Research & Scholars Curators Center Lydia Puccinelli Chief Assistant Curators Chief LeRoy London Bryna Freyer Rachel M. Allen Supervisor, Education Unit Andrea Nicolls National Museum Intern Program Officer Maureen Kerr Judith H. Houston Manager, Theater/Planetarium of American Art Librarian Operations Public Affairs Cecilia H. Chin Robert Watson Department Research Databases Coordinator Coordinator, Docenl Program Office of the Director Christine Hennessey Unit Public Affairs Officer Collection Database Carolyn Tnebel Director Janice L. Kaplan Elizabeth Broun Administrator Mary Ellen Guerra Deputy Director Administrative Coord, of Image Collections Charles J . Robertson Services Department Education Joan R. Stahl Department Associate Director for Curatorial Office Administrative Services Office of Educational Curator of Education Elizabeth R. Scheffler Chief Curator Edward Lifschitz Programs Jacquelyn D. Serwer Assistant Curator Education of Chief Deputy Chief Curator Information Technology Veronika Jenke Nora M. Panzer Lynda R. Hartigan Division Education Specialists Public Programs Coordinator Associate Curator {Painting Peter Pipim N. Faye Powe and Sculpture) Manager Andrew L. Connors Phouy Sengsourinh Senior Curator {Photography) Registration Office of Registration Merry A. Foresta & Collection Building Management Department Curator (Sculpture) Division Management Registrar George Gurney Associate Curator (Latino art) Registrar Julie Haifley Building Manager Helen M. Lucero Melissa L. Kroning Richard Kowalczyk Senior Curator (Pairmting and Associate Registrar Special Assistant for Plans Conservation Sculpture) Abigail Terrenes Claude D. Russell Registrar and Department Virginia M. Mecklenburg Asst. (Packing Senior Curator (Graphic Arts) Shipping)

Conservator Joann G. Moset Michael R. Smallwood Steve Mellor Senior Curator (Painting and National Museum Sculpture) Office of Design & Richard N. Murray ofAfrican Art Production Eliot Elisofon Senior Curator (Painting and Photographic Sculpture) Chief Director Archives William H. Truettner John R. Zelenik Roslyn A. Walker Collections Research Coordinator Designer

~~Assistant Director, Curator of Photographic Gwendolyn F. Everett Claire F. Larkin Administration Archives Senior Conservator Graphics CoordinatorlDesigner~~

Patricia L. Fiske Christraud M. Geary Stefano Scafetta Robyn L. Kennedy Assistant Directorfor Museum Specialist Exhibitions Project Coordinator National Museum Initiatives Vanessa Broussard Anthony R. Giuffreda Interdisciplinary of American Arthur Molella Simmons Secretaries Office History Administrative Arevivia Amos Vickie Tierney Division of Cultural Administrative Officer Chandra Williams History Maureen E. Damaska Office of the Director Management Support Assistant Director Wendy Watkins Office of External Spencer Crew Chair Rex Ellis Affairs Deputy Director Collections Support Office Martha Morris Assistant Chair Chief Odette Diaz Schuler Assistant Directorfor Strategic Museum Specialists Robert Johnston W Technician initiatives Lisa Brenner Bishop Administrative Deputy Chief Kathetine Spiess Alicia Cutler Jane Woodall Special Assistant to the Director Jane Fortune Management Support Assistants Special Events Coordinator Debora Scriber Miller Kathleen Golden Lynetta Jones Elizabeth R. Ward Secretary Lisa Kathleen Graddy David Hill Tarika Carter King Jim Hughes Curators Office of Print & Management Support Assistant Sue Ostroff James Weaver Electronic Sillvan Carlson Janet Rockenbaugh Richard Ahlborn Publications Planning Specialists Jane Rogers Rayna D. Green Nanci Edwards Wayne E. Wakefield John Edward Hasse Chief Karhleen Fleming Diane Wendt Cynthia Adams Hoover Theresa Slowik Patrick Ladden Charles F. McGovern Smithsonian Without Marvette Perez Walls Office of Project Management Office Harry Rand Development Historians Director Blocket Bowers Project Management Coordinator Dwight Development Officer Judith Gradwohl Eleanor Boyne James Oliver Horton Katie M Ziglar Program Coordinator Program Coordinators Membership Marketing Kathleen Connolly Howard Bass Coordinator Office of Curatorial Program Specialist Kenneth Kimery Maria Vallecillo lone Anderson Affairs Watson Acting Public Affairs Officer Marthew Project Assistants Judith Bell Associate Director Archives Center Gift Lonnie Bunch III Deena Program Manager John McKiernan-Gonzalez Office of Information Chief Archivist Museum Specialists Lynn Chase John A. Fleckner Technology Roney Hughes Assistant to the Associate Deputy Chief Archivist Ellen H. Shayt Chief Director Robert S. Harding David

~~Thornton Staples Joyce Ramey Archivists Gary Sturm~~

Computer Support Manager David E. Habersrich Exhibits Interpreter Michael Cummings Reuben M. Jackson Kimberly Kelly Special Projects Office Head, New Media Initiatives Cathy Keen Producer Jeffrey Gates Ann Kuebler James Zimmerman Project Managers Project Dir., New Media Muni Minnick Camilla Clough Learning Environments Craig A. Orr Kate Henderson Sherwood A. Dowling Alison Oswald Smithsonian Chamber Museum Specialist Deborra A. Richardson Music Society David Miller Scott W Schwartz Wendy Shay Director Department of History Program Assistant Executive Graciella Berkovich Patrick Rucker Artistic Director Acting Assistant Director Historian Kenneth Slowik Ram unas Kondratas Fath Davis Ruffins Division of the History of Museum Specialists PrisciUa Q. Wood Manager Technology Nance Briscoe William H. Yeingst Margaret Grandine Michelle Delaney Cindy Petony

Chair Peggy Kidwell Project Assistants Master Plan Steven Lubar Douglas Mudd Soledad Campos Stanley Nelson Denise Meringolo Project Manager Assistant Chair R. Roger Sherman Shelley Nickles Frances Dispenzirie Jennifer Locke Elliot Sivowitch Adminstrative Technician Museum Technicians Clerk Typist Matthews Kristin DeGrace Grace Boone Shannon Thomas Sandra Harold Wallace Curators Emeritus Secretary Curator Emeritus Rita Adrosko Services Shirley Jordan-Stanton J. Administrative Elizabeth M. Harris Anne C. Golovin Curators Management Support Assistant Edith P. Manager Pete Daniel Mayo Queen Brown Keith E. Melder Rosemary Phillips Paul F. Johnston Curators Secretary Donald E. Kloster Larry Bird Frances Jones Carlene Stephens Division of Science, Medicine and Society Rodris Roth Jeffrey K. Stine Barbara Clark Smith Collections William L. Withuhn Chair Museum Conservators Documentation Services Batdton Hacker Ray Kondratas Katherine Difks Museum Specialists Assistant Chair Karen Harris Manager Harry Hunter J. Steven Turner Historian Katharine Stewart Paula Johnson Secretary Lonn Wood Taylor Collections Documentation Larry Jones Gertrude Ross- Padgett Specialists Peter Liebhold Museum Specialists David Board Sarah Rittgers Lemelson Center for the Judy Chelnick Bernard Gallagher David Todd Study of Invention and Ann M. Seeger Innovation Andrea Heiss L. Susan Tolbert Curators Deborah Schaefer-Jacobs Margaret Vining Jon B. Eklund Roger White Director Patricia Gossel Arthur Molella Offsite Storage William E. Worthington G. Terry Sharrer Manager Management Timothy Mitchell Program Linda Tucker Margaret Dennis Claudine Klose Manager Deborah J. Warner Historian Historian Emeritus Steve Hemlin Kathenne Ott Joyce Bedi James S. Hutchins Museum Specialists Educators Kluck Division of Social History Michael Judd Stacey Division of Information David Lewis Sondra Berger Technology and Society Tamura Moore Chair Program Coordinator James Oakley Susan Myers Tanya Garner Acting Chair Assistant Chair Richard Siday Research Assistant Helena Wtight Museum Technicans Shelly Foote Monica Smith Chair Secretaries Craig Brunetti Project Assistant David Allison Scott Bruton Doyon Harris Emily Wilson Assistant Chair Kim Knoblock Edward Christian Public Affairs Specialist Joan Boudreau Gail Everson Jennifer Strobel Heather Bruce Secretary Museum Specialists Lehua Fisher Cynthia Joy nes Marilyn Higgins Christopher Moote Department Collections Program Manager Sheila Alexander of Alicia Freitag Management Services Karen Lee Doris M. Bowman Donald Leonard

~~Curators Barbara S. Janssen Scott Neel Richard G. Doty Claudia Brush Kidwell Acting Assistant Director Wendy Wiener Jon B. Eklund Bonnie E. Lilienfeld Karen Garlick Jeannie Whited~~

Bernard S. Finn Jennifer Oka Program Manager Neal Walters Paul Forman Harry Rubenstein Ray Hurt Cedric Yeh Elvira Eliza Anne M. Serio Secretary Computer Specialist Qain-Stefanelli Melodie Sweeney ErikaMack Martin White Move Project Manager Intern and Specialist Visual MSC Fellowship Information Department ofPublications Ginger Deucher Allison Wickens Specialists/Designers Program Assistant Educators Russell Cashdollar Writers/Editors Beverly Wise Theresa Esterlund Stevan Fisher Nancy Brooks Tim Grove Conny Raitzky Joan Mentzer Preservation Services Aniceto Navarto Ann Rossilli Administrative Techntchian Heather Paisley-Jones Nigel Briggs Lydia Wallick Preservation Administrator Program Assistants Exhibit Specialists Office Clerk Joan Young Alice Gergely Bob Norton Jamal Pope Museum Specialist Andrea Lowther Marcia Powell Publications Debbie Hashim Howard Morrison Specialist/Graphics Conservators Exhibit Coordinator Department Program Designer Polly Willman Tom O'Brien of Production Sue Walther Beth Richwine Richard Barden Office of Public Lynne Gilliland Office of the Capital Services Director Carolyn Long Kathryn Campbell Campaign and Suzanne Thomassen-Kraus Administrative Technician External Affairs Department of Exhibits Museum Technician Marilyn Turner Amy Venzke Audio/Visual and Services Capital Campaign Office Graphics Registration Services Director Tom Tearman Associate Director Registrar Exhibits Maintenance Supervisory Exhibits Specialist Elizabeth Perry Jeanne Benas Coordinator Omar Wynn Campaign Associates Assistant Registrar Mary Miller Exhibits Specialists Eva Fischer Ed Ryan Motion Picture Projectionist Lou Covey Mary Jane Appel Registration Specialists Henry Cao Brian Jensen Tom Bower Exhibits Aides John Nelson Nancy Card Joe Grace Diane Pryor Office of External Affairs Charles Sthreshley Museum Specialists Beverly Robinson

~~Batja Bell Supervisory Exhibits Specialist Juan Smith Department of Business Patricia Mansfield Ralph Logan Eric Chamberlain Activities Stephen Velasquez Electronics Technician Barbara Cross~~

Registration Technicians Richard Wakefield Visual Information Coordinator Management Support Clerk Audrey Ellis Marion Gill Rosa Suau Estelle Hurley Program in African Associate Director American Culture Cabinets Harold Closter Office of Development

Senior Program Manager Director Supervisory Exhibits Specialist Catherine Perge Niani Kilkenny Director Peter Albritton Secretary Historian Ruth Sexton Exhibits Specialists Barbara Gilmartin Alonzo Smith Development Specialist Bill Roseberry Program Coordinator Kate Clinton Geoffrey Ward Luvenia George Dei'elopment Assistants Department of Education Billy Powell and Visitor Services Office Manager Danyelle Kensey Regi na Taylor-Wynn Meghan Gross Historic Restoration Director Nancy McCoy Department of Program Office of Special Events Secretary Planning and Design Shop Supervisor

~~Cassandra Williams Tetry Conable Director~~

~~Education Specialists Director Exhibits Specialists Elizabeth Little~~

~~Martha Jo Messerole Harold Aber Robbie Barrett Special Events Coordinators Burt Glassman Secretary Joe Criste Arlene Fenlon Amy Bartow-Melia Kay Habeger Daragh Cassidy Jennifer Sawitzsky~~

223 Department of Public Management Support Assistant Gregory Powell National Museum Affairs Juanita Garner John Ridout Clerk Typist Milton Williams of the American Director Joyce Clark Laborers Indian Melinda Machado Space Management Specialist Darnell Eddy

~~Public Affairs Specialists Ricky Drake Myron Johnson~~

Valeska Hilbig Processing Clerk, Director Kristian Knight Shipping/Receiving Maintenance W. Richard West Public Affairs Assistant Hazel Jones Dia Adams Rigging Worker Supervisor Electrical Worker Steve Jones Bill Cole Office of the Director Maintenance Mechanics Fred Dunsmore Office of Capital Custodial Office Deputy Director Bo Matchett Programs Douglas Evelyn Custodial Foremen Todd Coombs Oplants Electricians Associate Director Floyd Harris Kerns Ronald Becker Irene Short John Office of James Reed Management Support Assistant Lennette Weaver Administration Margaret MacDonnell Custodial Workers Assistant Director Program Manager Vincent Nunnicut for Office of Administration Carol Frost David Felix Donna A. Scott Program Assistant Carolyn Anderson Administrative and Frances Jones Wesley Johnson Automation Services

Clerk Typist Malcolm Archer Associate Director Office of National LaShawn Barnes William Brock Dennis Dickinson Bernell Brown Campaign and Budget Director Catherine Butler External Affairs Richard Nicastro Star-Spangled Banner Yvette Clanton Project Armanrey Devaughn Director

Priscilla Dickerson John Colonghi Administrative Office Museum Technicians Delphine Dicks Deputy Director Abagail Freeman John Dixon Maggie Bertin Budget Analyst Simran Dhami Barry Duncan Sandra Dunnigan Conservators Marion Dunsmore Management Analyst Suzanne Reginald Eley Office of Public Maggie Limehouse Thomassen-Krauss William Ellis Programs Administrative Specialist LaTasha Harris Walter Feaster Frank Roche Michele Pagan Nathaniel Jennings Assistant Director for Public Adminstrative Technician Programs Theresa Jones Dan Weinwurm Laura McKnight Charlotte Heth Clerk Typist Office of Facility Gregory McNeil Wendy Coleman Planning and Deborah Morton Management Beatrice Newland Office ofPublic Michael Newlon Computer Services Center Programs—GGHC (NY) Director Irvin Suggs Jim Whoolery Tim Witherspoon Chief Facility Manager Yvonne Lennon Brad Howard Deputy Assistant Director for Richard Day Linda Smith Computer Programmer Analysts Public Programs Assistant Facility Manager Sherman Ellegood John Haworth Ken Jordan Rigging Elizabeth Fife

Building Management Assistant Computer Specialists Donna Tillman Rigging Worker header Rob Gaskill Office of Exhibitions Safety Manager Donald Phillips Barbara Jordan Bill Prebble Riggers Steve Stewart Deputy Assistant Director for General Foreman Andrew Gormey Brad Tesh Exhibits Sinclair Jennings Harrison Hawkins Raelene Worthington James Volkert

224 Office of Cultural Curator of Painting and Financial Officer Research Veterinarian Resources Sculpture Polone M. Bazile Steven Monfort Ellen G. Miles Registrar Endocrinologist Assistant Directorfor Cultural Curator of Photographs David T. Wilson Janine Brown Resources Mary C. Panzer Head of Education Therologist Bruce Bernstein Curator ofPrints and Drawings Esther Washington JoGayle Howard

~~Deputy Assistant Director for Wendy Wick Reaves Exhibitions Manager Fish Cryobiologist Cultural Resources Senior Historian Patricia M. Burke Mary Hagedorn~~

George Horse Capture Frederick S. Voss External Affairs and Development Computer Specialist Officer Mammal Unit Andrew Klafter Nancy R. Lynner Office of Community Senior Conservator Museum Program Specialist Head. Mammal Unit Services Nancy Pope Cindy Lou Ockershausen Linwood Williamson Museum Specialist (Philately) Development Officer Assistant Directorfor Patrick M. Madden Joseph Geraci Community Services Education Project Education Program Writer/Editor Tim Johnson Director, Acting Jeffery L. Brodie Leader, Education Project Glenda Buff Building Manager Greg Cunningham Jennifer Buff Chief. Design and Production Librarian Nello Marconi Timothy Carr National Museum Curator of Exhibitions Biological Programs Protection Services Beverly J. Cox ofNatural History Captain Gordon Swain Associate Director for Biological Keeper. Center Electronic for Programs Research and Outreach Benjamin Beck Director Services

~~Robert W. Fri Catalog of American National Department of Zoological Associate Director for Operations Portraits Research Daniel Dreyfus Linda Thrift Zoological Park~~

Associate Directorfor Research Editor of the Charles Willson Assistant Director for and Scientific Collections Peak Papers Director Zoological Research Ross Simons Sidney Han Michael H. Robinson Daryl Boness Associate Director for Public Librarian Deputy Director Research Nutritionist Programs Cecilia Chin McKinley Hudson Olav Oftedal Robert D. Sullivan Chief Photographer

Acting Associate Director for Rolknd White Conservation and Migragory Bird Center Development and Public Publications Officer Reseatch Center Affairs Frances K. Stevenson Director, Migratory Bird Center Associate Director for Shelley Goode Public Affairs Officer Russell Conservation Greenberg Brennan Rash Chris M. Wemmer Registrar Molecular Genetics Deputy Associate Directorfor Suzanne C. Jenkins Laboratory Conservation Facilities Manager National Portrait Scott R. Derrickson Daniel Davies Chief Molecular Genetics Conservation Training Officer Gallery Laboratory Rasanayagam Rudran Robert Fleischer Head. Field Research Unit John Rappole Director Senior Veterinarian Exhibit Programs Alan Fern National Postal Mitchell Bush Deputy Director Museum Curator Carolyn K. Carr Reproductive Physiology Michael Davenport Associate Director for Unit Alan Peters Administration Director Belinda Reser Barbara A. Hart James H. Bruns Head. Reproductive Physiology Miles Roberts Administrative Officer Administrative Officer Unit Vincent Rico Eloise P. Baden Antoinette Williams David Wildt John Seidensticker

225 Radio and Geoastronomy Mark Birkinshaw Lisa Stevens National Zoological Park Myers Raymond Blundell Paul Tomassoni Police Philip Solar and Stellar Physics Jay Bookbinder Captain Eugene H. Avrett Bram Boroson Department of Robert McCready Theoretical Astrophysics Nancy Brickhouse Nutritional Resources George Rybicki Roger Bnssenden

Division of Exhibit Benjamin Bromley* Manager. Department of Interpretation Department Managers Anthony Burek Nutritional Resources Nelson Caldwell Mary Allen Head, Division of Exhibit Central Engineering Nuria Calvet

~~Interpretation Richard B. Dias Alastair Cameron* Department of Pathology Lynn Dolnick Computation Facility Robert Cameron~~

Van L. McGlasson Nathaniel Carleton Head, Department of Pathology Office of Management Contracts. Grants, and Cesare Cecchi-Pestellini* Richard Montali Services Property Management Kelly Chance John Harris John Chandler Administrative Officer Department of Jon Chappell vacant Financial Management Mario Cosmo Animal Health Steven Cranmer

Head, Department of Animal Office of Safety and Accounting Section Chief Alexander Dalgarno Health Occupational Health Robert Palleschi Thomas Dame Richard Cambre Budget Section Chief Laurence David Manager, and Safety James Taylor James Davis Occupational Health Human Resources Robert Davis Office of Public Garrick Smith Laura Conway Edward DeLuca Affairs Library Rosanne Di Stefano Donna Coletti Chief Office of Public Affairs Facilities and Danuta Dobrzycka Information Robert Hoage Management Management Adam Dobrzycki Systems R. Hank Donnelly Assistant Director for Facilities Rosalie Blum Development Jeremy Drake and Management Publications Andrea Dupree Vasa Cornell Robin James Richard Edgar Head of Development Science Education Petet Edmonds* Teresa Larson Philip M. Sadler Antonio Eff-Darwich Pena Subcontracts and Procurement Guenther Eichhorn Business Office Petet Sozanski Smithsonian Martin Elvis Travel Manager Ruth Esser Business Astrophysical Nancy M. Adler Nancy Johnson Robert Estes Observatory Ian Evans Scientific Staff Nancy Evans Registrar Office of the Giuseppina Fabbiano Director Thomas Aldcroft Fabricant Registrar Daniel Irwin Shapiro Yakov Alpert Fako-Acosta Judith Block Emilio Alice Argon Giovanni Fazio Associate Directors Matthew Ashby George Field Interpretive Programs Eugene Avrett Silvano Fineschi Planning James Babb Associate Directorfor Fabrizio Fiore Bruce Gregory Sallie Baliunas Programs Craig Foltz Interpretive Atomic and Molecular Physics Simon Bandler David Jenkins Christine Forman Kate Kitby Frederic Baudin William Forrnan High Energy Astrophysics Barbara Bell* Robert Fortey* Office ofSecurity and Stephen Murray Edwin Bergin Fred Franklin Communications Optical And Infrared Astronomy Kirshner Linda French* Robert •Harvard members of che Antonella Fruscione Chief Planetary Sciences Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Terrance Gaetz vacant Brian G. Marsden Astrophysics

226 Charles Gammie Sylvain Korzennik John Raymond Harry Warren Michael Garcia Ralph Kiaft Robert Reasenberg Trevor Weekes Larry Gardner Thomas Kurosu Mark Reid Fred Whipple Peter Garnavich* Robert Kurucz Dana Riley Black* Belinda Wilkes John Geary Charles Lada Suzanne Romaine Steven Willner Margaret Geller Adair Lane Laurence Rothman David Wilner Owen Gingerich David Latham Arnold Rots Robert Wilson

Leon Golub David Layzer* George Rybicki Scott Wolk Alyssa Goodman* Daruel Lebach Steven Saar Jonathan Woo Paul Gorenstein Myron Lecar Hossein Sadeghpour Brian Wood Carl Gottlieb* Joseph Lehar Philip Sadler* John Wood Roy Gould Abraham Loeb* Dimitar Sasselov* Kenny Wood Dale Graessle Enrico Lorenzini Jonathan Schachter Diana Worrall Paul Green Jane Luu* Rudolph Schild Min Yan* Lincoln Greenhill Maxim Markevitch Eric Schlegel Kouichi Yoshino Jonathan Grindlay* Brian Marsden Matthew Schneps Ken Young Mario Grossi Ursula Marvin Herbert Schnopper Robert Zacher Marvin Grossman* Alessandra Massarotti* Daniel Schwartz Xiaolei Zhang Gordon Gullahorn Smita Mathur Frederick Seward Ping Zhao Mark Gurwell Edward Mattison Aneta Siemiginowska Martin Zombeck Shadia Habbal Susan Mattson Eric Silver

F. Rick Haraden Michael McCarthy lonel Simbotin*

Daniel Harris Jeffrey McClintock Patrick Slane liana Harrus Jonathan McDowell Howard Smith Smithsonian Center Lee Hartmann Brendan McLaughlin Peter Smith* Materials Martha Hazen* Brian McLeod Randall Smith for Eric Heller Brian McNamara Willie Soon Research and Todd Henry Gary Mel nick Regina Soufli Education Paul Ho Joseph Michels Marco Spaans Marthew Holman Glenn Milne Robert Spurr Director Eric Hooper Mari Paz Miralles Antony Stark Lambertus van Zelst Joseph Hora James Moran John Stauffer John Huchra Stephen Murray Robert Stefanik Assistant to the Director John Hughes Philip Myers Robert Stem Beverly M. Smith Administrative Per Jarlemark Balakrishnan Naduvalath* Richard Stoner Officer Vernetta Williams Diab Jerius Ramesh Narayan* Leonard Strachan M. David Johnson Tomohiko Narita* Harvey Tananbaum Administrative Staff Ester-Clark Kenneth Jucks Fabrizio Nicastro Patrick Thaddeus Loretta E. Francine T. Lewis Jiahong Juda Joy Nichols Eric Tollestrup Michael Juda Robert Noyes Volker Tolls Jocelyn D. Sellers Philip Kaaret Ray O'Neal Guillermo Torres Education Wolfgang Kalkofen Scott Paine Wesley Traub and Margarita Karovska Alexander Panasyuk Ginevra Trinchien Training

~~Edwin Kellogg Costas Papaliolios Wallace Tucker Education Coordinator~~

~~Almus Kenter William Parkinson* Han Uitenbroek Donald C. Williams Scott Kenyon Michael Pearlman Adriaan Van Ballegooijen Archives Conservator~~

~~Eric Keto Ue-Li Pen* Leon VanSpeybroeck Fei-wen Tsai~~

Vasili Kharchenko Mchail Petaev Vladimir Vassiliev Senior Furniture Conservator Dong-Woo Kjm James Phillips Robert Vessot Melvin J. Wachowiak Kate Kirby Paul Plucinsky Jan Vrtilek Senior Objects Conservator Robert Kirshner* Rene Plume Saeqa Vrtilek Carol A. Grissom Steven Kleiner William Press* Ronald Walsworth Yuan-Kuen Ko Andrea Presrwich Zhong Wang * Harvard members of the

~~Christopher Kochanek* Francis Primini Robert Ward* Harvard-Smithsonian Center for John Kohl Michael Ratner Bradford Wargelin Astrophysics~~

227 Assistant Director Objects Conservator Smithsonian for Office of Physical International and Harriet (Rae) F. Beaubien Plants Paintings Conservator Environmental External Affairs Jia-sun Tsang Research Center Elena Lombardo Branch Engineer Senior Paper Conservator Assistant Directorfor Scientific Fernando Pascal Dianne van der Reyden Support Services

~~Senior Textile Conservator Director Howard S. Barnes Photographic Mary W. Ballard Ross B. Simons Complroler Assistant Director Leopoldo Leon Department~~

Research Anson H. Hines Executive Officer and Assistant Photographer Facilities Manager Director for Coordinator Research Marcos A. Guerra Paul F. Tavel Administration and Legal Ronald L. Bishop Electronic Imaging Specialist Education Specialist Affairs Senior Research Biochemist A. Mark Haddon Leonor G. Motta Alejandro Caballero Noreen C. Tuross Animal Ecologists Special Advisor to the Director Research Biologist James F. Lynch for Technology Connie J. Kolman Procurement Office Ilka C. Feller Transfer/Environmental Senior Research Ceramic Gregory M. Ruiz Policy Issues Scientist Supervisor, Contract Specialist Chemical Ecologist Stanley Heckadon-Moreno Pamela B. Vandiver Mercedes Arroyo Thomas E. Jordan Senior Research Chemists Environmental Chemist M. James Blackman Accounting Office David L. Correll protocol Qffice Charles S. Tumosa Environmental Engineer Research Chemist Accounting Officer Gary Peresta Protocol Officer Emile C Joel Carlos Urbina Ecologist Monica Alvarado Metallurgist Geoffrey G. Parker Martha E. Goodway Microbial Ecologists Development Office Senior Research Organic Chemist Safety Office D. Wayne Coats W. David Erhardt Head. Development Office Charles L. Gallegos Research Organic Chemists Lucy B- Dorick (resigned Safety Officer Modeler Perurena Mary T. Baker on August zi, 1998) Jose Ramon Donald E. WeUer David W. von Endt Development Officer Plant Ecologists Senior Research Photographic Lisa Barnett Dennis F. Whigham Security Office Scientist Catherine Lovelock Mark McCormick- Photobiologtst Security Manager Goodhart Diving Office Alejandro Arze Patrick J. Neale Senior Research Physical Plant Physiologist Diving Officer Scientist Bert G. Drake Jose Espino Marion F. Mecklenburg Scientific Support Services Support and Human Resources Collaboration Office Management Specialist

Smithsonian (Scientific) Scientific Support Coordinator Personnel Management Specialist Raineldo Urriola Melanie E. Feather Tropical Research Carmen Sucre Tupper Center, Ancon and Analytical Chemist Institute Galeta Manager Camie S. Thompson Audrey M. Smith Biochemist Office of Information BCI Scientific Coordinator JillL. Russ Director Technology Oris Acevedo Mjcroscopisl Ira Rubinoff Information Technology Officer Manager Hairy A. Alden Deputy Director BCI Francisco Rivera Millan Organic Chemist Anthony G. Coates Daniel Support Services Manager Walter R. Hopwood Assistant Director for Facilities Naos Mercedes Denis Senior Paintings Conservator Carlos Tejada Library Roland H. Cunningham Assistant Director for Naos Laboratories Scientific

~~Technical Information Specialist Fellowships and Education Branch Librarian Coordinator Ann B. N'Gadi Georgina de Alba Vielka Chang-Yau Anibal Velarde~~

~~228 .~~

Museum Programs Specialist Visitor Services Office Center for Tropical National Science Palaeoecology and Magdalena Mieri Ytsitor Services Manager Curriculum Coordinator Resources Center Gloria Maggiori Archaeology Bettie J- Lee

Director Secretary David Executive Director Scientific Staff Jeremy B.C. Jackson Hill Douglas M. Lapp Emeritus Senior Scholar Research Associates Emeritus Senior Scientist Deputy Director for Stephen E. Weil Tomas Arias A. Stanley Rand Development, External Hector Barrios Senior Scientists Relations, and Outreach Mary Alice Cofrroth Intern Services Jeremy B.C. Jackson Sally Goetz Shuler Laurel Collins Olga F. Linares Administrative Intern Services Coordinator Officer Gregory S. West-Eberhard Gilbert Mary Jane Elena Piquer Mayberry R. Gail Thomas Nicholas Georgiadis Scientists Staff Intern Services Assistant Computer Analyst Mahabir Gupta Annerte Aiello Eric Jack Baker Leonard West, Sr Stephen Hubbell Penelope Barnes Project Director, Science and Roberto Ibahez Eldredge Bermingham Technology Concepts for Jorge Illueca John H. Chrisry Middle Schools (STC/MS) Peter Jung Richard G. Cooke Kitty Lou Smith Elisabeth Kalko Office of Exhibits Paul Coiinvaux (retired on Information Dissemination Howard R. Lasker September 30, 1998) Central Director Stephen Mulkey Mireya Correa Evelyn M. Ernst Catherine Potvin Luis D'Croz Publications Director Director William G. Eberhard Diomedes Quintero Dean Trackman Michael Helena Fortunato Robert E. Ricklefs Headley Robin Foster Tyson Roberts Hector Guzman Michael Ryan Administration Stanley Heckadon-Moreno Julieta Carrrion de Samudio Assistant Director E. Allen Herre Rafael Samudio Smithsonian Llewellya Mary Dillon Bird Hillis (departed Hans-Ulrich Schnitzler Institution Archives Administrative Officer on September, 1998) Robert Stallard Debbie H. Yang Nancy Knowlton Henry Stockwell Projects Manager Egbert G. Leigh, Jr. Melvin Tyree Director Harilaos George Quist Lessios Fredic V. Vend Edie Hedlin Dolores Piperno Gerhard Zotz D. Ross Robertson Design, Editing, and David W. Roubik Archives Division Graphics Notis Salazar Allen Archivist and Division Director Fernando Santos-Granero Team Leader Alan L. Bain Neal G. Smith Center for Museum Mary Dillon Bird Associate Archivists William Wcislo Studies William E. Cox Donald M. Windsor Modelmaking Klaus Winter James A. Steed Team Leader Kathleen M. Williams S. Joseph Wright Director Richard Kilday Assistant Archivists Rex M. Ellis J. La Nina M. Clayton Center for Tropical Deputy Director R. Shawn Johnstone Bruce C. Craig Fabrication Forest Science Bruce R. Kirby Administrative Officer ~ Team Leader Michele Lee Director Eleanor M. David Rick Pelasara Tammy L. Peters Elizabeth C Losos Director's Secretary Tiphanie Hill Research Manager Technical Services Nancy Fuller J. Division American Indian Museum

~~Studies Manager Division Director~~

~~Karen Coody Cooper Fynnette L. Eaton~~

229 Associate Archivist External Relations Financial Management The Paul H. Theerman Unit Under Associate Director External Archives Specialist for Secretary Relations Gerald J. Rosenzweig Grant/Contract Financial Andrea Stevens Manager Edgard Padilla Office of the Under Institutional History Development Financial A nalyst Division and Secretary Marketing Delores Clyburn Historian and Division Director Leni Figueiras Pamela M. Henson Director of Development and Financial Specialist The Under Secretary Marketing Marie A. Rogers Constance B. Newman

~~Johleen D.N. Cannon Indirect Cost!Audit Analyst Executive Director Joseph Henry Papers Darryl Greene Anna B. Martin Project International Gallery Confidential Assistant~~

~~Director Constance E. Lykes Editor Anne Gossett Marc Rorhenberg~~

Assistant Editor Accessibility Kathleen W. Dorrnan Program Staff Historians Office of the Chief Deborah Y. Jeffries Smithsonian Office Smithsonian Accessibility Financial Officer Frank R. Millikan of Education Coordinator

~~Janice Majewski Chief Financial Officer National Collections Program Specialist Director Rick R.Johnson Program Elizabeth Ziebarth Ann Bay~~

National Collections Deputy Director Coordinator Thomas Lowderbaugh Organizational William G. Tompkins Publications Director Development Branch Assistant National Collections Michelle Smith Institutional Organizational Performance Coordinator Studies Office Consultant Lauri A. Hinksman Jack Johnson

Director Office Sponsored of Zahava D. Doehng Projects Exhibition & Museum Audience Smithsonian Analyst Office of the Institution Andrew J. Pekarik Director Social Science Analysts General Counsel Traveling Ardelle G. Foss Stacey L. Bielick Assistant Director Exhibition Service Kerry R. DiGiacomo Scott Robinson General Counsel (SITES) J. Jean M. Kalata Administrative Officer David A Karns John E. Huerta Dorothy C. Smith Deputy General Counsel Statistician Director Office Assistant James D. Douglas Steven J. Smith Anna R. Gohn Vladamier X. Bouvier Marsha S. Shaines Assistant General Counsel

~~Rachelle V. Browne Administration Grant Management Ildiko P. DeAngelis Unit Deputy Director Mildred M. Glover~~

~~Lori Yarrish GrantlContract Administrator Lauryn G. Grant Kathleen Hindle Elaine L. Johnston Karen Lisa A. Landsman Program E. Otiji GrantlContract Specialist John K. Lapiana~~

~~Associate Directorfor Program Keron Hopkins Chris Nicholson~~

~~Frederica R. Adelman Karen Williamson James I. Wilson~~

230 Associate General Counsel Deputy Manager Visitor Information Diversity!Affirmative Alan D. Ullberg Lisa A. Keenan Employment Program Legal Assistants and Associates' Debra Y. Belton Reception Center Diversity!Affirmative William C. Lamborn Administration Employment Program Mariko C. Murray Division Director Manager Moire M. Queen Mary Grace Potter Manager Gover Anne H. Westbrook Carol Deputy Director John P. Howser Special Assistant Vacant Lisa B. Bennett Special Emphasis Progran, Administrative Officer Management Support Assistant Procurement Branch Grace Tull Sue E. Lake Computer Specialist Queerue C. Gray Special Emphasis Program Dana Small Receptionist Assistant Manager Manager Unit Manager, Public Inquiry Pauline Fletemeyer Fernando J. Atce Laura Simmons Mail and Telephone

~~Information Services~~

~~Katherine Neill Ridgley Travel Services Division Complaints Program Unit Manager, Information Office of Complaints Program Manager Resource Division Communications Vacant Jane Gardner Manager~~

~~Coordinator, Telephone Judith Petroski~~

~~Director Information Services Pre-Complaint Program~~

David J. Umansky Cordelia Benedict Property and Inventory Secretary to the Director Coordinator, Behind the Scenes Management Branch Pre-Complaint Program Michelle Carr Volunteer Program Manager Roberta Buchanan Relations, Angela Roybal Media Associate Coordinator, Visitor Chief Office of Public Information Unit Joseph Swihart Affairs Tricia Byrne Small Disadvantaged Associate Coordinator, Visitor Associate Director Storage, Distribution, and Business Utilization Information Unit Linda St.Thomas Control Section Program Sheila Washington Staff Mary Combs Small Disadvantaged Business Supervisory General Supply Vicki Moeser Utilization Program Specialist Hamlet Paolerti Manager Leon Smith Mauricio Vera Rachel Sears Office of Elizabeth Tait Contracting Systems Division Publications, Office of Public Affairs Director Manager Office of John W. Cobert Associate Director Theresa Porneroy Environmental Kathxyn Lindeman

Staff Federal and Trust Management and Contracting Division Ana Acosca Safety John Barrat Manager Colleen Hershberger Lynn Spurgeon Office of Equal Ann Webb Director Jo Deputy Manager Employment and Paulette Pressley F. William Billingsley Minority Affairs

~~Business Contracting Administrative Director Division Services Branch Era L. Marshall~~

~~Manager Special Assistant to Director Branch Chief~~

~~Ronald F. Cuffe McKinley Harris Deborah M. Becker~~

~~-1 Fire Protection and Assistant Director, Crafts Deputy Director, Operations The Smithsonian Services Division McLaughlin Safety Division James J. Judie Cooper Associate Director, Associates~~

~~Assistant Director Assistant Director, Construction Administration~~

Management Division Susan T. Tracey J. Andrew Wilson Director Derek Ross Mara Mayor Assistant Director, Facilities Deputy Director Environmental Planning Division Barbara S. Tuceling Management Division Harry Rombach Smithsonian Associate Director for Associate Director, Engineering Educational and Cultural Assistant Director & Design Division Magazine Programs Rachel L. Gregory Larry Sruebing Carol Bogash Assistant Director, Horticulture Publisher Associate Directorfor Services Division Occupational Health Ronald C. Walker Marketing and Nancy Bechtol Editor Services Membership Division Assistant Director, Project Don Moser Holly Dell Tyler Management Division Assistant Director Board of Editors Sheryl Kolasinski Walter G. Bailey Kathleen M. Burke Assistant Director, Resident Associates Utilities Suzanne Crawford Operations & Jim Doherty Program Maintenance Division Marlane A. Liddell Program Managers Howard L. Wink, Jr. Sally Scott Maran Faye Dale Browning Support Services Group Chief, Edgar Rich Office of Physical Binney Levine C.W. Arthur John P. Wiley, Plant Jr. Senior Programmers Chief Personnel, Policy, and Associate Publisher, Circulation Stephen Diamond Training Liberta Abbondante Cheryl Taylor Nancy Johns Director Associate Publisher, Chief, Information Services Administration Michael J. Sofield Mickey Stam Casey O. Randall Study Tours and Deputy Director Director Production Vacant of Seminars E. Chetry Doyle Special Assistant to the Director Program Manager Publisher Emeritus William Thomas Amy Kotkin Joseph J. Bonsignore Financial Alanagement Officer Office of Protection Deputy Program Manager Founding Editor and Publisher Sherell Vucci Prudence Clendenning Services Edward K. Thompson Associate Director, Senior Program Coordinators Architectural History and Karen Gray Historic Preservation Director MaryBeth Mullen

~~Cynthia R. Field David F. Morrell Barbara York~~

~~V> 2 Ms. Agnes Gund and Mr. Daniel Shapiro~~

~~Mr. and Mrs. Raymond J. Horowitz Mr. and Mrs. Bruce Karatz Mr. Walter Keating Mr. and Mrs. Werner H. Kramarsky~~

~~Hilva Baillie Landsman~~

Mr. and Mrs. Alvin S. Lane Donors to the Smithsonian Howard and Jean Lipman Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Richard A. Manoogian Institution in Fiscal Mr. and Mrs. Peter Norton Orange County Museum of Art Year Mr. and Mrs. Richard Roob 1998 Dr. and Mrs. Chrisropher Stack Mr. and Mrs. A. Alfred Taubman

~~Time, Inc.~~

~~$1,000 or more~~

Mr. and Mrs. Alexander Acevedo The Board of Regents and the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution join Warren and Jan Adelson with the entire staff in thanking all of the Institution's friends for the Dr. Stephen Andrus generosity they have shown with their financial support, gifts to the collec- Mrs. Amy Cohen Arkin tion, and in-kind donations. Gifts are recorded under the title of the Mr. and Mrs. Thomas M. Armstrong III recipient bureau or office, with a brief description of the gift where ap- Mr. and Mrs. Ted Ashley propriate. If perchance the name of any donor has been omitted from these Milton & Sally Avery Arts Foundation, Inc. lists, it is an inadvertence and in no way diminishes the Institution's The Barkley Fund gratitude. Many gifts were received from donors who prefer to remain The Barra Foundation, Inc. anonymous; the Smithsonian wishes to thank these people, as well, for their Mrs. Anne Bass support. The Honorable Michael Baume Beacon Hill Fine Art Mrs. Nancy T Behrman Mr. and Mrs. Gerald Buck Archives ofAmerican Art Ms. Louise Bourgeois The Charles E. Burchfield Foundation Ms. Rena A. Bransren Mrs. Lawrence A. Fleischman Mr. and Mrs. Georges Brigham Donors of Financial Support Mr. and Mrs. Joseph G. Fogg III Dr. Irving F. Burton Mr. and Mrs. William Gates, Sr. Mr. and Mrs. Ralph C. Chapa Mr. and Mrs. Hugh Halff, Jr. $500,000 or more Christie's Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Dwight M. Kendall Mi. and Mrs. Raymond M. Cracchiolo Mr. Henry Luce III The Brown Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Duval Cravens Mr. and Mrs. Frank Martucci Mary Sharp Cronson Dr. and Mrs. Samuel Miller Mr. Bruce A. Davis $50,000 or more Yoshiko Mori Yvonne de C Segerstrom Dr. and Mrs. Meyer P. Potamkin Dr. and Mrs. Francis de Marneffe The Henry Luce Foundation, Inc. Mrs. Stephen D. Rubin Michael and Dudley Del Balso Mr. and Mrs. Keith S.Wellin Mr. and Mrs. Richard P. Doerer $25,000 or more Mr. and Mrs. Joel S. Ehrenkranz $ 5,000 or more Mr. and Mrs. Robert Eichenberg Jennie Stoddard Charitable Trust Mr. and Mrs. Anthony Enders

~~Mr. and Mrs. Jack S. Blanton, Sr. The Charles Engelhard Foundation $10,000 or more Mr. and Mrs. Eli Broad Mr. and Mrs. Arthur A. Feder~~

~~Mr. and Mrs. Donald J. Douglass Mr. and Mrs. Stuart P. Feld~~

~~The Beinecke Foundation, Inc. Mrs. Daniel Fraad Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Fleischer, Jr. The Honorable and Mrs. Max N. Berry Ms. Elizabeth Marsteller Gordon Mrs. Helena Fraser~~

~~133 Theodore Slavin Dallas Ernst Mr. and Mrs. Robert J. Friedlander Mr. and Mrs. Mrs. Carol Feinberg Mr. and Mrs. Julian Ganz, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Harry Spiro J.~~

Dr. and Mrs. Frank C. Glover Mr. and Mrs. Theodore R. Stanley Mr. Blaine V. and Mrs. Diane A. Fogg Ms. Barbara Goldsmith Mrs. Elizabeth Strong -Cuevas Gannett Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Leonard Goodman Judith Ogden Lady Thomson Mr. David A. Gardner and Ms. Lynn Shostack Mrs. Robert S. Greenbaum Mrs. Helen S. Tucker Mrs. Rachel K. Grody Steven C Walske and Janma A. Mr. and Mrs. Yale Ginsburg Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence K. Grossman Longtine Mr. Arnold Glimcher Mr. and Mrs. Henry Grunwald Mr. and Mrs. William B. Warner Ms. Laura Goldfeld Mr. and Mrs. John M. Haddow Mr. and Mrs. Alvin Wasserman Mrs. John Goldsmith Mr. and Mrs. D. George Harris Dr. Richard Wattenmaker Mr. and Mrs. Sam H. Goodman Wechsler Mr. and Mrs. F.W Herlitz Mr. and Mrs. Robert Ms. Helen Gorenstein Mr. and Mrs. Frank W. Hoch Mr. and Mrs. William H. Weed Edith Greenwood Leon Levy Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin D. Holloway Ms. Shelby White and Mr. Mr. and Mrs. Roger Hallowell S. Wilson Harnett Ms. Jan Holloway Mrs. Wallace Dr. and Mrs. Reginald Bagley Wright Camiener Mr. and Mrs. John K. Howat Mr. and Mrs. C. Jim Hernngton and Carol Mr. Richard T York Mr. Charles Hess Mr. and Mrs. Richard J. Janes Louise Hodgson Dr. Helen I. Jessup Ms. Catherine Holmes Mr. Harry Kahn $500 or more W Mrs. Allan H. Kalmus Dr. Linda Hyman Milton and Sheila Hyman Suzanne Kayne Dr. Lourdes V. Andaya Mrs. Philip Iselin Mr. and Mrs. Richard Kelly Mr. and Mrs. Robert Bahssin Klingenstein Mrs. Janet Jager Mr. and Mrs. John Mr. Louis C. Baker Ms. Wendy Jeffers M. Knoedler & Go. Mr. Geoffrey C Beaumont Mr. and Mrs. David Jensen Mr. and Mrs. David W. Kornblatt Mrs. Edwin A. Bergman Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence M. Johnson Dr. Diana Korzenik Mr. and Mrs. James Biben Mrs. Maxine C. Johnson Kraushaar Galleries Dr. and Mrs. John Bielawski Martin and Cis Maisel Kellman Mr. and Mrs. Leonard A. Lauder Dr. Annette Blaugrund Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Kemper Mr. and Mrs. Ronald S. Lauder Dr. and Mrs. George Blum Dr. and Mrs. Charles Kessler Melvin and Thelma Lenkin Mrs. Ruth Bowman Ms. Joan Peterson Klimann Dr. and Mrs. Clinton N. Levin Ms. Karen Johnson Boyd Virginia Krueger Barbara W. Liberman Ms. Bettina Brendel C Mr. and Mrs. Alan D. Levy Mrs. Dorothy Lichtenstein Dr. Philip L. Brewer Mrs. Marion Lynton Dr. and Mrs. Kim K. Lie Mr. and Mrs. H. Theodore Brosch Mr. and Mrs. F. Marsh Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Linton Mr. and Mrs. Frederick Brown Tom Martin Foundation for the Creative Mr. Steve Martin Mrs. John Lee Bunce The Arts Robert and Jane Meyerhoff Mrs. Rosalie K Butzel Mrs. Nan Tucker McEvoy Mr. Jack Nash Mr. and Mrs. Howard B. Camden Mrs. Evelyn Stefansson Nef Ms. JoAnn McGrath Mrs. Robert J. Chapman Ms. Lynn Nesbit Mrs. Norbert Considine Mr. John Merow Missett Mr. Roy R. Neuberger Mrs. Ellen R. Cooper Barbara T. Newman Overbrook Foundation Mrs. Therese Crandall Mrs. Annalee G. Harris K. Oppenheimer Pasadena Art Alliance Dr. and Mrs. C. Arnold Curry Mrs.

