DOCSLIB.ORG

Cupping Therapy (Ba Guan Liao Fa)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cupping Therapy (Ba Guan Liao Fa) 拔罐法 Cupping Therapy (Ba Guan Liao Fa) Dr Igor Micunovic Ph.D 1 拔罐法是以罐为工具，利用燃烧或其他途径排除罐内空 气，造成负压，使之吸附于皮肤，产生刺激，以达到防治疾 病目的的方法。 Cupping Therapy is treatment in which a cup/guan is attached to the skin to cause local stimulation for disease treatment and prevention. The secret is the negative pressure created by consuming the air inside the cup with fire or other methods. 2 拔罐法，或称吸筒疗法，古称角法， 在《五十二病方》中就已有记载，历代 中医文献中亦多论述，起初主要为外科 治疗痈肿疮疡时，用来吸血排脓，工具多为兽角或竹罐。 Cupping therapy, also known as “Jar Suction Therapy (Xi Tong Liao Fa)”, or the “Horn Method (Jiao Fa)” in ancient China, was recorded as early as in The Wu Shi Er Bing Fang (Fifty-Two Prescription)，a silk book unearthed in Emperor Ma’s tomb during the Han Dynasty. Also, a discussion about it can be found in the TCM literature of other dynasties. 3 一、罐的种类 Types of Cups 二、罐的吸附方法 Methods of Creating Suction Inside the Cup 三、拔罐的应用 Application of Cupping 四、拔罐的作用和适应范围 The Actions and Indications for Cupping 五、起罐方法和注意事项 Cup Removal and Precautions 4 一、罐的种类 Types of Cups 罐的种类很多，常用的有以下三种： Cups are made from a wide variety of materials, however, three types are most common used: 5 （一）竹罐 Bamboo Cups (Zhu Guan) 直径3～6cm坚固无损的竹子，制成6～9cm长的竹管，一 端留节作底，另一端作罐口，用砂纸磨光，使罐口光滑平正。 A section of firm bamboo, 3～6cm in diameter and 6～9 cm in length, is cut to form a short cylinder. One end is used as the base; the other as the opening at the top. The rim of the cup should be made smooth with a piece of sandpaper. 6 （二）玻璃罐 Glass Cups (Bo Li Guan) 其形如球状，罐口平滑， 分大、中、小三种型号，也可用广口罐头瓶代替。 These cups are shaped like a ball with smooth, open mouth. There are three different sizes: large, medium, and small 7 （三）抽气罐 Suction Cups (Chou Qi Guan) 多由透明塑料制成，上面加置抽气装置以便 抽气。也有用特制的像皮囊排气罐，其规格大小不同。 Presently, suction cups, for the most part, are made of plastic. Each cup has a fitting on the crown where a suctioning device is attached to remove the air out. Sometimes, different sized rubber-bag suction cups are also used. 8 二、罐的吸附方法 Methods of Creating Suction Inside the Cup 罐的吸附方法是指排空罐内的空气，使之产生负压而吸附 在拔罐部位的方法，常用的有以下几种方法。 The following are popular ways of creating the negative pressure required for a cup to fix itself to a specific treatment area as the result of suction: 9 （一）火吸法 Fire Cupping Method (Huo Xi Fa ) 火吸法是利用火在罐内燃烧时产生的热力排出罐内空气， 形成负压，使罐吸附在皮肤上的方法，具体有以下几种。 With this method, negative pressure is created by introducing an ignited material inside the cup to consume the air, thereby making the cup suck itself onto the skin. The following details pertain to different ways of creating suction using fire: 10 1．闪火法 Fire-Twinkling Method (Shan Huo Fa) 用长纸条或用镊子夹酒精棉球，用火将纸条或酒精棉球点 燃后，使火在罐内绕1～3圈后，迅速将火退出，并迅速将罐扣 在选定的部位，即可吸附在皮肤上。 Light an alcohol soaked, cotton ball held with a clamp or forceps or use a strip of paper; place it inside the cup, quickly turn it around in 1～3circles and take it out immediately and press the cup on the selected area; the cup will attached itself to the skin. 11 2．投火法 Fire-Throwing Method (Tou Huo Fa) 用易燃纸片或棉花，点燃后投入罐内，燃烧片刻，迅速将 罐扣在选定的部位，即可吸附在皮肤上。 An alcohol soaked cotton ball or piece of paper is ignited and placed into the cup. After a short time, the cup is rapidly placed firmly against the skin on the desired location. 