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Pakistan a Hard Country

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Pakistan a Hard Country PAKISTAN A HARD COUNTRY ANATOL LIEYEN P A KISTA N A H ard Country A N A TO L L IEYEN Table of Contents PART ONE - Land, People and History Chapter 1 - Introduction: Understanding Pakistan .. .. .. .. 1 PAKISTAN, AFGHANISTAN AND THE TALEBAN, .. .. .. 4 TOUGHERTHANITLOOKS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 WEAK STATE, STRONG SOCIETIES .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 ‘FEUDALS’ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 HOW PAKISTAN WORKS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 THE NEGOTIATED STATE .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 18 A GAMBLE ON THE INDUS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 24 THE PAKISTANI ECONOMY .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 28 LIVINGINPAKISTAN .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 29 A NOTE ON KINSHIP TERMS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 31 Chapter 2 - The Struggle for Muslim South Asia .. .. .. .. 34 ‘ISLAMINDANGER’ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 34 RELIGIOUS AND SECULAR RESPONSES .. .. .. .. .. 40 THE GENESIS OF PAKISTAN .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 44 THE NEW PAKISTANI STATE .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 51 ATTEMPTS AT CHANGE FROM ABOVE .. .. .. .. .. 53 ZULFIKAR ALI BHUTTO .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 59 ZIA-UL-HAQ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 64 PART TWO - Structures Chapter 3 - Justice .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 68 THE CUSTOM OF THE COUNTRY .. .. .. .. .. .. 72 THE POLICE .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 85 THE COURTS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 89 THE LAWYERS’MOVEMENT .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 94 THESHARIAH .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 98 NOTQUITEASBADASITLOOKS .. .. .. .. .. .. 102 Chapter 4 - Religion .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 104 FEUDING THEOLOGIANS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 106 THE LIMITS TO RADICALISM .. .. .. .. .. .. 111 SAINTLY POLITICIANS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 112 SHRINES AND SUPERSTITION .. .. .. .. .. .. 121 PURITANS, FUNDAMENTALISTS, REFORMISTS: THE JAMAAT ISLAMI 125 MILITANTS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 131 Chapter 5 - The Military .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 136 AN ARMY WITH A STATE .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 137 THE MILITARY FAMILY .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 141 HISTORY AND COMPOSITION .. .. .. .. .. .. 149 INTER-SERVICES INTELLIGENCE,KASHMIR AND THE MILITARY–JIHADINEXUS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 158 THE PAKISTANI NUCLEAR DETERRENT .. .. .. .. .. 169 Chapter 6 - Politics .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 174 THE MILITARY AND POLITICS .. .. .. .. .. .. 178 HOW THE SYSTEM WORKS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 180 A POLITICIAN’SLIFE .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 191 THE MEDIA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 196 THE PAKISTAN PEOPLE’SPARTY (PPP) .. .. .. .. .. 200 THE PAKISTAN MUSLIM LEAGUE (NAWAZ) (PML(N)) .. .. .. 208 THE MUTTAHIDA QAUMI MAHAZ (MQM) PART THREE - The Provinces Chapter 7 - Punjab .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 220 PAKISTAN’SPROVINCIAL BALANCE .. .. .. .. .. 220 DIFFERENTPUNJABS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 224 LAHORE, THE HISTORIC CAPITAL .. .. .. .. .. .. 226 PUNJABI HISTORY AND THE IMPACT OF MIGRATION .. .. .. 231 PUNJAB’SREGIONS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 249 INDUSTRIALISTS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 255 SECTARIANS AND TERRORISTS .. .. .. .. .. .. 261 MULTAN .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 266 Chapter 8 - Sindh .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 270 THE HISTORY OF SINDH .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 273 INDEPENDENCE AND MOHAJIR – SINDHI RELATIONS .. .. 276 RISE OF THE MQM (MOHAJIR QAUMI MAHAZ OR MOHAJIR PEOPLE’SMOVEMENT) .. .. .. .. .. 278 KARACHI’SETHNIC FRONT LINES .. .. .. .. .. .. 283 INTERIOR SINDH .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 291 HUNTINGBOAR AND LEADINGTRIBES .. .. .. .. .. 293 ‘FEUDAL’DOMINATION .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 297 EXISTENTIAL THREATS? .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 299 Chapter 9 - Balochistan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 302 DISPUTED HISTORY, DISPUTED POPULATION .. .. .. .. 304 THE BALOCH INSURGENCY AFTER 2000 .. .. .. .. .. 310 BALOCHTRIBALISM .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 313 THE TREATMENT OF WOMEN .. .. .. .. .. .. 318 VISIT TO A BUGTI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 321 PAKISTAN AND BALOCHISTAN .. .. .. .. .. .. 323 Chapter 10 - The Pathans .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 330 THE MOUNTAINS AND THE PLAINS .. .. .. .. .. 333 THE PATHAN TRADITION AND PATHAN NATIONALISM .. .. 335 THE FEDERALLY ADMINISTERED TRIBAL AREAS (FATA) .. .. 339 PATHAN POLITICAL CULTURE .. .. .. .. .. .. 342 THEAWAMINATIONALPARTY(ANP) .. .. .. .. .. 344 JAMIAT-E-ULEMA-E-ISLAM (JUI, COUNCIL OF ISLAMIC CLERICS) .. 350 PART FOUR - The Taleban Chapter 11 - The Pakistani Taleban .. .. .. .. .. .. 357 THE RISE OF THE PAKISTANI TALEBAN .. .. .. .. .. 