Mr. and Mrs. Richard E. Pate III Mr. and Mrs. Joseph L. Davidson Mrs. Janice C. Oresman Oroshnik Mr. and Mrs. Dana M. Raymond Ms. Gabriella De Ferrari and Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Mr. and Mrs. John Richards Mr. Raymond Learsy Mr. Frank Person Bernard E. Pincus Mr. Joel Rosenkranz and Ms. Janis Conner Miss Annette M. De Lorenzo Mr. and Mrs. Mrs. Walter Scheuer Mrs. Luz Lajous de Madrazo Mrs. George B. Post Mr. and Mrs. Abbott K Schlain Mr. and Mrs. Brian Dillon Mrs. Frances G. Pratt Prentis Mr. and Mrs. Morton L. Scholnick Mr. and Mrs. Cameron B. Duncan Mr. and Mrs. Richard

Mr. and Mrs. Alan E. Schwartz Mrs. Dorothy Dunitz Mr. and Mrs. Irving W. Rabb Miss Judith Selkowitz Dr. Henry Durst Ms. Cherry Rainone Mrs. Stuart R. Shamberg Mr. and Mrs. Barney A. Ebsworth Tara K Reddi

~~Mr. Sydney L. Shaper Ms. Julie Eichenberger Mr. and Mrs. Robert B. Rosowski Mr. and Mrs. Jon Shirley Mrs. Ann Eisenberg Mr. Fayez Sarofim~~

~~254 Mr. and Mrs. Douglas A. Schubot Mr. and Mrs. Alex J. Etkin Mrs. James A. Rawley~~

~~Mr. and Mrs. Peter L. Sheldon Mrs. Hortense F. Feldblum Readers Digest Foundation, Inc.~~

~~Mr. and Mrs. Morris P. Silver Mr. and Mrs. Christopher Forbes Mr. Ray Redfern Samuel M. and Sheila W. Robbins Mrs. J. Scott Smart Mrs. Ivan Frankel~~

~~Mrs. Ronald P. Stanton Morton and Harriett Freedman Mr. David Rockefeller, Sr.~~

Mr. Theodore Stebbins, Jr. Mrs. John S. French Mr. Norman H. and Mrs. Dulcie Rosenfeld Ms. Elizabeth R. Steele Mr. and Mrs. Walter J. Fried Mr. and Mrs. George Strumbos Miss Elizabeth H. Fuller The Rosh Foundation Dr. and Mrs. Floyd Tukel Howard and Melinda Godel Mrs. Sunne Savage-Neuman Ms. Karen M. Van Antwerp Mrs. Henry Goldberg Mrs. Ann McGovern Scheiner Vose Galleries of Boston Mrs. Beatrice Golden Miss Lillian Schwartz Mr. and Mrs. Frederic A. Sharf Mr. Duane A. Wakeham Mr. and Mrs. Robert C Graham, Jr. Mrs. Joan Washburn Mr. and Mrs. Richard Gray Carol Mary Shaya Dr. and Mrs. Robert R. Silver Mr. and Mrs. Cameron Waterman Dr. and Mrs. Paul Green Mr. and Mrs. Singer Mr. Jerome Westheimer Dr. Vartan Gregorian Jerome Mr. and Mrs. Dave H. Williams Mr. and Mrs. Alan B. Slifka Mr. Philip J. Hahn Mrs. Betry S. Smith Mrs. Warren R. Woodward Ruth and Robert Halperin Mr. James Snyder Mr. Ezra K. Zilkha Harcourt General, Inc. W Mr. and Mrs. Steven Stadler Mr. John W.Harris J. Bayard and Frances Storey Heaton $ 2$0 or more Mr. and Mrs. E.H. Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Strome Mr. and Mrs. Stuart E. Hertzberg Mr. Bernard E. Sullivan Mr. and Mrs. Gedale Horowitz Ms. Lydia Anderson Mrs. Roselyne C Swig Tabitha Huber Mrs. Eugene Applebaum Mr. and Susan Talbot Inchbald School of Design Mrs. William Arthur Dr. and Mrs. Jacob Y. Terner David Baker Mrs. Jacknow Mr. Richard Brown Mrs. Mara Thorpe Mrs. Morris I. Dr. and Mrs. James Bannon Jaffe Mr. Robert C Vose III Mr. and Mrs. George F. Jewett, Mrs. Jr. Donna Bamett Mr. and Mrs. William C. Wallstein Mr. and Mrs. Donald J. Katz Mr. and Mrs. William G. Beaumont Ms. Ann Kirk Warren Mrs. John M. Kingsland Mr. Sherman Becker Ms. Ruth Westphal Koeppel Bielfield Ruth and Alfred Mrs. Marcia Allen Wildenstein & Co., Inc. Robert P. and Arlene R. Kogod Mr. and Mrs. Charles L. Biggs Mr. and Mrs. James H. Wineman Dr. and Mrs. Richard W Kulis Mr. and Mrs. Robert J. Blinken Mr. and Mrs. Erving Wolf Ms. Esther Bloch Mrs. Roger Kyes The Lachaise Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Donald J. Blum Mr. and Mrs. Paul Borman Brigitte Lagoutte Mr. Kenneth A. Brower Mrs. Nanette L. Laitman Archives American Art Mr. Michael Brown Mr. and Mrs. David Leader of Helen Lerner John W. Butler, Jr. and John M. VanderLinden Mrs. Robert H. Levi Donors to the Collection Mrs. Samuel C. Butler Mr. William S. Lieberman Beverly Lopatin Mrs. Electra M. Carlin Ms. Harriet Dyer Adams. Harriet Dyer Lovett Mr. and Mrs. David M. Chamberlain Susan W. Adams papers relating to David Mrs. Robert A. Malin Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Clark Smith, ca. 1950-1951. 23 items. Mr. and Mrs. Joel Mallin Barbara B. Cohn November 6, 1997 and March 5, 1998 Mrs. Lammot DuPont Copeland Mrs. Susan McClatchy (05.980097G) Collected: 1998/03/05,

~~Ms. Priscilla Cunningham Mrs. Wilbur McDonald 1997/10/14, R. Brown, Boston~~

~~Mrs. Catherine G. Curran Dr. Martyna Miskinis Lisa Adams. Craig Kauffman letters to~~

~~Mr. Marvin H. Davidson Mrs. Edward P. Moore Lisa Adams, 1986-1991. 39 items. Mary T. Driggs Mr. and Mrs. Donald F. Morris (08.980629G) Collected: 1998/06/29.~~

~~Mrs. Regina F. Dubin Mr. and Mrs. Lester S. Morse, Jr. P. Karlstrom, Los Angeles~~

~~Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence F. Du Mouchelle Mrs. Katherine H. Coudon Murphy Mary E. Adams. Gift: Wilhelrn Valen- Mrs. Pierre Dupont Mr. Raymond D. Nasher tiner letters to Mary E. Adams, 1954-~~

~~Ms. Virginia Dwan Dr. and Mrs. Kevin T. O'Donnell 1957. 8 items + typescripts. October~~

~~Mr. and Mrs. Allan B. Ecker Ms. Elizabeth M. Petrie 7, '997 (08.971007G) Collected:~~

~~Mr. and Mrs. Christian P. Erdman Mr. and Mrs. Leo Rabkin 1997/10/02, P. Karlstrom, Los Angeles~~

~~^35 ) :~~

~~Mary E. and Clinton Adams. Oral his- Collected: 1998/06/30, S. Polcari, ler, 1929-1998. 6.1 linear ft. June 2,~~

~~tory interview with Mary and Clinton New York 1998 (02.960602G ) Collected:~~

~~Adams, I sound cassette (60 min.) : Douglas Berman. Berman Daferner 1998/05/08, S. Polcari, New York~~

~~analog. Oral History Project (Gallery) [Photographs and slides] Nancy Clark. Nancy Clark papers relat-~~

~~(08.980424OH) Interview conducted: [ca. 1950-1960] 285 photographic ing to Fernando A. Garcia, 1970—~~

~~linear ft. 1998/04/24 P. Karlstrom Los Angeles prints : b&w; 8 x 10 in. and smaller. 5 1996. 0.4 (04.971212G)~~

~~interview : Collected : L. Kirwin, Jo Harvey Allen. Oral history slides : b&w. Addition: 133 slides 1997/12/12,~~

~~with Jo Harvey Allen, 2 sound casset- col. (02.960319G) Collected: Washington, D.C.~~

~~tes (2 hrs.) : analog. Oral history 1998/05/13, 1996/03/19,5. Polcari, Sylvan Cole. Sylvan Cole interview June project (08.980421OH) Interview con- New York n and June 30, 1998. Interview con-~~

~~ducted: 1998/04/21, P. Karlstrom, Los Margherita Blanc. Giulio V. Blanc papers, ducted by Gail Annow~~

~~Angeles 1920-1995. II.O linear ft. Jan. 19, 1998 Robert Cottingham. Oral history inter-~~

~~Terry Allen. Oral history interview with (04.980119G) Collected: 1998/01/13, L. view with Robert Cottingham, 1998~~

~~Terry Allen, 3 sound cassettes (3 hrs.): Kirwin, Washington, D.C. July 27. 2 sound cassettes (135 min.)~~

~~analog. Oral history project Carl Oscar, Borg. 1879-1947. Carl Oscar analog. Oral History Project~~

~~(08.980424OH) Interview conducted: Borg scrapbooks, 1903-1955. 3 v. (0.4 (05.980727OH) Interview conducted:~~

~~1998/04/22, P. Karlstrom, Los Angeles linear ft.) Gift (08.980609G) Col- 1998/07/27, R. Brown, Boston~~

~~Xiomaria Almaguer-Levy. Gift: Tomas lected: 1998/06/09, P. Karlstrom, Los James B. Cox and Benjamin Cox; also~~

~~Oliva papers, [ca. 1957—1995]- 0.4 Angeles Phyllis B. Koch. Gardner Cox~~

~~linear ft. (ca. 30 items) (4.980204G) Lynn Braswell. Robert Wiegand papers papers, 1920-1995. Addition: ca. 12.0~~

~~Collected: 1998/02/04, L Kirwin, and video art, 1953-1990. 6.4 linear linear ft. (05.980916G) Addition Col-~~

~~Washington, D.C. ft. (02.980316G) Collected: lected: 1998/09/21, 1998/09/16, R.~~

~~Joan Ankrum. Oral history interview 1998/03/16, S. Polcari, New York Brown, Boston with Joan Ankrum, 1997 Nov. 5-1998 Ruth Braunstein. Braunstein/Quay Gal- Kathryn Lewis Crane. Monty Lewis~~

~~Feb. 4. Sound recording: 6 sound cas- lery records, 1961-1997. Addition papers, i928-{ca. i960.] 1.0 linear ft.~~

~~settes (60 min. each) : analog. (LA.); 20.3 ft. Collected: 1998/01/29, (08.980416G) Collected: 1998/04/16,~~

~~Transcript: 195 pp. Oral History P. Karlstrom, San Francisco P. Karlstrom, Los Angeles~~

~~Project (08.981105OH) Interview con- Maria Brito. Oral history interview Arthur Coleman Danto. 1924-. Arthur~~

~~ducted : 1997/11/16, 1997/11/05, P. with Maria Brito, 1997 Oct. 25. Coleman Danto papers, 1981-1998.~~

~~Karlstrom, Los Angeles, Beth Sound recording: 2 sound cassettes : 1.2 linear ft. August 9, 1998~~

Broderick analog. Transcript: 115 pp. Oral His- (02.980809G) Collected: 1998/07/20, An Institute of Chicago via Jack Perry tory Project Oct. 24, 1997 S. Polcari, New York Brown, Ryerson and Burnham (04.971024OH) Josephine and Salvatore Del Deo.

~~Libraries. Oral history interview with Irving Burton. Irving F. Burton papers, Josephine and Salvatore Del Deo~~

~~Serge Chermayeff, 1985 May 23-24. 1816-1967. Photocopy of a letter collection relating to Provincetown~~

~~126 pp. May 27, 1998 (05.980527G) signed by Eastman Johnson was artists, [ca. 1929-1970]. 0.8 linear ft.~~

~~Collected: 1998/05/27, R. Brown, given to Richard Wattenmaker in (5.980096G) Collected: 1996/06/12,~~

~~Boston February 1998. 1996/07/07, 1998/08/28, R Brown,~~

~~Penelope C. Barringer for the Torpedo Paul Carey. Oral history interview with Boston~~

~~Factory Artists' Association. Torpedo Paul Carey and Stephanie Caloia, 1 Veronique Duca. Alfred Milton Duca~~

~~Factory Art Center records, 1974— sound cassette (60 min.) : analog. papers, 1940-1997. Addition: 2.4~~

~~1995. 9.0 linear ft. (04.980625G) Col- Oral History Project (08.971026OH) linear ft. (05.980612G) Addition Col-~~

~~lected: 1998/06/25, L. Kirwin, Interview conducted: 1997/10/26, P. lected: 1998/06/12, R. Brown, Boston Washington, D.C. Karlstrom, Los Angeles Peter A. Engstrom. Loan: John Singer~~

William, Baziotes. 1912—1963. Loan: William E. Carnahan. Ruth Post re- Sargent letter to Frank D. Millet, [Sketchbooks] William Baziotes search material on Virgil Macey Wil- 1887 Oct. 20. 2 items (on partial

~~[ca. 1933]. 2 v. (on partial microfilm liams, 1970-1980 2.0 linear ft. microfilm reel) (05.980805L) Col-~~

~~reel) (02.980205L) Collected: (04.980212G) Collected: I998/02'i8, lected: 1998/08/05, R. Brown, Boston~~

~~1998/02/05, S. Polcari, New York L. Kirwin, Washington, D.C. Elm Ewald. Gift: O'Toole-Ewald Art~~

~~Philip C. Beam. Philip C. Beam papers, Elise Ott Casper. (Bequest): Tim and Elise Associates, Inc. records, 1970s—~~

~~ca. 1930s—ca. 1991. II. o linear ft. On Casper papers, 1945-1969. 3.2 linear 1980s]. Addition (New York): 6~~

~~(05.980720G) Collected: 1998/07/20, R. ft. (04.980121G) Collected: 1998/01/21, linear ft. OToole-Ewald Art As-~~

~~Brown, Boston B. Joffrion, Washington, D.C. sociates, Inc., March 11, 1998~~

~~Siri Berg. Siri Berg papers, 1972-1994. Maryette Charlton. Maryerte Charlton (02.920093G) Collected: 1998/03/06,~~

~~1.0 linear ft. (02.980724G research material on Frederick Kies- S. Polcari, New York~~

~~236 :~~

~~Claire Falkenstein Trust. Claire Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Gar- Matthew Curtis Klebaum. Nicholas~~

~~Falkenstein papers, [ca. 1930-1997]. den. Zilczer, Judith (Transfer) Papers Wilder Gallery records, 1965-1979.~~

~~100 linear ft. (08.971215G) Colleaed: relating to art commissioned for the 34 linear ft. (8.980625G) Collected:~~

1997/12/15, P. Karlstrom, Los Angeles Ronald Reagan Building and Interna- 1998/06/25, P. Karlstrom, Los Angeles Lawrence Fane. Lawrence Fane papers, tional Trade Center, 1992-1998. 0.4 Misch Kohn. Misch Kohn papers,

~~1967-1997. 0.4 linear ft. linear ft. Collected: 1998/07/09, L. 1940S-1997. 1.0 linear ft. (02.980312G) Collected: 1998/03/06, Kirwin, Washington, D.C. (08.980711G) Collected: 1998/08/04,~~

~~S. Polcari, New York (04.980709T) P. Karlstrom, Los Angeles~~

~~Walter Feldman. Oral histor>' interview Marston Dean Hodgin. Oral history in- Peter and Rose Krasnow Foundation.~~

~~with Walter Feldman, 1 sound cassette terview with Marston Dean Hodgin, Petet and Rose Krasnow papers, 1914-~~

~~1 : analog. ft. Mar. (90 mm.) : analog. Oral History sound cassette (80 min.) 1975. Addition: 4.3 linear 30,~~

~~Project (05.980810OH) Interview con- Oral History Project (05.980825OH) 1998 (08.980330G) Addition Col-~~

~~ducted: 1998/08/10, B. Brown, Boston Interview conducted: 1998/08/25, B. lected: 1998/03/12, P. Katlstrom, Los~~

~~Richard E. Filipowski. Richard E. Brown, Boston Angeles~~

~~Filipowski papers, 1940-1995. 4.0 William I. Homer. William Innes Diane Kredenser. Nathan Kredenser~~

~~linear ft. (05.980089G) Collected: Homer papers, 1938—1980. Addition: papers, [ca. 1950—1990]- 3.5 linear ft.~~

1998/05/12, 1996/04/16, 1990/03/14, 0.6 linear ft. (4.900080G) Addition November 11, 1997 (05.971m) Col- 1989/10/21, 1989/06/27, 1989/05/08, Collected: 1998/05/17, L. Kirwin, lected: 1997/11/01, R. Brown, Boston

~~1989/04*04, 1989/03/24, 1989/03/16, Washington, D.C. Austreberta Laigo. Val Laigo papers,~~

~~B. Brown, Boston Benjamin Horowitz. Heritage Gallery 1954-1998. 0.4 linear ft. Addition~~

~~Ed Garman. Oral history interview records, 1962-1998. 8.3 linear ft. (D.C): 0.2 linear ft. Addition (L.A.):~~

~~with Ed Garman, 4 sound cassettes (8. 980731G) Collected: 1998/07/31, 0.2 linear ft. (08.940427G ) Addi-~~

(4 hrs.) : analog. Oral History Project P. Karlstrom, Los Angeles tions Collected: 1998/08/24 (under (08.980330OH) Interview conducted: Georgina Huck through Keith Bradley, 1994 deed), Los Angeles, 1994/04/27,

~~1998/03/25—30, D. Carrwright, Los executor of the estate of G. Huck. P. Karlstrom, 1990/11/03, B.Johns, Angeles, Gerald Buck Fund Peggy (Georgina Margaret) Huck San Francisco, NWAAP~~

~~Pauline B. Goetz. Beniamino Bufano papers, 1948—1996. 4.2 linear ft. Jacob Lawrence. Jacob Lawrence and~~

~~papers, [193OS-1970]. Gift: 5.0 linear (5.980098G) Collected: 1998/09/21, Gwendolyn Knight papers, 1937—~~

~~ft. (08.971214G) Collected: 1998/04/01, 1998/03/20, 1998/01/14, 1979 Addition: 3.0 linear ft.~~

~~1997/12/04, P. Karlstrom, Los Angeles B. Brown, Boston (08.970079G) Collected: 1997/10, P.~~

~~Marian Gore. KPFK "Art Scene" inter- Elizabeth Hunter. R.H. Ives Gammell Karlstrom, Los Angeles~~

~~views, 1962-1964. 38 sound tape papers, 1883-1981. 29 v. (on 3 micro- James Lechay. Oral history interview~~

~~ft. Lechay, 9-Aug. reels: analog ; 7 in. Collected: film reels) Addition: 0.4 linear with James 1998 July~~

~~1997/12/02, P. Karlstrom, Los Angeles (05.911204L) Collected: 1998/02/25, 26 sound cassettes (150 min.)~~

~~Jane Bolles Grimm. John Bolles Gallery 1991/12/04, R. Brown, Boston analog. Oral History Project records, 1958—1975. Addition: 1.0 Bob Jamieson. Leon Polk Smith papets (05.980709OH) Interview con-~~

~~linear ft. (08.971121G) Collected: 1927-1997. 7.0 linear ft. July 22, 1998 ducted: 1998/07/09, 1998/08/26, R.~~

~~1997/11/21, P. Karlstrom, Los Angeles (02.980722G) Collected: 1998/06/05, Brown, Boston~~

~~Dimitri Hadzi. Dimitri Hadzi papers, S. Polcari, New York Sherman Emery Lee. Sherman E. Lee~~

~~1949-1989. Addition: 7.0 linear ft. Elizabeth A. Jones. Elizabeth A. Jones papers, 1958-1996. 9.0 linear ft.~~

~~(05.980089G) Addition Colleaed: papers, 1960-1997. 7.1 linear ft. (04.971118G) Collected: 1997/11/18, L.~~

~~1998/01/12, R. Brown, Boston (04.971211G) Collected : 1997/12/11, Kirwin, Washington, D.C.~~

~~Cecily Hancock. Loan: Augustus Koop- L. Kirwin, Washington, D.C. Connie Lembark. Connie Lembark letters,~~

~~man papers, ca. 1887-1986. Reel 5321: Morris and Ruth Kadish. Loan: Reuben 1971-1997. 16 items. (8.980306G) Col-~~

~~Loan March 27, 1998 (05.980327L) Col- Kadish papers, 1936-1996. 8.0 linear leaed: 1998/02/27, P. Karlstrom, Los~~

~~lected: 1998/04/27, R. Brown, Boston ft. Loan (02.980126L) Collected: Angeles~~

~~Elizabeth S. Helfman. Harry Helfman 1998/01/26, S. Polcari, New York Jean Lipman. Howard W. and Jean~~

~~papers, 1933—1962. 14 items. Addition Craig Kauffman. Craig Kauffman Lipman papers, [ca. 1932-1980].~~

ft. 2 items. March 30, 1998 and June 3, papers, [ca. 19501-1997. 4.7 linear ft. Addition (LA.): 1.0 linear 1999 (02.960330G) Collected: (08.9711280 Collected: 1997/11/28, P. (08.980409G) Addition (L.A.): Col-

~~1998/03/09, S. Polcari, New York Karlstrom, Los Angeles leaed 1998/04/09 P. Karlstrom, Los Dick Higgins. Dick Higgins papers, Mary Heath Keesling. Mary Heath Angeles~~

~~1958-1997. 6.0 linear ft. (02.980718G) Keesling papers, 1965—1997. 0.4 Jane K. Lowentritt. Kohlmeyer, Ida,~~

~~Collected: 1998/06/05, S. Polcari, New linear ft. (08.971202G) Collected: 1912- . Ida Kohlmeyer papers, [ca.~~

~~York 1997/12/02, P. Karlstrom, Los Angeles 19501-1997. Reels 5280-5281 (Loan):~~

~~137 :~~

~~2.0 linear ft. Unmicrofilmed (Gift): National Portrait Gallery. (Transfer): Lil- Collected: 1998/01/06, L. Kirwin,~~

~~18.0 linear ft. Donated 1998 by Jane lian B. Miller papers, 1998. 13.0 linear Washington, D.C.~~

~~K. Lowencritt, Kohlmeyer's daughter ft. (04.980910T) Collected: 1998/09/10, Ralph Rosenthal. Loan: Ralph Rosenthal~~

~~and former studio manager, except L. Kirwin, Washington, D.C. papers, 1938—1996. 1 partial microfilm~~

~~for material on reels 5280-5281, Barbara Nikla and John J. Lyons. Ben- reel (10 items) (05.980309L) Collected:~~

~~which Lowentrit lent for microfilm- son Bond Moore papers, 1895-1995 1998/03/09, R. Brown, Boston~~

~~ing. Kohlmeyer's maquettes for her (bulk 1902-1974) 5.7 linear ft. Dec. Norman Sasowsky. Research material on~~

~~sculpture were donated. 17, 1996 (04.961217G) Collected: Reginald Marsh, 1921-1975. Whirney The Historic New Orleans Collection. 1997/10/27, 1996/12/19, L. Kirwin, Museum of American Art, Reginal~~

~~Collected: 1998/01/09, L. Kirwin, Washington, D.C. Marsh papers. Addition: 1.0 linear ft. Washington, D.C. North Carolina Museum of Art. Hob- (deed signed; on deposit since~~

~~Gilbert Lujan. Oral history interview son Pittman papers, 1916-1990. Addi- February 22, 1977) (04.980629G) Ad-~~

~~with Gilbert Sanchez Lujan, 1997 tion: 1,538 f sketches. Unfilmed dition Collected: 1998/06/29, L. Kir-~~

~~Nov. 17. Sound recordings: 5 sound (artwork) (04.971204G) Addition Col- win, Washington, D.C.~~

~~Selz. Perer Howard Selz papers, cassettes (60 min. each) : analog. lected: 1997/12/04, L. Kirwin, Peter~~

~~Transcript: 104 pp. Oral History Washington, D.C. 1954-1980. Addirion II: 3 linear ft.~~

~~Project Nov. 13, 1997 (08.971113OH) Betty Parsons Estate and Foundation 1976—1996 (08.960076G) Collected:~~

~~P. Karlsrrom, Los Interview conducted: J. Rangel, Los via William Raynor and Christopher 1997/11/10, Angeles Angeles Schwabacher. Betty Parsons papers Linda Shaffer. Myer Shaffer papers, [ca.~~

~~Michael Mazur. Loan: Michael Mazur and gallery records, 1927-1985. Addi- 1930-1950]. I v. (0.4 linear ft.)~~

~~papers, 1937—1998. 6 microfilm reels tion: 2.0 linear ft. (Raynor) (08.971226G) Collected: 1997/12/09,~~

~~(ca. 1,400 items) (05.980077L) Col- (02.980074G ) Addition Collected: P. Karlsrrom, Los Angeles~~

~~lected: 1998/03/24, R. Brown, Boston 1998/05/08. S. Polcari, New York Caroline Sky. Artists Equity Associa-~~

~~Michael McGrory. Creative art expres- Kenneth W. Prescott. Kenneth and tion, Washington, D.C. chapter~~

~~sion and appreciation : a method of Emma-Stina Prescott research records, 1965—1997. Addirion: 4.0~~

~~developing student ability ... a way material on artists, 1930-1987. 7.0 linear ft. (4.980710G) Addition Col-~~

~~to bridge the interval between stu- linear ft. Addition: 0.2 linear ft. lected: 1998/07/10, L. Kirwin,~~

~~dent and professional approach / by (04.980087G) Collected: 1998/09/16, Washingron, D.C. Kirwin, Gladys Kelley Fitch, ca. 1937. 13 pp. 1995/09/28, 1987/12/30, L Carol Snow. Ruth Barker Johnston~~

~~Jan. 9, 1998 (05.980109G) Collected: Washington, D.C. papers, 1940-1948. 0.2 linear ft. 1998/01/12, R. Brown, Boston Noah Purifoy. Noah Purifoy papers, (05.980115G) Collected: 1998/01/15, R.~~

~~William McVey estate via Seth C. Taft, 1960S-1998. 1.4 linear ft. Brown, Boston executor. William and Leza McVey (o8.98o92dG) Collected: 1998/09/29, Joseph Solman. Joseph Solman papers, 1933-~~

~~papers, 1932-1974. ca. 30 linear ft. P. Karlsttom, Los Angeles 1998. Addition; 04 linear ft. March 9,~~

~~(partially microfilmed on 2 reels) Perry T. Rathbone through his wife 1998 (3 02.980309G) Addition Collected:~~

~~(02.980096G) Collected: 1998/01/05, Eurette. Legal records relating to the 1998/03/02, S. Polcari New York~~

~~1996/03/06, R. Brown, Boston; estate of Mathilde Beckmann, Raefel Sonano. Oral history interview~~

~~1973/10/30, D. Barrie, Detroit [ca.1959-1997]. 2.0 linear ft. with Raefel Soriano. Sound recording: 1~~

~~Dorothy C. Miller via Wendy Jeffers. (05.980817G) Collected: 1998/08/17, sound cassette : analog. Transcript: 67~~

~~Dorothy C. Miller papers, 1923-1989 R. Brown, Boston pp. Oral History Project Dec. 6, 1997~~

~~28.0 linear ft. 1986-1997 Harold B. and Soma Thresher (04.971206OH) Interview Conducted:~~

~~(02.970086G) Collected : 1997/10/01, Richardson. Brainerd Bliss Thresher Juan Martinez, Washington, DC, SI~~

1995/04/03, 1995/03/22 1995/02/02, letters, 1935-1938. 0.2 linear ft. Oc- Latino Pool Fund 1994/04/18, 1994/05/13, S. Polcari; tober 27, 1997 (05.971027G) Col- Elsie Youngman Sprague c/o Harry 1986/11/07, B. McNaught lected: 1997/09/26, R. Brown, Boston Hull. Loan: Correspondence of Elsie

~~Naomi Miller. Robert Venturi letter to Arturo Rodriguez. Oral History inter- (Mrs. William) Hooper, [ca. 1905-ca.~~

~~Naomi Miller, 1967 Jan. 3. 1 item. view with Arturo Rodriguez. Sound 1942}. 93 f items. Collecred:~~

~~(05.980821G) Collected: 1998/08/21, recording: 1 sound cassette : analog. 1998/06/05, R. Brown, Boston~~

~~R. Brown, Boston Transcripr: 63 pp. (04.971114OH) In- Charles Strong. Oral history interview~~

~~Museum of Art, Rhode Island School of terview conducted: 1997/11/14, Juan with Charles Strong, 1998 Mar 14-3°~~

~~Design. Oral history interviews with Martinez, Washington, D.C, SI 3 sound cassettes (2 hrs. 45 min.)~~

~~Ed Rossbach and Katherine Latino Pool fund analog. Transcript: (58 pp.) Inrerview~~

~~Westphal, 1997. Sound recordings: 8 Chuck and Jan Rosenak. Chuck and Jan conducted: 1998/03/24-30 P.~~

~~sound cassettes. (08.980501G) Rosenak research material, 1990— Karlstrom, Los Angeles, Jo Farb Her-~~

~~Providence, RI, May 1, 1998 1997. 14-0 linear ft. (04.980106G) nandez (08.980314OH)~~

~~238 :~~

~~Susanne Suba. Susanne Suba papers, Robert Warshaw. Hans Hofmann Center for Folklife f 1939-1982. Addition (New York): papers, 1911—1966. 37.0 linear ft.~~

38 items. Oct. 20, 1994 and Nov. 18, (02.971217G) Collected: 1997/12/17, S. Programs and Cultural 1997 (02.941020G) Collected: Polcari, New York Studies 1997/11/18 (hand delivered) Anira Weschler. Gift: Anita Weschler

~~Beatrice Takeuchi. Takeuchi, Beatrice, papers, 1938—1998. 1.6 linear ft. Gift~~

~~1921- . School of Design in Chicago : 1974 through 1998 (02.940074G) Col- Donors of Financial Support~~

~~refugees east and west / Beatrice lected: 1998/09/13, 1994/12/21,~~

~~Takeuchi. 1998. July 3, 1992/02/28, S. Polcari; 1982/06/14, 54 pp. 1998 $100,000 or more (05.980703G) Collected: 1998/05/14, 1981/10/09, 1978/02/24, W. McNaughr~~

~~R_ Brown, Boston Merry I. White. Reginald R. Isaacs Philippine Centennial Foundation USA Polly Thayer. Polly Thayer papers, [ca. papers, 1842-1991 (bulk 1928-1991).~~

1930-1995]. 2.0 linear ft. (05.980409G) Addition: 1.0 f linear ft. Nov. 3, 1997 $50,000 or more Collected: 1998/02/09, R. Brown, (05.971103G) Collected: 1997/10/27, Boston R. Brown, Boston State of Wisconsin Roberta L. Thompson. Gift: John Al- William T Wiley. Oral history inter-

~~toon artwork and papers, [ca. 1940— view wirh William T. Wiley, 1997~~

~~1969]. 1.9 linear ft. January 3, 1998 Oct. 8—Nov. 20. Sound recording: 8 $10,000 or more~~

~~(08.980105G) Collected: 1997/12/23, sound cassertes (60 min. each)~~

~~P. Karlstrom, Los Angeles analog. Transcript: 221 pp. Oral SBC Foundation Sue M. Thurman. Oral history interview History Project (08.971008OH)~~

~~with Sue M. Thurman, 1993 Apr. 23— Interview conducted: 1997/11/20, $1,000 or more~~

~~1998 Mat 11. 5 sound cassettes (7-1/2 1997/11/17, 1997/10/20, 1997/10/8 P.~~

hrs.) : analog. Oral History Project Karlstrom, Los Angeles, Jewish Com- Broadcast Music, Inc. (05.980097OH) Interview conducred: munal Fund/Rena Branston Dartmouth College 1998/ 03/n, 1998/02/n, 1998/02/03, (transcription) Folk Alliance 1998/01/06, 1997/12/03, 1997/09/30, Anne Winslow. Gretchen W. Rogers Folklore Society of Grearer Washingron 1993/04/23, R. Brown, Boston papers, 1901-1986. 0.5 linear ft. Soma Lewenberg

~~Harold Tovish. Oral history interview (05.970094G) Collected: 1997/11/25, Mysdyscs Inc.~~

~~with Harold Tovish. 3 sound cassettes 1995/02/20, 1994/10/30, 1994/05/04, Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and~~

~~(225 min.) : analog. Oral History R. Brown, Bosron Museum~~

Project: Nov. 13 1997-Apr. 7, 1998 Margret Craver Withers. Margret (05.970098OH) Interview con- Craver Withers papers, 1926— 1992. $$00 or more ducted: 1998/04/11, 1997/12/30, 8.3 linear ft. (partially microfilmed

~~1997/11/13, B. Brown, Boston on 1 reel) Addition: 1.8 linear ft. Gift Shirley Gould Nancy Uyemura. Matsumi Kanemitsu 1971 through 1998 (05.980071G) Col-~~

~~papers, [ca 1970-1990]. Addition: 3.3 lected: 1971/03/00, 1974/02/08,~~

~~linear ft. (8.980094G) Addition Col- 1975/02/17, 1983/05/06, 1989/04/28, Donors to the Collection~~

lected: 1998/08/14, P. Karlstrom, Los 1991/08/01, 1993/02/10, 1993/05/27, Diana Davies. Photographs, contact Angeles 1993/06/14, 1998/05/27, 1998/07/07, sheets, prints, and slides of the New- Tony Vevers. Oral history interview with R. Brown, Bosron port Folk Festival, the Philadelphia Tony Vevers. 2 sound cassettes Maudelle Hoy Woodruff. C.B. (Clara (165 Folk Festival, the Poor People's

~~min.) : analog. Oral History Project: Belle) Owen letters, 1880-1881. 1 v. March, and miscellaneous per-~~

~~1, Collected: August 1998 (05.980825OH) Inter- (08.980410G) 1998/04/10, P. sonalities of the American folk~~

~~view conducted: 1998/07/09, Karlstrom, Los Angeles revival.~~

1998/08/25, B. Brown, Boston Richard P. Wunder. Richard Wunder re- Fast Folk Musical Magazine Board of David Walcutt. William Walcutt search material on Harriet Black- Trustees. The Fast Folk Musical papers, 1852-1882. 0.4 linear ft. stone, 1940-1986. 2.0 linear feet Magazine. Formed in New York in

~~Washington, DC. (04.980428G) Col- (02.960126G) Collecced: 1998/01/26, 1982 as a songwriter/performer lected: 1998/04/28, L Kirwin, S. Polcari, New York cooperative. Fast Folk was an outlet~~

~~Washington, D.C. Bobbie Sioux Xuereb. Area X Gallery for singer/songwriters to release their~~

~~Carroll F. Wales. Carroll F. Wales records, 1984—1987. 2.0 linear ft. first recordings. The collection in-~~

~~papers, 1972-1998. 0.7 linear ft. March 26, 1998 (02.980326G) cludes the master recording tapes,~~

~~(05.980092G) Collected: 1992/11/19, Collected: 1998/03/24,5. Polcari, magazines and paper records of the~~

~~1998/09/11, R. Brown, Boston New York organization.~~

~~239 Rose Rubin and Michael Stillman. Hearrland Mills. Several loaves of Whatsa Bagel. Several dozen bagels for~~

~~Monitor Records collection. Begun bread for the Smithsonian Folklife the Smithsonian Folklife Festival.~~

in 1956 in New York Ciry, the collec- Festival. Wilkins Coffee, Inc. 24 pounds of coffee tion contains more than 250 folk and Libby Inc. Case of glasses fot the Smith- for the Smithsonian Folklife Festival.