12 3．滴酒法 Alcohol-Firing Method (Di Jiu Fa) 用95%酒精或白酒，滴入罐内1～3滴(切勿滴酒过多，以 免拔罐时流出，烧伤皮肤)，沿罐内壁摇匀，用火点燃后，稍等 片刻迅速将罐扣在选定的部位。 Place one to three drops of alcohol into a cup (only a small amount should be used, to prevent it from dripping out of the cup and burning the skin.), turn the cup to distribute the alcohol evenly on the surface of the walls. Promptly place the cup on the area to be treated after igniting the alcohol for a few seconds. 13 4．贴棉法 Cotton-Sticking Method (Tie Mian Fa) 用大小适宜的酒精棉花一块，贴在罐内壁，用火将酒精棉 花点燃后，迅速扣在应拔的部位。 Stick an appropriate-sized alcohol soaked, cotton ball on the inner wall of the cup; ignite the cotton ball and quickly place the cup on the area to be treated. 14 （二）水吸法 Water Suction Method (Shui Xi Fa) 水吸法是利用沸水排出罐内空气，形成 负压，使罐吸附在皮肤上的方法。 Wit this method, the negative pressure is created when boiling water draws the air out of the cup so that it can attach to the skin. 15 （三）抽气吸法 Suction Cup Method (Chou Qi Xi Fa) 将备好的抽气罐紧扣在选定的部位，通过抽气装置抽出罐 内空气，使其产生负压，即能吸住。 A suction cup is placed firmly on the chosen area, where a device is used to withdraw the air. When a sufficient amount of negative pressure is produced, the cup will attach itself to the skin. 16 三、拔罐的应用 Application of Cupping 留罐法 走罐法 闪罐法 血罐法 针罐法 药罐法 17 （一）留罐法 The Cup-Retention Method (Liu Guan Fa) 留罐又称坐罐，即将罐吸附在体表后，使罐子吸拔留置于 施术部位10min~15min，然后将罐起下。 This could also be called the Cup-Waiting Method, as it involves keeping the cup on the selected location for 10-15 minutes before removal. 18 （二）走罐法 Moving Cupping (Zou Guan) 走罐亦称推罐，即拔罐时先在所拔部位的皮肤或罐口上涂 一层凡士林等润滑剂后，将罐拔住，然后，医者握住罐子，上 下左右推移，至所拔部位的皮肤红润、充血，甚或瘀血时，将 罐起下。 This is also known as “sliding cupping”. A lubricant should be applied to the skin over the treatment area prior to using this method. Once suction has been created, the cup is held and slid across the skin until it becomes rosy and congested, or even blood stagnation is seen. 19 （三）闪罐法 Swift/Flash Cupping (Shang Guan) 闪罐即将罐拔上后，立即起下，再迅速拔上，如此反复多 次地拔上起下，起下拔上。 This method is done by rapidly placing and removing the cup repeatedly over the same place. 20 （四）刺血拔罐法 Bloodletting Cupping Therapy (Si Xue Ba Guan) 刺血拔罐又称刺络拔罐，即将选定的部位的皮肤消毒后，用三棱 针点刺出血或用皮肤针叩打后，再将火罐吸拔于点刺的部位，使之出 血，可使用于各种疾病。 This is also referred to as collateral-pricking and cupping. After the disinfecting the treatment area, it is punctured with a three-edged needle to cause bleeding, or tapped it with a plum- blossom needle; the cup is then applied to induce more bleeding. This method may be used to treat all kinds of illness. 21 （五）留针拔罐法 Needle-Retention Cupping(Liu Zhen Ba Guan) 留针拔罐简称针罐，即在针刺留针时，将罐拔在以针为中 心的部位上，待皮肤红润、充血或瘀血时，将罐起下。 Sometimes referred to as needle cupping for short, this method is done by applying a cup over the center of the site where a needle has been inserted. The cup is removed when the skin turns rosy, congested and blood stagnation appears. Here is the needle. 22 1. 将竹罐于药液中煮沸10min ～ 15min后，使之吸附于患部； 2. 将药液贮于抽气罐内后，使之吸附于患部。 Bamboo cup: boil a bamboo cup in an herbal decoction for 10 to 15 minutes and place it on the affected area; Suction cup: put the herbal decoction in the suction cup and apply it to the affected location. 23 四、拔罐的作用和适应范围 The Actions and Indications for Cupping 作用：通经活络、行气活血、消肿止痛、祛风散寒等， Actions: warming the meridians, invigorating qi and blood circulation, relieving blood stagnation, alleviating pain and swelling and dispelling damp and cold. 