365 THE NATURE OF THE PAKISTANI TALEBAN .. .. .. .. 370 THE LINEAGE OF THE PAKISTANI TALEBAN .. .. .. .. 373 THE MOHMAND AGENCY .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 381 Chapter 12 - Defeating the Taleban? .. .. .. .. .. .. 390 PUBLIC OPINION AND THE TALEBAN .. .. .. .. .. 392 THE ANP AND THE TALEBAN .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 396 THE POLICE AND THE ARMY .. .. .. .. .. .. 398 THETURNINGPOINT .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 401 THE BACKGROUND TO REVOLT IN SWAT .. .. .. .. 407 VISIT TO SWAT .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 412 MINGORA TO DOROSHKHEL .. .. .. .. .. .. 414 Conclusions .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 419 Books Consulted .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 424 Glossary .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 437 Appendix One: Chronology of Muslim South Asia .. .. .. .. 441 Appendix Two: Pakistani Statistics .. .. .. .. .. .. 452 In memory of my grandparents, George Henry Monahan, Indian Civil Service Helen Monahan (néeKennedy) and their son, Captain Hugh Monahan MC, 5th Royal Gurkha Rifles (Frontier Force) and in honor of their successors in the civil and military services of Pakistan, India and Bangladesh Acknowledgements This book would not have been possible had it not been for the immense kindness and hospitality of many Pakistanis, who invited me to their homes and talked to me frankly about their lives and their opinions – so many that the great majority will have to go unthanked. I am especially indebted to Ashraf and Ambrin Hayat and their family in Islamabad. I hope that my prolonged stays with them did not disrupt their lives too much. Syed Fakr Imam and Syeda Abida Hussain have been most gracious hosts over the years in their various residences, and shared with me their knowledge of politics, history and culture. Najam and Jugnu Sethi have been good friends and kind hosts for an equal time. Naeem Pasha and Kathy Gannon have entertained me more often than I can remember, and Kathy has shared her incomparable knowledge of matters Afghan. Naveed and Saeed Elahi have both given most generously of their time and helped me enormously with advice, information and contacts. Whether in official service or the media, Maleeha Lodhi has been unfailingly kind, helpful and insightful. Her comments on parts of the manuscript were extremely valuable. I must also thank Shuja Nawaz, Asad Hashim and Hasan Askari Rizvi for their comments. Of course, responsibility for the contents of this book, and the opinions expressed in it, is entirely my own. Among legions of Pakistani journalists and analysts who have helped me over the years, I must especially mention my old colleague Zahid Hussain, together with Zafar Abbas, Ejaz Haider, Imran Aslam, Behrouz Khan and Mosharraf Zaidi. In Peshawar, I am most grateful to Rahimullah Yusufzai for all his help, and to Amina Khan and her family, to Brigadier Saad, Brigadier Javed Iqbal, Khalid Aziz, and Fakhruddin Khan. It was also most kind of General Zafrullah Khan and the Frontier Constabulary to invite me to stay in their mess in Peshawar in the summer of 2009. Similarly, I must thank the Vice-Chancellor of Faislabad Agricultural University, Professor Iqraar, for inviting me to speak there and putting me up at the university guest house, Dr Faisal Zaidi and the staff of Broomfield Hall in Multan for inviting me to speak there, Dr Mohammed Amir Rana and the staff of the Pakistan Institute of Peace Studies and Ambassador Tanvir Khan and the Institute of Strategic Studies in Islamabad. I am also most grateful to Professor Ali Khan Shehriyar, Dr Lukas Werth, Dr Shandana Mohmand and their colleagues at the Lahore University of Management Sciences for inviting me to speak, offering very helpful comments on my work and sharing their knowledge of Pakistani society. General Athar Abbas, Colonel Haidar Malik, Captain Nasireh and other officers of Inter-Services Public Relations helped me greatly by arranging a whole series of meetings with senior military figures. Colonel Ali Awan and Mrs Saira Ahmed of the Pakistani High Commission in London helped not only with meetings but with extremely valuable advice. I am grateful to them and all the officers and men of the Pakistani armed forces who have helped me over the years. In Sindh, I am deeply grateful to Sardar Mumtaz Ali Bhutto and his family for two very pleasant and interesting stays separated by twenty years, and in particular for inviting me to the boar hunt described in this book; and also to Ellahi Baksh Soomro and other members of the Soomro family for a fascinating stay with them in 1990. The Mayor of Karachi, Mustafa Kemal, gave generously of his valuable time. In Quetta, Nawabzada Aurangzeb Jogezai and Ashfaq Durrani very kindly entertained me in their homes. I could also not have written this book without the help of assistants and translators in different parts of Pakistan. I am grateful to Zuhra Bahman not only for her help, but also for her family’shospitality. Watching Russian television in Peshawar during the Georgian – Russian war of 2008 was a somewhat surreal experience, but one worth remembering. I am also deeply grateful to Tauseef-ur-Rehman of The News, whose insights and contacts in Peshawar helped me enormously. Similarly, to Hasan Kazmi in Karachi, Naeem Daniel of Reuters in Quetta, Ali Gardezi in Multan, and Furrukh Khan and Hirra Waqas in Lahore, who also translated pieces from the Urdu media for me, and to Liz Harris in London. In Britain, Sir Hilary Synnott, Colonel Christopher Langton,
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