~~classical music recordings in irs sonian Folklife Festival. Wisconsin Milk Marketing Board. Of-~~

~~catalogue, which includes music McCormick & Company, Inc. Spice rack fice supply samples for the Smith-~~

~~primarily from the then-Soviet for use in foodways demonstrations at sonian Folklife Festival.~~

~~Union, the Eastern Bloc, and other the Smithsonian Folklife Festival . Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company. Six boxes~~

~~parts of Europe. The collection in- Michelle's Family Bakery. 70 danishes (120 packages) of Wrigley 's~~

~~cludes the original master rapes, for the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Doublemint chewing gum for the~~

~~graphics, and business records of the Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc. 25 cases of Smithsonian Folklife Festival.~~

~~company. produce for the Smithsonian Folklife~~

~~Festival.~~

Ortenberg's Bakers, Inc. Breads used at Donors of In-Kind Support the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Hirshhorn Museum and Papa John's International, Inc. Gift certifi- Allied Resinous Products, Inc. Six plas- Sculpture Garden cate for the Smithsonian Folklife Fes- tic cutting boards for foodways tival. demonstrations at the Smithsonian Recording Industries Music Perfor- Folklife Festival. Donors of Financial Support mance Trust Funds. Honoraria for The Bagelry. Three dozen bagels for the U.S. musicians at the Smithsonian Smirhsoruan Folklife Festival. $100,000 or more Folklife Festival. Bardo Rodeo. Kegs of beer for the staff Red Sage Bakery and General Store. 50 of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Howard Roberta muffins and bread for the Smith- and Ahmanson, Ben & Jetry's. 200 peace pops for staff Fieldstead and Company sonian Folklife Festival. of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Robert Lehrman Reeves Restaurant and Bakery. Five Breads Unlimired. Ten dozen bagels for dozen donuts for the Smithsonian volunteer orientation, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. $10,000 or more Folklife Festival. Reily Foods Company. 24 pounds of Brick Oven Bakery. muffins 50 for Luzianne coffee for the Smithsonian Anonymous volunteer orientation, Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Ansley I. Graham Trust Folklife Festival. Ricola. Several cans of Ricola cough Greenberg Traurig

~~Circuit City Foundation. Gift certifi- drops for the Smithsonian Folklife Lannan Foundation~~

cates for items for the Smirhsonian Festival. Aaron and Barbara Levine Folklife Festival. Shoppers Food Warehouse. Gift certifi- Cloister. Two boxes of water bortles for cates for items for the Smithsonian $1,000 or more the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Folklife Festival. Costco Wholesale. Gift certificate for Subway. Six-foot sub for the staff of the Anonymous items for the Smithsonian Folklife Smithsonian Folklife Festival. British Embassy Festival. The Sugar Association, Inc. 400 pounds Samuel J. Heyman Ekco Houseware. Product for foodways of granulated sugar for the Smith- Daniel R. Lewis demonstrations at the Smithsonian sonian Folklife Festival. Dr. Marvin and Elayne Mordes Folklife Festival. Superffesh Food Market. Gift certificate Anthony T Podesta EmberGlo. steamers foodways Two for for the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Elliott and Vivian Pollock demonstrations at the Smithsonian Tysons Bagel Market. 50 dozen bagels Folklife Festival. and 30 pounds of cream cheese for Donors of In-Kind Support Fresh Fields. Five cases of fruit and 60 the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. loaves of bread for the Smithsonian Utz Quality Foods, Inc. Five cases of Berlinnale (Berlin International Film

~~Folklife Festival. cheese curls for the Smithsonian Festival)~~

~~Frito-Lay. 10 cases of chips for the Folklife Festival. Christie's, New York~~

~~Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Walmart -Carroll. Gift certificates for Festivale dei Giovani, Turin, Italy~~

~~Goodmark Foods, Inc. 15 cases of Andy the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Festivale dei Popoli, Florence, Italy~~

~~Capp's fries and two cases of Slim Wesrwood-Squibb Pharmaceuticals Inc. Jerusalem International Film Festival,~~

~~Jims for the Smithsonian Folklife 24 cartridge samples for the Smith- Israel Festival. sonian Folklife Festival. Robert Lehrman~~

~~240 Rotterdam International Film Festival, 1974, pen and ink on graph paper, by $50,000 or more The Netherlands Jackie Ferrara (98.6).~~

San Sebastian/Donestia Film Festival, Purchased through the Jan R. and Seiko Epson Corporation Spain Daniel R. Lewis Philanthropic Fund The Gertrude E. Skelly Foundation Sotheby's, New York of the Jewish Community Federation Taormina Arte International Film of Cleveland, 6-P Pyramid, 1974, pen $ 10,000 or more Festival, Italy and ink on graph paper, by Jackie

~~Morad and Pascale Tavallali Ferrara (98.7). Tom and Remi Messer, Untitled Abstrac- Dean S. Edmonds Foundation~~

~~tion, 1963, ink on paper, by Julius GE Aircraft Engines Donors to the Collection Heinrich Bissier (97.43). Hughes Aircraft Company~~

~~Tom and Remi Messer, Head, c. 1985, Mr. Samuel C. Johnson The Rachel Bas-Cohain Estate, Rubber grisaille wash on paper, by Arnulf Estate of H. Sterling Kleiset~~

~~Nickel Grid, 197}, ink printed on Rainer (97.44). Mi. and Mrs. Philip A. Lathrap~~

~~latex, by Rachel Bas-Cohain (97.31). Anthony T. Podesta, / Love Liberty, 1982, Mr. and Mrs. John Mars The Rachel Bas-Cohain Estate, Rubber colot serigraph on paper, by Roy Mr. John Morss~~

~~Nickel Grid Distorted. V)J}, ink Lichtenstein (97.42). National Transportation Safety Board~~

~~printed on latex, by Rachel Bas- Burton and Anita Reinet, Rainbow, Orbital Sciences Corporation~~

Cohain (97.32). 1983, oil on canvas, by Ross Bleckner Prart & Whitney Bequest of Roget Brown through the (97-41)- Dr. Jerry Sherman, Untitled (Figure in School of the Art Institute of $S,00Oor more Landscape), ink on paper, Chicago, Cancer, 1984, oil on canvas, 1968, by Mary Frank by Roger Brown (98.8). (97.36). United Technologies Corporation Dr. and Mrs. Bernard R. Shochet, For John Buck and Shark's, Inc., Capetown, The Florence Gould Foundation Brass. 1973, acrylic on canvas, by Sam 1987, color woodcut on handmade Gilliam (97.34). Suzuki paper, by John Buck (97.24). George and Lila Snow, Untitled, 1972, $ 1,000 or more Frank and Jeanerte Eyerley, The Dead wood, by Robert Stackhouse (97.35). Line. 1923, lithograph on paper, by Vivian Flotig Torrence, The Periodic AXA Space George Bellows (97.23). Table, 1991, photomechanical Mr. and Mrs. Alan Goldberg Frank and Jeanette Eyerley, Sculpture in reproductions and watercolor Richard H. Graham Washington Square. 1925, etching on mounted on paperboard, by Vivian William D. & Betty Houser Fund paper, by John Sloan (97.26). Torrence (97.40). James A. Taylor Family Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Allan Frumkin, Untitled, Mary Ann Unger, Symbiosis. 1989, ink Tetsunkuni Watanabe 1969, charcoal on paper, by Jean wash on paper, by Maty Ann Unger Raymond John Wean Foundation Ipousteguy (97-37)- (97-33)- Wright Machine Tool Company Mr. and Mrs. Allan Frumkin, Untitled,

~~1969, charcoal on paper, by Jean~~

~~Ipousteguy (97.38).~~

Mr. and Mrs. Allan Frumkin, Untitled, National Air Space 1969, charcoal on paper, by Jean and W. E. Cooper Ipousteguy (97.39). Museum Harry and Marilyn Cagin Philanthropic Museum Purchase with Funds Donated Fund

~~by the Ansley I. Graham Trust, Un- Helen J. McCray~~

~~titled I Hyperion Series). 1964—65, oil on Donors of Financial Support Mr. and Mrs. Carl W. Vogt~~

~~canvas, by John Altoon (98.5).~~

Samuel M. Greenbaum, History. 1968— $100,000 or more Donors of In-Kind Support 77, oil on canvas, by Eugene Leroy (97-25)- The Boeing Company American Airlines Ronald A. Kuchta, Ezra—with Love II, Cessna Aircraft Company Continental Airlines 1991, gouache on paper, by Basil Conrad Hilton Foundation Delta Airlines Alkazzi (97.30). FDX Corporation Midwest Express Airlines

Purchased through the Helen and Honda North America, Inc. Southwest Airlines Joseph Lewis Fund of the Jewish Lockheed Martin Corporation Thomson Consumer Electronics Community Federation of Cleveland, National Business Aviation Association USA Direct Stepped Double Extended Pyramid, Trimble Navigation Ltd. US Airways

~~241 Lee Lorenz and William Wright. Series The Gold Institute National Museum of of six paintings titled Mantis Praise, Gulf States Paper~~

~~African Art 1996, by Garth Erasmus (97-23-2. to Mr. Ken Hakuta~~

~~97-13-7)- Mr. HughHalffJr.~~

Roy and Sophia Sieber. Mirror case from Mr. and Mrs. William Kerr Donors of Financial Support the Igbo peoples of Nigeria (97-28-1). Mr. and Mrs. John F. Klein Ciro Taddeo. Ethiopian Orthodox icon Mr. and Mrs. Melvin Lenkin

(98-3-2). Mr. and Mrs. John Liebes $1,000 or more Textile Arts Foundation, Robert Barron Mr. and Mrs. Peter Lunder and Nancy Hemenway. Textile from Mrs. Nan Tucker McEvoy Professor David C. Driskel! the Kuba peoples of the Democratic Monsanto Company Joseph and Barbara Goldenberg Republic of the Congo (97-25-1). The Morris and Gwendolyn Cafritz Mr. and Mrs. Milton Rosenthal Estera Voraw. Helmet mask from the Foundarion

Doran Ross Mende peoples of Sierre Leone, given Novus Services, Inc. Lucien Van de Velde in memory of Albert Votaw (98-4-1). Mr. Gerald Pearson Estera Votaw. Pendant from the Lobi Mr. Samuel Rose and Ms. Julie Walters peoples of Burkina Faso, given in Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Rosenfeld $$00 or more memory of Richard Horovicz (98-4-2). Samsung Americas Winston Saoli An Foundation. Two Sara Roby Foundation Donald Morris Gallery, Inc. paintings: Coming Home and Shroud of Mr. Richard Schwartz Thomas W. Lentz Darkness, by Winston Saoli (98-7-1 to Mr. and Mrs. Ferdinand T. Stent Marquand Books, Inc. 98-7-2)- Unico Banking Group Noah-Sadie Wachtel Foundation, Inc. Windgate Charitable Foundation Susan Ryerson J. Mrs. Estelle Wolf

~~Donors to the Collection National Museum of $ s,ooo or more~~

Oliver E. and Pamela F. Cobb. Mask American Art Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Anderson from the Grassfields peoples of Ms. Jeanne Anderson Cameroon, given in memory of Anonymous Philip Ravenhill (97-26-1). Donors of Financial Support Mrs. Ann Cousins Dennis Duerden. Three paintings by Mr. Robert Krueger Jimo Akolo: The Desired, The Middle $100,000 or more Pitney Bowes man. Religion as a time occupier? (98-5-1 Mr. and Mrs. Harvey Rambach to 98-5-3). Wil- Ruth J. Chase in Memory of Dr. Mary Garland. Ethiopian Orthodox liam Chase $ 2,000 or more icon, given in memory of Robert James Renwick Alliance Lewis Garland (98-2-1). Marc and Denyse Ginzberg. Shield from Mr. and Mrs. Ronald Abramson $ $0,000 or more the Dinka peoples of Sudan (97-24-1). Mr. and Mrs. Arthur G. Altschul Marc and Denyse Ginzberg. Shield of The Barra Foundation Dr. and Mrs. Helen Bing the Manbila peoples of Nigeria and Dr. John Barrett Consolidated Natural Gas Company Cameroon (97-24-2). Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Barwick Fidelity Foundarion Ephrem Kouakou. Painting: Knrnien Ms. Fleur Bresler Horace W. Goldsmith Foundation bian. by Ephrem Kouakou (98-6-1). Mr. and Mrs. Dale Dorn

~~Brian and Diane Leyden. Drum from Mr. and Mrs. Donald J. Douglass the Dan peoples of Cote d'lvoire and $ 10,000 or more Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Fraad~~

~~Liberia, given in memory of Philip Mr. and Mrs. Morton Funger~~

~~Ravenhill (97-27-:). Anonymous Ms. Barbara Guggenheim and Brian and Diane Leyden. Painting: Bankers Trust Company Mr. Bertram Fields~~

~~Three Initiates, 1996, by Ephrem Mr. Marcus Conn Hallmark Cards, Inc. Kouakou, given in memory of Philip Mr. David Davies Mr. and Mrs. John Hechinger~~

~~Ravenhill (97-27-2). Mr. Barney Ebsworth Mr. and Mrs. Frederick Hill Lee Lorenz and William Wright. Paint- Embassy of Korea Mr. and Mrs. John Hom~~

~~ing: Untitled, 1996, by Garth Eras- ENCAD, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Raymond Horowitz~~

~~mus (97-23-1). The Freed Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Robert Kogod~~

242 Mr. and Mrs. Jon Landau Monsanto Fund under $10, 000 Mr. Paul Mellon Timex Corporation Mr. and Mrs. Michael Mennello A&H Sportswear Company, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. John McGuigan $$0,000 or more Mr. Carlos M. Ablanedo Mr. and Mrs. Arnold McKinnon Mr. Neale Ainsfield Mr. and Mrs. Charles Moore All Peoples Synagogue American Academy of Allergy, Asthma Narional Foundation for the Advance- & Immunology American Legion Auxiliary ment in the Arts Mr. Thomas A. Anastasio Choice Hotels International Norfolk Southern Foundation Mr. Andrew S. Appel Eugene & Agnes E. Meyer Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Gerald Peters Atlantic Apparel Contractors Rockefeller Foundation Ms. Rita Pynoos Ms. Titian Austin Mr. and Mrs. James Sams Ms. Dena Axeltod Mr. and Mrs. Dominic F. Shortino $10,000 or more Ms. Maria J. Baba Mr. Ira Spanierman Mr. John F. Baker Mr. Eli Wilner and Ms. Barbara Brennan Abbott Laboratories Fund Katharine G. Baker Trust Alyeska Pipeline Service Company Mrs. Jean Banner Donors of In-Kind Support American Federation of Teachers Wilson Barry & Company Applied Energy Services, Inc. Mr. Steven D. Bartz Anonymous. Design and printing of AT&T Foundation Harry Bass Foundation 3,000 Daniel Brush exhibition press Banco Popular de Puerto Rico Mrs. Claire M. Bennett kits. Mr. Peter Claussen Dr. Rose A. Bergeron Cartier. Paper and printing for Daniel Mr. Lester Colbert Mr. William P. Binder Brush reception invitations. Computerworld Information Technology Mrs. Gertrude Bloch Continental-Anchor, Ltd. Paper and Awards Ms. Carol Bogash printing for 1X7AAF programs. Electric Power Research Institute Ms. Dorothy J. Booth Ironstone Vineyards. 8 cases of CA wine George M. Ferris Foundation Ms. Elfreda O. Bourne for the Gold Rush reception. Ella Fitzgerald Charitable Foundation Ms. Carole Bouthilet Kinko's. Paper and printing for mem- Fleetwood Enterprises, Inc. Mr. Charles M. Bredehoft bership program. Government Development Bank for Ms. Claire K. Brock Puerto Rico Mrs. Jane K. Brooks Gteening America Mrs. Joyce Brown Hair Research Society Ms. Maila T Brown National Museum of HBO & Company Mrs. Elizabeth H. Brunsman Mr. Robert F. Hemphill, American History Jr. Ms. Mary Burnett Kmart Corporation The Calvin Klein Foundation KOLBUS America Inc. Mr. James W. Cameron Levi Strauss & Company Mr. Hugh Campbell Donors of Financial Support J. Museo de Arte, San Juan, Puerto Rico Mr. Bernard H. Cantor

NAMSB Foundation, Inc. Joseph L. Cariey Foundation $500,000 or more National Education Association Cembaloworks of Washington National Postal Forum Chasen Spero Foundation Dr. Herbert R. Axelrod National Retail Federation Dr. Timothy W. Childs The Lemelson Foundation El Nuevo Dia Ms. Jay McLin Clayberg National Association of Music PaineWebber Group Inc. Mrs. Harriet M. Clem Merchants Prentice Hall Computer Publishing Mr. John L. Cline The Pew Charitable Trusts The Rice Family Foundation Cline-Lofftus Foundation Dr. Ivan Selin Edward Rice Gift Fund Ms. Louisa C. Clinskcales Susan & Elihu Rose Foundation Coat & Suit Industry Trust Fund $ 100,000 or more Searle Mr. Richard H. Cohen

~~Nina & Ivan Selin Family Foundation Mrs. Mary L. Cole~~

~~The Brown Foundation, Inc. Sequent Computer Systems, Inc. Mr. C. Perry Colwell Hewlett Packard Company Showtime The Movie Channel Comerford Tooling & Access. Company~~

~~Intel Corporation Unite! Ms. Virginia S. Comfort~~

~~John S. & James L. Knight Foundation The Vantive Corporation Mr. Seth M. Corwin Merck Company Foundation Zurich Kemper Investments Dr. Ronald M. Costell~~

~~-4; Council For Excellence In Government Mrs. Caryn M. Israel Estate of Constance L. Mellen Lieutenant Colonel Robert D. Crea Mr. Howard Jaffe Metzgar Conveyor Company~~

Dan Industries, Inc. Mr. David S. Jernigan Mrs. Elizabeth R. Metzger Mrs. Michele C. Degan Mrs. Barbara A. Johnson Dr and Mrs. Eugene R. Mindell Ms. Laura Hardy Deglomine Ms. Margaret Johnson Karla A. Moore

~~Ms. Ruth E. DeLynn Mr. Russell D. Johnson Mrs. Eadith B. Morales~~

~~Mr. James C. Dieffenderfer Juan R. Requena & Associates J. P. Morgan & Company, Inc. Ms. Ann M. Dillon Mrs. Adele Cover Juzi Morse Family Foundation~~

~~Mr. John O. Doerge Mrs. Lynn L. Kahan Ms. Bernice J. Mueller Mr. James E Doherty Mr. Nathan R. Kane Mr. George P. Mueller Donnelly Display Inc. Ms. Carol A. Kare Mrs. Anne W Murray~~

~~Mrs. Lucinda N. Dudley Mrs. Page J. Karling Narional Society of Colonial Dames Ms. Patricia C. Duros Mr. Tadeo L. Kasprzak XVII Century~~

~~Elizabeth Crockett Chapter, Daughters Mr. Richard J. Kaufman National Society of the Childten of the of the American Revolution Ms. Gale D. Kaufmann American Revloution~~

Mr. John F. Else Mr. John A. Kay Mrs. Helen Nelson Mrs. Claudia M. Falk Ms. Helen A. Kelleher Neuberger & Berman Ms. Brigirte Fargetton Mrs. Judy Keller Ms. Jo-Ann Neuhaus Mr. Arthur W. Fan- Mrs. Mary E. Kephart Mr. Joseph K. Newman Federal National Mortgage Association Ms. Bemie C. Kesslen Mr. and Mrs. George D. Niva

L. Peat Ms. Madelyn J. Flammia Ms. Elisabeth S. Kiersarsky Ms. O'Neil Fort Nashborough Chapter, Daughters Herbert A. King Ms. Shirley Perlman of the American Revolution Ms. Lynne Myers Klimmer Mr. Robert D. Pinsker

~~Mrs. Joan S. Fuchs Lucille Kuehn Trust James Mr. James Pipkin~~

~~Mrs. Ann Gaylord Ladies Auxilliary to the Veterans of J.D. Plating Company, Inc.~~

Mr. Jacob B. Gilstein Foreign Wars of the United States Mr. Sidney J. Pollack Ms. Naomi Glass Mr. Edward L. Lammerding Mr. Peter G. Powers Global Communications Network Mrs. Helen Peters Landau Mr. Edward Prince

Miriam & Alan Goldberg Foundation Leica, Inc. Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Ms. Renee Veron Golden Mrs. Sarah Lewis Administration Goldman Sachs & Company Mrs. Vivienne W. Lindsay Mrs. Eleanor Quandt Mr. Edwin M. Good Lipman Hearne, Inc. Radon Construction Corporation The Gottesman Fund Mr. Howard M. Lipsey Dr. Elizabeth R. Rahdert

~~Mr. Edward F. Gould Mr. William W Lipsitt Mr. Keith Scott Reas~~

Ms. Geraldme B. Goumas Ms. Elizabeth S. Little Redondo Construction Corporation Ms. Lourdes Grabinski Mrs. QedaJ. Locey Mrs. Patricia D. Reuther Mr. William R. Granik Lockheed Martin Corporarion Ms. Alice E. Robbins

~~Mr. Roger B. Granum Mrs. Lucille Lotko Mrs. Jean Adams Robbins~~

~~Earl G. Graves Publishing Company Lunacom, Inc. Ms. Cynthia R. Roberts~~

~~Mr. Paul L. Grimaldi Mrs. Dawn K. Lund The Honorable Thomas M. Roberts Ms. Melanie Grishman Mr. Thomas MacCracken Ms. Janice E. Rodgers~~

~~Mr. James E. Hardy The Elizabeth M. Maclnnes Family Rodrock Development Mr. Timothy B. Harwood Trust Rogich Communications Group Ms. Karen M. Hassmer Mr. John Thomas Mahoney Maria Rose Fashions, Inc.~~

~~Mr. Mones E. Hawley Ms. Irene L. Malbin Mrs. Betty K. Ross Ms. Mildred Henninger Maiden Mills Industries Mrs. Susan Rothlein~~

~~Louis J. Hoffman Mr. and Mrs. John M. Malone Rudvold Trucking Mr. Duncan Holaday Ms. Joanne W. Marlowe Rural Retreat Elementary School~~

~~Mrs. Cynthia A. Hoover Mr. and Mrs. Winton E. Matthews Mr. Frank C. Ruzzin~~

~~Mr. Roland A. Hoover Ms. Bemice I. Mayer San Francisco Foundation~~

~~Mr. David T. Hopper Ms. Nancy M. McCabe Vashon Sarkisian~~

~~Mr. Paul F. Hudrlik Ms. Marjorie C. McCleery Ms. Joyce J. Schroeder~~

~~Mr. Nason Arthur Hurowitz Mrs. Susan S. McConnell Ms. Eleanor L. Schwartz Ms. M. Jean Hurwitz Mr. Paul H. McNear Shandwick~~

~~International Sourcing Inc. Mrs. Gay Meals Sigmund&Barbara Shapiro Family Fund~~

244 Wally, Recycling, LLC Harris-Amos for her husband, Mr. Sardari L. Sharma Wise Wolf "Famous Amos" (1998. 0152). Mrs. Ava M. Shields Ms. Marilyn M. Wolters Alan Androuais: 2 adjustable monkey Ms. K. Samantha Shugrue Mr. Douglas R. Woodall wrenches with wood insert handles Mr. Arthur T. Silver Mr. S. Roy Elder Care (1997.0251). Mrs. Linda Fuller Silver The Woodland Genesis Anonymous: 2 side chairs and a coffee Ms. Dorothy M. Sinclair Network table of molded plywood designed by Constance Hoyt Smith Fund Charles and Ray Eames in 1946 and Mr. Chad Matthew Smith Donors of In-Kind Support made by the Herman Miller Furni- Ms. Deborah A. Smith ture Company about 1947 Smithsonian Women's Committee Hewlett Packard. Computer equipment. (1998.0145); plastic bride-and-groom Mr. Richard C. Snelbaker Rodrock Development. Recycling cans wedding cake ornament, 1970-80 Mrs. Ellen R. Snyder for grass-roots fund-raising. (1998.3063). Society of the War of 1812 United Solar Systems. 8 solar shingles. Mary G.N. and Col. Whitney Ms. Marion L. Sonderegger Wise Recycling, IXC. Recycling cans Ashbridge: 40 pieces of U.S. military Mr. Vale H. Sorensen for grass-roots fund-raising. uniform items, insignia, and equip- Ms. Susan Spellman ment (1992. 3091). Mrs. Colletta F. Sperling Collections Asian Pacific American Legal Center of Sportswear Industry Trust Fund Donors to the Southern California (through Julie A. Stag's Leap Wine Cellars David M. Abelow: M&M-Mars candy a Su): 3 shirts, 2 pairs of shorts, and Ms. Helen Starling J. the Presidential Seal, given box with banner, all relating to the garment in- Mr. Henry Steinway volunteer workers at the White to dustry in southern California Ms. Jean Williams Storch House, 1998 (1998.0135). (1997.0377). Mr. Gary K. Sturm cloth Sabbath bread cover of Ita Aber: Associated Builders, Incorporated Mrs. Nancy Sullivan M American flag with a map of Is- an (through Michael Buck): "Georgia Dr. R. Gerald Suskind rael superimposed in beadwork and Buggy" heavy-dury wheelbarrow Mrs. Catherine G. Sweeney- glass stars (1997.0047). used to mix and deliver concrete and Tabb Ms. Jeanne J. Acuson Corporation (through Samuel away debris, and a shovel, both Thompson haul Mr. John A. H. Maslak): Acuson 128 sonography made in the late 1940s and used and Mrs. Len Tischler Mr. system, 1983, and a Sequoia 512 sonog- during renovations at the National Ms. Judith LTokel raphy system, 1996, both used in Museum of American History in the Miss Laura Wolcott Triest diagnostic ultrasound examinations 1980s (1996.0073). Tweedy Mrs. Mary Louise (1996.0332). Charles Atlas, Ltd. (through Jeffrey C. Mr. Henry S.M Uhl RjtaJ. Adrosko: pair of woman's white Hogue): 15 objects used by Charles Mr. Steven Umin cotton gloves, 1965-70 (1997. 3156). Atlas to demonstrate his personal Mr. Paul Van Fosse n Advanced Bionics Corporation (through physical fitness and used in his busi- Vassallo Inc. Jeffrey H. Greiner): 5-piece Clarion ness to encourage other people to pur- Mr- Egon Verheyen Multi-System cochlear inner ear im- sue a healthy lifestyle (1998. 0150); 2 Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United plant hearing aid system (1997.0317). cubic feet of documents, States Richard E. Ahlborn: 3 comic books photographs, booklets, news clip- Ms. Terese M. Volk devoted to Catholic Bible lessons, pings, and original text related to Mr. Raymond O. Von Saunder 1960-61 (1997.0223); day book from a Charles Atlas and his career as a body Vulcan Iron Works, Inc. general store in West Virginia, 1879- builder and physical fitness en- Ms. Dorothy S. Wagner 80 (1997.3138); "Sacred Heart of thusiast (1998.3038). Mr. Peter C. Warner Jesus" calendar from Kerala, India, Reserve Bank of Australia (through J. Warner-Lambert Company 1997 (1998.0082). K. Colditz): Australian specimen $50 The Washington Post Company American Dentronics Incorporated bank note made with polymer tech- Mrs. Betty Greene Wegener (through Melody A. and Ronald K. nology and special security features, Louis Weinstein Murayama): Cybersonic plaque disin- hand- 1995 (1996.0369). Mr. James E. Wesner tegrator system set including a F. Babson: wedding and a David F and Jane Mr. Barry White le, toothbrush, flosser, charger, and worn by Dr. Murayama in dress and veil made Mr. George A. Whitehouse box, patented by Emma Rikert Babson in 1922, the Ms. Yolande Whitmore 1997 (19970370). pattern she used, 2 shoes and a necktie McCall's dress 5 Mrs. Frances P. Wilkinson Wally Amos: photographs, and a tie with watermelon, palm brooches, 5 Ms. Maude Anderson Williams hand-painted tree, and celestial motifs by Christine bar (1997.0211). Mrs. Wilma Bond Winkler 245 control- Gary P. and Sandra G. Baden: 2.5 cubic Susan D. Beller and Myron J. Liberman capacitance extender, pulse

~~feet of print advertisements featuring in memory of Esther and Gilbert ler, and a cuvette holder with 15~~

~~celebriry endorsements, late 19th and Liberman: rattan hamper with a can- cuvettes, 1986-95 (1998. 0018).~~

~~20th centuries (1997.3144). vas cover marked as belonging to Lt. William L. Bird: container of Johnson's~~

~~Teri Bailey in memory of Irwin George Col. George Armstrong Custer, 1870s Baby Powder of WW II and a 1960s Burgenhiem and Helen Burgenhiem (1997.0358). tin of Yardley After Shower powder~~

~~Foote Jenkins: 19 cameras collected John A. Benaglia: Perkins Junior port- (1997.0282).~~

~~by Ms. Bailey's grandfather, Mr. Bur- able twin-arc lamp for photographic David B. Board: brass Nik-O-Lok~~

~~genhiem, 1960-80S (1997.0321). location lighting, ca 1920, and a set restroom token (1998.0065).~~

~~Frances S. Baker: 0.5 cubic foot of of arc lamp carbons, ca. 1950 Prof. John O'M. Bockris: 2 cold fusion~~

~~product cookbooks, canning labels, (1997.0188). electrolytic cells used by Prof. Bock- and newspaper clippings of recipes Jeanne Benas: toy with figures of Dole ris in his laboratory at Texas A&M~~

(1997.3102). and Clinton that fight when University to produce tritium at the Michael Baker Corporation, Michael squeezed (1997.0372). electrodes (1994.0097). Scout Baker, Jr., Inc. (through John Mc- Bradley F. and Virginia W. Bennett: 211 Betty J. Coleman Bogardus: Boy Naughton): 4 Kern tripods, 2 sets of ancient Greek and Roman coins Hike-O-Meter sponsored by the Kern traverse targets, 2 geodimeters, (1997.0267); 83 ancient Greek coins radio program "Jack Armstrong, The a Kern theodolite, tellurometer, and of Phrygia (1998.0093). All-American Boy" and its instruction sheet, late 1930s (1998.0083). a Rhodes arc (1997.0290); (through J. Alice B. Bent: U.S. flag with 39 stars ar- Robert White): surveyor's level ranged in a star-shaped pattern Fredericka H. Bond: veteran's badge of

~~model Ni2 made by Carl Zeiss, ca. (1997.0139). 1861, copy of military orders, and a~~

~~1961 (1997.0289). Florence S. Berryman (through Jerrold State Department pass of 1908~~

~~Baldwin Piano & Organ Company Scoutt, Jr.): sampler embroidered (1997.3080).~~

~~(through Steven Brock): 13 cubic with the statement "Susanna Ursula Albert M. Borkin in memory of Morris~~

~~feet of corporate records of the Penelope Graur de la Bruyere Borkin: blue pennant with white let-~~

~~Wurlitzer Piano Company, 1966-89 finished this Sampler August the 22 ters, "We are the Reserve Army, U.S.,~~

~~0.6 cubic foot of archival material Stephen G. Donches): safety sign Borkin (1997 .0111).~~

~~relating to the Baltimore & Ohio (1997.0225). Virgil E. Bottom, Ph.D.: 0.33 cubic foot~~

~~Railroad, 1850-80 (1997.3124). Urban R. Billmeier in memory of of archival material about the quartz~~

Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Biotech Urban F. Billmeier: 10 goldbeater's crystal industry (1997.3137). Group, Immunotherapy Division and goldcutter's handtools and a War- Bowdoin College, Department of (through Dr. Alan Hardwick): ren & Billmeier trademark printer's Physics (through Prof. Elroy O. La-

~~prototype bone marrow stem cell block (1997.0298). Case): constant deviation wavelength~~

~~isolator designed by Dr. Hardwick, Binney & Smith Inc. (through Tracy spectrometer and 4 accessories, all~~

~~1989 (1997.0076). Muldoon Moran): 17.5 cubic feet of ar- made by Adam Hilger, 1913-26~~

~~Bruce S. Bazelon: 76 letters, a telegram, chival records documenting the (1998.0007).~~

~~and an envelope, all related to the company's business including such Thomas W. Bower 7 bottles of man's~~

U.S. Naval career of Grant W. Leedy products as Silly Putty, Crayola perfume, 1968-83 (1997.0201). of Pencannon, Pennsylvania, 1943-45 crayons, Magic Marker, and various Helen King Boyer: 6 engraved plates

~~(1992.0290); bindet of War Produc- paint, chalk, and craft accessories and 3 prints made by Ms. Boyet~~

~~tion Board Requirements, WW II (1998.3028); (through Patrick E. Mor- (1997.0155).~~

~~(1997.3169). ris III): 8 cubic feet of company Elaine D. Bronez: 2 leaftets related to~~

~~Jeannie E. Troll Becraft: Fuller's spiral records of Binney & Smith, manufac- civil tights issues (1997.0303).~~

~~slide rule, 1898 (1998.0046). turers of chalk, erasers, slate pencils, Julia Yates Brunet, Georgia Yates~~

~~Amy A. Begg: Franklin day planner, ca. Crayola brand crayons, art supplies, Stevens, Janet Yates Wermel, and~~

~~1993 (1996.0191). and educational materials, 1895—1995 JoAnn Yates in memory of George L.~~

~~Ruth W. Begun in memory of Dr. Semi (1997.3164). and Marian McNiece Yates: 2 artifi-~~

Joseph Begun: 15 objects reflecting Bio-Rad laboratories, Molecular Bio- cial hands and 14 tools and acces- the career of Dr. Begun, a pioneer in Science Group, Genetic Systems sories used with the hands, all used magnetic recording technology Division (through John A. by George L. Yates who lost his

~~(1995.0316); 8 objects of magnetic Tagliamonte): Gene Pulser transfec- hands in a cannon misfire at college~~

~~recording Technology (1995.3101). tion electroporator apparatus. in 1933 (1996.0010).~~

~~246 Barbara Gates Burwell and Deborah University of Chicago, Ryerson Physical tainers and an award medal, plaque,~~

~~Gates Senft in memory of Dorothy Laboratory: 21 electrical meters and and a pin given to successful Tupper-~~

~~Olcott Elsmith: S pieces of miscel- measuring instruments (1995.0230). ware dealers, 1970S-96 (1998.0220).~~

~~laneous photographic apparatus, Curt I. Civin, M.D.: Adams cell Kenneth L. Darby: 9 documents and 8~~

~~4 still cameras, and a motion counter used by Dr. Civin in his can- drawings relating to the Darby wind-~~

~~picture camera and projector cer research (1998.0062). surfing boards, 1964-65 (1997.3173).~~

~~(1992.0584). Cochlear Corporation (through Douglas Naomi Darby: 0.5 cubic foot of archival~~

~~Richard S. Buswell, M.D.: silver-gelatin W. House): 4-piece C124M cochlear material consisting of 80~~

~~photograph of an "Icehouse" on a inner ear implant hearing aid system photographs, 1961—97, and an 8mm~~

~~pond with reflection, photographed (1997.0206). film, 1965, relating to the invention~~

~~by Dr. Buswell in 1983 (1997.0406). Cinthea T. Coleman: 26 videotape cas- of the sailboard by S. Newman~~

~~Andrew Butler: 3 plumb bobs with settes of "The Bluestime Power Darby (1998. 3015).~~

human figure motifs, 2 level rails for Hour" television programs and 23 S. Newman Darby: 2 cubic feer of ar- SmartLevels, and 2 sensor module videotape cassettes of the original chival material documenting the in-

~~prototypes for WedgeLevels field recordings, all created and vention of the sailboard by Mr.~~

~~(1996.0285); 6.5 cubic feet of archival produced by Ms. Coleman Darby, 1946-80S (1998.3014).~~

~~records relating to the Smartlevel (1998.3065). Jeanne V. Davis: 8 pieces of woman's~~

~~and Wedge Innovations, Inc. Colt's Manufacturing Company, Inc. clothing including 4 dresses, a com-~~

~~(1996.3067). (through Ronald L. Stewart): M4 car- bination, petticoat, blouse, and a~~

~~State of California, Department of In- bine machine gun with M203 skirt, 1905-25 (1998.0115).~~

~~dustrial Relations, Division of Labor grenade launcher attached Ruth H. Davis: hand-held refracting~~

~~Standards Enforcement (through Jose (1998. 0128). telescope marked "G. Bracher, Lon-~~

~~Millan): 43 objects from the El David F. and Harnett M. Condon: don, for E. A. Kurz, New York," ca. Monte garment sweatshop including arrow gun patented by William H. 1850 (1998.0088).~~

~~2 sewing machine workstations, Arnold in 1859 and manufactured as The Deep River Historical Society, Inc.~~

~~clothing in various stages of manufac- an experimental piece at the Harper's (through Edith M. DeForest): 2~~

~~ture, supplies, and documentation, Ferry Arsenal in i860 (1997.0281). copies of newspaper articles con-~~

all seized on August 2, 1995 Cooley Dickinson Hospital, Inc. cerned with Pratt, Read Company (1996.0292); baseball cap with "Labor (through Gerard M. Federici): 9 bot- and an employee time book from the

~~Commissioner" emblem (1997.0383); tles of pharmaceuticals (1997.0189). company's West Factory, 1887-1900 "Labor Commissioner" badge, iden- Reseda Corrigan: envelope of literature (1998.0377).~~

~~tification card, and a Spanish booklet related to the Apostoloff automatic Michelle Delaney: Image Tech 3-dimen-~~

about worker's rights (1997 .3113). telephone system (1997.0048). sional Magic single-use camera Rose M. and Richard M. Cernak: silk George A. and Lily K Coury: 12- (1997.0229). handkerchief printed "Fot the Flag stringed oud with cloth carrying Delphi Delco Electronic Systems

~~and You," WW I (1998.0028). case (1998.0015). (through Gilbert W. Porter): Radio Robert G. Chamberlain: ashtray milled Karen D. Cramond and Brad W. and Data System demonstration receiver~~

in 1955, aluminum block with the ini- Judy L Harris: precision regulator with accessories (1998.0073). con- tials "IBM," and a set of 3 wall clock made by Eli Terry late in Franco DeNicola: Euclid computer

~~icosahedron dice, all milled by Mr. his life after he retired from clock sisting of a core storage system, con-~~

~~Chamberlain with numetical control manufacturing, ca. 1850 (1997.0323). trol panel, and a power supply, 1957~~

~~machinery technology (1995.0022). Marlene Crosby: 4 cubic feet of (1997.0369); 3 reports, a label, and a~~

~~Rick Chandler Timex electric documentation of a study done by set of spare connectors for the Euclid~~

~~wristwatch, 1950s, and a mercury Ms. Crosby on the long-term health computer (1997.3171).~~

~~quartz wristwatch, 1970s (1998. 0009). of WW II women factory workers Susan A. Dennis: 30 garment labels~~

~~Mary Chaney: 8 original courtroom (1997.3136). from various clothing manufacturers sketches by Ms. Chaney depicting Dr. John C. Cutler: box of Mapharsen, a and made in various countries~~

~~the El Monte sweatshop trial, done drug containing arsenic used to treat (1997.3150).~~

~~for KTTV Fox News in Los Angeles, syphilis developed by Dr. Cliff S. Thomas E. Dermody: Speedy Touch~~

California, 1995-96 (1997.0345). Hamilton (1997.0287). Typer Keyboard Guide invented and patented by Mr. Dermody, 19S9 Chicago Bulls (through Stephen M. Thomas J. Damigella: 2 Ultra 21 Tup- Schanwald): basketball used during perware covered serving dishes and a (1998.0101).

the 1996 NBA finals series and a jer- set of orchid-colored polyethylene Evelyn DeStafano: Mrs. Vrooman's sey worn by Michael Jordan during pellets used by Tupperware in the patented iron sink strainer, dated the 1996-97 season (1997.0364). 1970s (1998.0070); 6 Tupperware con- 1895 and 1909 (1998.3066).

~~147 The Dial Corporation (through Jane E. Nanci K. Edwards: postcard depicting a Rick Feffer: polycarbonate SmartLevel,~~

~~Owens): 30 cubic feet of advertising woman and a pump on a low reeter- transparent sensor module, and a tote~~

~~art, including women's portraits, and totter (1993.0461). bag (1996.0289).~~

3 cubic feet of archival material Albert S. Eggerton, Jr.: 4 pocket weekly Ruth and Theodore Feinstone, D.D.S.: documenting the "Breck Girl" planners, 1984-87, 2 appointment 22 documents, photographs, and advertising campaign, 1936—95 calendars, 1963—64, and a GI blueprints relating to the Feinstone's

~~(1998.3067). wristwatch, 1945 (1997.0324). purchase of a house in Levittown,~~

~~Freda Diamond: 1.5 cubic feet of ar- Jon Eklund: 10 Mohr pipettes, 8 trans- New York, 1946-72 (1998. 0113).~~

~~chival material documenting Ms. fer pipettes, 2 measuring pipettes, 2 John T. Fesperman, Jr.: 4 bowls of as-~~

~~Diamond's career as a designer of rubber filters, and a stand sorted glazes and a lamp base-vase~~

~~glass products for the Libby Glass (1998.0020). and covered tureen of tobacco spit~~

~~Company and a furniture design con- Elekta Instruments, Inc. (through Stan- glaze, all made by Ben Owen of~~

~~sultant, 1930-90 (1997. 3143). ford W. Miller): "Gamma Knife" col- North Carolina, mid-20th century~~

Paul Timothy Diaz: 3 posters advertis- limator helmet used to target (1996.0347); Selmer sterling silver ing Mr. Diaz's AIDS awareness dance cancerous brain tumors in radiation flute, ca. 1946 (1997.0261).

~~performances, 1996-97 (1997. 3118). therapy, 1968 (1997.0134). Bernard F. Fetter, M.D.: Eveready 4V2-~~

Discover Financial Services Card E.L.F. Publications (through Judith D. volt dry cell battery, ca. 1932 (through Benedicta Lawrence): 25 ob- Lane and Ronald R. Quam): oak- (1997.3007); cornet made by J.W jects including posters, playbills, cos- framed stained glass sun-catcher with York & Sons of Grand Rapids,

~~tume items, props, and documenrs a mortar-and-pestle design, 1996 Michigan, ca. 1903, played by Dr.~~

~~from II Broadway shows, ca. 1996 (1997.3019). Fettet's father when a member of the~~

~~(1998.0048). Charles Ellis Ellicott III, M.D.: Curbstone Band in Baltimote,~~

~~Rosemary W Dodd: 6 phonograph surveyor's spirit level made by Maryland, ca. 1910 (1998.0131). recordings of radio interviews with Benjamin Rittenhouse, ca. 1785 Mary B. Field in memory of the Field~~

~~Ed Dodd, creator of the "Mark Trail" (1997.0353). Family: cotton and wool overshot~~

~~comic strip (1992.3045). Enable Magazine, Inc., American As- coverlet (1997.0226). Mark Doerner: ticket to the Holyfield- sociation of People with Disabilities James R. Fisher: Nishika model N8000~~

~~Tyson Rematch boxing champion- (through Sandy Watson): premiere 3-dimensional camera and a flash~~

ship held in Las Vegas, Nevada, on issue of Enable Magazine, 1997 unit (1998.0022). June 28, 1997 (1998.0042). (1997.0334). Larry Fishman and Ken Parker: Parker Cherolyn Rein Dunn and Rose Rein: Epicenter Communications (through Fly concert model electric guitar

~~green Kodak Petite camera with Peter Goggin): 2 copies of the (1997.0299). matching case, 1929—33, and a Kodak presidential inaugural commemora- John A. Fleckner. badge #12475 and a~~

~~Jiffy camera, 1933-37 (1996.0280). tive book An American Journey, Build- finisher's certificate from Mr.~~

~~Jacqueline Orsini Dunnington, Ph.D.: ing a Bridge to the 2Bt Century, 1997 Fleckner's participation in the painted pine panel of St. James the (1997.0307). Marine Corps Marathon of 1997~~

~~Greater defeating an enemy, made by Joanna L. Estep: 16 pieces of sample (1998.0109).~~

Nicholas Herrera of El Rito, New fabrics, WW II (1997.0009). Shelly J. Foote: woman's clothing in- Mexico, 1996 (1997.0343). Virginia H. Ezell in memory of Dr. Ed- cluding 2 dresses, 2 T-shirts, a swear-

~~Eastman Chemical Company (through ward C. Ezell: 5 automatic assault- shirt, blouse, jumpsuit, shorts outfit,~~

~~Larry Smith): 2 work incentive type rifles and a submachine gun skin, pair of leg warmers, and a pair posters, "The Eastman Way" and made in Europe and Indo-China of boots, and 2 pairs of child's~~

~~"Quality Policy," 1992 (1995.0293). during the Cold War and immediate sunglasses, 1965-97 (19970395).~~

~~M. Alexandra Eddy: Roland PC-100 post-Cold War period (1996.0205). Thomas S. Fousr: Washington Steel Cor-~~

~~MIDI electronic keyboard controller Sharon L. Faina in memory of H.E. Bur- poration annual report for 1955~~

~~(1998.0039). ton: tenor banjo made by the Vega In- (1998.0171).~~

~~Carolyn H. Edwards (through Daniel S. strument Company of Boston, Beatrice and Jacques Francais: violin~~

~~Hall and Robert N. Haskell): 2 1962-64 (1998.0074). bearing the maker's label ofJohn~~

~~vibrators, 2 hearing aids, and a Spen- Mary Jane and Nathan Fay: 2 grape- Simpson of London, England, ca. cer microscope (296611). picking knives and a budding knife 1790 (1998.0210).~~

Elsa J. and Robert A. Edwards: book- used in grafting grape plants, all Joseph V. Frey: prototype dispenser, mark advertising the Acco paper used by Mr. Fay as a grape farmer in preproduction model, final product,

~~punch and paper clamp made by the California (1997.0304); bottle of packaged product, and a tool-and-die~~

~~American Clip Company of Long Is- Cabernet Sauvignon wine from Mr. model, all for the Grab-It hair end-~~

~~land Ciry, New York (1998.0110). Fay's private reserve, 1974 (1997.3129). paper wrap dispenser used by profes-~~

~~248 sionai beauticians, invented and by the DomSave Electric Corporation Elaine Harmon: black crepe dress with~~

~~manufactured by Mr. Frey, 1980—96 of Toledo, Ohio (1997.3108). a decorative design patented by~~

~~(1996.0380). Felicia F. Gomes: lace flounce that was Daniel Novick of Chicago in 1941~~

~~Elmer G. Fridrich: 832 experimental originally on the dtess worn by (1998.0116).~~

lamps and lamp parts developed by Lucretia R. Garfield at the inaugural Caroline A. and Kerry J. Harfield: quilt Mr. Fridrich at General Electrics ball of her husband, President James with 158 pieces of insignia sewn on in NELA Park facility after WW II A. Garfield, 1881 (1997.0292). woven blocks, made by Ftances H.