适应范围：一般多用于风寒湿痹、腰背肩臂腿痛、软组织闪挫 扭伤、伤风感冒、头痛、咳嗽、哮喘、胃脘痛、腹痛、痛经等。 Indications: commonly applied for wind cold-damp Bi syndrome, lumbar pain, shoulder and back pain, aching low extremities, soft tissue sprains and contusions, common colds, headaches, cough, asthma, stomachaches, abdominal pain and dysmenorrhea. 24 五、拔罐常选用的部位 Cupping area usually selected 25 Causes 原因 Taiyang meridian The vessels reflection Governs the surface of was distributed along the whole body. the first lateral line. Once the external Stimulating the points pathogenic invading， Could regulate vessel Taiyang meridian was function. affected first. 太阳主一身之表， 第一侧线分布有十 外邪侵袭人体，太阳经 二脏腑的背俞穴，可调 常先受病。 整脏腑功能。 26 26 六、起罐方法和注意事项 Cup Removal Precautions （一）起罐方法 Cup Removal Precautions 起罐时，一般先用左手握持火罐，右手拇指或食指从罐 口旁边按压皮肤，使气体进入罐内，即可将罐取下。 When removing a cup, it should be held in one hand, while the index finger and thumb of the opposite hand, presses the skin around the mouth of the cup, to break the seal created by the suction. In this way, the air is let in and the cup is released. 27 （二）注意事项 Precautions 1.1 拔罐应选择肌肉丰满的部位，选择体位应适当。 Generally, large, thickly muscled areas are selected. Patients should be comfortably positioned. 1.2 骨骼凹凸不平、毛发较多的部位，火罐容易脱落。 The cups are prone to drop off bone edges and hairy areas. 1.3 在拔罐过程中，不能变换体位或移动，以防火罐脱落。 To avoid the loss of suction, which will result in the cups falling off, patients should remain still when manipulating the cups. 28 2.1 拔罐时要根据所拔部位的面积大小而选择大小适宜 的罐。 Using cups of different sizes is determined by the cupping location. 2.2 不易吸拔的部位，可采用闪罐。 Flash cupping should be used on areas that are difficult for cups to stick. 29 3.1 应注意勿灼伤或烫伤皮肤。若烫伤或留罐时间太长而 皮肤起水泡时，小水泡一般可敷以消毒纱布，防止擦 破即可。水泡较大时，宜用消毒针将水放出，涂以消 毒药水，或用消毒纱布包敷，以防感染。 Precautions should be taken to avoid scalding the skin. Prolonged retention and overheating of the mouth of the cup may cause blisters to arise. 30 3.2 若起罐后局部青紫，甚至发黑，可用毛巾热敷；或在 局部揉按，以促进血液循环，使青紫逐渐减轻。 In the event that this occurs, small blisters should be covered with sterile gauze to avoid scraping; bigger ones should be aspirated with a sterile syringe, followed by the application of a disinfectant or sterile gauze. 31 4.1 皮肤有过敏、溃疡、水肿，心前区、大血管分布部位， 高热抽搐者，不宜拔罐。 Cupping is contraindicated on patients with skin allergies, ulcers, or edema, as well as on the pericardium and places supplied with large blood vessels. 4.1 孕妇的腹部、腰骶部位，亦不宜拔罐。 It is also contraindicated for those that have high fevers accompanied by convulsions, and on the abdominal and sacral areas of pregnant women. 完 32.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Is Shuma the Chinese Analog of Soma/Haoma? a Study of Early Contacts Between Indo-Iranians and Chinese
    SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 216 October, 2011 Is Shuma the Chinese Analog of Soma/Haoma? A Study of Early Contacts between Indo-Iranians and Chinese by ZHANG He Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD ISSN 2157-9679 (print) 2157-9687 (online) SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including romanized modern standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino- Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. Submissions are regularly sent out to be refereed, and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form.