(1996.0147); 345 experimental lamps Martha Goodway: daguetreotype union Warren reflecting her WW II and lamp parts developed by case made by Littlefield, Parsons & military career, 8 ribbons awarded to

~~Mr. Fridrich (1996.3042). Company, ca. 1857 (1997.0230). the quilt, 3 military ribbon bars, and Kraig M. Fulton: 2 uniform shirts from John Gorby: "Decision Making Dart 2 medals (1997.0210).~~

~~the Sioux Gty Ghosts barnstorming Board" adapted by Mr. Gorby for his Roland C. Hawes: 20 cubic fecz of ar-~~

~~Softball team (1997.0022). workstation at Delphi Interior's chival material of Mr. Hawes 's career at~~

~~Fusion Lighting, Inc. (through Michael Grand Rapids, Michigan, plant Cary Instruments as vice president and~~

~~G. Ury): 6 microwave-powered light (1996.0322). designer of many of their most success-~~

~~bulbs, 2 electromagnetic interference Glen Grazier: portable reed organ made ful scientific instruments, especially~~

~~shields, a microwave cavity, and an op- by the Estey Otgan Company of spectrophotometers (1997. 3139).~~

~~tical reflective film sample, all parts Brattleboro, Vermont, 1935—40 Senator Howell Hefiin: coach Paul W.~~

~~used with the first sulfur light bulb, (1998.0031). "Bear" Bryant's 3i5th-win football~~

~~1990 (1996.0359); microwave-powered Dr. Mary Eloise Green: 2 toy banks, a (1997.0337).~~

~~light bulb and a set of optical reflective toy rifle, toy sword, and a set of Richard C. Helmstetter: 2-piece cues-~~

~~film samples (1996.3075). Doily Dumpling tenpins, all used by tick titled "Chantilly" custom-made~~

Maxwell J. Gamer: Tinkerpins game Dr. Green and her brother, Earle M. by Richard Black of rock maple patented in 1916 and a Bob-A-Loop Green, when children, 1905—10 wood inlaid with various woods and

~~toy copyrighted in 1958 (1997.0359). (1997.0277). ivory, 1996—97, and a cue case~~

~~Edward A. Gallagher: Synchronome Dianne B. Gregg: portrait bust glass (1998. 0163).~~

~~electric wall clock used at the paperweight of Michael J. Owens, Paul E. Herda: Osborne Executive I Western Union station in Miami, inventor of the Owens bottle portable microcomputet (1997.0026).~~

~~Florida, ca. 1921 (1996.0165); 2 machine, 1923, and an opaque orange Lawrence I. Hewes III and Mary D.~~

~~engineer's reports, 1875 and 1880, glass vase encased within a metal Hewes: feathered and beaded Native~~

~~regarding submarine telegraph cable basket commemorating the 150th American headdress presented to~~

~~laying (1996.3048). anniversary of U.S. independence, Adlai E. Stevenson, Jr., and an~~

~~Gateway Coin Club of Metced Counry made in Germany, ca. 1926 autographed photograph of him wear-~~

~~(through Theresa M. Lund): 3 bronze (1997.0220). ing the headdress, 1950s (19970397).~~

medals commemorating places and Becky and John W. Grigsby: star- The House of Ra Ka Ba in memory of events in Merced County, California, design crazy-patch quilt with Jean Dora Alice Johnson and Lillian

~~1996-98 (1998. 0195). elaborately embroidered 3-dimen- Morris (through Mimster Ra Ka Ba~~

~~Geonix Corporation (through Karen M. sional plant and animal motifs, made and Minister Abdus Saabor Muham-~~

~~Mortham): Auto-Surveyor II inertial by Lydia Pearl Finneill Allin of Har- mad): Million Man March com-~~

~~survey system made by Litton rodsburg. Kentucky, 1884 (1996.0381). memorative silver ring designed by~~

~~Guidance & Control Systems, used to Roy Gussow: 3 sctew clamps used Mnister Ra Ka Ba, dated October~~

~~mark boundaries in Alaska, ca. 1975 during welding and a triangular 16, 1995 (1998. 0134).~~

~~(1997.0284). plate of stainless steel with test weld- Houston Museum of Natural Science~~

~~H. Joseph Gerber: Gerber variable ing and test polishing, all used by (through Lisa I. Rebori): sleeping~~

~~scale, 1940s (1994. 3104). Mr. Gussow when helping artist Jose bag used on the 1969 voyage of the~~

~~Daniel B. Gilbreth: 6 glass plate nega- de Rivera create his sculpture, In- SS Manhattan through the Northwest~~

~~tives of Maj. Frank B. Gilbreth in finity, 1966 (1997.3057). Passage (1997-0333)-~~

~~uniform, WW I (1998.0097). Clara S. Haas (through George C. Haas, Ellen Roney Hughes: woman's athletic~~

~~Jeff Gillies: Will C. Rood's "Dress Jr.): Chippendale-sryle mahogany suit consisting of a sleeveless wool~~

~~Maker's Magic Scale" drafting tool, card table with a fold-over top, pos- jersey, pair of bloomers, and a pair of~~

~~1879-92, and Curran's skirt and sibly made in Salem, Massachusetts, stockings, ca. 1917 (1997. 0400).~~

~~bodice drafting system, ca. 1901 ca. 1775 (1998.0072). Henry C. Huglin: tapered stoneware~~

~~(1997.0247). Clifford Hamilton: 63 buttons related vase with lustet glaze made by~~

~~Dorothy T. Globus: black enameled to the Ametican Agricultural Move- Beatrice Wood of Ojai, California, ca.~~

~~light bulb with an orange dot made ment (1993. 0188). 1990 (1997.0402).~~

~~249 Steven E. Huntley: oval wooden cutting Catherine M. Keen: 6 coins of the Mr. Knievel during motorcycle~~

~~board with a red-stenciled slogan on Czech Republic, 1993-97 (1998.0194). daredevil performances and a helmet~~

~~one side, "Vote For Hoover and Your Emory L. Kemp: 17 photographic worn in the 1990s for talks about his~~

~~Board Will Never Lack a Loaf," ca. lantern slides (1997.3142). career (1995.0032).~~

~~1928 (1997.0262). Ketchum Advertising (through Dianne Max Kobre (through Sherrill L. Hykin William G. Hurt: 2 pairs of eyeglasses Snedaker): 8 Safeway Food Store and Robin E. Schmidt): 49 pieces of~~

~~with double-bifocal lenses that allow posters with slogans "I Woik An art glass by various American and~~

~~vision in confined spaces with mini- Honest Day, I Want An Honest European manufacturers, 2 art glass~~

~~mal head movement, worn by Mr. Deal" (1987.3101). dresser jar sets, a cameo glass table~~

~~Hutt as an electronics technician, Claudia Brush Kidwell: woman's blouse lamp, and a miniature silver sewing 197OS-80S (1997.0169). designed by Issey Miyake, 1994 kit (1995.0350).~~

Forrest Hyde: optometer made by the Self- (1998.0037); 3 man's shirts, 1970-75, Eva Koubek: an evening bag of gold Test Optical Company in Chicago, man's slippers with travel case, 1930— mesh set with diamonds, 1960-65, 1928, used in the mountains of north- 60, and a woman's Christmas sweat- and 8 pieces of woman's jewelry of

~~em Georgia by Mr. Hyde's grand- shirt, 1990-95 (1998.0057). gold and gemsrones including 2 fami-~~

~~parents into the 1930s (1996.0083). Kiehl's Inc. (through Jami Morse von ly pieces brought out of Czechos-~~

INTEL Corporation (through Rachel Heidegger): 231 Chinese medicines lovakia at the end of WW II, Stewart): irridescent gold metallic and medical devices (1989. 0196). 1895-1930, 5 pieces given to Mrs. "Bunny People" suit used to adver- T.A. KJersch, M.D.: Pawson & Koubek by her husband, 1950—69,

~~tise the fun being manufactured into Brailsford's "Improved Patent Magneto- and a gold box chain, 1970-85~~

~~INTEL'S microprocessors, 1997 Electric Machine for Nervous Diseases" (1997.0405).~~

~~(1997.0275). with its artachments, made in Shef- James J. Koval: "Al's Original Martajean Ishmael: reading ratometer field, England, 1878-85 (1995.0288). American Basswood Dartboard" and~~

~~used to improve leading skills King Research Inc. (through Bernard 5 darts with turkey feathers, 1997~~

~~(1997.0222). R. King): 6 collecting jars and 4 con- (1998. 0106).~~

~~M. Loisjackim: Panasonic Executive tainers of Barbicide for the jars, used Joseph I. Krene: 46 pieces of~~

~~Partner FT-70 portable microcom- to disinfect hair styling combs and photographic equipment (1993.0037).~~

~~puter (1997. 0125). scissors (1997.0195). Krispy Kreme Doughnut Corporation~~

Richard N. Jarmon: Rockwell battery- Jean Callen King: 5 silver-gelatin glass (through Joseph A. McAleer,Jr.): powered drill and a Rockwell electric plate negatives of production and dis- Bradley washfountain, Ring King drill made to commemorate the U.S. play of ceramic items, 1890—94 Junior doughnut-making machine,

bicentennial (1997.0072). (1997.3141). and small tools including 3 rolling Grace Jeffers: 97 pieces of Formica Cor- Kirshenbaum Bond & Partners pins, a doughnut cutter, and tongs poration product samples, color (through Scort Lahde): mock ballot for lifting doughnuts from the Ring

samples, and promotional material, for the 1996 presidential election King (1997.0179); 5 employee pins, 3 1950-95 (1997.0319); 34 Formica Cor- used to educate children about aprons, 2 shoulder patches, 2 caps, 2

~~poration promotional items voting (1997.0338). coffee mugs, a smock, plaque, and a~~

~~( I 997-3'33); 7 videotape cassertes Manny Kladitis: red satin dress wirh set of 20 doughnut flavor labels~~

~~about Formica (1998.3032). fringe, sequins, and beading worn by (1997.0185).~~

~~John Paul Mitchell Systems (through Carol Channing in the musical Hello Aveline and Michio Kushi: 19 cubic feet~~

John Paul Dejoria): 200 photographs Dolly.', 1994 (1997.0232). of archival records documenting the by Lisa Law documenting counter- Calvin Klein, Inc. (through Robert macrobiotic diet lifesryle and the

~~culture life in America, 1965—75 Triefus): 3 woman's dresses and 2 central role played by Mr. and Mrs.~~

~~(1998. 0139). pants suits, all designed by Calvin Kushi in its development, 1960s—90s~~

~~Sarah Johnson: Minut-Bun cooker- Klein, 1994-96 (1997.0135). (1997.3165).~~

~~toaster and a display box for Chiclets Jeffrey Kliman: 60 photographic con- Richard P. Laauser: Liberty Twin Caille~~

~~gum (1997.0102). tact sheets documenting the District outboard motor, 1924-28 (1997.0263).~~

~~Donald L. Kear: Navy Department Curators Jazz Arts Festivals from LaBelle Heritage Museum, Inc.~~

~~manual for inspecting materials, 1946 1993 to 1997 (1997.3175); (through Thomas R. Sargent): model~~

~~(1996.0019). photographic contact sheet II rotary steam engine designed, Gary Keck: 2 ceramic plates, one made documenting the District Curators patented, and drawn by Edward C.~~

~~for the Curtiss Flying Service Cor- Jazz Arts Fesrival in 1996 (1998. 3061). Warren and J.H_A. Warren, 1928-29~~

poration and the other made for Robert C. Knievel, a.k.a. Evel Knievel: (1997.0249). "Sloppy Joe's, Habana, Cuba," 1912- leather jumpsuit, cape, and pair LaGuardia Community College, La- 50 (1997.0297). of boots worn in the 1970s by Guardia and Wagner Archives, The

~~250 City University of New York Andrew J. Livick: arc lamp, motion pic- photographs, patent papers, cor-~~

~~(through Richard K. Lieberman): I ture camera, and a Jenkins 35mm respondence, awards, and other busi-~~

~~cubic foot of business records of the Home Phantoscope projector ness materials documenting Mr.~~

~~Sohmer Piano Company, 1934—46 (1994.0173). Mathis's career as a barber-stylist in~~

~~(1997.3140). Mr. and Mrs. Newton L. Lockwood: col- Washington, D.C. (1998. 3031).~~

David L. Larson: etching, The Veterans, lection of wood removed from the Charlotte A. McCane: dagger with scab- by Bernhard Uhle, 19th century Hopkins & Alfred dock factory bard, flask, and a pipe/knife used by

~~(1997.0239). building in Harwinton, Connecticut, Lt. Beverly H. Perea during his ser-~~

~~Lisa Law: 6 photographs of Lisa Law built ca. 1830 (1998.3043). vice in the U.S. Army, 1871-1902, in-~~

and her family, 1968—86, a photo- Carolyn Long: 3 model military vehicles cluding the Battle of San Juan Hill graph by Ms. Law of Bob Dylan, made in Haiti of recycled materials in July 1898 (1997.0122).

~~1965, and a photograph by Ms. Law and painted in olive drab camouflage John McConnell: original design of the~~

~~of her husband setting up a tepee at colors, made for sale on the streets Earth flag, 1969, Earth flag of the~~

~~Woodstock, 1969 (1998.0138). starting during U.S. military inter- 1980s, Earth Day button of 1970, and~~

an "Earth People Proclamation," all Norman J. Lawrence: Lawrence of Lon- vention in 1994 (1996.0145). designed or written by Mr. Mc- don water-repellent silk raincoat J. Richard Ludgin, M.D., Esq.: designed by Mr. Lawrence, 1952 unopened tin of Optus powdered Connell, the founder of Earth Day

~~(1997.0248). brown mustard (19930353). (1997.0355).~~

Col. George E. Lear, USA (Ret.): tenor Capt. Leonard R. and Sheila S. Mann in Jean P. McCormick: 30 pieces of U.S. saxophone made by Everte & Shaef- memory of Nathan Harris: uniform Army insignia, uniform items, and

~~fer/Buffet-Crampon & Cie of Paris, jacket, shin, trousers, belt, hat, iden- accessoties, 3 British flags, and a 48-~~

France, 1920s (1997.0404). tification tags, and 12 pieces of insig- star U.S. flag, all used by Edward J. John A. Lee: 8 pieces of winemaking nia used by PFC Nathan Harris McCormick, 1941-50 (1986. 3015).

~~equipment used by an Italian- during his U.S. Army service in the Gretchen H. McKinley and Jawn Mc-~~

~~American household in New Jersey Pacific during WW II (1997.0344). Kinley Neville: 15 instruments and~~

~~and Pennsylvania, 1902—64 Prof. Jonathan Marks: American accessories making up a Ludwig jazz~~

~~(1997.0154). Eugenics Society's Fitter Families drumset, 2 bandstands, and a khaki~~

Beth K- Lehman: quality campaign Contest award medal (1997.0357). army uniform shirt, all used by paperweight and an oil-drops timer William R. Marks: pamphlet of writ- drummer, singer, and bandleader given to employees upon completion ings by Jane Addams about factory Ray McKinley (1998.0075); 19.5

~~of a successful and difficult project workers, 1920s (1997.0312). cubic feet of archival material and an~~

~~(1996.0099). Cornelia Lee Marr: miniature hydraulic oversized birthday card, all~~

~~Lt. Col. Benjamin R. Lemlich, USA jack made according to Richard documenting the career of~~

~~(Ret.): United States Army Retired Dudgeon's patent of 1851 bandleader Ray McKinley~~

flag, 1994 (1997.0110). (1997.0365). (1998.3020). Levi Strauss & Company Archives William Marvy Company, Inc. (through The George Meany Memorial Archives (through Lynn Downey): pair of Levi Robert Marvy): barber pole model (through Lynda DeLoach):

~~501 blue jeans (1997.3115). #55, the 75,000th pole made by the photograph of astronaut Buzz Aldrin Peter Liebhold: work incentive poster Marvy Company since 1950, and a on the Moon (1997. 0314).~~

titled Teamwork" (1995.0344). bench-mounted barber pole with an Donald F. Mela: Midget circular cal- Camilla C. Lindsay, Diana Crosby insert stating "Hair Stylist," 1997 culating rule with instructions, 1936,

Lindsay, Eric Lindsay, and Kelly G. (1998.0036). and a Pickett linear calculating rule, Lindsay: handmade erasable Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1962 (1998. 0119). whiteboard calendar with pens, used Department of Mechanical Engineer- Stephanie D. Mendenhall: carved

~~by the Lindsay family to keep track ing (through Prof. Ioannis V. Yannas, wooden and mother-of-pearl inlaid~~

~~of their daily activities, record phone Ph.D.): sample of Inregra membrane chair made in Damascus, Syria, about~~

~~numbers, and to leave messages for artificial skin developed at MIT by 1913 and used in America by an~~

~~each other (1998.0010). Dr. Yannas and coworkers in 1981 and emigranr family (1997. 0101). Dr. Don M. Lipkin: General Electric FDA-approved in 1996 (1997.0167). Merrimack Valley Textile Museum~~

~~ribbon-filament microscope il- Nathaniel Mathis: 3 apron-vests (through James C. Hippen): picture~~

~~luminating lamp, ca. 1950 designed and used by Mr. Mathis in and sound reproducing apparatus in-~~

~~(1997.0221). his barbershop, 1960S-7OS, and 2 vented by William H. Baker,~~

~~Mark D. Livaditis, O.D.: 7-piece trophies won by Mr. Mathis for patented in 1906 (1994.0174). Bausch & Lomb soft contact lens hairsryling achievements in 1981 Linda B. Miller: 4 posters with feminist~~

~~compliance pack (1997.0191). (1998.0114); 5 cubic feet of slogans (1998. 0143).~~

~~151 Mrs. Vmcente Minnelli: fountain set New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. Christina A. Popenfus: 8 pieces of~~

model designed by Preston Ames, (through Michael J. Damer): 3 work woman's clothing and accessories in- Vincente Minnelli, and Irene Sharaff incentive posters (1995.0322). cluding 2 dresses, 2 vests, 2 belts, a

~~and built by Henry Greutert in 1950 Pataraporn Nhuneg: electric fan skirt, and a pair of trousers, 1985—96 for the MGM film An American in (1997.0381). (1997.0386).~~

Paris (1997.0231). Virginia L. North: 11 uniform items and Porter Cable Corporation (through Mosby Great Performance (through Lyn- insignia worn by U.S. Army enlisted James A. White): n power tools and nda Sorensen): 4 work incentive man William C. Dan, 1898-1901 accessories, 6 promotional and incen- posters (1996.0064). (1992.0436). tive objects and awards, a display Mount Kisco Public Library (through Oliver Corporation (through Donald E. cabinet, work apron, and an Jeanine Meyer and Phillip D. Sum- Kuska): Oliver chilled plow employee identification badge

~~mers): 4 color lithographs, 3 letters, a (199S.0235). (1996.0324); 13 sets of documents, 3~~

~~bust of Shakespeare, and a set of Raymond F. O'Reilly: 13 patent models sets of photographs, a set of stickers,~~

~~Madonna cards, all originally part of (1997.0380). pen, and a lightet, all related to the the Benjamin B. Comegys Library in ORMCO Corporation (through Daniel power tool industry (1996.3070).~~

Philadelphia (1997.0326). Even): 13 wire samples, including 11 Alan W. Postlethwaite: air-sea rescue Mrs. John H. Murray: Woodward & archwires and 2 "O" modules, and 4 transceiver, 1965—68, and 9 miscel- Lothrop hat box. 1980-89 typodents (1997.0177). laneous items of transistor technol-

~~ogy, 1961-68 (1995.0118). (1997.0200). Marie S. Pack: 5 pieces of lingerie Susan H. Myers: ceramic bread plate bought by Mrs. Pack in 1937 for her Alice M. Prachen woman's navy blue~~

~~made by Edward Bennett's pottery in wedding trousseau and a floral silk satin 2-piece suit with beaded~~

Baltimore, Maryland (1997.0270). beaded bag used by her mother, cuffs worn by Mrs. Pracher as her wedding going-away outfit, Dr. Thomas J. Naff for the Farris and 1900-30 (1997.0348). 1949 Yamma Naff Family Arab American Jack L. Packham: American ceramic (1997.0328).

~~Collection: 20 cubic feet of ashtray with a bronze horse's head Anthony Priest: NCR desk clock,~~

~~photographs and published materials medallion in the center, mid-20th AT&T/NCR mission statement card,~~

~~documenting the history of the Arab century (1997.0114). and an ISO 9000 poster (1997.0398);~~

~~American community collected and Sid Paskowitz: Corvus 10-megabyte NCR shin (1998.0098).~~

~~created by Dr. Alixa Naff, 1962-84 hard drive and a U.S. Robotics acous- Lawrence N. Ravick (through Jeanne A.~~

~~(1985.3009). tic coupler modem (1997.0265); 2 Nicholsen): cane with a carrot-shaped The National Labor Committee components of a Dynabyte microcom- handle and a cane marked "Muskin-~~

~~(through Charles Kernaghan): pair of puter, a Topaz power conditioner, gum Livestock Sales Co., Zanesville,~~

~~pajamas with a daimation motif Hazeltine video display terminal, and Ohio" (1994.0245).~~

~~made by H.H. Cutler (1997.3127); a NEC Spinwriter printer Elizabeth Rawlinson: pair of woman's~~

~~brochure design layout for "Anatomy (1997.0294); 5 sets of computer black patent leather shoes designed~~

~~of Exploitation" (1997.3179). software, a set of diskettes, set of by Isaac Mizrahi, fall 1992 season~~

~~National Westminster Bank Pic. printer ribbon cartridges, and a set of (1997.0385).~~

~~(through Graham R.L Higgins): 2 printer typeface thimbles (1997.3152). Theo J. Rehak: metal braille slate dis-~~

~~National Westminster Bank smart Charles G. Pefinis: 5 sets of documenta- tributed by the Perkins School for~~

~~cards, a Mondex card reader, and a tion relating to the Marchant Cal- the Blind (1994.3047).~~

~~Mondex wallet (1996.0265). culating Machine Company, 1927-60 Reynolds Metals Company (through~~

~~Otto Natzler: potter's wheel and tools, (1997.3178). Randolph N. Reynolds): box of~~

~~scale and weight, clay mixer with Mary Anne Perkowski: silk dress Reynolds Wrap aluminum foil from~~

~~steel barrel, clay screen, lamp, and a designed by Flora Kung, 1988 the 1950s (1997.0269).~~

~~kiln heat baffle, all used by Mr. (1997.0394). Jose Reynoso: roll of razor wire~~

Natzler and his late wife, Gertrud Josephine Plahn: 19 pieces of film (1996.0293). Natzler, in creating studio art potter)' projector apparatus and accessories in- Paul W Rieser, D.D.S. (through Martin

~~in Europe and America, 1930S-93 vented by August Plahn of Copen- L. Gang and Dr. Gertrude Meinzer):~~

~~(1995.0132). hagen, Denmark (1994.3059). 231 pieces of dental equipment, tools,~~

~~New Mexico State University, College Rita M. Pleer: 2 lipstick cases made to medicines, certificates, and licenses, all~~

Rieser, of Engineering (through J. Derald resemble gun shell casings by Revlon used in the office of Dr. 1930s- Morgan): Texas Instruments TI-4J00 and Max Factor, WW II (1997.0109). 92 (1993.0107); Air Raid Warden cer-

~~Navstar Navigator global positioning Carla L. Popenfus: cone-shaped frosted tificate issued to Dr. Rieser by the U.S.~~

~~system receiver with antenna and glass perfume bottle designed by Gtizens Defense Corps for New York~~

~~power supply, ca. 1982 (1997.0354). Issey Miyake, 1996 (1997.0350). Gry, January 1942 (1993.0253).~~

~~252 Cherye Riggs: set of human anatomy Keith Schmidt: 2 half-sectioned ex- Emest R. Steele: sample of Aral ac fiber~~

~~flip charts contained in an oak easel perimental bowling pins used to aid (1998.0026).~~

~~with cover, made by the Central Fred Schmidt in inventing a bowling Henry Z. Steinway: 18 photographs~~

~~School Supply House of Chicago, ca. pin spotting machine (1997.0306). with captions and 3 documents relar-~~

~~1890 (1997.0152). J. Schoeneman, Inc. (through Ron ing to the Steinway piano factory,~~

~~Franklin A. Robinson, Jr.: man's wool Palczynski): 2 industrial Singer Steinway Hall, and Steinway family~~

knit 2-piece bathing suit, 1890s sewing machines (1995. 3067). residences, 1860-1912 (1997.3167). (1997.0327); set of woman's hair dips Rosa M. Segre: Emilio Segre's War Carl A. Sren: union contract booklet of

~~and a measuring tape with an ad Department identification card, 1948 (1998.0172). from a silk hosiery company, 1930—40 jumpsuit, goggles, and a plate of Steven Sternheimer: 27 Civil War docu-~~

~~(1998.0038). dark glass, all used during the ments concerned with stationery req-~~

~~Rene Rondeau: original Hamilton Triniry atomic bomb test, and a pock- uisitions, horse and forage requests,~~

~~Electric Watch advertising display- et compass, WW II (1993.0490). and general quartermaster business~~

~~card with barter)-, 1957 (1998.0069). Anne M. Serio: pair of printed cotton (1997.3123). Siriluk Rongsak: ceramic coffee mug curtains (1998.0029). Laurence Steve, M.P.A., M.A., A.T.C.,~~

~~(1997.0273). David H. Shayt: 3 folk medicines and an P.T.: Technicon Cybex isokinetic~~

~~Larry Roosa: postcard, "Wreck of Morro ayurvedic decoder from Sri Lanka and 3 dynamometer exercise machine with~~

~~Castle at Convenrion Hall, Asbury bottles of embalming fluid (1997.0283); graph recorder and speed controller,~~

~~Park, N.J., September 8th, 1934" 5 photographs of workers in a Softball 1968, used in the physical therapy of~~

~~(1998.3039). factory in Haiti and 3 documents re- leg muscles (1996.0078).~~

~~Jessica L. Roscio: purple and yellow Le lated to business and investment in Susan B. Strange: 3 handbags, a horse~~

~~Chic no camera (1997.3096). Haiti, 1980s (1997.3132). morif brooch, and a pair of wedding~~

~~Joseph A. Rui2 II and Marilyn F. Ruiz: Ruth Y. Sieg: Amana Radarange shoes, all used by Ms. Srrange's~~

~~18 objects related to Jose de Rivera's microwave oven and a glass brown- mother, 1930s—40s, her morher's wed-~~

~~creation of the sculpture Infinity, ing skillet, 1974 (1998.3037). ding photograph of 1945, a beaded~~

~~commissioned for the National Henry I. Siegel Company, Inc. (through purse used by Ms. Strange in the~~

~~Museum of History and Technology, Roland L. Kimberlin): U.S. flag on a 1960s, and a family heirloom hair~~

1965-67, including 17 hand tools and stick placed on an employee's bracelet, 1840-60 (1997.0143); shop equipment and a scale model of workstation when weekly production physician's automobile insignia used

~~the sculpture (1997.3068). quotas were met and a clipboard by Ms. Strange's grandfather, 1930s—~~

~~Norman Ruskin: sweatsuit pants and jack- printed with the mission statement 50s (1998.0198).~~

~~et embroidered on the back "1980 of Chic by H.I.S. given during the Melba K. Street: 2 hanging show globes~~

~~Olympics—Moscow" (1998.0105). quality campaign of 1995 (1996.0139). (1994.0098). Saint Paul Baptist Church (through Walter John Silva: manufactured Dr. Gary A. Strobel: combination hat-~~

Rev. Dr. Joel Anthony Ward): 3 choir "whale's tooth" scrimshaw made of and-collecting bag and a shirt worn robes from the Echoes of Eden Choir molded plastic depicting Napoleon, by Dr. Strobel, a plant pathologist

~~(1997.0214). 197OS-80S (1998.0004). who discovered the anti-cancer drug~~

~~Saint Stephen's Episcopal Church J. Gordon Smith: binoculars made by Taxol while examining yew trees in (through Pamela S.E. Higgins): sleep- the Marchand Company of Paris, the Himalayas (1997.0356).~~

~~ing bag and personal supplies kit con- France, 1900-25 (1998.0238). Johanna B. Swart: woman's silk knir~~

~~sisting of 2 pairs of socks, a pair of R.M. Smythe & Co., Inc. (through floral 3-piece dress designed by~~

~~mittens, knit cap, knit scarf, Douglas B. Ball): Southern Bank of Diane Von Furstenberg, 1982~~

~~washcloth, towel, bag of toiletries, Georgia $2 note of 1858 (1998.0064). (1997.0351).~~

and a set of container bags, all made The Southland Corporation (through Symbol Technologies, Inc. (through J. or assembled by volunteers for "My Wendy Barth): rooster and owl Spaccarelli): hand-held laser data ter-

~~Brother's Keeper" for distribution to cutouts used in displays at 7-Eleven minal (1997.0399).~~

~~the homeless (1998.0049). stotes (1998.0104). Carlton R. Tart: faceted green glass bot-~~

~~Sorbo Samuel sson: 2 tricket took invented Harrier and Mortimer Spiller: collap- rle inscribed "Hayward's Hand~~

~~by Mr. Samuelsson in 1973, 2 sible silver presentation cup made by Grenade Fire Extinguisher," made in~~

~~squeegees, and a washerhead, all used the William B. Durgin Company of New York, late 19th to early 20th~~

~~in professional window washing Concord, New Hampshire, inscribed century (1995. 0319).~~

~~(1997.0363). with the date April 21, 1888 Talley Industries, Inc. (through Jack C.~~

~~Saturn Corporation (through William (1997.0325). Cnm and Joanne Shirley): 5 volumes~~

~~R. Berts and Lynn C. Nelson): 14 Harvey G. and Lawrence R. Stack: 2 sil- of Seth Thomas Clock Company~~

~~work incentive posters (1995.0292). ver business tokens (1997. 0241). records, 1835-1928 (1997. 3176).~~

253 signal- components and pieces of Adams): posters of the "Women's Frank J. Taylor: Japanese army 17 9 ing device recovered from the Ad- documentation, all related to the Work Counts" series commemorat-

miralry Islands, WW II (1997.0018). CDC 160 computer (1983.3004). ing the 75th anniversary of the Telephonerics International, Inc. U.S. Department of Defense, Depart- Women's Bureau, 1920—95 (through Alan Kvares): 2 Algor- ment of the Atmy, Fort Benjamin (1998. 0013). hythm Narrowcaster remote digital Harrison Museum: 215 pieces of U.S. Department of the Treasury,

units, 1994-95, for message and military uniforms, insignia, buttons, Bureau of Engraving and Printing, music-on-hold telephone systems equipment, memorabilia, posters, Historical Resource Center (through

~~(1995.0339). and ordnance projectiles (1979.0219). Cecilia Wertheimer): 6 certified Richard B. Thomas: SEAC wire U.S. Department of Defense, Depart- proof plate impressions of 4 Federal~~

~~cartridge for a mainframe computer ment of the Army, Institute of Reserve note faces and 2 uniform cur-~~

~~(1997.0259). Heraldry, Heraldic Services and Sup- rency backs, 1977-85 (1996.0095). William David Todd: pair of glasses port Division (through Thomas B. U.S. Department of the Treasury, U.S.~~

with trifocal lenses (1997.0168). Proffitt): 14 pieces of distinctive insig- Mint (through Maria R. Goodwin): Jumnienien Tornsmee: Melamine plas- nia and 4 pieces of shoulder sleeve in- 2 uncirculated coins commemorating

~~tic rice bowl made in Taiwan signia (1997.0296); 32 pieces of the Smithsonian Institution's 150th~~

~~(1997.0272). distinctive unit insignia (1998. 0001). anniversary and a silver proof coin~~

~~Trengove Srudios Inc. (through Thomas U.S. Department of Defense, Depart- commemorating National Com-~~

~~Trengove): 10 "splash" and "pour" ment of the Navy, Naval Electronic munity Service, all 1996 (1996. 0353);~~

~~acrylic effects for use in commercial Systems Command: set of 63 pieces 2 silver dollars and 2 $5 gold coins,~~

~~still photography and a plastic-and- of equipment used to test submarine 1997 (1997.0242); 4 proof gold coins~~

~~resin "banana split" (1998. 0017). telegraph cable systems (1997.0407). and a proof silver coin, 1998~~

~~Ambrose and Karen Tricoli in memory U.S. Department of Energy, Conserva- (1998.0193).~~

~~of Ambrose and Maria Paldino: 19 ar- tion and Renewable Energy (through U.S. Department of the Treasury, U.S.~~

~~tifacts used in street processions of Dr. Lee R. Anderson): Fusion Secret Service, Office of Government~~

~~the Society of Our Lady of Lighting's prototype electrodeless sul- Liaison and Public Affairs (through~~

~~Aspromonte in Jersey City, New phur lighting system in 3 parts Don A. Edwards): photograph album~~

~~Jersey, 1931-67, consisting of 14 operated at the National Air and of persons arrested by the U.S. Secret~~

~~sashes worn by society officers and a Space Museum from August 1994 to Service, 1888-91 (1994.0017).~~

~~banner with cord, pole set, harness, September 1996 (1996.0314). U.S. Office of Personnel Management,~~

~~and a case (1998. 0003). U.S. Department of Health and Human Personnel Systems and Oversight~~

~~Charles S. Tucek: apparatus built by Services, Public Health Service, Sub- Group (through Kenneth F. Rossman~~

Mr. Tucek in 1969 and used by him stance Abuse and Mental Health Ser- and Dr. Philip A.D. Schneider): 0.67 until 1989 in his private radiocarbon vices Administration (through cubic foot of official personnel

~~dating business (1992.0345). Joseph T. Smith): wriring desk records of 12 federal employees who~~

~~Mildred E. Brittingham Tucker 4 U.S. presented to Saint Elizabeth's Hospi- worked in the early days of radio tech-~~

~~Army buttons, 1920s (1988.3014). tal by Dorothea Dix in 1887 nology (1997.3052).~~

~~U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food (1997.0339). U.S. Senate, Commission on Art~~

~~and Consumer Service, Redemption U.S. Department of Justice, Immigra- (through Diane K. Skvarla): 12 pieces Management Branch (through tion and Naturalization Service of memorabilia from the Clinton~~

~~Suzanne Fecteau): 8 food stamp (through Patricia Y. Wesley): "Im- ptesidential inaugural luncheon held~~

coupons (1997.0335). migration Investigator" identifica- in the U.S. Capitol on January 20, U.S. Department of Defense, Defense tion badge (1997.0255). 1997 (1998.0025). guide dis- Information Systems Agency U.S. Department of Labor 5 posters in Unknown: Chicago street tributed to servicemen with advice (through Lt. Col. David J. Kelley): different languages about minimum Honeywell Tempest computer ter- wage, a federal officer's jacket, TIPP on avoiding and treating venereal dis- minal used by the World Wide jacket and cap, clipboard, pad of per- ease, ca. 1948 (1997.0278); 4 presiden- Military Command and Control Sys- sonal interview statements, garment tial inaugural pamphlets from 1933,

tem, a shopping cart used to deliver interview questionnaire, set of 1953, and 1961 (1998.0091). printouts around the Pentagon, and a production ticket sheets, set of cut- John E. Vawter: print of the steamboat 24-hour Zulu clock, 197OS-9OS ting sheets, set of photographic nega- City ofNorfolk made by Mr. Vawter

~~(1997. 0184). tive strips, and a timecard after his pen-and-ink drawing made U.S. Department of Defense, Depart- (1997.0279). in 1969 (1998.0067).~~

~~ment of the Air Force, Rome Air U. S. Department of Labor, Women's Vishay Intertechnology, Inc. (through~~

~~Development Center 33 computer Bureau (through Angela Twitty Dr. Felix Zandman): luncheon nap-~~

~~254 kin on which Mr. Zandman jotted shoot subatomic particles at speeds National Museum of the his invention for a power metal strip high enough to cause nuclear~~

~~resistor (1996.0063). reactions, late 1920s (1993.0578); American Indian~~

~~Bert and Carol L. Vorchheimer: scrap- Sinclair ZX81 personal computer~~

~~book documenting Frederick P. and a 16K RAM expansion pack Wertheimer's advertising and market- (1994.0398). Donors of Financial Support~~

ing work for the jewelry firm of Fin- Franklin Williams: Softball, bat, and an equipment bag used by the Sioux lay Straus Company, 1930-33 $$00,000 or more (1998.3078); 2 scrapbooks document- City Ghosts barnstorming Softball

ing Frederick P. Wertheimer's adver- team (1997.0024). Morris and Gwendolyn Cafritz Stella Williams: 2 grape picking knives tising and marketing work for the Foundation (1997.0305). Doughnut Machine Company, ca. The Kresge Foundation 1928 Warren Winiarski: grape picking knife (1998.3079). The John D. & Catherine T. MacArthur (1997.0379). Evelyn Wagman: block-printed cotton Foundation Norma M. Witt: violin made by Marius fabric sample of the Arts and Crafts Richelme of Marseilles, France, 1875 Movement period (1997.0374). (1997.0300). $100,000 or more Wayne E. Wakefield: 2 slide trays and a Barbara Wolf: monthly wall calendar Project-O-Matic slide projector with for 1997 (1998.0008). Mr. and Mrs. James A. Block case (i997-3°97>- Allen M. Wolpe: 10 cubic feet of The Chase Manhattan Bank Jean P. Warner: vaudeville costume matchbook covers and supporting Mr. and Mrs. Charles Diker (Valerie and dress worn by Mrs. Warner's great- catalog materials (1994.3133). Charles Diker Fund, Inc.) aunt, song-and-dance artist Nellie Priscilla Q. Wood: 2 woman's dress pat- The Ford Foundation Burt (1998.0002). terns, 1940s (1998. 3012). Mr. George Gund III and Iara Lee Washington Steele Corporation Helena E. Wright: 8 cruise ship menus, Ms. Ru Lang Lennox (through Joseph K. Kusic): booklet, 1989 (1998.3042). Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Mercy, Jr. "Ground Rules for the Team," 1947 Jane Griffin Yeingst and William H. Ms. Elizabeth Solomon (1998.0096). Yeingst: 13 posters with popular cul- Turner Foundation, Inc. John Elfreth Watkins: 0.3 cubic foot of ture and musical themes, 1960S-70S correspondence relating to Mr. Wat- (1996.0087). or kins and the Philadelphia Typewriter $50,000 more Adele Youdin: white stoneware mug Company, 1886-1902 (1997.3130). with a raised depiction of the Smith- Elwin F. and West: pieces of ar- Anonymous J.C. 4 sonian Institution Castle, made by tificial display meat for use in a The Bedminster Fund, Inc. Bennington Potters of Bennington, burcher's shop window consisting of Booth Ferris Foundation Vermont, 1980s (1997.3069). wax cuts of beef and a ceramic side Clarence and Anne Dunwalke Trust 3 Orrey P. Young: benrwood slat-seat side Fannie Mae Foundation of ham (1997.3060). chair possibly made by Samuel Mrs. Ruth Greenberg White Consolidated Industries, Inc. Gragg of Boston, ca. 1830 The Greenwich Workshop, Inc. (through Daniel N. Elliott and (1998.0190). Mr. and Mrs. Victor Kaufman Sharon Schiller): 1,381 type matrices Karin Yount: woman's 2-piece suit Metropolitan Life Foundation used by the American Type Founders made from 2 pairs of U.S. Army wool Mi. and Mrs. Carroll O'Connor Company, 19th and 20th centuries trousers by Mrs. Yount's mother, Margaret Knowles Schink (1993.0486). Maria Trenina, a silk handkerchief, George W. and Nanette H. White: 6 and a cardboard suitcase, 1946 Philippine pina cloth items with (1997.0349). $ 10,000 or more woven, embroidered, and Victor Yuliano: GRiD Case 1530 appliqued decorations, 1920s—30s portable mictocomputer Mr. Roger Abelson (1996.0269). (1997.0124). Allen & Company Incorporated Norma P. Wieler: 7 rules, 2 sets of draft- Thomas G. Zimmerman: Kinko's Ms. Charmay B. Allred ing machine rules, set of drawing in- neon sign, "Open 24 Hours" Anheuser-Busch Companies struments, planimeter, map measure, (1997. 3120). Mr. and Mrs. Robert Balzer bow pencil, bow compass, electric Edward G. Zubler: 8 experimental Capital Re tungsten-halogen light bulbs eraser, and a stylus, all used by Castle Rock Entertainment (1996.0082). Robert H. Wieler, Jr. (1998.0032). Dr. John P. Comstock (Abigail Van

~~Dr. Ronald S. Wilkinson: Tesla coil and Vleck Charitable Trust)~~

~~a glass acceleration tube used to Mr. and Mrs. Richard M. Danziger~~

~~255 Mr. Barry Diller (USA Networks Foun- Mr. James D. Wolfensohn (Wolfensohn National Museum of dation, Inc.) Family Foundation)~~

~~Mr. and Mrs. William C. Dutton Natural History~~

~~Mr. and Mrs. John Ernst (Richard C. & $$,ooo or more Susan B. Ernst Foundation Inc.) Donors of Financial Support Forsrmann Little & Company Ms. Ann Simmons Alspaugh~~

~~Mr. James S. Frank Bell Atlantic Foundation Mr. David W. Gengler Mr. and Mrs. Robert H. Bloom $1,000,000 or more~~

~~Estate Lydia Heininger Bloomberg Financial Markets,~~

~~Mr. Brian C. McK. Henderson Commodities and News The Kenneth E. Behring Family Mr. Gene A. Keluche (Communication The Chase Manhattan Foundation Herbert and Evelyn Axelrod~~

~~Resources, Inc.) Alfred and Harriec Feinman Nippon Foundation~~

~~Mr. and Mrs. Robert Krissel Foundation Nordic Council of Ministers~~

Mrs. Emily Fisher Landau Ms. Anne Forbes Grey Advertising, Inc. Mr. Thomas H. Lee $ 100,000 or more Masco Corporation Mr. and Mrs. Robert Linton MCJ Foundation and Emily Lowe Foundation Joe Shell Prospecting & Development Mary A.H. Rumsey Foundation Andrew W. Mellon Foundation (Peru) B.V. San Francisco Foundation Merrill Lynch & Company Foundation, Inc. Shell Oil Company Foundation Estate of Merriam P. Sargent J. P. Morgan & Company. Inc. Estate of Annie B. Wetmore Mr. Richard E. Whalen New York Community Trusr Estate of Helen Katchmar New York Stock Exchange, Inc. Smithsonian Women's Committee $2,000 or more Mrs. Paul M. Niebell, Sr. Alumax, Inc.

Ms. Virginia J. Ortega The Philip L. Graham Fund Mrs. Teresa Bressler Ostrolenk, Faber, Berb & Soffen, LLP Jewelers of America Central Pacific Bank Mr. Gerald P. Peters (Gerald Peters Gal- Alfred C. Munger Foundation Mrs. Dorothy S. Davidson lery Inc.) Educational Broadcasting Corporation Polo Ralph Lauren Corporation Fulbtight & Jaworski $ SO, ooo or more Mr. and Mrs. William Pottet (William Mr. Sam Kito, Jt. (Kito Inc.) A. & Ronnie N. Potter Philanthropic Mr. and Mrs. James D. Krissel AT&T Foundation Fund) Mrs. Priscilla McDougal Conoco Inc. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Mexican Government Tourism Office Mr. Jeffrey W Meyer Ms. Ann Roberts Ms. Antoinette Peskoff Pennzoil Company

~~Mr. and Mrs. William D. Rollnick (Wil- Philip Morris Companies, Inc. Shell International Petroleum Co. Ltd.~~

liam D. And Nancy Ellison Rollnick Mr. and Mrs. David Saity Foundation) Dt. Mark Sublette J. $10,000 or more The May and Samuel Rudin Family Hannoch Weisman Foundation Anonymous Ms. Helen G. Schneider Donors of In-Kind Support Wallis Foundation Ms. Helen D'Olier Stowell The Freed Foundation Dr. and Mrs. Paul Tarver (Tarver Family Alaska on Madison American Business for Environmental Fund) Mr. Nathan Scott Begay Leadership Ms. Ann Tenenbaum Ms. Juanita Growing Thunder Fogarty AT&T Alascom Ms. Rhonda Holy Bear Thacher Proffitt and Wood The Homeland Foundation Mr. Delbridge Honanie Time Warner, Inc. Woohak Culrural Foundation Mr. Yazzie Johnson Ms. Rita Tishman (Norman-Rita Missouri Botanical Garden Ms. Jan Loco Tishman Fund, Inc.) Autodesk Inc. Ms. Angie Reano Owen Troop Steuber Pasich Reddick & Tobey, Drs. William H. and Isabella M.C. Twin Rocks Trading Post and Blue LLP Cunningham Mountain Trading Post U.S. -Mexico Fund for Culture Mr. and Mrs. Robert W. Fri Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz The Link Foundation Mr. and Mrs. John T. Walton Merck & Co., Inc. Estate of Feme R. Warren The Saint Paul Foundation Mrs. Eileen Wells Museum Loan Network

~~^6 Conservation, Food & Health Dr. Cesar A. Caceres National Portrait Gallery Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Richard W. CarT Bell Atlantic Corporation Mrs. Tatiana Dominick~~

~~Mr. and Mts. Alfred C. Glassell, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Robert K Edson Donors of Financial Support Volker Hollmann-Schinroacher Ms. Gladys H. Fuller~~

~~Mr. Rampa R. Hormel Ann & Gordon Getty Foundation $50,000 or more National Association of Secondary Sam W. Huddleston, M.D.~~

School Principals Ms. Dane A. Nichols Time, Inc. Pioneer Hi-Bred Inrernational Mr. and Mrs. David A. Olive Siemens Hearing Instruments Ms. Judy Lynn Prince $10,000 or more Mr. Hans Pulpan Mr. Edward Hart Siemens Corporation $5,000 or more Rice Richardson Foundation, Inc. Citibank

Miss Marguerite V. Schneeberger Marpat Foundarion Asian Culrural Council, Inc. Mrs. Jocelyn A. Sladen Nations Bank Laura Boulton Foundation, Inc. Dr. Dwighr Smith and Mrs Marillyn The Washington Post Company Chevron Corporation Suzuki-Day Mr. and Mis. Robert H. Malott Mr. and Mrs. William C. Storey $5,000 or more The Embassy of Spain Warner-Lambert Company King and Jean Cummings Charitable Dr. Kerstin Wasson Trust The Max & Victoria Dreyfus Harold and Alma White Memorial Foundation, Drs. W. Ronald and Miriam Heyer Inc. Fund Catherine Gidlow Wenner-Gren Foundation for Estate of Eugene A. Wilde Anthropological Research David V Capes YSI Foundation, Inc. Strauss Charirable Fund (Fidelity Mr. and Mrs. Michael Baly III Mr. and Mrs. Gregory Zemenick Investments Charirable) Mr. and Mrs. Ben Hammett Mary Mrs. Olga Hirshhorn O'Brien Gibson Reed Foundation $500 or more The Clarence & Jack Himmel Foundation Robert Krueger Mrs. Beatrice A. von Gontard Ms. Helen Cracraft Theodore Roosevelt Association Agdaagux Tribal Council $2,000 or more Akutan Corporation $1,000 or more Aleutian Pribilof Island Community Jose Cuatrecasas Botanical Fund Development Association The Community Foundation for the Dr. F. Christian Thompson Association of Reptilian & Amphibian National Capital Region Dr. Wayne N. Mathis Veterinarians Chester Lasell Tne Aleut Corporation Atka Ira Council Mr. and Mrs. Alan Fern Aleutian Pribilof Islands Association Clyde Peeling's Reptiland The Kiplinger Foundation Anne Corporation Columbus Zoological Park Association Leslie Goldberg Charity Fund Dr. Oliver S.Flint, Jr. Ms. Jeanne M. Lemmer Morgan Stanley Dean Witter Embassy of Korea Lion and Hare Fund The Barra Foundation American Hospiral Association Neiman Marcus Rosemary Frankeberger Mr. and Mrs. Barry Bergman Dr. F.H. Plough First National Bank of Anchorage Mrs. Thomas Malcolm Price The Honorable James A. McClure $ 500 or more Qawalangin Tribe of Unalaska Ounalashka Corporation Mr. John J. Trelawney Bushnell Sports Optics Worldwide Phillip Morris The Tuckahoe Woman's Club David and Pat Jernigan Dr. David B. Wake Ms. Betty Anne Schreiber and Mr. Gary Dr. Austin B. Williams Donors to the Schenk Zoological Society of Philadelphia Collection—Department of Painting and Sculpture $1,000 or more

~~Eugene V Epperly. Percy Julian, 1952,~~

~~National Capital Shell Club oil on canvas, by Richard Epperly Mrs. Gloria Shaw Hamilton (NPG.97.233). Ms. Jean Beekhuis Everert Raymond Kinstler. Elizabeth~~

~~Ms. Tiane C. Benson "Betty" Ford, 1996, oil on canvas, by~~

~~157 — ——~~

Merle Moore, Mary Panzer, and Everett Raymond Kinsrler Donors to the Collection Harry Rand, plus 41 monographs, ex- (T/NPG.97.I55)- Department of Prints and Mengarini. George hibition catalogs, and auction Dr. and Mrs. Ariel Drawings various SI fellows, Eastman, 1930, bronze head, by Faus- catalogs ftom public and private institutions, and ta Victoria Mengarini (NPG.97.156). Mrs. William Rockwood. John Thur- Library researchers. Joan D. Tolley. Catherine Shome, 1974, man, pastel, 1797, by Thomas Bluget plaster, by Elaine Pear Cohen de Valdenuit.

~~(T/NPG.98.005.04). Seyffert, Robert. James Michener, char-~~

~~Estate of Mrs. John Hay Whitney. coal, 1979, by Robert Seyffert.~~

Daniel Webster, 1835, oil on canvas, by Shikler, Aaron. Mike Mansfield, oil on National Postal Museum Francis Alexander (NPG 98.71). paper, 1977, by Aaron Shikler Laurence, Dr. Richard Wunder. Amos c. Milton Rose. 8 lithographic portraits, Vail 1839, plaster bust, by Shobal 19th century. Clevenger (NPG. 97.157). Mr. Paul Grayson. Harlem as Seen By Donors of Financial Support

Hirschfeld. book, 1941, by Al Hirschfeld. $50,000 or more Donors to the Collection Les Schreyer. 29 theater, propaganda, advertising, and World War II posters, Department of Photographs 20th century. United States Postal Service Mrs. William Harrison Feldman. Todd Guido Craveri and Tito Gaimporcaro Duncan, 1954, gelatin silver print by William H. Feldman (NPG.98.65). Donors to the Collection more John and Susan Edwards Harvith. Bebe National Museum of $ 25,000 or Daniels, 1921, silver bromide print by American Art/National Karl Struss (S/NPG.97.I74)- Portrait Gallery Library Avery Dennison Foundation Bardyl Tirana. George Gershwin, c. 1930, The Gold Institute gelatin silver print by Nicholas Haz Richard Ahlbom. A small collection of (NPG.98.69). exhibition catalogs and vertical file or more Rosamond Walling Tirana. George materials on Hispanic and Spanish $10,000

~~Gershwin, c. 1918, gelatin silvet print colonial an and crafts. by Edward Steichen (NPG.98.66). James M. Goode. Twelve file boxes of Ashton Potter Security Printers~~

George Gershwin. 1931, gelatin silver his "contemporary self-portraits" Securities Industry Association print by Unidentified (NPG.98.67). files, which includes photographs, George Gershwin, gelatin silver print biographies, correspondence, or more by Unidentified (NPG. 98.68). newspaper and magazine clippings $5,000

~~Enid Noland Warner. Portrait album, c. on artists represented in his personal~~

~~1865, tintypes by Unidentified collection of artist's self-portraits. The Reader's Digest Association (S/NPG.97.172). Miniature portrait Lynn Igoe. Thirteen boxes of vertical The Estate of Leo August~~

~~album, c. 1870, tinrypes by Uniden- files material on African-American Mystic Stamp Company~~

tified (S/NPG.97.173). an and artists. Littleton Coin Company Zabriskie. Wilkm de Kooning National Endowment for the Arts. Thir- Virginia M. James E. Pehta Foundation (and others) at Port Said Restaurant, c. teen boxes of exhibition catalogs, as J.C. Penney Company, Inc. 1954, gelatin silver print by Hans well as some auction catalogs and pe- Namuth (S/NPG.97.234). Horace riodical issues. Traubel. 1916, gelatin silvet ptint Jan and Chuck Rosenak. Two hundred $1,000 or more by Arnold Genthe (NPG.97.235). thirty-three items (vertical files

Horace Traubel. c. 1917, gelatin silver materials, auction catalogs, peri- Joan Berkley print by Arnold Genthe odicals, monographs) on folk art and Book-of-the-Month Club (S/NPG.97.236). twentieth-century art. Bell & Howell Stahl. Twenty-five books on the Joan National Association of Postmasters of arts. the United States Innumerable vertical file items, peri-

~~odicals, auction catalogs, monographs and exhibition catalogs Donors of In-Kind Support from NMAA and NPG curatorial~~

~~staff: Sidney Hart, Lynda Hartigan, United States Postal Service~~

258 Donors to the Collection U.S. Postal Service, (through Stephen $10,000 or more M. Kearney). Verifone integrated pay- Margaret Ann and Lewis Jackson Ad- ment system credit/debit keypad, Max and Victoria Dreyfus Foundation kins. Ca. 1900 handmade RED mail- microprocessor with magnetic card Mr. and Mrs. John F. Mars box (NPM 1997.2011). reader, printer, stand (NPM National Geographic Society Keich A. and Alison Harmer. Double 1998.2004). Price Waterhouse stamp vending machine, Schermack U.S. Postal Service, Postal Square Sta- Ralston Purina Model ca. tion (vendor) and Collection Depart- 45 and 310, mid-ioth cen- Harezo Shimizu tury (NPM 1997.2009). ment Fund. 1,164 U.S. mint postage

~~Hong Kong Post, People's Republic of stamps (NPM 1998.2008). $$,000 or more China (through S.Y Wan). Twentieth- U.S. Postal Service, Stamp Services~~

Century ERII pillar-style mailbox (through Azeezaly Jaffer). 40,064 Bayer Corporation used in the former British colony of postage stamps, 16 covers, 2 souvenir Albert Beekhuis Foundation Hong Kong (NPM 1997.2010). sheers, 8 commemorative panels, 12 postal cards, 28 souvenir programs Elaine Broadhead Ivy & Mader Philatelic Auctions, Inc. Dorothy Jordan Chadwick Fund (vendor) and New Acquisitions (NPM 1998.2010). U.S. Postal Service, (through Megaera Eldon Crowell Fund. 211 U.S. plate proof singles Austrian). 2 rolls of precancel test coil Dielle Fleischman and Richard Viets (1847—1893), 19 original presentation stamps, 1 catcher-arm style mailbag Clinton and Missy Kelly envelopes, accompanying 1893 U.S. (NPM 1998.2011). Sandy Lerner Posr Office Department letter The Little River Fund presenting this set of proofs to The Mars Foundation Alexander Barclay courtesy of Vice Mr. and Mrs. George Ohrstrom President Stevenson (NPM Purina Mills 1998.2005). National Zoological Park Philip D. Reed, Jr. Alvin R. and Marjorie S. Kantor. 1928 Benjamin Rosenthal Foundation letter from Franklin D. Roosevelt to The Sacharuna Fund Eugene Klein, stamp dealer (NPM Donors of Financial Support Sprint Corporation 1998.2009). The Summit Foundation Edwin M Schmidt. British post card Beatrix von Hoffman with military censor/civil mails can- $500,000 or more

~~cellation sent to British Zone, Ger- or more many in 1947 (NPM 1998.2003). Friends of the National Zoo $2,500~~

~~U.S. E>epartment of the Interior, Fish~~

and Wildlife Service, Federal Duck Robert A. Bartlett, Jr. $100,000 or more Stamp Program (through Teresa M. Esther S. Bondareff Conservation Treaty Support Fund Bell). 1997-98 Junior Duck Stamp, 3 Shirley P. Sichel essays of 1997—98 Migratory Bird Harriet M. Crosby Estate of Janet Johnson Hunting and Conservation stamp, Joan E. Hekimian 1998—99 Migratory Bird Hunting Adrienne B. Mars William P. McClure and Conservation stamp single, im- $50,000 or more C.B. Foundation perforate sheet of 120, imperforate Ramsay Jeffrey R. Short self-adhesive single, self-adhesive im- Estate of Miriam K. Schreiter Henry Strong perforate sheet of 24, souvenir pro- The Sulzberger Foundation, Inc. gram (NPM 1998.2007). $30, 000 or more Virginia Ullman U.S. Posral Service, Melvin, Michigan, Mr. and Mrs. Paul Wolk Post Office (through Patricia L. Mc- Caroline Gabel Clainj. Duplex handstamp and set George J. Sisley Endowment key (NPM 1997.2012). $1,000 or more Sichel Family Endowment VS. Postal Service, Stamp Services Franchon & Gloria Smithson (through Azeezaly Jaffer). 946 AWA Family Foundation postage stamps, 14 souvenir sheets, Austin W. Bach 56 covers, 62 commemorative panels, 20,000 or more Brane-Strom Management 2 maximum cards, 44 souvenir Donald H. and Ann Brown

~~programs and inserts (NPM M.A. Healy Foundation George A. Didden 111~~

~~1998.2001). Mars Inc. Karen L. Didion~~

~~159 —~~

Mr. and Mrs. William Dietel $100 or more Smithsonian JunAnn Holmes Klein Family Foundation Environmental Research Castle Book bookstore, Puerto Rico Claire Lamborne (support of the "Preservation of San- Center Raymond E. Mason Foundation tos" workshop in Puerto Rico) Estate of Helen L. Parker Museo de las Americas (support of the Linda Powers "Preservation of Santos" workshop in Donors of Financial Support Rein Fielding, Wiley Puerto Rico) Allen & Susan Snyder Fund Paul G. and Heather Srurt Haaga $10,000 or more Donors of In-Kind Support The Walt Disney Company Donors of In-Kind Support Universidad del Sagrado Corazon, Regional Citizens Adv. Council Puerto Rico. Lecture, office, and British Airways. Airline tickets. American Petroleum Institute laboratory facilities, office supplies Marriott Ranch. Lodging and refresh- Warren Wilson College ments for special events. and copying, transportation, receptions, staff Met Life. Printing of Zoo map and videotaping, and sup- $100 or more brochure. port during the "Preservation of San-

The Scale People. Scales for Tiger tos" workshop in Puerto Rico. Tracks exhibit. Leica Microsystems. Staff time and ex- Bishop Museum Sunset Hills Foliage. Plants. pertise and the use of 10 teaching Eugene S. Morton

~~TransBrasil Airlines. Airline tickets. microscopes for the five days of the Applied Optical Microscopy course~~

during September 1998. The Museo de Arte de Ponce, Puerto National Science Resources Rico. Facilities and staff support as Smithsonian Center for host of a one-day symposium about Center Materials Research and santos for collectors, artists, his- Education torians, and curators. Harvard University. Supplies, staff Donors of Financial Support travel, and room/board on site for the Donors of Financial Support Harappa and Copan Archaeological Research Projects. $$00,000 or more The University of Wisconsin. Supplies, $5,000 or more staff travel, and room/board on site National Science Foundation

~~for the Harappa Archaeological Re- Samuel H. Kress Foundation (Ar- search Project. chaeological Conservation Program) $100,000 or more Yale University. Supplies, staff travel, and~~

room/board on site for the Aguateca Ar- Kellogg Fund of the National Academy %1,000 or more chaeological Research Project. of Sciences/National Research Council The University of Pennsylvania. Sup- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation La Compania de Fomento Industrial plies, staff travel, and room/board on Dow Chemical Company Foundation Oficina de Desarrollo Artesanal, Puer- site for the Early Copan Acropolis DuPont Company to Rico (for simultaneous translation Project. during the "Preservation of Santos" Cable TV of San Juan, Puerto Rico. Ad- workshop in Puerto Rico) vertisements for the "Preservation of $75,000 or more Santos" workshop in Puerto Rico. Contemporaneo, Puerto $500 or more Museo de Arte Carolina Biological Supply Company Rico. Facilities for the "Preservation Delta Education Cable TV of Greater San Juan, Puerto of Santos" workshop in Puerto Rico. Rico (support of the "Preservation of Puerto Rico Convention Bureau. Publi- or more Santos" workshop in Puerto Rico) cations for the "Preservation of San- $ 50,000 La Compania de Turismo—Oficina de tos" workshop in Puerto Rico. Asuntos Culturales, Puerto Rico (for Instituto de Cultura Puertorriquena. Smithsonian Institution Educational a reception during the "Preservation Publications for the "Preservation of Outreach Fund

~~of Santos" workshop in Puerto Rico) Santos" workshop in Puerto Rico. Hewlett-Packard Company~~

260 $30,000 or more Colonial Waterbird Society. Records of The Curtis Centennial Project the Society. The Curtis Collection Charles Whirney Dall. Portrait (cased The Bayer Foundation, Inc. Robert J. Hurst miniature) Technical Association of the Pulp and of George Brown Goode. Frank A. Weil Paper Industry Paul E. Garber. Oral history with Paul Mr. and Mrs. Caspar W. Weinberger, Sr. E. Garber. Mrs. Lloyd Wineland History of Science Sociery. Records of $24,000 or more rhe Society. $500 or more Museum Computer Network. Records Merck Institute for Science Education of the Network. James M. Kemper, Smithsonian Women's Committee Jr. Suzanne Ripley. Papers of Suzanne Dudley and Lois Rochester Scientific VWR Products Ripley. David Spencer Ross Simons. Oral history with Ross $18,000 or more Simons. $250 or more Michael Smith. Oral history with

Hewlett-Packard Company Michael Smith. John and Lois Eberhard Society for Marine Mammalogy. Bill Lambert Records of the Society. Rosemary Ripley United States Geological Survey L. Rodris Roth Portrait of Isaac Lea; Note by Mary Russell Train Smithsonian Institution Jane Rathbun. Bruce Wassersrem Archives Margaret Wetmore. Papers of Alexander Wetmore. Woodrow Wilson International Center $ 100 or more Donors of Financial Support for Scholars. Records of the Center. Judith K. Zilczer. Papers of Judith K. Tobin and Anne Armstrong Zilczer. Marion Oates Charles $115,000 or more Charlottesville Camera Club Mary Lou Cowden Richard Lounsbery Foundation to the Douglas Evelyn Henry Papers Joseph Project Alfred C.Glassell, Smithsonian Institution Jr. Marc Goldberg $35,000 or more Libraries Nancy E. Gwinn and John Y. Cole Richard McG. Helms and Linda Research Resources Grant Program (Of- James Hobbins Donors of Financial Support Jameson fice of Fellowships and Grants) John Keith A.Jones

~~$25,000 or more Thomas E. Lovejoy $2,500 or more Roman Martinez IV~~

Nancy Wineland Castle Alan and Betty Miller Smithsonian Women's Committee Howard and Reba Oheim Joseph F. 3rd and Joan Cullman Mrs. Jefferson Patterson William A. Oliver Malcolm and Bettie Ripley Donors to the Collection Russell A. Rourke $5,000 or more American Ornithologists' Union. Ruth Selig Records of the Union. Russell Shank Anonymous Animal Behavior Society. Records of Lawrence A. Skantze The Edward S. Curtis Foundation the Society. Barbara J. Smith The Dibner Fund (David and Frances Association of Field Ornithologists. Stanwyn Shetler Dibner) Records of the Association. William Mitchell Van Winkle The Jaques Admiralty Law Firm Association of Systematics Collections. Ulf Andreas Whist Records of the Association.

~~David Challinor. Oral history with $1,000 or more Donors to the Collection David Challinor.~~

~~Roy S. Clarke, Jr. Papers of Roy S. Howard H. Baker, Jr. Ms. Rita Adrosko~~

~~Clarke, Jr. Christopher Cardozo Mr. John-Tokpabere Agberia~~

:6i Mr. Chinedu A. Agbodike Ms. Charlorre Elton Mr. Brian H. Mason Mr. and Mrs. John Aha Mr. David Erhardt Mr. Michael D. Marthews Mr. Richard Ahlborn Ms. Angele Etoundi Essamba Ms. Pat McNees Dr. Harry A. Alden Mr. Eduardo Esquivel Mr. James G. Mead

~~Mrs. John E. Armstrong Ms. Betty B. Faust Mr. Charles Medearis~~

Mr. Donald P. Avery Mr. Marc Leo Felix Mrs. Rachel L. Mellon Mr. Robert O. Bach Mr. Larry Ferreiro Ms. Louise Meyers Wang Ying Bai Ms. Anne M. Franks Ms. Virginia Minton Dr. Douglas B. Ball Mr. Douglas Freund Dr. Max Mohl

~~Mrs. Mary W. Ballard Dr. Kimball L. Garrett Mr. Owen D. Mort, Jr.~~

~~Ms. Corrine Barsky Dr. Anna Gradowska Mrs. Lettie S. Multhauf Mr. Joseph Barth Ms. Renee Guerin Mr. O. Odimayo Mr. Silvio A. Bedini Mr. Jorge Gumbe Mr. Ricardo Ojeda~~

~~Ms. Amy A. Begg Ms. Laura Gutierrez Mr. Storrs L. Olson~~

~~Mr. Abdallah Benanteur Mr. Joseph P. Harahan Mr. Jack Padalino Dr. Ernst H. Berrunger Ms. Elizabeth Harris Mr.J.B. Parker~~

Mr. Richard E. Beteta Dr. Robert D. Harris Dr. Louis Perrois Dr. Erna Beumers Mrs. Eleanor C. Harvey Professor John Picton Mr. Kent Charles Boese Mr. Stanley Heckadon Mr. Richard A. Postman Ms. Alaine Apap Bolgna Mr. Wayne Henderson Dr. Robin Poynor

~~Ms. Maxjma M. Bond Dr. Robert S. Hoffmann Dr. Maynard S. Raasch~~

~~Mr. Eric S. Borsting Dr. Paul House Mr. Randy Rach Ms. Bngirte Bouret Mr. Ramon E. Howe Mr. William Rand~~

~~Ms. Mary Brandwein Dr. Kuang-Nan Huang Mr. Clayton E. Ray~~

~~John Brarten, Ph.D. Mr. Andrei Dumitru Iacobas Mrs. Nicholas C. Read Dr. Michael K. Brett-Surman Ms. Funke C. Ifeta Mr. Robert K Robbins Mr. William H. Bunting Mr. Krydz Ikwuemesi Mrs. Daphne Ross~~

~~Mr. Andrew Chaikin Dr. Pascal James Imperato Dr. Ira Rubinoff~~

~~Mr. Eddie Chambers Ms. Rose Issa Ms. Carmen T. Ruiz-Fischler Dr. Elizabeth Chilver Dr. Dele Jegede Ms. Elizabeth M. Sanchez Mr. Wallace Cleland Dr. Veronika Jenke Mr. Angel D. Santiago~~

~~Dr. Anthony G. Coates Mr. Grady E. Jensen Dr. George B. Saunders Dr. Jorge Conte-Porras Mr. Lars Christian Jenssen Mr. Alfredo Schael Dr. Richard Cooke Mr. David W. Johnsron Mr. Sven Scheiderbauer~~

Dr. Mireya D. Correa Ms. Ann Juneau Prof. Dr. Katesa Schlosser Mr. Guido Craveri Mr. Martin R. Kalfatovic Mr. Keith Fred Schmidt Laudine and George Creighton Mr. Roy Kausa Dr. Klaus Schneider Feng Dashun Ms. Sherry Kelley Mr. Carsten Schuiz Ambassador Allen C Davis Mr. David A. Kent Ms. Ruth Sexton Ms. Diane DeBlois Mr. Shuji Komatsu Mr. Andy Shanken

~~Dr. Adolib de Sostoa Mr. Karl J. Krapek Mr. Joshua Shapiro Ms. Ana Maria de Vasquez Mr. Daniel C. Krummes Ms. Courtney Shaw Mr. Warren W. Dexter Mr. Herbert Lachmayer Mr. David Shayt~~

~~Ms. Joan Giffen Donahue Mr. Richard W Leche, Jr. Mr. Ky Siriki~~

~~Mr. Laurence J. Dorr Ms. Gwendolen R. Leighry Dr. Neal G. Smith~~

~~Mrs. Helen Dossche Mr. Richard A. Leyes, II Mr. I. Gregory Sohn Mr. Richard Dory Mr.JohnLiddell Ms. Kate Southey~~

~~Mr. Robert Dowlmg Dr. Olga Linares Mr. Roger Sraiger, Jr.~~

~~Ms. Lynn Downey Dr. Glenn Loney Mr. David R. Stivers~~

Mr. William S. Dudley Ms. Eleonora Louis Mr. Joseph Suarez Ms. Chris Dunn Mr. Dennis M. Lyden Mr. Paul M. Taylor Mr. Chris Ebigbo Mr. Robert A. Malone Ms. JanThies Mr. Roger Edde Major R.K Malort, Ret. Mr. Dale Thomas

~~Ms. Judith Eglington Mr. Joe T.Marshall, Jr. Mrs. Mary Augusta Thomas Ms. Annaleen Eins Mr. Jean-Hubert Martin Mr. Dante Martins Tiexeira~~

~~262 Mr. Herbert A. Trenchard Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisbon, Smithsonian Institution Dr. Ing. Umberto Ucelli Ponugal~~

Mr. Richard Van Hawaiian Philatelic Society, Honolulu, Traveling Exhibition Hawaii Ms. Mary Ellen Vehlow Service, SITES Mrs. Jane Villa-Lobos Instiruto Frances de Estudios Andinos, Mr. Alexander von Vegesack Santa Fe de Bogota, Colombia Instituto National de Pesca y Acui- Mr. Melvin J. Wachowiak Donors of Financial Support Dr. Roslyn A. Walker cultura, Santa Fe de Bogota, Colombia $500,000 or more Dr. Deborah J. Warner International Plant Genetic Resource Ms. Mary Jane Wesr-Eberhard Institute, Rome, Italy Lila Wallace-Reader's Digest Fund Mr. John H. White Ministerio de Salud, Republic of Lockheed Martin Corporation Ms. Lavonia Green Wiggins Panama Nissan North America Mr. Vince Wilcox Ministerio de Sanidad y Asistencia Pfizer Inc Dr. Ronald S. Wilkinson Social, Aragua, Venezuela Ms. Jeri Bernadetce Williams or Museo, Casa de la Moneda, Madrid, $ 100,000 more Dr. Elizabeth A. Willis Spain Mr. Frank H. Winter Time Warner Inc. National Imagery & Mapping Agency, Mr. Rainer Wirth Turner Classic Movies Bethesda, Md. Dr. Norman E. Woodley National Museum of American Jewish Mr. George $50,000 or more Xanthakis History, Philadelphia, Penn. Ms. Diane T. Zinn Oak Spring Garden Foundation, Banco Popular de Puerto Rico Mr. George R. Zug Upperville, Va. United States Golf Association Organization Panamerican de la Salud,

Washington, D.C. $ 10,000 or more Corporate Donations to the Overseas Development Instituce, Collection United Kingdom Academy of Model Aeronautics President of the Republic of Colombia, BP Amoco The Africa Museum Foundation, The Colombia Farmers Insurance Group Netherlands S.M.A. Fathers, Tenafly, N.J. The Hearst Foundation Agenda Espanola de Cooperacion, Inter- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute John S. and James L. Knight Foundation national, Republic of Panama Bookstore, Panama City, Republic of Lalique North America, Inc. American Institute of the History of Panama Silver Dollar City, Inc. Pharmacy, Madison, Wis. Staatliches Museum fur Volkerkune Associacion National Para La Conser- Bibliothek, Munich, Germany vation de Donors of In-Kind Support La Naturaleza, Republic of Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Panama Taipei, Taiwan Tamiya America, Inc. for On Miniature The Attic Studio, Clinton Corners, N.Y. UNESCO/Panama, Panama City and Wings: Model Aircraft from the Nation- Bibliothelc, Staatliches Museum fur Paris al Air and Space Museum: model Volkerkunde, Munich, Germany United States Department of Agriculture, aircraft fot educational programming. Binney & Smith, Inc., Easton, Penn. Washington, D.C.

CEASPA (Smithsonian Tropical Re- United States Department of the Interior, search Institute), Republic of Panama Washington, D.C. Centre d'Art Contemporain, Brussels, Universitac de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Belgium Office of Physical Plant

Consortium for International Develop- ment, Washington, D.C. Donors of Financial Support El Loko, Duisburg, Germany Etnografisch Museum, Antwerp, Belgium $100,000 or more FAO—Departamento de Pesca, Rome, Italy Lee Folger Food and Agriculture Organization of

~~the United Nations, Rome, Italy Forschungsinstitut und Natur-museum $10,000 or more Senckenbergische, Frankfurt, Germany Nina Keith~~

~~:o; Laura E. Phillipst Rita Fraad S. Dillon and Mary L. John A. Friede~~

~~Ripleyt Phillip and Patricia Frost Arthur Ross Tito Giamporcaro~~

~~Mrs. Arthur M. Sackler Daniel D. and Alice P. Else Sackler Gilbert W. and Mason Jean D. Shehan George J. and Eileen D. Contributing T.T Tsui Gillespie Glenn O. Tupper F. Warrington Gillet Jr. and~~

~~Elesabeth I. Gillet of the Alfred C.Glassell Members Patrons Jr. Alvin L. Gray~~

Jerome L. Greene Smithsonian Ronald D. and Anne Barrick W. Groom Abramson Agnes S. Gund Ann Simmons Alspaugh Institution in Fiscal George Gund III Peter C. and Joan Andrews Karl H. Hagen Marjone Arundel Joan D. Haig Year 1998 Herbert and Evelyn Axelrod Evelyn A.J. Hall Edward P. Bass Gloria Shaw Hamilton Patricia and Kenneth E. Marguerite J. Harbert The Contributing Membership supports the Institution Behring Martha A. Healy through generous annual donations and Randy and Nancy Best special giving Drue M. Heinz opportunities. Peter and Helen Bing Members' participation enables the John Hendricks James and Barbara Block Smithsonian to pursue specific projects and broader re- Lloyd Herman Winton and Carolyn Blount search, acquisition, preservation, and education efforts Henry L. and Elsie H. Agnes C. Bourne and James than might otherwise be possible. Hillman Luebbers The Smithsonian Institution therefore gratefully ac- Frank W. and Lisina M. Hoch Michael J. Brophy knowledges the loyal and thoughtful assistance of the Janet Annenberg Hookerf Hildegard Bruck Contributing Members, including Patron Sir Joseph Honing Members Joan Bull ($1,400 annual contribution), Sustaining John R. Huggard Members George E. Burch III Mrs. Jaquelin H. Hume ($700 annual contribution), and Sponsoring Members Vivian G. Burch Gilbert S. Kahn ($350 annual contribution), listed below. Michael W. Cassidy Jacob and Ruth C. Kainen Scott Chinery Victor and Lorerta Kaufman Marcus Conn Gene A and Freita E Keluche Barber B. Conable Jr. and James M. Kemper Jr. The Smithsonian Joe L. and Barbara B. Charlotte Conable R. Crosby Kemper Jr. Allbrirton Guido Craveri Benefactors Circle James W. and Mary T. Arthur G. Altschul Joseph F. Cullman III Ki rinear The Smithsonian Bene- William S. Anderson Peggy and Richard M. Ann and Gilbert Kinney factors Circle recognizes Mary Griggs Burke Danziger Ethel Niki Kominikf and honors those whose Joan K. Davidson David L. Davies William K. and Alice S. Gaylordf and Dorothy generous gifts of Evelyn Y. Davis Konze Donnelley $100,000 or more have David and Frances Dibner Karl V. Krombein Thomas M. Evansf Charles M. and Valerie T. preserved the traditions Harvey M and Connie Katharine Graham Diker of the Smithsonian and Krueger Robert C and Julie Graham Jr. Joseph Di Palma furthered its vision. Robert E. and Elizabeth Herbert Waide Hemphill Jr.t Anne G. Earhart Krueger William Ay and Patricia W Barney A. Ebsworth Honorary Founder Robert and Helen Kuhn Hewirtf Robert H. Ellsworth Enid A. Haupt Rogerio S. Lam Ikuo Hirayama John I_ and Margot P. Ernst Ru Lennox Langt Olga Hirshhom Kitty Fassett Robert and Carrie Lehrman Founders Ruth S. Holrnberg Nancy Fessenden

~~Samuel C.Johnson Kathrme, Juliet, and Lee Russell B. Aitkenf Marvin Breckinridge Parterson Folger tDeceased~~

~~264 Jeromei and Dorothy Joseph H. Samuel Jr. The Emil Buehler Trust American Express Company~~

~~Lemelson Mrs. Stanley P. Sax Discover Card Services, Inc. ASARCO Incorporated~~

Barbara and Gerald Levin Lloyd G. and Betty L. FDX Corporation AT&T Corporation Sydney and Frances Lewis Schermer Mrs. Katherine M. Graham Avery Dennison Corporation John Livermore Margarer Knowles Schink The Conrad N. Hilton Mr. and Mrs. James A. Block

~~Putnam Livermore Richard J. and Sheila Foundation Agnes Bourne~~

~~Henry Luce III Schwartz Polo Ralph Lauren BP America Inc.~~

Catherine F. Scott Corporation Centra Alameda, Inc. Frank J. Lukowski Barbara A. Mandel Ivan and Nina Selin Lemelson Family Foundation* Cessna Aircraft Company Harry and Beverly Mandil Shirley P. Sichel Lockheed Martin Corporation The Chase Manhattan Bank Emma M. Sims Mashantucket Pequot Tribal and Mrs. Charles M. Edwin S. and Nancy A. Marks Mr. James C. Slaughrer Nation of Connecticut Diker (Valerie and Charles John F. and Adrienne B. Mars George L. Small National Association of Diker Fund) Brooks and Hope B.t McCormick Kathy Daubert Smith Music Merchants Dow Chemical Company Bernie E. Stadiem Nippon Foundation Nan Tucker McEvoy DuPont Mrs. Sydney Stein Jr. Notdic Council of Ministers Earthwatch Katherine Medlinger and E. Hadley Stuart Jr. and Pew Charitable Trusts Enron/Enron Oil Gas Ervin The & Marion Stuart Himmelfarb Scottsdale Cultural Council Intetnational A. Alfred Taubman Fieldstead & Company Antony M. Merck Vernon F. Taylor Jr. The Ford Foundation Eugene and Sue Mercy Jr. $500, 000 or more Eugene V. and Clare E. Thaw The Freed Foundation Jeffery W and Janet Meyer Jeffrey and Diane Tobin The Philip L. Graham Fund James and Lolly Mitchell Anonymous R.E. Turner and Jane Fonda Mr. Alvin Gray (Alvin, Lester S. Morse Jr. and Enid The Art Research Foundation Ladislaus and Beatrix von Lottie & Rachel Gray W.Morse Morris & Gwendolyn Cafntz Hoffmann Fund) The Hon. Daniel Patrick Foundation John Weeden Mary Livingston Griggs and Moynihan E. Rhodes & Leona B. Daniel Weinstein Mary Griggs Burke and Elizabeth Moynihan Carpenter Foundation Nancy Brown Wellin Foundation Charles T. and Nancy Mr. and Mrs. Richard M. Anthony and Beatrice W. Mr. George Gund III Munger Danziger Welters Mrs. Gloria Shaw Hamilton* Eleanor Smallwood Niebell Discovery Communications, Jerry R.f and Carolyn L. Mr. and Mrs. John S. Jean Niemeier Inc. White Hendricks Robert H. and Nancy Nooter Friends of the National Zoo Julius Wile Frank and Lisina Hoch* Marta G. Norman Hewlett-Packard Company Warren and Barbara Mr. and Mrs. A. William Carroll and Nancy Fields The Robert Wood Johnson Winiarski Holmberg* O'Connor Foundation Ronald H. Winston and Honda of North America Charles Rand Penney The Kresge Foundation Heidi Jensen-Winston Intel Corporation Al and Cecilia Podell Mr. and Mrs. Gerald M. Elizabeth B. Wood Jewelers of America Winifred and Norman Levin Gay F. Wray John S. and James L. Knight Portenoy The John D. & Catherine X Nancy B. Zirkle Foundation Foundation Lewis and Margaret Ranieri MacArthur Lalique North America, Inc. Nissan Motot Corporation Philip D. Reed and Jr. Carrie and Robert Lehrman U.S.A. Elizabeth Reed The Henry Luce Foundation, Susan and Elihu Rose Douglas F. and Sanae I. Inc. Donors of Financial Foundation Reeves Maharam Dr. and Mrs. Ivan Selin Frank K. Ribelin Support Mr. and Mrs. John F. Mars Shell Prospecting & Carlyn Ring (Mars Incorporated) Development (Peru) B.V. David Rockefeller Sr. $l, 000, ooo or more Andtew W. Mellon Elihu Rose and Susan Rose Foundation 000 or more Anton H. Rosenthal and Anonymous $100, Merck Company Foundation Ruth E. Ganistet Herbert and Evelyn Axelrod Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Mercy Jr. Milton F. and Frieda The Kenneth E. Behring Anonymous Rosenthal Family Mr. and Mrs. Joe L. * Denotes a gift to the Fund for Wilbur L.Ross Boeing Company Allbritton (Allbrirton Jr. The the Future, a citizens' initiative to

~~Jeanerte Canttell Rudy Foundation) raise endowment funds, both Cecile Salomon tDeceased Alumax, Inc. unrestricted and special purpose.~~

l6S Monsanto Fund Brother International Mr. Peter Norton (Peter Alyeska Pipeline Service Enid and Lester Morse Corporation Norton Foundation) Company (Morse Family Carolina Biological Supply Mr. and Mrs. Carroll American Business for Foundation) Company O'Connor (Carroll and Environmental Leadership

Mr. and Mrs. Charles T. Case Corporation Nancy O'Connor American Federarion of Munger (Alfred C. Champion International Foundarion) Teachers Munger Foundation) Corporation Pacific Life Foundation The American Foundation National Business Aviation The Chase Manhattan Mrs. Jefferson Patterson* fot Textile Ait, Inc. Association Corporation Pennzoil Company American Petroleum

Pfizer Inc Choice Horels International, Pratt and Whitney Institute Philippine Centennial Inc. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP The American University Foundation USA Computerworld Information Mr. Arthur Ross (Arthur American Zoo & Aquarium Technology Awards Regional Citizens Advisory Ross Foundation) Association Foundation, Inc. V. Council, Inc. Victoria P. and Roger W. Mr. Harold Andersen Conoco Inc. James Renwick Alliance Sam (The Summit Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Consolidated Natural Gas Rockefeller Foundation Charitable Foundation, Anderson III Company Applied Energy Services, Inc. Shaw Contract Group Inc.) Council for Advancement & Mr. B. Francis Saul II (Chevy Arthur Andersen and Shell Oil Company Support of Education Chase Bank) Company LLP Mrs. Warren H. Sichel Ms. Allison Stacey Cowles Margaret Knowles Schink ASE Americas, Inc. Smithsonian Women's and Mr. Arthur Ochs Ashton-Pottet Ltd. Committee Ms. Harriet L. Schwartz Sulzberger (The Sulzberger (Harriet Schwartz & Association of Pakistani Ms. Elizabeth H. Solomon Foundation)* Associates, Inc.) Physicians ofNorth (Sweet Meadow Fund) Crate & Barrel Seiko Epson Corporation America The Starr Foundation Mr. and Mrs. F. Joseph Shell International Autodesk Inc. The Sulzberger Foundation, Cullman III* Petroleum Company Ltd. Mr. and Mrs. Robert Balzet Inc. Dayton Hudson Corporation The Gertrude E. Skelly Banco Popular Time Warner Inc. Delta Education Charitable Foundation Bankets Trust Company Timex Corporation Clarence Anne Dunwalke & Mr. Robert C. Tang, Q.C. The Beinecke Foundation, Trimble Navigation Limited Trust Target Stores, the Inc. Mr. Robert E. Turner III Fannie Mae Foundation Department Store, Bell Atlantic Corporation (Turner Foundation, Inc.) Mr. and Mrs. Hart Fessenden Division and Mervyn's by The Hon. and Mrs. Max N. VWR Scientific Products Fidelity Foundation the Dayton Hudson Berry Nancy Brown Wellin (The George Mason University Corporation Mr. and Mrs. Jack S. Blanton Brown Foundation) Goldman, Sachs and Time Inc. (Scurlock Foundation) Warren and Barbara Company Mr. and Mrs. Anthony Mr. and Mrs. John M. Winiarski Mrs. Ruth C. Greenberg Welters* Bradley* Mr. John R. Young (Florence The Greenwich Workshop, Inc. Xerox Corporation Mr. and Mrs. Stephen F. Gould Foundation) Henry Foundation J. Brauer (Stephen F. and Zoologische Gesellschaft Herman Miller, Inc. Camilla T Brauer Hughes Network Systems $10, 000 or more Charitable Trust) IBM Corporation Bristol-Myers Squibb $$o, ooo or more Mr. and Mis. Samuel C. Anonymous Company Johnson Abbott Laboratories Fund BROAN a division of Anonymous Mr. and Mrs. Victor Kaufman ABC, Inc. NORTEK Airman Foundation Mr. Harvey M. Krueger Sir Valentine Abdy Mi. Gerald E. Buck (Buck Anheuser-Busch Companies Mr. Rogerio S. Lam Mr. Roger Abelson Investments) Foundation Metropolitan Life Foundation AT&T The Abington Foundation Ms. Joan Bull Eugene and Agnes E. Meyet Banco Popular de Puerto Academy of Model Bunge Corporation Rico Foundation Aeronautics Charles E. Buichfield Mr. Jeffery W. Meyer Mrs. Christine Allen and The Ahmanson Foundation Foundation Ms. Anne Mobil Corporation Alascom

~~Zetterberg (The Bedminster The New York Community Mrs. Kathleen B. Allaire •Denotes a gift to the Fund for Fund, Inc.) Trust—The Island Fund Allen & Company the Future, a citizens' initiative to~~

~~Dr. and Mis. Peter S. Bing Incorporated raise endowment funds, both Booth Ferris Foundation Ms. Charmay B. Allred unrestricted and special purpose.~~

~~266 Ms. Uschi Butler The Max and Victoria Mr. David W. Gengler Mrs. Marie L. Knowles~~

Capital Re Dreyfus Foundation Inc. Georgia Tech Foundation, KOLBUS America Inc. Mr. and Mrs. James R. Duggal Color Projects, Inc. Inc. KPMG Peat Marwick Cargill Mr. and Mrs. William C. Mr. Ben A. Getz (Globe Mr. and Mrs. Robert Krissel

~~Mr. Oliver T. Carr Dutton* Foundation) Mr. and Mrs. Robert E.~~

~~Castle Rock Entertainment Mrs. Anne C. Earhart (The Mr. and Mrs. Alfred C. Krueger (Peter Krueger- Mrs. Nancy Castle Homeland Foundation) Glasselljr. Christie's Foundation)~~

Caterpillar, Inc. The Eberly Foundation and The Gold Institute Ms. Elaine La Roche The Hon. Henry E. Catto The Eberly Family Trust Government Development Mrs. Emily Fisher Landau (Catto Foundation) Ebrahimi Family Foundation Bank for Puerto Rico Lannan Foundation

Cisco Systems, Inc. Mr. Barney A. Ebsworth (The The Ansley I. Graham Trust Mr. and Mrs. Philip A. Citibank N.A. Ebsworth Foundation) Greening America Lathrap Mr. and Mrs. Peter Claussen Mr. Dean S. Edmonds III Mr. and Mrs. Patrick W. Lee Enterprises, Inc. The Coca-Cola Company (Dean S. Edmonds Gross Mr. Thomas H. Lee Harryette Conn Fund Foundation) Mr. and Mrs. Peter E. Haas Sr. Mr. Robert B. Lehrman Power Peter Haas Fund) The Colbert Foundation, Inc. Electric Research (Miriam & 0acob & Charlorte Institute Hair Research Society Mr. Lester Colbert Jr. Lehrman Foundation, Inc.) Empire State Development Ms. Emiko Hakuta Dr. John P. Comstock Lemberg Foundation, Inc. Corporation (Abigail Van Vleck Mr. Hugh Halffjr. Mr. and Mrs. Melvin Lenkin Charitable Trust) Encad, Inc. Florence P. Hamilton (Thelma & Melvin Lenkin Mr. and Mrs. Peter R. Mr. and Mrs. John Ernst Foundation Agency Family Charitable Coneway (Coneway (Richard C. & Susan B. The Phil Hardin Foundation Foundation Inc.) Family Foundation) Ernst Foundation Inc.) Mr. Alan Hartman Levi Strauss & Company

Mr. and Mrs. Thomas E. Exxon Corporation HBO & Company Mr. and Mrs. Aaron Levine Congdon The Feinberg Foundation Mrs. Patrick Healy HI (MA. (Law Offices—Aaron M. Conservation, Food & Mr. and Mrs. George M. Healy Family Foundation, Levine) Health Foundation, Inc. Ferris Jr. (George M. Inc.) William & Nora Lichtenberg Ferns Foundation) Coopers & Lybrand, LLP Jr. Mr. J. Roderick Heller III Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Thomas G. Elizabeth Firestone-Graham Mr. Robert F. Hemphill Jr. Mrs. Gail K. Liebes Cousins (Cousins Foundation Mr. Brian C McK. The Link Foundation

Foundation, Inc.) Ella Fitzgerald Charitable Henderson Mr. and Mrs. R. Robert Foundation Drs. William H. and Isabella Mr. Alan J. Hirschfield Linowes (R. Robert CM. Cunningham Reuben H. Fleet Foundation Volker Hollmann- Linowes and Ada H. Cyprus Amax Minerals Fund Schirrmacher Linowes Fund) Company Fleetwood Enterprises, Inc. Hong Kong Economic & Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Dade Community Ms. Barbara G. Fleischman Trade Office Linton Foundation Mrs. Leslie S. Fogg III Mr. and Mrs. S. Roger Lockheed Martin Missiles & Mr. and Mrs. Frank A. Mr. John Dulin Folger Horchow Space

~~Daniels Jr. (Julia and Juliet and Lee Folger (The Mr. Rampa R. Hormel Joe and Emily Lowe~~

~~Frank Daniels Fund) Folger Fund)* Mr. and Mrs. Raymond J. Foundation~~

~~Mr. David L. Davies Forstmann Little & Company Horowitz Mr. and Mrs. Donald G. (Davies/Weeden Fund) Mrs. Joanne Foster Hughes Aircraft Company Lubin (The Barr Fund)~~

~~Mr. and Mrs. Carl B. Davis Mrs. Daniel Fraad ELA Foundation, Chicago Mr. & Mrs. Peter Lunder~~

S. Sydney DeYoung Mr. James S. Frank Imperial Wallcoverings, Inc. Mrs. Elizabeth S. MacMillan Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Robert W. Fri Interface Inc. Ms. Holly Madigan Mr. Joseph A. Di Palma Fundacion Smithsonian de International Paper Company (Madigan Family Mr. and Mrs. David Dibner Panama Johnson Matthey Foundation) (The Dibner Fund, Inc.) Ms. Caroline D. Gabel J.M. Kaplan Fund, Inc. Mt. and Mrs. Frank N.