    [Show full text]
  • Gateless Gate Has Become Common in English, Some Have Criticized This Translation As Unfaithful to the Original
    Wú Mén Guān The Barrier That Has No Gate Original Collection in Chinese by Chán Master Wúmén Huìkāi (1183-1260) Questions and Additional Comments by Sŏn Master Sǔngan Compiled and Edited by Paul Dōch’ŏng Lynch, JDPSN Page ii Frontspiece “Wú Mén Guān” Facsimile of the Original Cover Page iii Page iv Wú Mén Guān The Barrier That Has No Gate Chán Master Wúmén Huìkāi (1183-1260) Questions and Additional Comments by Sŏn Master Sǔngan Compiled and Edited by Paul Dōch’ŏng Lynch, JDPSN Sixth Edition Before Thought Publications Huntington Beach, CA 2010 Page v BEFORE THOUGHT PUBLICATIONS HUNTINGTON BEACH, CA 92648 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. COPYRIGHT © 2010 ENGLISH VERSION BY PAUL LYNCH, JDPSN NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, GRAPHIC, ELECTRONIC, OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPYING, RECORDING, TAPING OR BY ANY INFORMATION STORAGE OR RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT THE PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY LULU INCORPORATION, MORRISVILLE, NC, USA COVER PRINTED ON LAMINATED 100# ULTRA GLOSS COVER STOCK, DIGITAL COLOR SILK - C2S, 90 BRIGHT BOOK CONTENT PRINTED ON 24/60# CREAM TEXT, 90 GSM PAPER, USING 12 PT. GARAMOND FONT Page vi Dedication What are we in this cosmos? This ineffable question has haunted us since Buddha sat under the Bodhi Tree. I would like to gracefully thank the author, Chán Master Wúmén, for his grace and kindness by leaving us these wonderful teachings. I would also like to thank Chán Master Dàhuì for his ineptness in destroying all copies of this book; thankfully, Master Dàhuì missed a few so that now we can explore the teachings of his teacher.
    [Show full text]
  • Last Name First Name/Middle Name Course Award Course 2 Award 2 Graduation
    Last Name First Name/Middle Name Course Award Course 2 Award 2 Graduation A/L Krishnan Thiinash Bachelor of Information Technology March 2015 A/L Selvaraju Theeban Raju Bachelor of Commerce January 2015 A/P Balan Durgarani Bachelor of Commerce with Distinction March 2015 A/P Rajaram Koushalya Priya Bachelor of Commerce March 2015 Hiba Mohsin Mohammed Master of Health Leadership and Aal-Yaseen Hussein Management July 2015 Aamer Muhammad Master of Quality Management September 2015 Abbas Hanaa Safy Seyam Master of Business Administration with Distinction March 2015 Abbasi Muhammad Hamza Master of International Business March 2015 Abdallah AlMustafa Hussein Saad Elsayed Bachelor of Commerce March 2015 Abdallah Asma Samir Lutfi Master of Strategic Marketing September 2015 Abdallah Moh'd Jawdat Abdel Rahman Master of International Business July 2015 AbdelAaty Mosa Amany Abdelkader Saad Master of Media and Communications with Distinction March 2015 Abdel-Karim Mervat Graduate Diploma in TESOL July 2015 Abdelmalik Mark Maher Abdelmesseh Bachelor of Commerce March 2015 Master of Strategic Human Resource Abdelrahman Abdo Mohammed Talat Abdelziz Management September 2015 Graduate Certificate in Health and Abdel-Sayed Mario Physical Education July 2015 Sherif Ahmed Fathy AbdRabou Abdelmohsen Master of Strategic Marketing September 2015 Abdul Hakeem Siti Fatimah Binte Bachelor of Science January 2015 Abdul Haq Shaddad Yousef Ibrahim Master of Strategic Marketing March 2015 Abdul Rahman Al Jabier Bachelor of Engineering Honours Class II, Division 1
    [Show full text]
  • FIA Usage Interne Surname First Name Categorization Abbott Hunter