~~Mr. Barry Diller (USA Mrs. Aileen Garrett Mr. Gene A. Keluche Magid (Frank N. Magid~~

~~Networks Foundation, Inc.) Mr. William Gates III (Communication Associates, Inc.)~~

~~Discover Financial Services, (William H. Gates Resources, Inc.) Mr. and Mrs. Robert H.~~

Inc. Foundation) Mr. and Mrs. Dwight M. Malott The Walt Disney Company General Atlantic Partners, LLC Kendall Nancy and Edwin Marks Aircraft Klein & Saks, Inc. (The Marks Family Mr. Donald J. Douglass (The General Electric Douglass Foundation) Engines Kmart Corporation Foundation)

z67 Marpat Foundation, Inc. PaineWebber Group Ms. Helen G. Schneider Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Incorporated Mr. Frank Martucci Mr. Richard J. Schwartz Katz Masco Corporation Peabody Holding Company, (David Schwartz Wallis Foundation Mr. Richard Meier (The Inc. Foundation, Inc.) Mr. and Mrs. John T Walton Richard Meier Foundation) Mr. Gerald P. Peters (Gerald Searle Mr. and Mrs. Milton H.

~~Merck & Co., Inc. Peters Gallery Inc.) Securities Industry Ward~~

Merck Institute for Science Mrs. Elizabeth H. Pfister Association, Inc. Warren Wilson College Education Phillips Petroleum Company Nina & Ivan Selin Family Washington Gas Light Co. Metrill Lynch & Co. The Pinkerton Foundation Foundation, Inc. The Washington Post

~~Foundation, Inc. Pioneer Hi-Bred International Sequent Computer Systems, Company~~

~~LuEsther T. Mertz Fund Mr. and Mrs. Abe Pollin Inc. Mr. John D. Weeden~~

Metropolitan Center for Hazen Polsky Foundation, Mr. Harezo Shimizu (Davies/Weeden Fund) Eastern Art Studies Inc. Showtime The Movie Ellen Bayard Weedon Foundation The Robert & Bethany Dr. and Mrs. Meyer P. Channel Mrs. Eileen A. Wells Millard Charitable Potamkin Siemens Hearing Instruments Foundation Mr. and Mrs. William Porter Mr. and Mrs. David M. WEM Foundation Silfen (David Herbert B. West Fund Min Chiu Society (Wm. A. & Ronnie N. & Lyn Silfen Potter Philanthropic Foundation) The Wildlife Conservation Missouri Botanical Garden Fund) Fund of The Walt Disney Monsanto Company Mr. and Mrs. Heinz C. Silver Dollar City Inc. Prechter (World Heritage Mr. Theodore Slavin Company J. P. Morgan & Company, Inc. J. Foundation) Mr. and Mrs. Franchon M. Wisconsin Sesquicentennial Mrs. Yoshiko Mori Prentice Hall Computer Smithson Commission Mr. Mario M. Monno (Mario Publishing Irene Sorrough Ms. Estelle R. Wolf Mori no Fund) Mrs. Charles H. Price II Sprint Mr. James D. Wolfensohn Mr. John M. Morss Purina Mills Mr. and Mrs. Terry Stent (Wolfensohn Family Mr. Rupert Mutdoch Quantum Corporation Jennie Stoddard Charitable Foundation) Museo de Arte Mr. and Mrs. Harvey W. Trust Fund Woohak Cultural Foundation Museum Loan Nerwork World for Rambach Ms. Helen D'Olier Stowell Wide Fund Foundation, NAMSB Inc. Nature Malaysia RCPI Trust Mr. Kelso F. Sutton National Association of World Wildlife The Christopher Reynolds TAAPI Fund-UK Secondary School Mrs. Gay F. Wray (Roger S. Foundation Tamiya America, Inc. Principals Firestone Foundation) Mr. Edward Hart Rice (The Dr. and Mrs. Paul Tarver National Education Mr. Robert Zapart Rice Family Foundation, (Tarver Family Fund) Association Mrs. Nancy Behrend Zirkle Inc.) A. Alfred Taubman National Geographic Society Zurich Kemper Investments Ms. Ann R. Roberts (Taubman Endowment for National Postal Forum Mr. John R. Robinson the Arts) National Retail Federation Sara Roby Foundation Teknion, Inc. $5, 000 or more NationsBank Fund, Mr. and Mrs. William D. Ms. Ann Tenenbaum Charitable Foundation Rollnick (William D. and Texaco Anonymous Natural Heritage Trust Nancy Ellison Rollnick Thacher Proffitt and Wood A&H Sportsweat Co., Inc. New York Power Authority Foundation) Thaw-Collecrion-Fenimore Mr. and Mrs. Ronald D. New York Stock Exchange, Mr. Samuel G. Rose House Museum Abramson Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Samuel J. Time Warner, Inc. Dr. and Mrs. Bruce M. Newmont Mining Rosenfeld Ms. Rita Tishman Alberts Corporation Mrs. Polly Rubin (Norman-Rita Tishman Ms. Ann Simmons Alspaugh Mrs. Paul M. Niebell Sr. The May and Samuel Rudin Fund, Inc.) Mr. Arthur G. Altschul El Nuevo Dia Family Foundation Toyota Motor Sales, USA., (Overbrook Foundation) Oasis Clinic, a division of Mrs. Arthur M. Sackler Inc. American Investment CMAC, Inc. The Saint Paul Foundation Troop Steuber Pasich Company Orbital Sciences Corporation Samsung America, Inc. Reddick & Tobey, LLP Amtrend Corporation Orkin Pest Control Unico Banking Group SBC Foundation J. Aron Charitable Ms. Virginia J. Ortega Mr. and Mrs. Lloyd G. Unite! Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. David M. Osnos Schermer (Philip and U.S.-Mexico Fund for Mr. Arthur W. Arundel Ostrolenk, Faber, Berb & Henrietta Adler Culture (AWA Family Foundation)

~~Soffen, LLP Foundation) The Vantive Corporation Asian Cultural Council, Inc.~~

268 Bajaj Family Foundation Alfred and Harriet Feinman Interchange Standards Mr. and Mrs. Michael A. Mr. Michael Baly HI Foundarion Corporation Mennello Mr. and Mrs. Thomas W. Mr. Bertram Fields and Ms. Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. James Dr. and Mrs. Samuel C.

~~Barwick Barbara Guggenheim Mr. and Mrs. Bruce E. Karatz Miller~~

~~Mr. Riley P. Bechtel (Bechtel Mrs. Dielle Fleischmann The Katzenberger Dr. Allen M. Mondzac~~

Foundation) (The Monomoy Fund) Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Paul S. Morgan Mr. and Mrs. William Mr. Thomas G. Flynn Mr. Walter Keating Mr. and Mrs. Thomas D. Beierwaltes (Bechtel Foundation) Mr. and Mrs. William G. Mullins

~~Bell Atlantic Foundation Ms. Anne Forbes Kerr (The Robert S. & Mystic Stamp Company Mr. and Mrs. Robert H. Mrs. Daniel Fraad (Rita & Grayce B. Kerr National Sociery of the~~

~~Bloom Daniel Fraad Foundation, Foundation, Inc.) Children of the American~~

Bloomberg Financial Inc.) Mr. and Mrs. James W. Revolution Markets, Commodities Mr. and Mrs. Morton Funger Knnear NationsBank, N.A. and News Ms. Nely Galan (gaLAn Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert H. Neuberger & Berman

~~Laura Boulton Foundanon Inc. entertainment) Knney Mr. and Mrs. Lucio A. Noto~~

~~Mrs. Fleur S. Bresler General Re Corporation Mr. Werner H. Kramarsky Ralph E. Ogden Foundation,~~

Mr. Eli Broad (The Eli Broad Geo-Etka, Inc. (The Fifth Floor Inc. Family Foundation) The Hon. Sumner Gerard Foundation) Orange Counry Museum of Ms. Sheridan Brown (The (Sumner Gerard Ladies Auxiliary to the VFW Art Sheridan Brown Fund) Foundation) of U.S. Onmono Interiors

~~Mr. and Mrs. John B. Bunker The German Marshall Fund Mr. and Mrs. James J. Lally Mr. and Mrs. Gerald L. The Calvin Klein Foundation of the United States Mt. and Mrs. Jon Landau Pearson (Pearson Art~~

Mr. and Mrs. David V. Capes Mr. and Mrs. Gordon P. Ms. Hilva Baillie Landsman Foundation, Inc.) Ms. Elizabeth Catto Getty (Ann & Gotdon (A.R. Landsman Mr. James E. Pehra Dorothy Jordan Chadwick Getty Foundation) Foundation, Inc.) J.C Penney Company, Inc.

~~Fund Mrs. John T. Gibson Alvin S. Lane, Esq. (The Alvin PEPCO~~

~~The Chase Manhattan Ms. Catherine S. Gidlow S. Lane Family Fund) Phelps Dodge Corporation~~

Foundation Mr. George J. Gillespie III The Lasa Foundation Philip Morris Companies, Chevron Corporation Dr. Margaret Goodman Dr. Thomas Lawton Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Willard G. Ms. Elizabeth Gordon The Hon. and Mrs. Marc Mr. and Mrs. Frank N.

~~Clark Grey Advertising, Inc. Leland (Marc E. Leland Piasecki~~

~~The Hon. Barber B. Conable Jr. Mr. W.L. Hadley Griffin Foundation) Podesta Associates, Inc.~~

~~Ms. Nancy L. Connor Ms. Agnes S. Gund (Agnes Ms. Sandy Lerner Mrs. John Alexander Pope~~

~~The Council for Excellence Gund Charitable Account) Mrs. Howard W. Lipman Ms. Kathleen A. Preciado~~

~~in Government Mr. and Mrs. Robert D. (Howard & Jean Lipman Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Cousins Foundation, Inc. Haas (San Francisco Foundation, Inc.) Administration~~

Mr. and Mrs. Roger E. Covey Foundation) Littleton Coin and Stamp Mr. and Mrs. Morris S. Mr. Eldon Crowell Mr. and Mrs. Ben Company Pynoos Mr. H. King Cummings Hammett Mrs. Jean Mahoney The Henry & Henrietta (King and Jean Cummings Harnischfeger Industries Inc. Maiden Mills Industries Quade Foundation Charitable Trust) Hawthorn Corp. Barbara and Morton Mandel The Reader's Digest

Edward S. Curtis Foundation Mrs. Drue M. Heinz (Morron and Barbara Association, Inc. Deloitte & Touche LLP Mr. Paul Hertelendy (Gramp Mandel Family Mr. and Mrs. Philip D. Reed Denver Zoological Foundation) Foundation) Jr. (Reed Foundarion)

Foundation, Inc. Dr. W. Ronald Heyer Margery and Edgar Masinter Sanae I. and Douglas F. (Margery Edgar Reeves Dewey Ballantine LLP Mr. Samuel J. Heyman and Mr. and Mrs. Charles D. Mr. and Mrs. Frederick Hill Masinter Fund) Mary Livingston Ripley Charitable Lead Trust* Dickey Jr. (Berry-Hill Galleries, Inc.) Mrs. Nan Tucker McEvoy En Pointe Technologies The Clarence and Jack (Nan Tucker McEvoy Dr. and Mrs. Kenneth X. Foundation Foundation, Inc.) Robbins J. Epstein Foundation Himmel Mt. and Mrs. John F. Karol Kirberger Rodriguez Mr. and Mrs. George J. Fan Mrs. Joseph Hirshhom (Olga (Katherine and George & Joseph H. Hirshhom McGuigan Mr. and Mrs. Richard Roob Fan Foundation) Foundation, Inc.) MCJ Foundation Theodore Roosevelt

~~Federal National Mortgage Mr. and Mrs. Nonyoshi Mr. Robert L. McNeil Jr. (The Association Association Horiuchi Barra Foundation, Inc.) Mrs. Lucile Rosenbaum~~

269 Mr. Robert Rosenkranz and Mr. Eli Wilner and Ms. Central Pacific Bank Ms. Ellen L. Frost and Ms. Alexandra Munroe Barbara Brennan (Eli Mrs. Hope S. Chi Ids Mr. William F. Pedersen (The Rosenkranz Wilner & Company, Inc.) Dr. and Mrs. Timothy W. Fulbright & Jaworski Foundation) Winn Feline Foundation Quids General Electric Company H. Foundation Citicorp Dr. Kurt A. Gitter and Benjamin J. Rosenthal Robert Winn Foundation Mr. and Mrs. T. Evans Mr. and Mrs. Brice M. Clagett Ms. Alice Yelen

Mr. and Mrs. Milton F. Wyckoff(TEW Coat & Suit Industry Trust Global Communications Rosenthal Foundation) Fund Network Helena Rubinstein Coeur dAlene Mines Mr. Leslie H. Goldberg Foundation Corporation (Leslie Goldberg Charity $2,000 or more Mary A.H. Rumsey Mrs. Joan Lebold Cohen Fund)

Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Edwin I. Colodny Mr. Robert C Graham Jr. Anonymous Mr. and Mrs. Clive Runnells Conservation Treaty Support Mr. Victor Grahn Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Abeles Dr. Elizabeth Sackler Fund Ms. Lumina Greenway (Joseph and Sophia Abeles Else Sackler Coming Inc. Mrs. Heather Sturt Haaga Mrs. Foundation) Mr. and Mrs. James Sams Ms. Harriett M. Crosby Mr. John M. Haddow (Rita Mr. Davey L. Adams, Jr. (The James & Betty Sams Dr. Worth B.Daniels Jr. C. & John M. Haddow Mr. Warren J. Adelson Family Foundation) Family Foundation) < The Jane & Worth B. Alabama Zoological Society Mrs. Diane Schafer Daniels Jt. Fund) Mr. and Mrs. George W. The Aleut Corporation Dart Industries, Inc. Haldeman Shandwick Aleutian Pribilof Islands Smith Dartmouth College Hannoch Weisman Kathy Daubert Association, Inc. Davidson Mr. and Mrs. Erwin Harris Mr. Ira Spanierman ALFA Mrs. Dorothy S. Mr. and Mrs. George C. The Hon. and Mrs. John W. Mrs. Ann M. Stack American Express Dillon Hechinger Sr. Stag's Leap Wine Cellars Foundation Docent Council of Freer Mr. Norris Hekimian Mr. and Mrs. Michael H. American Hospital Gallery The Hon. and Mrs. Richard Steinhardt (The Judy & Association Ms. Mary F Dominiak M. Helms Michael Steinhardt Anne Corporation Mr. and Mrs. Dale F. Dorn Mr. and Mrs. William G. Foundation) Applied Electronics (OEM) (Joseph H. Thompson Herbster Mr. Leon Strauss (Strauss Ltd. Fund) Mr. and Mrs. F.W Herlitz Charitable Fund) ARCO Foundation, Inc. Educational Broadcasting Mr. and Mrs. David Hess Mrs. H. William Tanaka Arquitectonica International Corporation Ms. Robyn Horn (H. William Tanaka and Corp. E. Honing Lily Y. Tanaka BankAmerica Foundation Mr. and Mrs. James G. Sir Joseph Evans Howard University Hospital Foundation) Ms. Donna Barnert Jr. Mrs. Myron S. Falk Mr. Howat Trizechahn Centers Harry Bass Foundation Jr. John K Ms. Patricia H. Falk Illinois Tool Works Management, Inc. Bell & Howell Phillipsburg Farquhar Foundation U.S. Airways Group Inc. Co. Mrs. Norman David Pat Jernigan Van-American Insurance Mr. and Mrs. Berry Bergman Mr. and Mrs. Arthur A. Feder and Feldman Mr. and Mrs. Philip Company (BJNB Foundation, Inc.) Dr. and Mrs. Horace C Mr. Lucien Van de Velde Bishop Museum Dr. Alan Fern and Mrs. Lois Jessup Jr. Johnson Veterans of Foreign Wars of BMW of North America, Fern Johnson &

~~the U.S. Inc. First National Bank of Mr. and Mrs. Stanton Jue~~

Mrs. Beatrice A. von Mrs. Esther S. Bondareff Anchorage Mr. David Woods Kemper Gontard Book-of-the-Month Club, Mr. Paul C. Fisher II, Mr. and Mrs. James M. (The David The Hon. and Mrs. Frank A. Inc. Dr. James Marston Fitch Kemper Jr. Kemper Memorial Weil (Hickrill Mrs. Howard Booth Dr. OliverS. Flint Jr. Woods Foundation, Inc.) Booz Allen & Hamilton Mary and Henry Flynt Foundation) Wenner-Gren Foundation Mrs. Ruth Bowman (Ruth Folk Alliance Ken Smith and Associates Kennedy for Anthropological Bowman Philanthropic Folklore Society of Greater Ms. Marie-Louise Research Fund of the Jewish Washington Kerr-McGee Corporation WGBH Educational Communal Fund) Ms. Rosemary L. Mrs. Nighat A Khan Foundation Mrs. Teresa Bressler Frankeberger The Kiplinger Foundation

~~Mr. Richard E. Whalen and The British Embassy Dr. and Mrs. Peter A Mr. Sam Kito Jr. (Kito Inc.) Ms. Nancy Mattson Broadcast Music, Inc. Freeman (The Hull Mr. and Mrs. Robert P.~~

~~Mr. William F. Whalen Dr. Irving F. Burton Family Trust) Kogod~~

270 Lt. Col. William K. and Norfolk Southern Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth L. Smithsonian Mrs. Alice S. Konze (Alice Corporation Smith Corporate Stockton Konze Fund) Northwest Mining Mr. Theodore R. Stanley Membership Program Embassy of Korea Association (Theodore & Vada Stanley

~~Ms. Elizabeth P. Kosky Mr. AJvin F. Oien Jr. Foundation) The Smithsonian Cor- Mr. Henry M. Strong (Skycraft, Inc.) Ounalashka Corporation porate Membership Pro-~~

Mr. and Mrs. James D. Ms. Machiko Oyama and Dr. J. Mark Sublette gram is a national Krissel Mr. Toshihiko Okoshi Riley K. Temple, Esq. initiative through which Mr. Jatinder Kumar, trusree Pasadena Art Alliance Mr. B. Ray Thompson Jr. corporations provide un- ofAPCA Mr. and Mrs. Frank H. Pearl Dr. and Mrs. F. Christian Thompson restricted support to Mr. Albert G. Lauber Jr. and Mrs. Mary Pendleton Smithsonian education, re- Ms. Judith C. Thompson Mr. Craig W Hoffman Ms. Antoinette Peskoff Lady Judith Ogden Thomson search, and exhibition m- Dr. Timothy Lehmann Philip Morris Mr. and Mrs. Clayton Leica, Inc. Mr. Elliott I. Pollock Timmons Drs. Edmund and Julie Lewis Mrs. Lewis T Preston TRW, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Robert V. Mr. Gregory Primm Proud Partners of the Tupperware Lindsay Ms. Judy Lynn Prince l$oth Anniversary Turner Broadcasting System Celebration Lippincort & Margulies Dr. William C. Ramsay Inc. Long Bow Group, Inc. (C.B. Ramsay Foundation, Ms. Virginia Ullman Mr. and Mrs. Yo-Yo Ma Inc.) Discover® Card Ms. Ellen Van Dernoot Mars Foundation Dr. and Mrs. David Raphling Intel Corporation Mr. Jerry D. Vanier Mr. and Mrs. Tom Marsh Mr. Elmer Rasmuson MCI Communications Beatrix and Ladislaus von Dr. Wayne N. Mathis Mrs. Carol Ray Corporation Hoffmann The Hon. James A. McClure Mr. and Mrs. John Richards Trans World Airlines, Inc. Col. Harold Vorhies (McClure for U.S. Senator Ms. Carol S. Rodricks Mr. Steven C. Walske Committee) Mrs. Yvonne Roth Walt Disney World Corporate Members Mr. and Mrs. William P. Dr. Marietta Lutze Sackler Company McClure Mr. and Mrs. David Sairy Mr. and Mrs. Jeffrey N. ABC, Inc. Mrs. Priscilla M. McDougal Mr. Robert Schaeffer Watanabe American Investments Mr. Terence Mclnerney Mr. Gary Schenk and Ms. Mr. and Mrs. Guy Weill Holding USA and Mrs. Arnold B. Mr. Betry Anne Schreiber The Hon. Caspar W Anheuser-Busch Companies McKinnon Dr. and Mrs. Rolf G. Weinberger ARCO Mr. Paul Mellon Scherman Mr. Edward A. Weinstein AT&T Mr. and Mrs. John R. Menke Mr. and Mrs. Iwao Setsu (Edward A. and Sandra R. Bayer Corporation Metropolitan Center for Far (Setsu Gatodo Co., Ltd.) Weinstein Philanthropic BellSourh Corporation Eastern Art Studies M. Sigmund & Barbara K. Fund) Booz, Allen & Hamilton, Inc. Mexican Government Shapiro Family Fund Mr. Julius Wile BP America Tourism Office Mr. and Mrs. Paul Shatz Mr. and Mrs. Norman C. Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. Dianne and Kenneth Miller Dr. and Mrs. Robert L. Willcox The Capital Group

~~Mr. George Miller Sherman Mr. and Mrs. Wallace S. Companies, Inc.~~

~~Mrs. Madge R. Minton Mrs. Richard E. Sherwood Wilson CHzM Hill~~

~~Mitsui & Co. (U.S.A.) Mr. and Mrs. James Shinn Mr. Paul Wolk Christie's, Inc.~~

~~Mr. and Mrs. Peter Monrose Mr. and Mrs. Jeffrey R. Wright Machine Tool The Coca-Cola Company~~

~~Mr. and Mrs. Charles Moore Short Jr. Company Inc. Concert Management~~

Morgan Stanley Dean Witter Mr. and Mrs. Dominic F. Zoo Atlanta Services, Inc. &Co. Shortino Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Daimler-Benz A.G. Ms. Justine Simoni Mullet Mr. and Mrs. Manuel Zucker (Lotry Zucker DataWorks

Mysdyscs Inc. Silberstein Foundation) The Walt Disney Company National Association of Mrs. John Farr Simmons DuPont Postmasters of the United Mr. and Mrs. Walter A. EQUANT Network States Simmons Services, Inc. NEC America, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. H. Robert Exxon Corporation Dr. Dan H. Nicolson Slusser Ford Motor Company

~~Dr. and Mrs. Stanton P. Mr. and Mrs. E. Maynard The Freeman Companies Nolan Smith General Electric Company~~

1/1 Global One restricted support for the Mr. and Mrs. John Watts Mr. Donald W. Carl Goldman, Sachs & Co. Smithsonian's research, ex- Roberts Mr. William Carlebach Mr. and Mrs. Paul M. Shatz Hitachi Limited hibitions, and educational Mae Casner Betty Rhoads Wright Hoechst Marion Roussel, Inc. programs. Dr. Jonathan L. Chang Hunter Engineering Company Col. and Mrs. George E. Law- Chapinjr. The Jaques Admiralty $2,000 or more Endowed Ufe Members Firm Ms. Li Chu S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Ernest H. Mrs. August Ackel Anonymous Joseph E. Seagram & Sons, Inc. Cockrell Mr. Terry L. Albertson Pearl Bell and Col. Billie G. The Kansai Electric Power Dr. and Mrs. David A. Cofrin Miss Barbara Anne Ames Matheson, USAF Ret. Company, Inc. Melvin and Cohen Mr. and Mrs. Paul M. Ryna KPMG Peat Marwick LLP Karen and Edward Burka Anderson Mr. and Mrs. Richard Cooley Lee Enterprises, Inc. Ms. Ruth Boyer Compron Mr. Leonard Andrews Ms. Florence Corder-Witter Litton Industries Mr. and Mrs. Dean S. Mr. and Mrs. Rudolph Arkin Ms. Jean Coyne Liz Claiborne, Inc. Edmonds Mr. William Arndt Mrs. Carole D. Crocker Mars Incorporated Mr. Daniel D. Gilbert Mrs. Jack R. Aran Gretchen Smith Crow- Marubeni Corporation Mrs. Alton B. Grimes Ms. Barb Audiss Mrs. Joseph H. Davenport Jr. Met Life William Logan Hopkins Mr. Robert J. Barker Mr. and Mrs. Barry and Nora Mitsubishi Public Affairs Richard and Elaine Kaufman Mr. E. William Barnett Davis Committee Lt. Col. and Mrs. William J F. Barre Mr. and Mrs. Charles Alfred Mobil Corporation K. Konze Rhoda and Jordan Baruch Davis NEC Corporation Gilbert and Jaylee Mead Jonathan Baum Anna M. Day Nestle Food Services Anton H. Rosenthal and Albert Beekhuis Foundation Kathleen and Eugene De New York Lawyers for the Ruth E. Ganister Mr. and Mrs. Michael B. Falco Public Interest Catherine F. Scott Beeman Ms. Ann Demitruk Novartis Corporation Shelby Shapiro Mr. and Mrs. James M. Beggs Mrs. Deborah J. Denefrio Pfizer Inc Mr. J. Henry Sheffield Mr. Michael E. Bershaw DePrest and Laura The Phillips Group Mrs. Virginia Sheffield Geert M. Mr. Michael D. Bielucki Travis-DePrest Pricewaterhouse Coopers Mrs. Shirley P. Sichel The Hon. and Mrs. Robert Raytheon Company Mr. and Mrs. Desi DeSimone O. Blake SBC Communications, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Charles J. Annual Members Mr. John H. Blazek Skadden, Arps, Slate, DiBona Mr. and Mrs. James A. Block Meagher & Flom LLP Douglas Dillon Mr. and Mrs. William J.D. Sony Corporation of America $10. 000 or more Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Dixon Bond Southern Company Mr. and Mrs. Wesley M. J. A. Boorman Sprint The Eberly Foundation Dixon Jr. Mrs. Howard M. Booth Riggs Bank N.A. Mr. Albert H. Gordon Norbert and LaVerne Mr. Bennert Boskey Texas Instruments Ms. Lumina Greenway Doligalski Ms. Margaret L. Bourgerie The Tokyo Electric Power Mrs. Roy Johnson Dr. William HX. Dornette Col. Donald S. Bowman Company Meriam McNiel Ms. Diane M. Dudley Ms. Rebecca A. Bowman Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., C. Wesley and Jacqueline Mr. and Mrs. Charles W. Charles and Fleur Bresler Inc. Peebles Duncan Jr. Mr. Alfred Pope Brooks U.S. Bank Barton D. and Debra J. Mrs. Keirh S. Brown Xerox Corporation 000 or more Eberwein $5, Mr. J. Kevin Buchi and Dr. Rear Adm. (Ret.) and Mrs. Kathleen Buchi Edward H. Eckelmeyer James Smithson Mrs. Robert Amory Jr. George E. and Clare M. Mr. and Mrs. Robert K. Society Ms. Nancy L. Connor Burch Edson Mr. and Mrs. James C. Day Dr. Edwin W. Burnes James Smithson Society Miss Babs Eisman Therese and I. Michael Ms. Alice Green Burnerre members share a deep Heyman The Hon. George H.W Mr. and Mrs. James A. commitment to che Mr. Mark Miller Bush and Mrs. Bush Elkins Jr. dynamic unfolding of Mr. and Mrs. Michael A. Mrs. Helen Cabell and Mr. and Mrs. Richard James Smithson's vision. Moran Christine Cabell England

~~The society's dues and spe- Mr. and Mrs. Charles L. Poor Mr. Kenneth S. Cameron Col. Charles O. Eshelman~~

~~cial gifts provide un- Philip and Elizabeth Reed Phyllis H. Carey- Dorothy D. Eweson~~

~~271 Mr. and Mrs. Michael L Mr. and Mrs. Stephen O. Edward and Beverley Mr. and Mrs. Olan Mills II Fayad Hessler Lammerding Mr. Peter Monrose~~

Dr. and Mrs. James J. Mrs. Virginia L. Hickman Dr. and Mrs. Emanuel Mr. and Mrs. James Robert Ferguson Jr. Mrs. Gloria Hidalgo Landau Montgomery Mr. Adrian E. Flatt, M.D., Clara Jane Hill Mrs. Stephens J. Lange Mr. Robert E. Mortensen F.R.CS. Mr. James T. Hines Jr. Mrs. Marge Langworthy Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth F. Mary and Henry Flynt Mr and Mrs. Stephen A. Mrs. William Leonhart Mountcastle Mr. Philip E. Foresr Hopkins Mr. and Mrs. William B. Dr. J. Andrew Mulholland Ms. French B.J. Mr. and Mrs. John Hrncir Levin Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Patrick Munroe Mr. Cary J. Frieze and Mrs. Mr. Tommy D. Hughes Mrs. Jean C. Lindsey Mr. and Mrs. John Murphy Rose Frieze Mr. Lindstrand Mrs. Peter D. Humleker Jr. Bud Mr. and Mrs. Raymond E. David Morgan Frosr R. Bruce Hunter Mr. Carl A. Lohmer Murray Virginia Sugg Furrow Mrs. Jane Hunter-MacMillan Charles E. Long, EVP and Mr. H. Duane Nelson Mrs. L.J. Futchik Mr. L.R. Ingels Secretary, Mrs. Frances Newman Mrs. Gardiner Citicorp/Citibank J. John B. Ippolito, Diane M. Mary L. Nucci and Abraham Mr. Phil Gardner Laird-Ippolito Mr. Frank J. Lukowski Abuchowski Michael and Susie Gelman Dr. Steven Lunzer Mr. and Mrs. Charles Drs. Jay and Mary Anne Mary O'Brien Gibson Lynch O'Connell Jackson Edmund C. Jr. Bonnie Gillespie Mr. and Mrs. Fred Lyons Dr. and Mrs. Dennis David A. Jacques W J. Mr. and Mrs. David Ginkel O'Connor David and Pat Jernigan Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Clarence Glenn Mr. and Mrs. A. Bryan James D. Oglevee and Susan Mr. and Mrs. Arthur W. Mr. Devon Graham MacMilian Marie Halliday Johnson George C. and Erna M. Mr. and Mrs. Richard L. Beverly H. and William P. Mr. and Mrs. Richard J.V Graham Mahfouz O'Hara Johnson Ms. Judith Grass Mr. and Mrs. Forrest E. Mars William and Jean O'Neill Mrs. Roy Johnson Ms. Catharine Graton Jr- Mr. and Mrs. Steven F. Paes Mr. and Mrs. Samuel C. Mrs. John B. Greene Ms. Virginia C. Mars Christine M. and Gregory Johnson J. Ms. Marion E. Greene Mary Martell and Paul M. Parseghian W Johnson Mrs. Ann Y. Grim Johnson Mrs. Jefferson Patterson Mr. Robert A. Jones Calvin and Marilyn B. Gross Mr. Frederick P. Mascioli Mr. and Mrs. Henry M. Mr. and Mrs. Stanley B. Jones Mr. and Mrs. Patrick W. Maj. Gen. Raymond E. Paulson Jr. Mr. Sheldon T. Katz Gross Mason Jr. and Margaret E. Peacock Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Jack Kay Bruce Guthrie Mason Mr. Scott D. Pearson and Mr. Stephen C. Keeble Mr. Corbin Gwaltney Dr. Wayne Mathews Ms. Diani Farrell Mr. Neil E. Kelley Leslee Hackenson and Roger Mr. and Mrs. Edward J. Mrs. Mary V. Pendleton Kelly Ms. Jettie Mathias Aliens Mr. J. Liddon Pennock Jr. Anne B. Kennedy Vivian Adele and Donald Hall Ms. McCrary John L. and Carolyn J. Dr. Rebecca Kenyon Stephen and Jocelin Mr. Clayron McCuistion Peterson Mrs. Virginia W. Kettering Hamblen Mr. and Mrs. John D. McLean Mr. and Mrs. Anthony G. Mt. Don Kiest Mrs. Gloria Shaw Hamilton Mrs. G. Walter McReynolds Petrello Mt. and Mrs. Clark H. Robert V. and Rita S. Hanle Scott McVay George and Sally Pillsbury Kilhefner Mr. Niles Hanson Mr. Paul Mellon Mr. John Pitts Dr. William M. King Ms. Helen Leale Harper Jr. Sue B. and Eugene Mercy Jr. Jane P. Plakias Mrs. Jane Hart Mr. and Mrs. Norman V Mr. and Mrs. Richard M. Ms. Carol Pochardt

~~Mr. and Mrs. Max E. Hartl Kinsey Merriman Mr. and Mrs. Leon B.~~

~~Dr. and Mrs. Herbert A. Mt. Edward J. Kirby His Excellency Sir Polsky/The Polsky Scott A. Kisting Hartman Jr. Christopher Meyer Foundation~~

Miss Nancy A. Haynes Mr. James M. Kline Mr. and Mrs. Randall Meyer Mr. and Mrs. Henry Posner Jr. Philip and Maureen Heasley Ms. Elizabeth Gelman Mr Ewing H. Miller and The Rev. and Mrs. Charles The Hon. and Mrs. John Kossow Ms. Donna Ari Price

~~Hechinger Sr. Robert E. and Elizabeth W Mr. George H. Miller Mr. and Mrs. Whayne S.~~

~~Mr. and Mrs. David Heebner Krueger Mr. and Mrs. Herbert S. Quin~~

~~Robert M. and Gladys F. Mr. Bruce LaBoon Miller Claire and John Radway~~

~~Henry Mrs. James S. Lacock Jerry M. MUer and Dorothy Mr. Elmer Rasmuson Dr. and Mrs. David C. Hess Judge Marion Ladwig T. Miller Mr. Dan Rather~~

275 Mrs. Maxwell Mrs. Carol H. Ray Gen. and Mrs. William Y. Mr. and Mrs. Mchael X Mr. and Willis Burstein Mr. and Mrs. Michael F. Smith Reagan Mr. and Mrs. Michael R. Mr. and Mrs. Herman X Dr. and Mrs. Benjamin H. Caldwell Mr. and Mrs. Edward H. Rice Sonnenreich Wilson Jr. Jr. Cantrell Mr. Peter B. Rjdder Mr. and Mrs. John L. Sparks Ms. Kirsten Wilson LawsonJ. Allan Caplan Mrs. Carlyn Ring Harriet and Edson Spencer Dr. and Mrs. Ralph Wilson Mr. George H. Capps Ms. Gay A. Roane Mr. and Mrs. John Stack Mr. and Mrs. Wallace S. Mrs. Carol Chiu Mrs. Dorothy Hyman Mr. Bernie Stadiem Wilson and Michael Mr. and Mrs. Thomas G. Roberts Mr. Sydney Staffin Joseph G. M. and Wirth Cleveland Ms. Nancy J. Robertson Mr. and Mrs. Malcolm T. Dr. and Mrs. George L. Mr. Mark N. Cookingham Stamper Mr. and Mrs. Robert W Womble Compton Mr. Arthur Rock Dr. Marjorie L. Stein Mrs. Jane Ludwig Worley Dr. and Mrs. Roger Cornell Senator and Mrs. John D. Ann C. Stephens Mr. and Mrs. Richard E. Dr. and Mrs. E.J. Rockefeller IV Mr. and Mrs. William C. Cunningham Mrs. I. Alfred Rosenbaum Jr. Wright Sterling Jr. Bruce E. Dahrling II M.D. Mrs. Yvonne W. Roth Ms. Alice Wroblesld Dr. Mr. and Mrs. Joseph T.J. Mrs. Charlotte S. Wyman Mr. Sam DeVincent Marya Rowan Stewart Rubenstein Ellen and Bernard Young Mrs. Peter N. Delanoy Ms. Marcia Mr. and Mrs. Franz T Stone Mr. R. Doss Mr. and Mrs. Marcos Russek Mary L. Zicarelli John Mr. Roy T. Strainge Mrs. Willard D. William R. Salomon Mrs. Nancy Behrend Zirkle Mr. and Mr. Mr. Ernest C. Swigert Dover Viclci and Roger Sant Mr. and Mrs. Sidney S. Mr. and Mrs. Charles W. Tate Edward R. Downe Mr. Fayez Sarofim Zlotnick Jr. Ms. Marjorie E. Thomas Dr. Dale B. Dubin Albert and Thelma Sbar Mr. Randell C. Thomas and Mrs. Wilis H. Ambassador James H. Mr. Mr. Glenn F. Tilton Life Members Dupont Scheuer and Mr. Stephen Tilton Mr. M. Erdelac Emily Malino Scheuer Joseph Mrs. Helen Brice Mr. and Mrs. Joe L. Thomas M. Evans Mr. and Mrs. Douglas R. Trenckmann Allbritton Scheumann Dr. and Mrs. Dan Feriozi Mrs. Alice Truland David K. Anderson Mrs. Walter B. Ford U Roger P. and Nancy L. F. Turner Mr. James and Mrs. William S. Schlemmer Mr. Dr. and Mrs. Phillip Frost Mr. Turner Mike Anderson Mrs. Edwin Fullinwider Mr. and Mrs. Harold J. Twigg-Smith Ms. Evelyn Mr. Ronald P. Anselmo Lawrence Schnitzer Dr. and Mrs. Mr. M.S. Ursino Mr. Scott R. Anselmo Andrew Funt Elizabeth and Edwin Col. and Mrs. WG. Van and Mrs. Herbert Schreiber Dr. Mrs. George Garfield Allen Axel rod Frank and Emily Scott Dr. and Mrs. Lamont W. Mr. and Mrs. L Von Richard R. Bains Gaston Mrs. Robert D. Scott Hoffmann Mr. and Mrs. F. John Barlow Mr. Kirkland H. Gibson Mr. and Mrs. S. Norman Col. Harold W. Vorhies Donald C. Beatry S. Gilson Seastedt Mrs. C. Paul and Pat Mr. and Mrs. Robert Mrs. C. Beck Mrs. Stephen P. Gott Mr. and Mrs. David M. Henry Jr. Mr. and Waidner Shapiro Mrs. Ralph E. Becker Mrs. WG. Gould Mr. and Mrs. Steve Mrs. Clay P. Bedford Doris Stack Greene Mr. and Mrs. Marc J. Shapiro Wasserman Edward B. Benjamin L. Greene Mr. Winslow T. Shearman Mrs. Jerome and Dawn Mr. R. Webb Ms. Virginia B. Shimer James Mrs. John A. Benton Mrs. Chaim Gross and Catherine Weston B. Allan E. Shore Craig Dr. and Mrs. William Mrs. Melville Hall E. Weter Harrold Mr. and Mrs. Alan B. Miss Winifred Berry Mr. and Mrs. Don C. Showalter Mr. Lawrence J. Whelan and Dr. and Mrs. B.N. Bhat Mrs. Lita Annenbetg Hazen Mr. Frank Shronrz Dr. Deborah Black Mr. Richard A. Bideaux Mr. and Mrs. Wayne C. Mr. Charles Siegel Mr. and Mrs. Ben White Edwin W Bitter Hazen Simpson PSB Fund Ms. Beverly White Dr. and Mrs. William Beary Edward L. Henning Ms. Tammy Sisson Mr. and Mrs. Donald W. Boyd Mrs. Joseph Hirshhorn Hooker Mrs. David E. Skinner White Lee Branson Mrs. James Stewart Horgan Dr. and Mrs. Harvey C Mr. John C. Whitehead Dr. Ruth D. Bruun Mr. Paul and Mrs. Howard Ihrig Slocum Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Mrs. George E. Burch Dr. George Gretchen Smith Crow Wilkerson Mrs. Arthur J. Burstein Mr. and Mrs. H.

~~Dr. Frank O. Smith Mr. Wesley S. Williams Jr. Mrs. Hyman Burstein Jacobus~~

174 Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Kainen Mr. and Mrs. Morton Leo L. August Smithsonian Legacy Mr. and Mrs. Donald E. Silverman Sidney Bates Society Kastner Mr. and Mrs. Edward J. Franz H. and Luisita L. Dr. Annerte Kaufman Slattery Denghausen The Smithsonian Legacy Dr. and Mrs. Arrhur A. Kirk Mrs. Helen F. Sloan Richard T. Evans Society honors our friends Peter Merrill Klein Mr. and Mrs. Robert H. Smith Lydia Heiniger who carry on James and Mrs. Sherwood Smith Blanche M. Koffler Mr Janet W. Johnson Smithson's tradition by Lewis Kurt Land Mrs. Otto Spaeth Helen Katchmar Mrs. making legacy gifts to the Mrs. David Landau Earl and Trudy Spangler John Benton Kennedy Jr. Smithsonian, such as be- Dr. Maury P. Leibovitz Mr. Sruarr M. Speiser Sterling H. Kleiser quests, charitable gift an- Mr. and Mrs. L.E. Leininger Mr. and Mrs. Harvey G. Theodore A. Krieg nuities, charitable Harry E. and Jane F. Lennon Stack Ru Lennox Lang remainder trusts, pooled Mrs. Sara L. Lepman and Mr. Mr. and Mrs. Norman Stack Dario A. Macchi income fund gifts, gifts of Joshua M. Lepman Mr. and Mrs. Norman H. Constance Loudon Mellen retirement and life in- Mr. and Mrs. John Levey Stavisky Henry Blackman Plumb surance plans, and other Mr. and Mrs. Robert Levey- Dr. and Mrs. Leo F. Stornelli Ellen Pulvermann giving vehicles. Mr. and Mrs. Sydney Lewis Mr. and Mrs. E. Hadley Beatrice Rubenstein Stuart Mrs. Jack Lord Jr. Merriam P. Sargent Adele Lozowick Mrs. Hans Syz Miriam K. Schreiter Founding Chairman Mrs. Robert Magowan Mrs. Katherine S. Sznycer Frances Schillinger Shaw

Drs. Yen and Julia Tan Sisley Dr. and Mrs. Leo J. Malone George Mrs. Gloria Shaw Hamilton and Vernon Mr. and Mrs. Richard A. The Ruth Taylor Albert Snyder Manoogian Foundation Eliwood Stang C. Founders Mrs. David Tepper John A. Masek J. Feme R. Warren Mr. Richard Thomssen Mrs. Vincent Melzac W Annie B. Wetmote Anonymous Mr. Bardyl R. Tirana Mr. and Mrs. Jack L. Mr. H.V. Andersen Messman Mr. Glenn O. Tupper Mr. and Mrs. William S. Lillian Scheffres Turner Smithsonian Mr. W.A. Moldermaker Anderson Dr. and Mrs. Adolfo Villalon Dr. and Mrs. Walter A.H. Washington Council Mrs. J. Paul Austin Mosmann Dr. and Mrs. Francis S. George and Bonnie Bogumill Walker The Smithsonian Mr. and Mrs. Joe H. Mullins Mr. and Mrs. Mark Boone Mr. and Mrs. C.C. Wang Washington Council, an Dr. and Mrs. Marvin Murray Mrs. Agnes M. Brown Dr. and Mrs. Thomas E. initiative established last Mr. L. Mortimer Neinken Mr. Michael W. Cassidy Whiteley year by the Secretary and Dr. Melanie Newbill Fenner A. Chace Jr. Mr. Leonard John Wilkinson regional leaders, is dedi- Mrs. Henry K. Ostrow Mr. Harry R. Charles Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Thomas J. cated to expanding the Mrs. Rudolf Pabst Miss Jean M. Chisholm Williams Smithsonian's relationship The Hon. and Mrs. G. Mr. Earl Clayton Mr. Archibald M. Withers with the entire Burton Pearson Mr. Lawrence G. Clayton Mr. and Mrs. Laurence C. Washington region. Mr. and Mrs. Wallace R. The Hon. Barber B. Conable Witten II Persons and Mrs. Conable Mrs. David O. Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Edward M. Mr. R. Robert Linowes, Woodbury Ms. Patricia Daniels Pflueger Chairman Mr. Dennis O. Dixon Mr. Stanley Woodward Mrs. John Alexander Pope Ms. Jin-Hyun Wearherly Ahn Mr. and Mrs. William C. Mr. and Mrs. James Wu Mrs. Abraham Rattner Mr. Oliver T. Carr Dutton Mr. and Mrs. Barry Kate Rinzler The Hon. Elaine Chao Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Yampol W The Hon. Thomas M. Mr. Emilio Fernandez Gardner Roberts Mr. Donald E. Graham Mrs. Aileen Garrett

The Hon. Martin J. Roess Bequests Mr. J. Roderick Heller III Mr. Gilbert W Glass Dr. and Mrs. Richard G. Mrs. Kathleen Hough Mr. Charles Goldsberry We remember with ap- Rogers Jr. Mr. James V. Kimsey Mr. Lloyd E. Herman preciation the following Mrs. Helen Goodwin Rose Mr. Mario M. Morino Dr. and Mrs. David C. Hess Mr. Arthur Ross generous donors whose Mrs. Irene Pollin Frank and Lisina Hoch

~~Mr. and Mrs. Peter G. Sachs gifts through bequests Mr John R. Risher Jr. Miss K.T. Hoffacker~~

~~Mr. Harry I. Saul from their estates were Mrs. Vicki Sant Mr. and Mrs. A. William~~

Mrs. Janes Scholz received this year. Mr. Ladislaus von Hoffmann Holmberg -; Dr. and Mrs. Lee Houchins Allan E. and Carol T. Shore Memorial and Continental-Anchor, Ltd. Coors Brewing Company Mr. John R. Huggard Mrs. Warren Sichel Commemorative Gifts Dr. and Mrs. James C. Hunt Mary F. Simons Delta Air Lines, Inc. following were so Mr. Joseph E. Johnson Dr. Barbara J. Smith The Joyce Growing Thunder Miss Narinder K. Keith Kathy Daubert Smith honored by their families Fogarty Miss Rajinder K. Keith Mrs. Margaret Sokol and friends. Juanita Growing Thunder Irene Sorrough Lt. Col. William K. and Fogarty Mr. Charles Speck Mrs. Alice S. Konze W Mr. and Mrs. Isaac Behrend Gallery 10, Inc. Bernie Stadiem Ms. Lee Kush Mr. and Mrs. William I. Glenn Green Galleries Mr. Kevin B. Stone Dr. Geraldine E. La Rocque Behrend Hewlerr-Packard Co. Mr. and Mrs. Joseph T.N. Mrs. James Spencer Lacock Jose Cuatrecasas Rhonda Holy Bear Suarez Mr. and Mrs. Bruce Leighty Laurence E. Fleischman Delbridge Honanie George D. and Mary Ms. Eleanor L. Linkous Michael Kalinoski Yazzie Johnson Augusta Thomas Mr. and Mrs. Burton Lowe Frederick Krieg Kinko's Corporate and Mrs. F. Christian Dr. Jerome H. Lemelson Mr. Frank J. Lukowski Jan Loco Thompson Richard Louie Mr. Ronald W. McCain National Business Aviation John and Ellen Thompson James F. Lynch Mr. and Mrs. Richard B. Association Jeffrey and Diane Tobin John T. Lyons McCrary Angie Reano Owen Mr. David E. Todd Enid Morse Ms. Lowen McKay PIA (Pakistan International Ms. Patty Wagstaff Charlotte K. Ramsay Mr. and Mrs. Carl Airlines) Miss Catherine M. Walsh Mikuletzky Philip Ravenhill Dr. and Mrs. Richard Ward Radio ONE Mrs. Jane R. Moore Frances Schillinger and Mr. and Mrs. Charles Watts The Recording Industries Elsa Snyder Mrs. Jefferson Patterson Joseph and Harriet K. Westcott Music Mrs. Vida Mr. and Mrs. David S. Purvis J.T Mrs. Donald W. Performance Trust Funds Mr. and Woolfenden Mr. and Mrs. Frank K. William J. White The Scale People, Inc. Rabbi tt Mrs. Laurence I. Wood Schieffelin & Somerset Co. Mr. and Mrs. Galen B. Mr. and Mrs. Robert Donors of In-Kind Embassy of Spain Rathbun Zapart Support Steelcase, Inc. Sanae I. and Douglas F. Mr. and Mrs. Robert S. Sunset Hills Foliage Reeves Adobe East Gallery Zelenka Tamiya America, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Robert F. Rick Air Jamaica Dr. P. Joseph Zharn The Embassy of Trinidad George W. and Margaret P. B. Smith's Restaurant Mrs. Michael N. Zirkle and Tobago Riesz Nathan Scott Begay Mark Tupper Mr. Stuart W. Rosenbaum British Airways Twin Rocks Trading Post Lloyd G. and Betty A. British West Indies Airways and Blue Schermer (BWIA) Embassy of Canada Mountain Trading Posr

~~Carrier, Inc. United Airlines CBS Radio U.S. Airways Group Inc.~~

~~276 Financial Status and Prospects~~

~~In fiscal year 1998, the Smithsonian took majot steps to~~

~~address the increasing financial needs of the Institution.~~

~~Congress has been very supportive of the Institution in its~~

provision of federal appropriations for core functions and the maintenance of facilities. This support, however generous, Financial Report cannot be expected to sustain the growing costs of new exhibitions and programs that allow the Instirution to continue as a world-class center for research and education. Consequently, Rick Johnson, Chief Financial Officer in fiscal year 1998, the Institution focused on restoring and

~~strengthening its tevenue-genetating activities, as well as on~~

~~its fund-raising efforts.~~

~~Over the past several years, income from the Institution's~~

~~business activities has remained relatively static. In response,~~

~~the Institution made two critical decisions. The first was to~~

~~discontinue the commercial activities of Smithsonian~~

Ptess/Smithsonian Productions, transferring the profitable ventures The Smithsonian Institution receives funding from both to Smithsonian Retail and establishing the Univer- sity Press division as a federal appropriations and nonappropriated trust sources. programmatic function of the Institu- tion undet the auspices of the Provost with the name Nonappropriated trust funds include all funds received from Smithsonian Institution Press. sources other than direct federal appropriations. These other As an important step to the sources include gifts and grants from individuals, corpora- promote long-term growth of

the Institution's business activities ensure its tions, and foundations; grants and contracts from federal, and financial health, the Board of Regents approved a new approach for state, or local government agencies; earnings from short- and long-term investments; revenue from membership programs; managing those ventures. Major elements of this new approach include the creation of a separate otganization and revenue from sales activities, such as Smithsonian within the Institution to increase the Smithsonian's major magazine, museum shops and restaurants, mail order business activities, the cteation of a separate board catalogues, and licensed products. of directors to help guide the new organization, and the recruitment of a Federal appropriations provide funding for the Institu- seniot-level business executive to be the new organization's tion's core functions: caring for and conserving the national chief executive officer. The goal of the new apptoach is to collections, sustaining basic research on the collections and double the annual level of business-generated trust dollars in selected areas of traditional and unique strength, and available for the Institution within the next five years. educating the public about the collections and research Fund-raising received continuing attention as a critical findings through exhibitions and other public programs. element in the improvement of the Institution's financial Federal appropriations also fund a majority of the activities position. Work was begun in earnest on the Smithsonian's associated with maintaining and securing the facilities capital campaign. An overarching strategy has been developed and with various administrative and support and a budget established to fund the campaign. Currently in services. its "quiet phase," the campaign has already achieved substan- Smithsonian trust funds allow the Institution to under- tial results. In fiscal year 1998, donor and sponsor support was take new ventures and enrich existing programs in ways at its highest level in the Institution's history. that would not otherwise be possible. These funds provide

~~the critical margin of excellence for innovative research,~~

building and strengthening the national collections, Fiscal Year ipp8 Sources of Net Revenues constructing and presenting effective and up-to-date • exhibitions, and reaching out to new and underrepresented Gov't Grants & Contracts (9.9%) • audiences. In recent years, the Smithsonian has also begun Donor/Sponsor (15.1%) • to rely in part on trust funds for the funding of major new Federal Appropriations (68.1%) construction projects. • General Trust (6.9%)

~~The following sections describe the external environmental~~

~~factors affecting the Institution's general financial condition, Fiscal Year ipp8 Results~~

its financial status, and its planned response to changing conditions; financial results for fiscal year 1998; and organizational Revenues received by the Institution in fiscal year 1998 from and financial measures being taken to ensure the continued all sources totaled $774.5 million. Revenue from federal ap- fiscal health of the Institution. propriations accounted for $393.0 million, and nonap-

177 propriated trust funds provided an additional $381.5 million. exhibitions, public programs, and related activities at the Na- When adjusted to remove auxiliary activity expenses of $197.0 tional Museum of Natural History; $5 million from the Pew million, net tevenues totaled $577.5 million. The chart below Charitable Trusts to the National Museum of American His- reflects revenues by source and broad purpose of use. tory for the Star-Spangled Banner Preservation Project; and

~~$1.3 million from the Nippon Foundation to the National~~

~~Fiscal Year 1998 Sources of Gross/Net Revenues Museum of Narural History for the "Ainu: Spirit of a Northern~~

Percent People" project. The Smithsonian is especially grateful to its Gross Net Net many friends in the private sector whose generosity con- Revenues Revenues* Revenues tributed vitally to its work. The names of major donors are ($ thousands) ($ thousands) (%) listed in the Benefactors section of this annual report. Operatwns In fiscal year 1998, the Institution recorded $57.3 million in Federal Appropriations 393.032 393,032 68. General Trust** 137,026 40,036 6.9 income from contracts and grants from government agencies, * Donor/Sponsor* 87,081 87,081 15.1 an increase of $0.6 million over fiscal year 1997. Support from

Gov't Grants & 57.310 57.320 9-9 government agencies consrirutes an important source of re- Contracts search monies for the Institution, while also providing the Total Sources for 774,459 577,469 IOO.0 Operations granting agencies access to Smithsonian expertise and resources. As in prior years, the majority of these funds were provided •Net of expenses related to revenue-generating activities, e.g., museum shops, restaurants, publications, etc. by the National Aeronautics and Space Adminisrration for re-

**GeneraI trust is reduced from Table i by the Donor/Sponsored search programs at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Obser- Contributions. vatory. Other awards included $1 million from the National

~~Science Foundation for a program in science education developed by the National Science Resources Center and $0.5 Operations (Tables land 2) million from the Department of Energy for a study of carbon~~

dioxide levels in selected ecosystems at the Smithsonian Tropi- Federal operating revenue of $331.5 million provided the core cal Research Instirute. funding for ongoing programs of the Institution. The fiscal year 1998 operating appropriation of $333.4 million repre- Endowment {Tables }, 4, and 5) sented an increase of $14.9 million from the fiscal year 1997 level. Total increases were $15.7 million, with $0.8 million in The Institution pools its endowment funds for investment one-time funding being returned. Increases to cover certain purposes into a consolidated portfolio, with each endowment uncontrollable costs included $6.6 million to cover the cost of purchasing shares in a manner similar to shares purchased by mandated pay and benefit increases, $2.7 million for utiliry an investot in a mutual fund. costs, and $0.3 million for inflation for library materials. In The Investment Policy Committee of the Smithsonian's Board addition, the following program increases were provided: $1.2 of Regents establishes investment policy and recommends the million to fund operation of the Smithsonian Astrophysical annual payout for the consolidated endowment. The Smithsonian's Observatory Submillimecer Telescope Array, $3.0 million for policies for managing the endowment are designed to achieve two the National Museum of Natural History's East Court project, objectives: to provide a stable, growing stream of payouts for

$1.0 million for collections information systems, and $0.9 mil- current expenditures and to protect the value of the endowment lion for other projects. against inflation and maintain its purchasing power. Current

~~General trust revenue was $270.6 million. Overall revenue policy calls for an average payout of 4.5 percent of the average~~

~~market value over the prior five years. The investment policy levels in this category were up 3 percent over the prior year.~~

Donor/sponsor revenue was up 8 percent, sales and member- targets a real rate of rerurn of 5 percent. in market value of ship revenue was up 5 percent, and other revenue was down 41 As depicted the chart on page 279, the percent, primarily as a result of the closedown of 150th an- the endowment decreased from $600 million to $580.9 mil- niversary activities. Overall net revenue for auxiliary activities lion during fiscal year 1998, reflecting the market downturn internal declined 9 percent. Major increases in net revenue for museum in the last quarter of the fiscal year. New gifts and shops/mail order and concessions were offset by a loss for transfers totaled $11.5 million, while the payout was $197

Smithsonian Press/Smithsonian Productions related to discon- million and fees were $1.5 million. tinuation of major portions of that operation. The total return on the consolidated portfolio was (8.16)

Revenue from donor/sponsor designated funds roraled $53.5 percent, reflecting the market downrurn in the last quarter of million. Donor/sponsor revenue in this category increased by the fiscal year. Rerurns rose again substantially as the market

123 percent over the prior year as a result of intensified fund- rebounded in the last months of calendar year 1998. At year's raising activities and the development of and focus on new end, the Institution's portfolio was invested 64 percent in strategies. In addition, 150th anniversary activities had a posi- equities, 33 percent in bonds, and 3 percenr in cash. The tive impact on overall giving. Major gifts and grants included portfolio had 22 percenr in foreign stocks and bonds and 78

~~$20 million from the Kenneth E. Behring family to support percent in U.S. securities.~~

~~278 Construction and Plant Funds (Table 6) • Additional application modules for the Institution's Budget Management, Planning, and Policy System. This~~

In fiscal year 1998, the federal appropriations for construction improvement has further automated the budget and plan- were S68.8 million. This amount included $32.0 million for ning process, eliminating duplication of data entry and general repair, restoration, and code compliance projects reducing error rates. throughout the Institution. With the support of Congress, • A system to facilitate use of a new travel credit card for the Institution continues to seek the $50 million per year re- employees. The system includes an enhanced ability for quired to maintain systematic renewal of its physical plant. tracking and reporting activity. Use of the travel card will

Funds earmarked for new construction, alterations, and be greatly increased over use of the previous card. • modifications totaled $36.8 million. Included in this amount A new electronic fund transfer system for vendot payments is S29.0 million for the Mall museum for the National and employee reimbursements. Most paychecks are already

Museum of the American Indian; $3.8 million for renovations, sent electronically. The system was scheduled to be repairs, and master plan projects at the National Zoological launched on January 1, 1999. • Park; and $4.0 million for planning and design of the National A major training effort for unit staff in procurement and Air and Space Museum Dulles Center. contracting. This ttaining is required to support the delega-

Nonappropriated trust construction funds, also termed plant tion of greater procurement and contracting authonry to program units and to implement othet changes to funds, totaled $5.2 million. Approximately $3.5 million sup- the procurement and contracting process. ported construction of facilities for the National Museum of the

American Indian; $1.4 million supported renovation of the Additional financial management improvement initiatives Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum; and $0.3 million con- planned to start in fiscal year 1999 include the following: tributed to the reinstallation of the Janet Annenberg Hooker

~~Hail of Geology, Gems, and Mnerals at the National Museum of • Electronic routing of monthly financial reports Natural History. • Updating and stteamlining of financial policies~~

~~• Automation of payroll data entry at the unit level~~

~~Financial Position • Implementation of softwate to facilitate accurate prepara-~~

tion of travel authorization and vouchet forms The Smithsonian Institution's Statement of Financial Position presents the total assets, liabilities, and net assets of the Insti- Audit Activities tution. Total assets of $1.5 billion far exceed total liabilities of $394.0 million and are indicative of the financial strength of The Institution's financial statements are audited annually the Institution. During fiscal year 1998, the most significant by KPMG LLP, an independent public accounting fitm. The change in the Instirution's financial position was a $41 million audit plan includes an in-depth review of the Institution's in- increase in debt to finance the Dscovery Center at the National ternal control structure. KPMG LLP Independent Auditor's Museum of Natural History and a $37 million increase in invest- Report fot fiscal year 1998 and the accompanying financial statements levels. ments are presented on the following pages. The Smithsonian's

~~internal audit staff, pan of the Office of Inspector General, assists~~

~~Financial Management the external auditors and regularly audits the Institution's various~~

programs, activities, and internal control systems. The Audit and During the year, the Smithsonian's Office of Information Tech- Review Committee of the Board of Regents provides an addition- nology conducted an analysis of the Year 2000 software problem. al level of financial oversight and review.

That analysis indicated that for all major critical systems the In- In accordance with the government requirement for the use stitution will be Year 2000 compliant. In one instance, software of cootdinated audit teams, the Defense Contract Audit Agen- cannot be made compliant, but an alternative solution will be cy, the Smithsonian Office of Inspector General, and KPMG employed to solve the problem. At present, all major financial LLP coordinate the audit of grants and contracts received system software is warranted to be Year 2000 compliant. Never- from federal agencies. theless, the Institution will continue to conduct testing during fiscal year 1995 to confirm these findings. Other financial management improvement initiatives undertaken in fiscal year 1998 included:

~~A new database for sponsored project data that will increase the efficiency and effectiveness of managing sponsored~~

~~projects. This database is also the source of critical financial~~

~~measures for sponsored project activity that is distributed~~

~~to senior management in weekly and monthly reports.~~

~~179 Table 1. Source and Application of Institutional Resources for the Year Ended September 30, 1998 (in SOOOs)~~

~~Trust Funds~~

~~Donor/ Government Total Federal General Sponsor Grants & Trust Total Funds Trust Designated Contracts Funds FY 1998~~

REVENUE & GAINS: Federal Appropriations (see Note 1) 331,484 — — — 331,484 Endowment Payout & Investment Income — 15,582 6,524 — 22,106 22,106 Government Grants and Contracts — — — 57,320 57,320 57,320 Donor / Sponsor 33,570 46,987 — 80,557 80,557 Sales and Membership Revenue — 213,109 — — 213,109 213,109 Construction 61,548 — — — — 61,548 Other — 8,335 — — 8,335 8,335

~~TOTAL REVENUE & GAINS 393,032 270,596 53,511 57,320 381,427 774,459~~

EXPENSES: Museums & Research Institutes: Anacostia Museum and Center for African American History and Culture 1,752 702 632 — 1,334 3,086 Archives' of American Art 1,587 123 677 — 800 2,387 Arthur M. Sackler Gallery/Freer Gallery of Art 5,711 5,664 1,679 — 7,343 13,054 Center for Folklife Programs & Cultural Studies 1,861 1,080 548 — 1,628 3,489 Center for Materials Research and Education 2,770 111 11 7 129 2,899 Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum 2,829 2,795 992 86 3,873 6,702 Hirshhorn Museum & Sculpture Garden 4,272 1,827 358 — 2,185 6,457 National Air and Space Museum 12,340 2,742 2,843 532 6,117 18,457 National Museum of African Art 4,318 520 4 — 524 4,842 National Museum of American Art (incl. Renwick) 7,339 1,699 1,439 — 3,138 10,477 National Museum of American History 18,654 2,154 3,800 16 5,970 24,624 — National Postal Museum 512 93 4,972 — 5,065 5,577 National Museum of the American Indian 13,313 1,494 3,242 (8) 4,728 18,041 National Museum of Natural History 38,324 6,391 2,509 1,784 10,684 49,008 — Museum Support Center 3, 1 70 — 1 — 1 3,171 National Portrait Gallery 4,592 452 396 — 848 5,440 National Zoological Park 18,914 1,349 1,110 710 3,169 22,083 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory 24,352 6,439 1,599 49,450 57,488 81,840 Smithsonian Environment Research Center 3,123 359 232 1,805 2,396 5,519 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute 9,208 2,152 1,112 1,508 4,772 13,980

~~Total Museums & Research Institutes 178,941 38,146 28,156 55,890 122,192 301,133~~

Education, Museum & Scholarly Services: Center for Museum Studies 1,005 113 3 — 116 1,121 Education 733 486 154 66 706 1,439 Exhibits Central 2,079 So 37 — 123 2,202 Fellowships and Grants 221 ,512 82 — 1,594 1,815 International Relations 2,051 380 46 63 489 2,540 National Science Resources Center 216 602 141 1,130 1,873 2,089 The Provost 1,709 ,875 1,369 173 3,417 5,126 Smithsonian Institution Archives 1,330 139 59 — 198 1,528 Smithsonian Institution Libraries 5,889 981 177 — 1,158 7,047 Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service .... 2,862 599 904 — 1,503 4,365 Sponsored Projects — 940 — — 940 940

~~Total Education, Museum & Scholarly Services 18,095 7,713 2,972 1,432 12,117 30,212~~

~~Auxiliary Activities (Programmatic) 1,564 101 171 272 1,836 America's Smithsonian — 1,611 708 2,319 2,319 Prior Year Annual Appropriations 10,647 10,647~~

~~Total 209,247 47,571 32,007 57,322 136,900 346,147 Allocation of Facilities and Depreciation Expense 106,766 4,780 4,780 111,546~~

~~Total 316,013 52,351 32,007 57,322 141,680 457,693~~

~~Auxiliary Activities:~~

Smithsonian Press / Smithsonian Productions — 17,061 17,061 17,061 Smithsonian Magazines — 57,581 57,581 57,581 The Smithsonian Associates — 32,866 32,866 32,866 SI Retail — 67,211 67,211 67,211 Unit Auxiliary Activities — 22,271 22,271 22,271

~~Total Auxiliary Activities (including Overhead) — 196,990 196,990 196,990~~

~~280 Table 1. Source and Application of Institutional Resources for the Year Ended September 30, 1998 (in SOOOs)—(continued)~~

~~Trust Funds~~

~~Donor/ Government Total Federal General Sponsor Grants & Trust Total Funds Trust Designated Contracts Funds FY 1998~~

~~Administration: Membership and Development — 2,494 16 — 2,510 2,510 Administrative Offices (Net of Overhead Recovery) 31,085 5,748 239 (2) 5,985 37,070~~

~~Total Administration before .Allocation of Facilities and Depreciation Expense 31,085 8,242 255 (2) 8,495 39,580~~

~~.Allocation of Facilities and Depreciation Expense 15,855 360 — — 360 16,215~~

~~Total Administration 46,940 8,602 255 (2) 8,855 55,795~~

Facilities Services 91,430 841 — — 841 92,271 Depreciation 31,191 4,299 — — 4,299 35,490 Allocation of Facilities Services and Depreciation to Functions (122,621) (5,140) — — (5,140) (127,761)

~~Total Facilities Services and Depreciation — — — — — —~~

~~TOTAL EXPENSES 362,953 257,943 32,262 57,320 347,525 710,478~~

~~Endowment Return Reinvested — (21,207) (9,618) — (30,825) (30,825) Proceeds horn Collections — 737 — — 737 737~~

~~Net increase (decrease) in net assets 30,079 (7,817) 11,631 — 3,814 33.893~~

~~Net assets, beginning of the vear 396,192 — — — 714,618 1,110.810 Net assets, end of the year 426,271 — — — 718,432 1,144,703~~

Note 1: Includes S363 thousand revenue recognized as a permanent indefinite appropriation for the Canal Zone Biological Area Fund. Also, includes S 1,594 thousand revenue recognized in foreign currency for research projects in India.

~~Table 2. Auxiliary Activities, Fiscal Year 1998 (in SOOOs)~~

~~Sales and \et Membership Revenue Gifts Expenses Revenue (Loss)~~

~~FY 1997 202,467 856 183,369 19,954~~

FY 1998: Central Auxiliary Activities Magazines 70,083 4 57,581 12,506 The Smithsonian Associates 32,527 — 32,868 (341) Museum Shops/Mail Order* 70,999 — 64,656 6,343 Concessions* 4,707 — 1,688 3.019 Product Development and Licensing* 1,417 — 865 552 Smithsonian Press/Smithsonian Productions 9,734 — 17,061 (7,327)

Unit Auxiliary Activities Air and Space Theater and Einstein Planetarium 5,160 3,302 1,858 Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum 1,229 4 776 457 Traveling Exhibition Service 722 — 727 (5) Other 16,531 037 17,466 1.102

~~TOTAL FY 1998 213,109 2,045 196,990 18.164~~

*The Business Management Office expenses were allocated to Museum Shops/Mail Order, Concessions, and Product Development and Licensing.

~~z8i Table 3. Endowment and Similar Activities September 30, 1998 (in SOOOs) Market Value~~

ASSETS: Pooled Consolidated Endowment: Cash and equivalents 5,270 Other Receivable 836 US Government and Quasi-Government Obligations 55,731 Corporate Bonds and Other Obligations 169,779 Common and Preferred Stocks 373,146 Receivable for Securities Sold 15,902

~~Total Pooled Assets 620,664~~

Nonpooled Endowment and Similar Activities: Loan to U.S. Treasury in Perpetuity 1,050 Promises to Give - Gifts 7,387 Promises to Give - Charitable Trust 2,565 Notes Receivable 245 Gift Annuity Program Investments 447

~~Total Nonpooled Assets 11,694~~

~~Total Assets 632,358~~

~~LIABILITIES AND NET ASSETS:~~

~~LIABILITIES: Payables for securities purchased 40,865 Deferred Revenue—Charitable Trusts 25 Annuity Payment Liability 247~~

~~Total Liabilities 41,137~~

~~NET ASSETS Unrestricted 215,094 Unrestricted Designated 1 72,5 14 Temporarily Restricted 138,686 Permanently Restricted 64,927~~

~~Total Net Assets 591,221~~

~~Total Liabilities and Net Assets 632,358~~

~~Table 4. Changes in Market Value of Endowment and Similar Activities September 30, 1998 (in SOOOs)~~

~~Unrestricted Temporarily Permanently Unrestricted Designated Restricted Restricted Total~~

Market Value Endowment - 10/1/97 226,026 177,979 148,759 47,196 599,960 Changes: Gifts _ — 4,822 4,822 Internal Transfers 524 4,061 (1,929) 4,058 6,714 Other Interest and Dividends 7,614 4,568 4,914 459 17,555 Market Value Depreciation (10.093) (8,394) (8,477) — (26,964) Payout (7,508) (5,700) (6,059) (459) (19,726) Manager's Fees (1.469) — — — (1,469)

~~Market Value Endowment - 9/30/98 215,094 172,514 137,208 56,076 580,892~~

~~Promises to Give — — 920 6,467 7,387 Charitable Trusts — _ 558 1,955 2,513 Gift Annuities — — — 184 184 Notes Receivable — — — 245 245~~

~~Market Value Endowment and Similar Activities - 9/30/98 215,094 172,514 138,686 64,927 591,221~~

~~282 Table 5. Endowment and Similar Activities September 30, 1998~~

~~Market Values~~

~~Unrestricted Temporarily Permanently Total Unrestricted Designated Restricted Restricted Market Value~~

~~UNDESIGNATED PURPOSE - TRUE:~~

Aver%' Fund (See Note 1) 450,207 49,334 499,541 Dodge, Patricia 218,246 — — 960,518 1,178,764 Fund for the Future-Unrestricted (See Note 1) 169,683 — — 931,677 1,101,360 Fund for the Future-Glass. Gilbert W. (See Note 1) — — — 64,778 64,778 Fund for the Future-Schermer. Lloyd G. and Betty (See Note 1) — — — 414,040 414,040 Fund for the Future-Holmberg, Ruth S. (See Note 1) — — — 900,590 900,590 Higbee, Harry, Memorial 146,768 — — 30,672 177,440 Hodgkins Fund (See Note 1) 394,017 — — 202,927 596,944

Morgan, Gilbert B. and Betty J., Memorial 35,075 — — 35,000 70,075 Morrow, Dwight W. 825,823 — — 100,000 925,823 Mussinan. Alfred 231,760 — — 38,990 270,750 Olmsted, Helen A 8,451 — — 1,000 9,451 Poore, Lucy T. and George W. (See Note 1) 1.736,562 — — 288,941 2,025,503 Porter, Henry Kirke. Memorial 3,128,562 — — 290,162 3,418,724 Sanford, George H. (See Note 1) 10,051 — — 2,706 12,757 Smithson, James (See Note 1) 203,425 — — 229,831 433,256 Smithson Society, James (See Note 1) 277,167 = 1,214,860 1,492,027

~~Subtotal 7,835,797 — — 5,756,026 13,591,823~~

UNDESIGNATED PURPOSE - QUASI: Dodge, Patricia 282,583 — — — 282,583 Ettl, Charles H 2,077,841 — — — 2,077,841 Ferguson, Frances B 1,014,681 — — — 1,014,681 Forrest, Robert Lee 10,302,634 — — 10,302,634 Fund for the Future-Unrestricted (See Note 1) 820,537 — 20.000— — 840,537 General Endowment (See Note 1) 181,752,962 — — — 181,752.962 Goddard, Robert H 81,590 — — — 81,590 Habel, Dr. S. (See Note 1) 972 — — — 972 Hart, Gustavus E 6,106 — — — 6,106 Henry, Caroline 15,059 — — — 15,059 Henry, Joseph and Harriet A 602,309 — — — 602,309 Heys, Maude C 1,002,501 — — — 1,002.501 Hinton, Carrie Susan 293,264 — — — 293,264 Koteen, Dorothy B 349,823 — — — 349,823 Lambert, Paula C 538,031 — — — 538,031 Medinus, Grace L 9,978 — — — 9.978 O'Dea , Laura I 342,568 342,568 Phillips. Roy R., Estate 1,473,414 — — — 1,473,414 Rhees, William Jones (See Note 1) 6,988 — — — 6,988 Safford, Clara Louise 468,259 — — — 468.259 Smithsonian Bequest Fund (See Note 1) 4,317,371 — 57,368 — 4,374,739 Sultner, Donald H 1,277,331 — — — 1,277,331 Taggard, Ganson 5,706 — — — 5,706 Winterer, Alice I 215,622 — — — 215,622

~~Subtotal 207,258,130 — 77,368 — 207,335.498~~

~~Total Undesignated Purpose 215,093,927 — 77,368 5,756,026 220,927,321~~

~~DONOR DESIGNATED PURPOSE - TRUE:~~

Aitken, Annie Laurie 359,051 325,000 684.051 Arthur, James 409,128 54.587 463,715 Axelrod, Dr. Herbert R 49,124 120.000 169,124 Axelrod. Herbert R. & Evelyn, Music 950.000 950.000 Axelrod, Herbert R. & Evelyn, Revolving Chair 1,460,000 1.460.000 Baird, Spencer Fullerton 364,151 50,362 414.513 Barney, Alice Pike, Memorial (See Note 1) 317,301 S28,445 1,145,746 Batchelor, Emma E 283,729 60,000 343,729 Beauregard, Catherine, Memorial 412,832 141,227 554.059 Bergen, Charlotte V. 24,319 10,000 34,319 Brown, Roland W. 216,593 69,041 70,295 355,929 Burch, George E. Fellowship in Theoretic Medicine and Affiliated Theoretic Sciences 1,449,751 1.66S.889 3,118.640 Camel Fund 37,439 76 100.800 138.315

~~2S3 Table 5. Endowment and Similar Activities September 30, 1998 (continued)~~

~~Market Values~~

~~Unrestricted Temporarily Permanently Total Unrestricted Designated Restricted Restricted Market Value~~

~~DONOR DESIGNATED PURPOSE - TRUE: (Continued)~~

Canfield, Fredrick A 14,307 450,369 46,233 510,909 Casey, Thomas Lincoln 147,874 1,000 148,874 Chamberlain, Francis Lea 291,277 35,000 326,277 Chinese Art Research (See Note 1) 500,000 500,000 Cooper Fund for Paleobiology 332,494 13,574 247,580 593,648 Cuatrecasas, Jose, Botanical 33,000 72,124 105,124 Cullman, Joseph F. Ill (See Note 1) 100,000 100,000 Davis Foundation 26,188 125,000 151,188 deSalle, Albert and Peggy 4,147 16,640 65,000 85,787 Deibel, Charles P. 45,288 100,000 145,288 Discovery Communications, Inc. (See Note 1) 235,278 2,402,262 2,637,540 Division of Mammals Curators Fund 21,661 8,901 30,562 Dodge, Gary and Rosalind, Memorial 2,845 25,000 27,845 Drake Foundation 1.586,475 448,355 2,034,830 Drouet, Francis and Louderback, Harold B 412,243 254,072 666,315 Dykes, Charles, Bequest 599,925 131,978 731,903 Eaton, Harriet Phillips 49,425 64,403 113,828 Eickemeyer, Florence Brevoort 115,392 10,500 125,892 Eppley Memorial 23,187 30,214 53,401 Forbes, Edward Waldo 1,073,891 818,912 1,892,803 Freer, Charles L 7,468,936 84,318,008 1,958,591 93,745,535 Fund for the Future-Samuel C. Johnson Theater 358,191 1,003,120 1,361,311 Fund for the Future-Mary L. Ripley Garden 6,880 26,147 129,516 162,543 Fund for the Future-Ethel Niki Kominik 43,591 100,000 143,591 Fund for the Future-Vincent Wilkinson 5,557 14,212 144,526 164,295 Fund for the Future-Jerome and Dorothy Lemelson (See Note 1) 322,771 4,943,307 5,266,078 Fund for the Future-Smithsonian Luncheon Group (See Note 1) 25,942 128,751 154,693

Fund for the Future-Frank J. Lukowski ( See Note 1) 134,868 134,868 Fund for the Future-National Postal Museum 2,358 25,000 27,358 Fund for the Future-Craveri/Giamporcaro (See Note 1) 475 500,000 500,475 Fund for the Future-Dutton, William C. (See Note 1) 10,013 10,013 Fund for the Future-Konze, .Alice Stockton (See Note 1) 46,840 46,840 FSG Education Program Fund (See Note 1) 1,000.000 1,000,000 Global Environmental Endowment Fund 2,311 3,000 5,311 Grimm, Sergei N 221,849 71,863 293,712 Groom, Barrick W. 195,659 100,000 295,659 Guggenheim, Daniel and Florence 948,380 251,108 1,199,488 Hamilton, James (See Note 1) 5,731 4,150 9,881 Haupt, Enid A. Garden 1,303,698 3,106,978 4,410,676 Henderson, Edward and Rebecca R., Meteorite Fund 206,186 257,256 463,442 Herman, Lloyd E. (See Note 1) 79,347 79,347 Hewitt, Eleanor G., Repair Fund 66,525 15,003 81,528 Hewitt, Sarah Cooper 377,230 88,633 465,863 Hillyer, Virgil 71,070 7,000 78,070 Hirayama Fund (See Note 1) 85,311 2,583,247 2,668,558 Hitchcock, .Albert S 17,376 1,200 18,576 Hodgkins Fund (See Note 1) 48,398 146,012 194,410 Hotung, Sir Joseph 3,982 100,000 103,982 Hrdlicka, Ales and Marie 394,325 111,982 71,000 577,307 Hughes, Bruce 212,684 9,352 222,036 Huntington Publication Fund (See Note 1) 205,345 508,960 714,305 Johnson, Seward, Trust Fund for Oceanography 35,574,549 3,415,606 38,990,155 Kellogg, Remington and Marguerite, Memorial 364,911 223,178 588,089 Kottler, Howard, Endowment for Ceramic Art 3,463 18,882 75,000 97,345 Kramar, Nada 21,030 7,974 12,103 41,107 Krombein, Karl V. 8,709 14,653 52,180 75,542 Lang, Hank and Ru 5,708 200,000 205,708 Lang, Hank and Ru, Educational 30,605 117,723 148,328 Lichtenberg, William R. & Nora H 50,000 50,000 Mandil, Harry and Beverly 62.969 100,000 162,969 Mashantucket Pequot Nation 89,253 500,000 589,253 Maxwell, Mary E 163,368 44.128 20,000 227,496 Mellon Foundation-Advanced Studies in Plant Science Research 1,150,000 1,150,000 Mellon Foundation Challenge Grant/Endowment 613,372 655,465 1,268,837 Mellon Publications Endowment Fund 288.155 285,933 900,000 1,474,088 Milliken, H. Oothout, Memorial 2,379 443 2,822 Mineral Endowment 844,834 179,008 1,023,842 Mitchell, William A 115,694 24,072 139,766

~~284 Table 5. Endowment and Similar Activities September 30, 1998 (continued)~~

~~Market Values~~

~~Unrestricted Temporarily Permanently Total Unrestricted Designated Restricted Restricted Market Value~~