    2016 DRIVERS' CATEGORIZATION LIST Valid as from 1st January 2016 Drivers in red : revised categorization Drivers in blue : new categorization Surname First name Categorization Abbott Hunter Bronze Abelli Julien Silver Abergel Gabriele Bronze Abra Richard Silver Abreu Attila Gold Abril Vincent Gold Abt Daniel Gold Accary Thomas Silver Adam Jonathan Gold Adams Rudi Bronze Aeberhard Juerg Silver Afanasiev Sergei Silver Aguas Rui Silver Ahrabian Darius Bronze Ajlani Karim Bronze Aksenov Stanislas Silver Al-Azhari Karim Bronze Al Faisal Abdulaziz Silver Al Harthy Ahmad Bronze Al Masaood Humaid Bronze Al Qubaisi Khaled Bronze Albers Christijan Platinum Albert Michael Silver Albuquerque Filipe Platinum Alder Brian Silver Aleshin Mikhail Platinum Alessi Diego Silver Alexander Iradj Silver Alguersuari Jaime Platinum Alleman Cyndie Silver Allemann Daniel Bronze Allgàuer Egon Bronze Allmendinger AJ Gold Almond Michael Silver Almudhaf Khaled Bronze Altenburg Jeff Silver FIA Usage Interne Surname First name Categorization Altevogt Peter Bronze Al-Thani Abdulrahman Silver Aluko Kolawole Bronze Alvarez Juan Cruz Silver Alzen Uwe Gold Amado Ulric Gold Amaral Miguel Bronze Amberg Zoel Gold Ammermüller Michael Gold Amos Eugenio Silver Anapoli Giovanni Bronze Andersen Dennis Bronze André Didier Silver Andreasi Paolo Bronze Ang Dominic Silver Ang Gilbert Ding Feng Silver Angelelli Massimiliano Gold Annala Juho Gold Antinucci Richard Silver Antunes Nathan Silver Apicella Marco Gold Appleby James Silver Ara Seiji Gold Ardagna Perez Gaetano Bronze Arzeno Mathieu
    [Show full text]
  • Bagley 131 CSE143 Seat Assignments (All Sections)
    Bagley 131 CSE143 Seat Assignments (all sections) Bai, Zhe 239 Jones, Lucy Clar 63 Shan, Zhuo 23 Banh, Alan 25 Kaganyuk, Vladim 206 Siddiqui, Bilal 129 Barta, Michael 287 Kelley, Austin M 36 Sirosh, Rohit 75 Barwell, Joshua 201 Kim, Yoona 247 Sitomer, Prerna 12 Benner, Everett 219 Kwon, Taehyun 171 Smith, Charles J 97 Bi, David Kevin 103 LaCroix, Matthew 269 Solomon, David Z 39 Birch, George Ro 249 Lee, Jocelyn Kin 55 Song, Eui Yul 117 Burgess, Zachary 1 Liu, Nelson Feng 31 Stevens, Johnath 65 Burnham, Daniel 267 Lu, Wenxi 189 Stewart, Aaron W 182 Cadiz, Freddie C 243 Lustig, Pim 180 Swink, Michael A 127 Canetti, Catheri 221 Lyu, Shujing 251 Tan, Nicholas 79 Cao, Cathy 41 Madan, Jawahar 158 Tao, Xinglin 71 Ceban, Dan 93 Manavalan, Mathi 8 Tompkins, Samuel 89 Chan, Jia Wen 195 Mohamed, Fardos 215 Tran, Nancy Han- 191 Chatterjee, Abhi 84 Mohan, Pavallan 47 Tran, Quan Dinh 125 Chen, Shichao 95 Mohd Rustham, De 143 Van Nortwick, Cl 151 Chong, Carmin Re 87 Moore, Timothy D 197 Wang, Di 291 Cidambi, Sahana 123 Motto, Joseph Ro 204 Wang, Hailun 169 Cozzocrea, Todd 241 Murching, Shasha 289 Wang, Yicheng 108 Daniels, Matthew 21 Naughton, Gus 69 Wang, Yiling 29 Darda, Samuel Ga 86 Nestvold, Lucas 57 Wang, Yumeng 45 Dong, Jiayu 81 Ngo, Nhi Tuyet 275 Wang, Zihao 293 Dublish, Supriya 273 Nguyen, Jeffrey 101 White, Ryan Schu 245 Flood, Megan Ann 199 Norberg, Ariadna 217 Wilson, Skyler J 110 Francisco, Mitch 261 Nuesca, George M 156 Wolf, Jonathan M 229 Frawley, Evan Ja 27 Omori, Michael J 10 Wu, Tianyue 134 Glen, Geena Marl 263 Ong, Tzu-Lin 43 Xie,
    [Show full text]
  • Geometric Theorem Provers and Algebraic Equations Solvers
    Chapter 20 GEOMETRIC THEOREM PROVERS AND ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS SOLVERS Shang-Ching Chou, Xiao-Shan Gao, Zhuo-Jun Liu, Ding-Kang Wang and Dongming Wang The methods of mechanizing mathematics are realized by means of com- puter software for solving scienti¯c and engineering problems via symbolic and hybrid computation. This chapter provides a collection of geometric theorem provers and algebraic equations solvers that are pieces of mathematical software based mostly on Wu's method and were developed mainly by members of the extended Wu group. The early theorem provers, though e±cient, were written in basic programming languages and on primitive computers. Now there ex- ist more powerful and mature geometric theorem provers of which some have already been published as commercial software. On the other hand, building ef- fective equations solvers is still at the experimental stage and remains for further research and development. 20.1 Introduction The mechanization of mathematics consists of three layers: theory and algorithms, software, and applications. The value and signi¯cance of algorith- mic developments are rendered visible by means of their successful applications. Moreover, computational problems from practical applications often serve as key sources for motivating further development and improvement on theory and al- gorithms. The role of software development lies in bridging algorithms and applications. Therefore, the design and implementation of powerful software tools are always a central issue to the development of mathematics mechaniza- tion. Only with e®ective implementation on computer, good algorithms can be put to use for solving practical problems from science and engineering. When Wu proposed his method of automated geometry theorem proving (AGTP) in the late seventies, there was no computer available to him.
    [Show full text]
  • The Spreading of Christianity and the Introduction of Modern Architecture in Shannxi, China (1840-1949)
    Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid Programa de doctorado en Concervación y Restauración del Patrimonio Architectónico The Spreading of Christianity and the introduction of Modern Architecture in Shannxi, China (1840-1949) Christian churches and traditional Chinese architecture Author: Shan HUANG (Architect) Director: Antonio LOPERA (Doctor, Arquitecto) 2014 Tribunal nombrado por el Magfco. y Excmo. Sr. Rector de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, el día de de 20 . Presidente: Vocal: Vocal: Vocal: Secretario: Suplente: Suplente: Realizado el acto de defensa y lectura de la Tesis el día de de 20 en la Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid. Calificación:………………………………. El PRESIDENTE LOS VOCALES EL SECRETARIO Index Index Abstract Resumen Introduction General Background........................................................................................... 1 A) Definition of the Concepts ................................................................ 3 B) Research Background........................................................................ 4 C) Significance and Objects of the Study .......................................... 6 D) Research Methodology ...................................................................... 8 CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Chinese traditional architecture 1.1 The concept of traditional Chinese architecture ......................... 13 1.2 Main characteristics of the traditional Chinese architecture .... 14 1.2.1 Wood was used as the main construction materials ........ 14 1.2.2
    [Show full text]
  • Origin Narratives: Reading and Reverence in Late-Ming China
    Origin Narratives: Reading and Reverence in Late-Ming China Noga Ganany Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2018 © 2018 Noga Ganany All rights reserved ABSTRACT Origin Narratives: Reading and Reverence in Late Ming China Noga Ganany In this dissertation, I examine a genre of commercially-published, illustrated hagiographical books. Recounting the life stories of some of China’s most beloved cultural icons, from Confucius to Guanyin, I term these hagiographical books “origin narratives” (chushen zhuan 出身傳). Weaving a plethora of legends and ritual traditions into the new “vernacular” xiaoshuo format, origin narratives offered comprehensive portrayals of gods, sages, and immortals in narrative form, and were marketed to a general, lay readership. Their narratives were often accompanied by additional materials (or “paratexts”), such as worship manuals, advertisements for temples, and messages from the gods themselves, that reveal the intimate connection of these books to contemporaneous cultic reverence of their protagonists. The content and composition of origin narratives reflect the extensive range of possibilities of late-Ming xiaoshuo narrative writing, challenging our understanding of reading. I argue that origin narratives functioned as entertaining and informative encyclopedic sourcebooks that consolidated all knowledge about their protagonists, from their hagiographies to their ritual traditions. Origin narratives also alert us to the hagiographical substrate in late-imperial literature and religious practice, wherein widely-revered figures played multiple roles in the culture. The reverence of these cultural icons was constructed through the relationship between what I call the Three Ps: their personas (and life stories), the practices surrounding their lore, and the places associated with them (or “sacred geographies”).