~~DONOR DESIGNATED PURPOSE - TRUE: (Continued)~~

Moynihan. Elizabeth Brennan 16,598 50,161 66,759 Museum of the American Indian-Heye Foundation 706,499 920,587 1,627,086 NMAI Educational Endowment Fund (See Note 1) 50,630 273,047 323,677 NMAI George Heye Center (See Note 1) 533,500 533,500 Nelms, Henning 173,743 218,001 391,744 Nelson, Edward William 177,648 49,971 30,000 257,619 Nesbitt, Lowell 8,863 20,000 28,863 Petrocelli. Joseph, Memorial 76,291 10,000 86,291 Reid, Addison T. (See Note 1) 211,950 20,561 232,511 Ripley, S. Dillion and Mary Livingston 223,044 63,491 197,080 483,615 Roebling Fund 1,241,647 150,000 1,391,647 Rollins, Miriam and William 2,401,213 691,493 3,092,706 Sadder, Else, Flower 37,146 398,237 435,383 Sadder Public .Affairs 1,293,826 2,856,875 4,150,701 Schmitt, John J 14,442 18,817 33,259

The Sichel Family, Endowment for Research at the NZP . 8,334 33,749 400,000 442,083 Sims, George W. 193,515 110,000 303,515 Sisley, George J 22,782 154,980 926,650 1,104,412 Sprague Fund 13,539,840 4,949,996 18,489,836 Springer, Frank 137,383 40,281 30,000 207,664 Star Spangled Banner (See Note 1) 100,000 100,000 Stem, Harold P., Memorial 1,140,304 384,662 458,101 1,983,067 Stevenson, John A., Mycological Library 35,677 11,005 10,053 56,735 Stuart, Mary Horner 429,426 291,426 720,852 Tupper, Earl S. (See Note 1) 1,439,423 6,725,650 8,165,073 Walcott, Charles D.and Mary Vaux, Research 1,521,134 574,743 2,095,877 Walcott Research Fund, Botanical Publications 622,274 80,124 702,398 Wells, Dr. John W. 2,211 4,577 6,788 Wetmore, Alexander, Fund for Ornithology (See Note 1) 448,868 448,868 Williams, Blair and Elsie 30,408 39,622 70,030 Williston, Samuel Wendell, Diptera Research 26,887 12,895 32,942 72,724 Wineland Research Library 123 41,160 41,283 Woolfenden, William J. (See Note 1) 126,127 126,127 Wood, Elizabeth B. and Laurence I. (See Note 1) 209,685 209,685 Zerbee, Frances Brinckle 7,801 2,118 1,000 10.919 Zirkle, Nancy Behrend 30,014 117,868 147,882

~~Subtotal 36,668,364 135,025.558 58,596,509 230.290.431~~

~~DONOR DESIGNATED PURPOSE - QUASI:~~

Abbott, Marie Bohm 282,895 — — 282,895 Archives of American Art 505,552 — — 505,552 Armstrong, Edwin James 52,651 — — 52,651 Au Panier Fleuri 199,797 — — 199,797 Bacon, Virginia Purdy 964,435 — — 964,435 Bateman, Robert 71,003 91,248 — 162,251 Becker, George F. 1,669,257 — — 1,669,257

The Cafritz Foundation Fund (See Note 1) . . . 494 500,000 — 500.494 Compton, Berrita E 25,020 286,820 — 311.840 Compton, Berrita E., Memorial 3,642 32,000 — 35.642 Cooper Hewitt Acquisition Endowment Fund 828,028 — — 828,028 Daniziger. Richard (See Note 1) — 500,000 — 500,000 Davis, Gene, Memorial 411,322 — — 411.322 Denghausen, Luisita L. and Franz H 18,358,871 308,906 — 18,667,777 Desautels, Paul E 30,642 — — 30,642 Evans, Richard T. (6,160) 68,137 — 61.977 Friends of Music Endowment Fund 200,490 — — 200,490 Gaver, Gordon 27,543 — — 27,543 Haas, Gloria, Fellowship 13,227 26,329 — 39,556 Hachenbergh, George P. and Caroline 50,740 — — 50,740 Hagen, Karl (See Note 1) — 240,655 — 240,655

~~Hammond, John Performance Series Fund . . 536,993 — — 536,993 Hanson, Martin Gustav and Caroline R 105,530 — — 105,530~~

Hirshhorn Collections Endowment Fund . . . 14,029,723 — — 14,029,723 Hirshhom, Joseph H., Bequest Fund 2,683,656 — — 2,683,656 The Holenia Trust Fund 8,964,344 — — 8,964,344 The Holenia Trust Fund II 3,838,335 — — 3,83S,335

~~285 —~~

~~Table 5. Endowment and Similar Activities September 30, 1998 (continued)~~

~~Market Values~~

~~Unrestricted Temporarily Permanently Total Unrestricted Designated Restricted Restricted Market Value~~

DONOR DESIGNATED PURPOSE - QUASI: (Continued) The Holenia Trust Fund III — 1,288,711— — 1,288,711 Houchins, Lee and Chang-Su (See Note 1) — 74,017— — 74,017 Hunterdon Endowment — 36,110,132 — — 36,110,132 Johnson, E.R. Fenimore — 78,135 — 78,135 Johnson, Janet W. — (9,847) 125,000 — 115,153 Keyzer-Andre, Henri, Conservation Internship .... — 4,477 144,893 — 149,370 Krieg Drawings & Prints — 714 25,000— — 25,714 Lane, Robert and Mildred Katchmar — 392,035 — — 392,035 Leob, Morris — 1,046,621 — — 1,046,621 Long, Annette E. and Edith C — 6,464 — — 6,464 Louie, Richard Memorial — 99,317 — 99,317 McGovem, John P. — 25,101 87,798— — 112,899 McLaughlan, Thomas — 137,855 — 137,855 Menell, Elinor — 544,968 60,469— — 605,437 Myer, Catherine Walden — 239,871 — — 239,871 Noyes, Frank B — 12,090 — — 12,090 Noyes, Pauline Riggs — 98,066 — 98,066 Orth, Edward J., Memorial 2,523 23,354 25,877 Pell, Cornelia Livingston — 88,553 — — 88,553 Plumb, Henry — 221,470 — — 221,470 Ramsey, Adm. and Mrs. Dewitt Clinton — 1,868,548 — — 1,868,548 Rathbun, Richard, Memorial — 126,881 — 126,881 Reeves, Douglas F. and Sanae Iida (See Note 1) .... — — 186,258 — 186,258 Ripley, S. Dillon Library — 243,788 168,218 — 412,006 Roebling Solar Research — 272,797 — — 272,797 Ross, Arthur Garden and Terrace — 293,870 618,474 — 912,344 Ruef, Bertha M — 304,493 — — 304,493 Schultz. Leonard P. — 250,334 — — 250,334 Seidell, Atherton — 6,594,930 — — 6,594,930 Smithsonian Institution Libraries — 520,421 15,627 — 536,048 Strong, Julia D — 119,227 — — 119,227 Witherspoon, Thomas A., Memorial — 1,529,836 — — 1,529,836

~~Subtotal — 106,360,411 3,583,203 — 109,943,614~~

~~Total Donor Designated Purpose 143,028,775 138,608,761 58,596,509 340,234,045~~

~~BOARD DESIGNATED PURPOSE - TRUE:~~

~~Walcott, Charles D. and Man 1 Vaux, Research 4,753,991 574,182 5,328,173~~

~~Subtotal 4,753.991 — 574,182 5,328,173~~

~~BOARD DESIGNATED PURPOSE - QUASI:~~

~~Abbott, William L 1.415,752 1,415,752 Barstow, Fredric D 11,833 11,833~~

Cooper Hewitt Masters Program for Education . . . 238,118 238,118 Heckscher, August, Exhibition 165,087 165,087 Hirshhorn Museum Acquisition Fund 4,003,883 4,003,883 Jackson, Charles Bremner Hogg 2,166,918 2,166,918 Lindbergh Chair of Aerospace History 4.903.372 4,903,372 Lindbergh, Charles A 78,944 78,944 Lyon, Marcus Ward, Jr. 53,703 53,703 Martin Marietta Internship 352,345 352,345 NMNH Research 232,662 232,662 NZP Programs 4,619,930 4,619,930 SAO Directors Endowment 247,236 247,236 Smithsonian Institution Libraries General Support 29,158 29,158 Smithsonian Press Scholarly Books Fund 3,436.092 3,436,092 Webb, James E., Fellowship' 2,283,094 2,283,094 Women's Committee Fellowship 492,924 492,924

~~Subtotal — 24,731,051 — — 24,731,051~~

~~Total Board Designated Purpose — 29,485,042 — 574,182 30,059,224~~

~~TOTAL ENDOWMENT AND SIMILAR ACTIVITIES . . 215,093.927 172,513,817 138,686.129 64,926,717 591,220,590~~

~~Note 1: Invested all or in part in nonpooled investments~~

286" Table 6. Construction and Plant Funds, Fiscal Years 1998 and 1997 (in SOOOs) FY 1998 FY 1997 FUNDS PROVIDED Federal Construction Appropriations: National Zoological Park 3,850 3,850 Repair and Restoration of Buildings 32,000 39,000

~~Construction Planning and Minor Construction . — 3,000 National Museum of the American Indian 29,000 4,000 National .Air and Space Museum Dulles Extension 4,000 3,000~~

~~Total Federal Construction Appropriations 68,850 52,850~~

Nonappropriated Trust Plant Funds: Income - Gift and Other Cooper - Hewitt, National Design Museum 1,400 1,670 National Museum of the American Indian 3,477 4,629 - National Museum of Natural History Gem Hall . 359 963 National Air and Space Museum Dulles Extension. 500 Other 10 13

~~Total Trust Resources 5,246 7,775~~

~~Total Funds Provided 74,096 60,625~~

~~287 Independent Auditors' Report~~

~~BOARD OF REGENTS SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION:~~

We have audited the accompanying statement of financial by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial presentation. believe position of the Smithsonian Institution (Smithsonian) as of statement We that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion. September 30, 1998, and the related statements of financial In our opinion, the financial statements activity and cash flows for the year then ended. These referred to above fairly, in all material respects, financial financial statements are the responsibility of the present the position of the Smithsonian Institution as of September 30, and Smithsonian's management. Our responsibility is to express 1998, an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit. its changes in net assets and its cash flows for the year then in with generally We conducted our audit in accordance with generally ac- ended, conformity accepted accounting cepted auditing standards. Those standards require that we principles. plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the Washington, D.C. KPMG LLP financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the January 13, 1999 accounting principles used and significant estimates made

~~SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Statement of Financial Position September 30, 1998 (in thousands) Total Funds Trust Federal Funds Funds 1998 1997~~

Assets: Cash and balances with the U.S. Treasury- 5,193 200,636 205,829 197,048 Receivables and advances (note 3) 69.460 16,066 85,526 69,529 Prepaid and deferred expenses (note 2) 15,663 — 15,663 16,956 Other assets (note 5) 4,300 — 4,300 4,300 Inventory 20.254 921 21,175 18,959 Investments (note 6) 646,455 — 646,455 609,660 Property and equipment, net (note 9) 119,739 440,103 559,842 516,496 Collections (note 5)

~~Total assets S 881,064 657,726 1,538,790 1,432,948~~

Liabilities: Accounts payable and accrued expenses 35.790 34.080 69,870 69,512 Net payable for investment securities purchased 24,963 24,963 1,001 Deferred revenue 50,505 50,505 53,602 Debt (note 10) 41,526 41,526 1,000 Deposits held for affiliates (note 11) 4,864 4,864 3,933 Accrued annual leave 4.984 14,752 19,736 19,290 Unexpended federal appropriations 182, o23 82,623 173,800

~~Total liabilities 162,632 231,455 394,087 322,138~~

~~Net assets: Unrestricted: Funds functioning as endowments (note 7) 387,608 387,608 404,005 Operational balances 63,673 426,271 489,944 471,377~~

~~Total unrestricted net assets 451,281 426,271 877,552 875,382~~

~~Temporarily restricted: Funds functioning as endowments (note 7) 138,686 — 138,686 149,089 Donor contributions for ongoing programs 63.538 63,538 29,877~~

~~Total temporarily restricted net assets 202,224 - 202,224 178,966~~

~~Permanently restricted: True endowment (note 7) 62,972 — 62,972 54,560 Interest in perpetual and other trusts 1.955 1,955 1,902~~

~~Total permanently restricted net assets 64,927 — 64,927 56,462~~

~~Total net assets 718,432 426,271 1,144,703 111,0810~~

~~Commitments and contingencies (note 12) Total liabilities and net assets S 881,064 657,726 1,538,790 1,432,948~~

~~See accompanying notes to the financial statements.~~

~~288 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Statement of Financial Activity For the Year Ended September 30, 1998 (In thousands)~~

~~Unrestricted Temporarily Permanently Total Trust Federal Restricted Restricted Funds Funds Total Trust Funds Trust Funds 1998 1997~~

Operating revenue: Government funding and other revenue: Federal appropriations 393,032 393,032 393,032 383.468 Government grants and contracts 57,320 — 57,320 57,320 56,703 Short-term investment income (note 8) 2,374 — 2,374 6 2,380 1,924 Endowment payout (note 8) 13,208 — 13,208 6,059 459 19,726 18,174 Private grants 5,682 — 5,682 7,318 13,000 7,708 Rentals, fees, and commissions 8,335 — 8,335 8,335 14,055 Auxiliary activities (note 15) 213,109 — 213,109 213,109 202,467

~~Total government funding and other revenue 300,028 393,032 693,060 13,383 459 706,902 684,499~~

~~Contributions: Program support 27,888 27,851 8,003 63,742 37,924 Construction of facilities 3,815 3,815 6,422~~

~~Total contributions 27,888 27,888 31,666 ;,003 67,557 44,346~~

~~Total operating revenue and support 327,916 393,032 720,948 45,049 i,462 774,459 728,845 Net assets released from restrictions 12,170 12,170 (12,170)~~

~~Total operating revenue, support and other additions 340,086 393,032 733,118 32,879 ;,462 774,459 728,845 Expenses:~~

Research 73,953 127,644 201,597 201,597 190,042 Collections management 2,729 57,128 59,857 59,857 56,545 Education, public programs, and exhibitions 30,506 77,304 107,810 107,810 130,158 Auxiliary activities (note 15) 196,990 196,990 196,990 183,369 Aa^ministration 25,950 98,984 124,934 124,934 122,471 Advancement 10,459 10,459 10,459 9,353

~~Total expenses 340,587 361,060 701,647 701,647 691,938~~

~~Increase (decrease) in net assets from operations (501) 31,972 31,471 32,879 8,462 72,812 36,907~~

~~Endowment return in excess of (less than) payout (note 8) (21,207) — (21,207) (9,621) 3 (30,825) 109,283~~

~~Change in net assets related to collection items not capitalized (note 5): Proceeds from sale 737 — 737 737 2,719 Collection items purchased (6,938) (1,893) (8,831) (8,831) (9,358)~~

~~Increase (decrease) in net assets (27,909) 30,079 2,170 23,258 8,465 33,893 139,551~~

~~Net assets, beginning of the year 479,190 396,192 875,382 178,966 56,462 1,110,810 971,259 Net assets, end of the year $451,281 426,271 877,552 202,224 64,927 1,144,703 1.110.810~~

~~See accompanying notes to the financial statements.~~

~~SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Statement of Cash Flows For the Year ended September 30, 1998 (In thousands)~~

~~Total Funds Trust Federal Funds Funds 1998 1997~~

Cash flows from operating activities: Increase in net assets S 3,814 30,079 33.S93 139,551 Adjustments to reconcile increase in net assets to net cash provided by operating activities: Proceeds from sales of collections (737) (737) (2,719) Collection items purchased 6,938 1,893 8,831 9,358 Depreciation 7,388 38,493 45,881 37,938 Loss on disposition of assets 364 219 583 1,339 Contributions for increases in endowment (4,822) — (4,822) (2,916) Contributions for construction of property (3,815) — (3,815) (6,422) Appropriations for repair, restoration and construction — (68,850) (68,850) (52,850) Investment income restricted for long-term investment (462) — (462) (419) Provision for doubtful accounts 277 — 277 792 Net realized and unrealized loss (gain) on investments 26,505 — 26,505 (107,160) Decrease (increase) in assets: Receivables and advances (18,325) (1,698) (20,023) (9,564) Prepaid and deferred expenses 1,293 — 1,293 6,603 Other assets — — — (300) Inventory (2,133) (83) (2,216) 1,268

~~2S9 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Statement of Cash Flows For the Year ended September 30, 1998 (In thousands)~~

~~Total Funds Trust Federal Funds Funds 1998 1997~~

Adjustments to reconcile net increase in net assets to net cash provided by operating activities: (continued) Increase (decrease) in liabilities: Accounts payable and accrued expenses (299) 657 358 5.586 Net payable for investment securities purchased 23,962 — 23,962 (16,635) Deferred revenue (3,097) — (3,097) 2,555 Deposits held for others 931 — 931 (2,950) Accrued annual leave 169 277 446 (1,489) Unexpended federal appropriations — 8,823 8,823 (9,920)

~~Net cash provided from operating activities 37,951 9,810 47,761 (8,354)~~

Cash flows from investing activities: Proceeds from sales of collections 737 — 737 2,719 Collection items purchased (6,938) (1.893) (8,831) (9,358) Purchase of property and equipment (20,824) (68.986) (89,810) (90.789) Purchases of investment securities (750,907) — (750,907) (865,439) Proceeds from the sales of investment securities 687,607 — 687,607 901,596

~~Net cash used in investing activities (90,325) (70.879) (161,204) (61,271)~~

Cash flows from financing activities: Contributions for increases in endowment 8,571 8,571 7.605 Contributions for construction of property 3,815 3,815 6,422 Appropriations for repair, restoration and construction 68.850 68,850 52,850 Investment income restricted for long-term purpose 462 462 419 Proceeds from issuance of debt 40,526 40,526 500 Repayments of debt — (2,597)

~~Net cash provided from financing activities 53,374 68.850 122,224 05.190~~

~~Net increase (decrease) in cash and balances with the U.S. Treasury 1,000 7,781 8,781 (4,426) Cash and balances with the U.S. Treasury: Beginning of the year 4,193 192.855 197,048 201,474~~

~~End of the year 5,193 200,636 205,829 197.048~~

~~Cash paid for interest during fiscal years 1998 and 1997 was $1,332,000 and 558,000, respectively.~~

~~See accompanying notes to the financial statements.~~

(1) Organization Federal operating and construction funding are both subject to the annual federal appropriations process, and therefore the potential exists for reductions in approved The Smithsonian Institution was created by act of Congress in 1846 in accordance federal funding that would significantly impact the Smithsonian's operations. with the terms of the will of James Smithson of England, who, in 1S26, bequeathed These financial statements do not include the accounts of the National Gallery of his property to the United States of America "to found at Washington, under the Art. the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, or the W'oodrow Wilson name of the Smithsonian Institution, an establishment for the increase and diffusion International Center for Scholars, which were established by Congress within the of knowledge among men." After receiving the property and accepting the trust, Con- Smithsonian, but are administered by independent boards of trustees. gress vested responsibility in the Smithsonian Board of Regents (Board.) to administer the trust.

The Smithsonian Institution (Smithsonian) is a museum, education and research (2) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies complex of 16 museums and galleries, the National Zoological Park, and other re- These financial statements present the financial position, financial activity, and cash search facilities. Research is carried out in the Smithsonian's museums and facilities flows of the Smithsonian on the accrual basis of accounting. Funds received from throughout the world. The Smithsonian's extensive collections number over 140 mil- direct federal appropriations are reported as Federal Funds in the financial statements. lion objects. During fiscal year 1998, over 28 million individuals visited the Smith- All other funds are reported as Trust Funds. sonian museums and other facilities.

The Smithsonian receives its funding from federal appropriations, private gifts and (a) Trust Funds grants, government grants and contracts, investment income, and various business All non-appropnated activities are classified as trust funds, income from which arises activities, including the Smithsonian magazines and other publications, a mailorder primarily from contributions, grants and contracts, net investment income, and auxil- catalogue, museum shops, and food services. A substantial portion of the Smith- iary activities. Trust net assets are classified and reported as follows: sonian's annual operating budget is funded from annual federal approphations. Cer- tain construction projects have been completely funded from federal appropnations, Unrestricted net assets while others are funded using amounts raised from private sources, or by a combina- Net assets that are not subject to any donor-imposed or other legal stipulations on tion of federal and private funds. the use of the funds. Funds functioning as endowments in this category represent

290 unrestricted assets which have been designated by management or the Board for (j) Split Interest Agreements and Perpetual Trusts longterm investment. Split interest agreements with donors consist pnmarily of irrevocable charitable remainder trusts and charitable gift annuities. For the charitable trusts, Temporarily restricted net assets remainder contribution revenue and assets are recognized at fair value on the date the trusts are Net assets subject to donor-imposed stipulations on the use of the assets that may be established. Assets are adjusted during the term of the trusts for changes in the value met by actions of the Smithsonian and/or the passage of time. Funds functioning as of the assets, accretion of discounts, and other changes in the estimated future bene- endowments in this category represent donor-restricted contributions that have been fits. For the charitable gift annuities, assets are recognized at fair value on the date the designated by management or the Board for longterm investment. Donor contribu- annuity agreements are established. An annuity liability is recognized at the present tions represent unspent gifts and promises-to-give of cash and securities subject to value of future cash flows expected to be paid to the donor and contribution revenue donor-imposed restrictions which have not yet been met. is recognized as the difference between the assets and liability. Liabilities are adjusted Permanently restricted net assets during the term of the annuities for payments to donors, accretion of discounts and Net assets subject to donor-imposed stipulations that the principal be maintained changes in the life expectancy of the donor. permanently by the Smithsonian. Generally, the donors of these assets permit the The Smithsonian is also the beneficiary of certain perpetual trusts held and adminis- Smithsonian to use all or part of the income earned on investment of the assets for tered by others. The present values of the estimated future cash receipts from the either general or donor-specified purposes. trusts are recognized as assets and contribution revenue at the dates the trusts are established. Distributions from the trusts are recorded as contributions and the carry-

(b) Federal Funds ing value of the assets is adjusted for changes in the estimates of future receipts. The Smithsonian receives federal appropriations to support the Smithsonian's operating salaries and expenses, repair and restoration of facilities, and construction. Federal (k) Property and Equipment appropriation revenue is classified as unrestricted and recognized as an exchange trans- Property and equipment purchased with federal or trust funds are capitalized at cost. action as expenditures are incurred. The liability reported as unexpended appropna- Property and equipment acquired through transfer from government agencies are tions represent either goods and services that have been ordered but not yet received capitalized at net book value or fair value, whichever is more readily determinable. or appropriated funds that have not yet been obligated. Property and equipment acquired through donation are capitalized at appraised value The Smithsonian received appropriations for operations of $333,408,000 in fiscal at the date of the gift. These assets are depreciated on a straight-line basis over their year 199S. Federal appropriations for operations are generally available for obligation estimated useful lives as follows: only in the year received. In accordance with Public Law 101-510, these annual ap- Buildings 30 years propriations are maintained by the Smithsonian for five years following the year of Major renovations 15 years appropriation, after which the appropriation account is closed and any unexpended

7 Equipment 3-10 years balances are returned to the U.S. Treasury . During fiscal year 1998, the Smithsonian returned 52.193,000 to the U.S. Treasury which represents the unexpended balance for Certain lands occupied by the Smithsonian's buildings, primarily located in the fiscal year 1993. District of Columbia, Maryland and Virginia, were appropriated and reserved by Federal appropriations for repair and restoration of facilities and construction are Congress for the Smithsonian's use. The Smithsonian serves as trustee of these lands generally available for obligation until expended. for as long as they are used to cany out the Smithsonian's mission. These lands are titled in the name of the U.S. government and are not reflected in the accompanying (c) Use ofEstimates financial statements. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that (I) Collections affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets The Smithsonian acquires its collections, which include works of art, library books, and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of reve- photographic archives, objects and specimens, by purchase using federal or trust funds nues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those or by donation. All collections are held for public exhibition, education, or research, estimates, however, management does not believe that actual results will be materially furthering the Smithsonian's mission to increase and diffuse knowledge to the public different from those estimates. The Smithsonian protects and preserves its collections, which total more than 140 million items. The Smithsonian's Collections Management policy includes guidance (d) Fair Value of Financial Instruments on the preservation, care and maintenance of the collections and procedures relating The carrying value of financial instruments in the financial statements approximates to the accession/deaccession of items within the collections. fair value. The Smithsonian's policy is to not capitalize its collections, therefore, no value is assigned to the collections on the statement of financial position. Purchases of collec- (e) Cash and Balances with U.S. Treasury tion items are recorded as expense in the year in which the items are acquired. .Amounts represent cash deposited with financial institutions, balances held by the Contributed collection items are not reflected in the financial statements. Proceeds U.S. Treasury that are available for disbursement, and a repurchase agreement totaling from deaccessions or insurance recoveries from lost or destroyed collection items are S7,810,000 at September 30, 1998. reflected as increases in the appropnate net asset class, and are designated for future collection acquisitions. (f) Investments Items that are acquired with the intent at the time of acquisition not to add them to The Smithsonian's marketable equity and debt securities are reported at fair value the collections but rather to sell, exchange, or otherwise use them for financial gain based on quoted market pnces. Changes in fair value are recognized in the statement are not considered collection items, and are recorded at fair market value at date of of financial activity. Purchases and sales of investments are recorded on the trade date. acquisition as other assets in the statement of financial position. Investment income is recorded when earned, and realized gains and losses on the sale of investments are recognized on the trade date basis using the average cost method. (m) Annual Leave As mandated by Congress, the Smithsonian maintains two $500,000 Treasury invest- The Smithsonian's civil service employees earn annual leave in accordance with federal ments relating to the original James Smithson gift. laws and regulations. Separate rules apply for trust employees. .Annual leave for all

employees is recognized as expense when earned. (g) Contributions Receivable Contributions receivable that are expected to be collected within one year are reported (n) Government Grants and Contracts net of any estimated uncollectible amounts. Contributions expected to be collected The Smithsonian receives grants and enters into contracts with the U.S. government beyond one year are also discounted to present value. Conditional contributions and state and local governments, which primarily provide for cost reimbursement to receivable are not recorded until material conditions have been met. the Smithsonian. Revenue from governmental grants and contracts is classified as

(h) Inventories unrestricted and is recognized as reimbursable expenditures are incurred. Inventories are reported at the lower of cost or market, and consist primarily of (o) Contributions merchandise inventory, books, recordings, and office supplies. Cost is determined revenue all contributions as revenue in the period using the first-in, first-out method. The Smithsonian recognizes from unconditional promises are received- initially (i) Deferred Revenue and Expense Unrestricted contributions with payments due in future periods are recorded Revenue from subscriptions to Smithsonian magazine and Air & Space/Smithsonian as temporarily restricted support, and are reclassified to unrestricted net assets when magazine is recognized over the period of the subscription, generally one year payments become due. Promotion production expenses are recognized when related advertising materials When donor restrictions are met on temporarily restricted contributions, the related in statement are released. Direct-response advertising relating to the magazines is deferred and net assets are reclassified as released from restrictions the accompanying amortized over one year. At September 30. 1998, prepaid and defened expenses of financial activity. include $5,403,000 of defened promotion costs, mostly related to the Smithsonian Gifts of long-lived assets are recorded as unrestricted revenue in the period received. magazine. Promotion expense totaled $15,475,000 in fiscal year 1998. Contributions of cash and other assets restricted to the acquisition of longlived assets

291 are recorded as temporarily restricted revenue in the period received. The donor's restrictions expire and the related net assets are released from restriction when the Repair and long-lived asset is placed in service by the Smithsonian. Salaries and Restoration and Expenses Construction Total In-kind contributions of goods and services totaling $6,310,000 were received in fiscal year 1998 and recorded as program support in the accompanying statement of Fedetal appropriation revenue 331.484 61,548 393.032 activity. primarily includes donated financial The nature of the in-kind contributions Unexpended 1 998 appropnauon 49.723 68.850 118.573 space and interactive multimedia software programs. Amounts expended from pnor years (46.724) (61.548) (108,272) Other funding A substantial number of volunteers also make significant contributions of time to the (1.075) (1.075) Fiscal year 1998 federal Smithsonian, enhancing its activities and programs. In fiscal year 1998, more than appropriations 333.408 68.850 402.258 5,600 volunteers contributed over 496,000 hours of service to the Smithsonian. The value of these contributions is not recognized in the financial statements. Federal expenses recognized in fiscal year 1998 can be reconciled to the federal appropriations received in fiscal year 1998 as follows: (p) Advancement The Smithsonian raises private financial support from individual donors, corporations and foundations to fund programs and other initiatives. Funds are also generated through numerous membership programs. Fund-raising costs are expensed as incurred Repair and Salanes and Restoration and and reported as advancement expense in the statement of financial activity. Member- Expenses Construction Total ship program costs are amortized over membership terms, typically one year, and are also reported as Advancement expenses. Federal expenses 331.426 31 .527 362.953 Unexpended 1998 appropnauon 49.723 68.850 118.573 Depreciation (6.966) (31,527) (38.493) (q) Comparative Financial Statements Supplies consumption 82 — 82 The statement of financial activity includes certain prior-year summarized comparative Loss on disposition of assets (219) — (219) information in total but not by net asset class. Such information does not include Unfunded annual leave (277) — (277) sufficient detail to constitute a presentation m conformity with generally accepted Amounts expended from pnor years (46,724) (61,548) (108,272) Capital expenditures 7.438 61.548 68.986 accounting principles. Accordingly, such information should be read in conjunction Other funding (1.0751 — (1.075) with the Smithsonian's financial statements for the year ended September 30, 1997, from which the summarized information was denved. Fiscal year 1998 federal appropnations -. 4(1!: 68.850 402.258

(r) Reclassifications Certain amounts have been reclassified in pnor year to conform with the current year presentation. Federal unrestricted net assets primarily represent the Smithsonian's net investment in property, plant and equipment purchased with or constructed using federal appropriated funds. (3) Receivables and Advances Unexpended appropriations for all fiscal years total $182,623,000 at September 30, Receivables and advances consisted of the following at September 30, 1998: 1998, and consist of $73,332,000 in unexpended operating funds and $109,291,000 in unexpended repair and restoration and construction funds. Unexpended operating

I SOU K funds include amounts for the Museum Support Center move and the National Trust Federal Total Museum of the American Indian. Unexpended repair and restoration funds represent amounts available for on-going major repair and restoration of the Smithsonian's Auxiliary activities, net of Sl.590.000 in allowances 18.011 18.011 Contributions receivable, net 33.789 — 33.789 museums and facilities. Unexpended construction funds represent amounts appropri- Grants and contracts 13.264 — 13,264 ated but not yet expended for construction of new facilities. Interest and dividends due 660 — 660 Advance payments 1.171 16.066 17.237 Charitable trust 2.565 — 2.565 (5) Accessions and Deaccessions

Total receivables and advances 69.460 16.066 85.526 For fiscal year 1998, S6,938,000 of trust funds and $1,893,000 of federal funds were spent to acquire collection items. Proceeds from trust fund deaccessions were $737,000. There were no deaccessions of collection items purchased with federal (a) Contributions Receivable funds in fiscal year 1998. At September 30, 1998, accumulated proceeds and related Contributions receivable (pledges) are recorded as revenue when received. Pledges for earnings from deaccessions of $16,269,000 were designated for collections acquisition which payment is not due within one year are discounted based on United States in the trust funds. Treasury risk-free obligation rates according to their corresponding terms. As of Sep- Non-cash deaccessions result from the exchange, donation, or destruction of collec- tember 30, 1998, the aggregate discounted contributions receivable was as follows: tion items, and occur because objects deteriorate, are beyond the scope of a museum's mission, or are duplicative. During fiscal year 1998, the Smithsonian's noncash SIJ'.V'- deaccessions included works of art. animals, historical objects, and natural specimens. items held for sale total are reported as other assets in the Due within: Contributed $4,300,000 and

~~Less than I year 14.079 statement of financial position.~~

~~1 to 5 years 21.596 More than 5 years 5.964 (6) Investments 41.639 At September 30, 1998, investments consisted of the following: Less:~~

~~Allowance for uncollectible pledges (4,356.)~~

~~Discount to present value 3.4^4 i Short-teim investments: Cash equivalents 16.407 Contributions receivable, net U.S. Government obligations 24.625~~

At September 30, 1998, the Smithsonian has outstanding conditional contributions Endowment and similar investments: totaling $14,000,000 which will be recognized when the specific conditions are met. Pooled investments: Cash equivalents 5.270 U.S. Government and quasi-govemroeni obligations 55.731 (b) Advance Payments Corporate bonds and other obligations 169.779 At September 30, 1998, federal advance payments of $16,066,000 represent prepay- Common and preferred stocks 373.146 ments made to government agencies, educational institutions, firms and individuals Total pooled investments 603.926 for services to rendered, or or materials to be property be furnished. Nonpooled investments: At September 30, 1998, Smithsonian advance payments included amounts paid to Deposits with U.S. Treasury 1.050 the General Services Administration of $8,512,000 for equipment purchases for the Total endowment and similar investments 604.976 Museum Support Center and other projects to be completed in future years. Gift annuity program investments: Coiporate bonds and other obligations 140 (4) Reconciliation of Federal Appropriations Common and preferred stock 307

~~Federal appropriation revenue recognized in fiscal year 1998 can be reconciled to the federal appropriations received in fiscal year 1998 as follows: Total investments~~

292 (7) True Endowment and Funds Functioning as Endowments tively. Depreciation expense for fiscal year 1998 totaled S38,493,000 in the federal funds and in the The Smithsonian uses the "total return" approach to investment management of 57,388,000 trust funds. pooled true endowment funds and quasi-endowment funds, referred to collectively as

the endowment. Each year, the endowment pays out an amount for current expendi- (10) Debt tures based upon a number of factors evaluated and approved by the Board of Regents. In January 1998, the District of Columbia issued S41.3 million of tax-exempt revenue The payout for 199S was 4.5 percent of the average market value of the endowment bonds on behalf of the Smithsonian. The Smithsonian is obligated under these bonds over the prior five years. The difference between the total return (i.e., dividends, inter- as follows: est and net gains), and the payout is reinvested when there is an excess of total return over payout, or withdrawn previously accumulated from returns when there is a defi- ;'/''- ciency of total return to payout. The payout amount exceeded the total return in fiscal year 1998 and the deficit was withdrawn from the endowment asset pool. The with- Series 1997 Revenue Bonds. Serial, with principal amounts ranging from $800,000 to Sl.225.000 interesl rates ranging from 4.10% drawal is reported as a non-operating loss in the accompanying statement of financial to 4.75%. maturing at various points from February 1 . 2002 activity- (see note 8). through 2012 Substantially all of the investments of the endowment are pooled on a market value Series 1997 Revenue Bonds. Term: basis, with individual funds subscribing to or disposing of units on the basis of the per Interest rate 5.00% due February 1. 2017 7.105 unit at market value the beginning of the month in which the transaction takes place. Interest rate 4.75% due February 1. 2018 1.640 At September 30, 1998, each unit had a market value of S614. The market value of the Interest rate 5.00% due February 1. 202S pool's net assets at September 30, 1998, was $579,444,000. This represents all pooled Total bonds at face value 41320 investments plus net receivables and payables related to investment transactions. Each fund participating in the investment pool receives an annual payout equal to Less - unamortized bond discount "94 the number of units owned times the annual payout amount per unit. The payout for Total bonds payable fiscal year 199S w-as S21.00 per unit Based on approved Board policy, if the market value of any endowment fund is less than 110 percent of the historical value, the cur- The serial and term bonds represent an unsecured general obligation of the Smith- rent payout is limited to the actual interest and dividends allocable to that fund. sonian. Proceeds from the sale of the bonds will finance certain renovations of and Net asset balances of the endowment consisted of the following at September 30, 1998: improvements to the National Museum of Natural History, fund capitalized interest,

and pay certain costs of issuing the bonds. Interest on the bonds is payable semi- fSOOOo annually on August 1 and February 1, beginning on August 1, 1998. Principal and interest payments will be funded solely through unrestneted Trust funds. Unrestricted S 215.094 Unresmcted-desisimed 172.514 The term bonds maturing on February 1, 2017 and 2028 are subject to mandatory redemption by operations of sinking fund installments. Installment payments for the Total unrestricted term bond maturing February 1, 2017, begin on February 1, 2013 and range from

Temporarily restricted 138.686 SI, 285, 000 to 51,565,000 per year through the matunty date. Installment payments Permanently restricted 62.972 for the term bond maturing February 1, 2028 begin on February 1, 2019 and range from $1,720,000 to 52,665,000 per year through the maturity date. Total endowment net assets Interest expense on bonds payable for fiscal year 1998 totaled 51,332,000, net of capitalized interest of $173,000. (8) Composition of Total Return from Investments At September 30, 1998, the Smithsonian also had an interest-free loan from the Total return from investments consisted of the following for the year ended Septem- Virginia Department of Aviation totaling $1,000,000. The Virginia Department of ber 30, 1998: Aviation agreed, in fiscal year 1995, to make available to the Smithsonian an interest- free loan facility totaling S3 million, of which $500,000 was drawn in fiscal years 1996 Composition of Endowment Return: and 1997. This loan facility is intended to assist in the financing of the planning, marketing, fund-raising, and design of the proposed National .Air and Space Museum (SOOOsi extension at Washington Dulles International Airport. The Smithsonian is scheduled Endowment payout s 19.726 to repay the outstanding loan not later than June 30, 2000. Payout in excess of investment income (2.171)

~~Total investment income 17.555 (11) Affiliate Relationships~~

Less - investment fees (1.469) The Smithsonian provides certain fiscal, procurement, facilities and administrative services to several separately incorporated affiliated organizations for which certain Net investment income 16.086 officials of the Smithsonian serve on the governing boards. The amounts paid to the Net realized and unrealized loss on investments (27.185) Smithsonian by these organizations for the above services totaled $1 64,000 of trust funds and $70,000 of federal funds for fiscal year 1998. , .,>, Endowment total return ; Deposits held in custody for these organizations at September 30, 1998, were $4,864,000 and were recorded in the trust funds. Endowment total return is reported as 519,726,000 in operating revenue and The Friends of the National Zoo (FONZ). an independent 501(c)(3) organization, (530,825,000) in nonoperating endowment return in the statement of financial activity. raises funds for the benefit of the Smithsonian's National Zoological Park. Funds received by the Smithsonian from FONZ are recorded as unrestricted revenue and Composition of Short-Term Investment Total Return: totaled 5548,000 in fiscal vear 1998.

~~Interest and dividends S 1.700 ts) Commitments and Contingencies Net realized and unrealized gain on investments 680~~

Short-term invesrment total return (a) Leasing Actiiities Leases for Smithsonian warehouse and office spaces provide for rent escalations to (9) Property and Equipment coincide with increases in property taxes, operating expenses attributable to the leased property and the Consumer Pnce Index. The Smithsonian has the authority to enter Property and equipment consisted of the following at September 30, 1998: into leases for up to 30 years using federal funds. (SOOOsi The Smithsonian's operating leases for the warehouse and office spaces require future ;-ii,: Federal Total minimum lease payments as follows:

Land S 2.387 2.387 SOOOsi Buildings and capital improvements 159.668 818.325 977.993 Equipment 25.295 49.283 74.578 1999 13.066 Leashold improvements 2.290 2.290 2000 9.550 189.640 867.608 1.057.248 2001 9.291 Accumulated depreciation '69.901) '427.505) (497.406) 2002 9.1 19 2003 S.240

~~Total properiy and equipment S 119.73' 440.103 - ? " x 4 2 Thereafter 29.549~~

Total 7S.S15 At September 30, 1998, buildings and capital improvements included 528,135,000 and $125,296,000 of construction in progress within Trust and Federal funds, respec- Rental expense for these operating leases totaled $15,516,000 for fiscal year 199S.

293 (b) Government Grants and Contracts The inclusion of retirees in the calculation of average per capita cost results in a The Smithsonian receives funding or reimbursement from governmental agencies for higher average per capita cost than would result if only active employees were covered various activities which are subject to audit. Audits of these activities have been by the plan. Therefore, the Smithsonian has a postretirement benefit obligation total- completed through fiscal year 1997, however, fiscal year 1997 has not been closed with ing 56,097,000 at September 30, 1998, for the portion of the expected future cost of the the cognizant federal audit agency. Management believes that any adjustments which retiree benefits that is not recovered through retiree contnbutions. The Smithsonian's may result from this audit and the audit for fiscal year 1998 will not have a materially policy is to fund the cost of these benefits on the pay-as-you-go-basis. adverse effect on the Smithsonian's financial statements.

(14) Income Taxes (c) Litigation The Smithsonian is recognized as exempt from income taxation under the provisions of The Smithsonian is a party to various litigation ansing out of the normal conduct of Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code (the Code). Organizations described in its operations. In the opinion of the Smithsonian's General Counsel, the ultimate unrelated business Periodical advertising resolution of these matters will not have a materially adverse effect on the Smith- that section are taxable only on their income. letter has sonian's financial statements. sales is the main source of unrelated business income. An IRS determination been received supporting the Smithsonian's taxexempt status. No provision for income taxes was required for fiscal year 1998. (13) Employee Benefit Plans It is the opinion of the Smithsonian's management that the Smithsonian is also The federal employees of the Smithsonian are covered by either the Civil Service Retire- exempt horn taxation as an instrumentality of the United States as defined in Section ment System (CSRS) or the Federal Employee Retirement System (FERS). The terms of 501(c)(1) of the Code. Organizations described in that section are exempt from all these plans are defined in federal regulations. Under both systems, the Smithsonian income taxation. The Smithsonian has not yet formally sought such dual status. withholds from each federal employee's salary the required salary percentage. The Smithsonian also contributes specified percentages. The Smithsonian's expense for (15) Restructuring of Smithsonian Press / Smithsonian Productions Divisions these plans for fiscal year 1998 was 515,959,000. fiscal year Board voted to discontinue operations of three divisions of The Smithsonian has a separate defined contribution retirement plan for trust fund During 1998, the Productions auxiliary activity, including Smith- employees, in which substantially all such employees are eligible to participate. Under the Smithsonian Press/Smithsonian Videos, effective the plan, the Smithsonian contributes stipulated percentages of salary which are used sonian Books, Smithsonian Collection of Recordings, and Smithsonian with write-offs of inventory and to purchase individual annuities, the rights to which are immediately vested with the April 1, 1998. Costs associated the closure, include contract guaran- employees. Emplovees can make voluntary contributions, subject to certain limita- accounts receivable, accruals for contractual product and fulfillment royalties potential merchandise returns, litigation tions. The Smithsonian's cost of the plan for fiscal year 1998 was 59,365,000. tees, guaranteed and commissions, operations In addition to the Smithsonian's retirement plans, the Smithsonian makes available claims and severance costs. In fiscal year 1998, the total loss from and of the three divisions was $4,791,000, the net effect of which is reported within certain health care and life insurance benefits to active and retired trust fund employ- closure auxiliary activities in the statement of financial activity. ees. The plan is contributory for retirees and requires payment of premiums and de- ductibles. Retiree contributions for premiums are established by an insurance earner based on the average per capita cost of benefit coverage for all participants, active and retired, in the Smithsonian's plan.

~~294~~

~~SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES~~

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