    [Show full text]
  • Names of Chinese People in Singapore
    101 Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 7.1 (2011): 101-133 DOI: 10.2478/v10016-011-0005-6 Lee Cher Leng Department of Chinese Studies, National University of Singapore ETHNOGRAPHY OF SINGAPORE CHINESE NAMES: RACE, RELIGION, AND REPRESENTATION Abstract Singapore Chinese is part of the Chinese Diaspora.This research shows how Singapore Chinese names reflect the Chinese naming tradition of surnames and generation names, as well as Straits Chinese influence. The names also reflect the beliefs and religion of Singapore Chinese. More significantly, a change of identity and representation is reflected in the names of earlier settlers and Singapore Chinese today. This paper aims to show the general naming traditions of Chinese in Singapore as well as a change in ideology and trends due to globalization. Keywords Singapore, Chinese, names, identity, beliefs, globalization. 1. Introduction When parents choose a name for a child, the name necessarily reflects their thoughts and aspirations with regards to the child. These thoughts and aspirations are shaped by the historical, social, cultural or spiritual setting of the time and place they are living in whether or not they are aware of them. Thus, the study of names is an important window through which one could view how these parents prefer their children to be perceived by society at large, according to the identities, roles, values, hierarchies or expectations constructed within a social space. Goodenough explains this culturally driven context of names and naming practices: Department of Chinese Studies, National University of Singapore The Shaw Foundation Building, Block AS7, Level 5 5 Arts Link, Singapore 117570 e-mail: [email protected] 102 Lee Cher Leng Ethnography of Singapore Chinese Names: Race, Religion, and Representation Different naming and address customs necessarily select different things about the self for communication and consequent emphasis.
    [Show full text]
  • CHSA HP2010.Pdf
    The Hawai‘i Chinese: Their Experience and Identity Over Two Centuries 2 0 1 0 CHINESE AMERICA History&Perspectives thej O u r n a l O f T HE C H I n E s E H I s T O r I C a l s OCIET y O f a m E r I C a Chinese America History and PersPectives the Journal of the chinese Historical society of america 2010 Special issUe The hawai‘i Chinese Chinese Historical society of america with UCLA asian american studies center Chinese America: History & Perspectives – The Journal of the Chinese Historical Society of America The Hawai‘i Chinese chinese Historical society of america museum & learning center 965 clay street san francisco, california 94108 chsa.org copyright © 2010 chinese Historical society of america. all rights reserved. copyright of individual articles remains with the author(s). design by side By side studios, san francisco. Permission is granted for reproducing up to fifty copies of any one article for educa- tional Use as defined by thed igital millennium copyright act. to order additional copies or inquire about large-order discounts, see order form at back or email [email protected]. articles appearing in this journal are indexed in Historical Abstracts and America: History and Life. about the cover image: Hawai‘i chinese student alliance. courtesy of douglas d. l. chong. Contents Preface v Franklin Ng introdUction 1 the Hawai‘i chinese: their experience and identity over two centuries David Y. H. Wu and Harry J. Lamley Hawai‘i’s nam long 13 their Background and identity as a Zhongshan subgroup Douglas D.
    [Show full text]
  • SINGLE-LETTER SURNAMES There Surname Emigratic the Washi Church (" As Many a 28 Surnan A
    6 SINGLE-LETTER SURNAMES TherE surname emigratic the Washi Church (" as many a 28 surnan A. ROSS ECKLER 1979 editi, Mor ristown, New J er sey 52 0 surne Atlanta I For the logologist, the study of American surnames is both fascin­ ating and frustrating: fascinating because there are 1. 3 million dif­ Baltimo ferent names now in existence, frustrating because there is no single Bronx N re fe rence work listing them. The nea rest approximation to a reference Chicago work is the telephone directory, but the search for a rare name there Denver ( can be a tedious one: there are thousands of different directories, and Elizabetl most of the smaller ones contain separate alphabetical listings for each Fort Wo: town or telephone exchange. And, alas, most names are rare -- Social Houston ( 81) Security records in 1974 indicate that about 450 I 000 surnames were held by only one individual each, and 370, 00 a more appeared from two to nine Long Bee times. The search for a name shared by only nine people can be very Los Ange lengthy, and is likely to be succes sful only if s orne of them are in the Jong S( Los Ange la rge r monoalphabetic director ies associated with metropolitan areas. Los Ange This article reports on the results of a telephone-directory search New Orle for twenty- six undeniably rare U. S. surnames -- those consisting of a Oahu HI single letter of the alphabet. Without identifying individual bearers of Uichol I Orange C( the s e su rnames, or even the cities 0 r towns where they can be found, Social Security in 1974 noted that there were a total of 221 such people Salt Lake in the ir files, ranging from a high of 24 (A) to a low of 2 (Q, N, and X) .
    [Show full text]
  • Induction of HOXA9 Expression in Three-Dimensional Organotypic Culture of the Claudin-Low Breast Cancer Cells
    www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget/ Oncotarget, Vol. 7, No. 32 Research Paper Induction of HOXA9 expression in three-dimensional organotypic culture of the Claudin-low breast cancer cells Miao Li1, Xi Li2, Yan Zhuang3, Yan Wang4, Matthew E. Burow3, Bridgette Collins- Burow3, Min Xue5, Chengjie Song5, Bin Shan6 1Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China 2Department of Sports Medicine and Joint Surgery, The People’s Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China 3Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA 4Department of Biological Engineering, Zunyi Medical College Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, China 5Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China 6Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University Spokane, Spokane, WA, USA Correspondence to: Miao Li, email: [email protected] Bin Shan, email: [email protected] Keywords: breast cancer, extracellular matrix, three-dimensional organotypic culture, gene expression, homeobox gene Received: February 05, 2016 Accepted: June 29, 2016 Published: July 08, 2016 ABSTRACT The gene expression signatures of the molecular intrinsic subtypes of breast cancer are regulated by epigenetic mechanisms such as methylation of CpG islands in gene promoters. Epigenetic codes can be regulated by the tumor microenvironment. The Claudin-low subtype is associated with triple-negative invasive ductal carcinomas in patients. Herein we explored epigenetic regulation of gene expression in the Claudin-low breast cancer cells by extracellular matrix (ECM), a key component of the tumor microenvironment. We modeled attachment to ECM using laminin rich ECM three-dimensional organotypic culture (lrECM 3D). In 2D and lrECM 3D cultures we examined expression of the homeobox (HOX) genes that epigenetically regulated in development and cancer.
    [Show full text]