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Motorfordonspooler – På Väg Mot Ökad Delning Av Motorfordon, SOU

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Motorfordonspooler – På Väg Mot Ökad Delning Av Motorfordon, SOU Motorfordonspooler – på väg mot ökad delning av motorfordon Betänkande av Bilpoolsutredningen Stockholm 2020 SOU 2020:22 SOU och Ds kan köpas från Norstedts Juridiks kundservice. Beställningsadress: Norstedts Juridik, Kundservice, 106 47 Stockholm Ordertelefon: 08-598 191 90 E-post: [email protected] Webbadress: www.nj.se/offentligapublikationer För remissutsändningar av SOU och Ds svarar Norstedts Juridik AB på uppdrag av Regeringskansliets förvaltningsavdelning. Svara på remiss – hur och varför Statsrådsberedningen, SB PM 2003:2 (reviderad 2009-05-02). En kort handledning för dem som ska svara på remiss. Häftet är gratis och kan laddas ner som pdf från eller beställas på regeringen.se/remisser Layout: Kommittéservice, Regeringskansliet Omslag: Elanders Sverige AB Tryck: Elanders Sverige AB, Stockholm 2020 ISBN 978-91-38-25045-7 ISSN 0375-250X Till statsrådet och chefen för Finansdepartementet Regeringen beslutade den 30 augusti 2018 att tillsätta en särskild ut- redare med uppdrag att lämna förslag om hur bil-, motorcykel- och mopedpoolstjänster ska kunna främjas (dir 2018:93). Rådmannen Christoffer Andersson Calafatis förordnades den 20 mars 2019 som särskild utredare. Uppdraget skulle ursprungligen redovisas senast den 18 december 2019. Genom tilläggsdirektiv den 17 oktober 2019 (dir. 2019:68) förlängdes utredningstiden till den 30 april 2020. Som experter förordnades den 24 april 2019 rättsliga experten Ann-Sofi Pallasdies, Skatteverket, utredaren Jenny Bragg, Transport- styrelsen, kvalificerade utredaren Lennart Thörn, Trafikanalys, experten Ida Nelson, Sveriges kommuner och regioner, rättssak- kunnige Alexandra Wingmark, Finansdepartementet, kanslirådet Jan-Olof Lidström, Finansdepartementet, departementssekreteraren Sebastian Carbonari, Miljödepartementet och ämnesrådet Stefan G Andersson, Infrastrukturdepartementet. Experten Thorbjörn Nilsen, Sveriges Allmännytta, förordnades som expert från och med den 29 april 2019. Han entledigades från och med den 13 augusti 2019. Experten Anna Lackman, Sveriges Allmännytta, förordnades som expert från och med den 13 augusti 2019. Ida Nelson entledigades från och med den 27 november 2019. Samma dag förordnades för- bundsjuristen Johan Larsson, Sveriges kommuner och regioner, som expert. Jan-Olof Lidström entledigades från och med den 20 januari 2020. Som sekreterare anställdes från och med den 18 februari 2019 kam- marrättsassessorn Maria Sundberg och från och med den 23 april 2019 utredaren Carl Holmberg. Arbetet har bedrivits i nära samråd med experterna. Deras bidrag med kunskap och erfarenheter inom aktuella rättsområden har varit mycket värdefulla. I betänkandet anges därför utredningen i stället för utredaren. Detta innebär dock inte att alla experter står bakom samtliga förslag och bedömningar. Utredningen, som har antagit namnet Bilpoolsutredningen, över- lämnar härmed betänkandet Motorfordonspooler – på väg mot ökad delning av motorfordon (SOU 2020:22). Uppdraget är härmed slutfört. Stockholm i april 2020 Christoffer Andersson Calafatis /Maria Sundberg /Carl Holmberg Innehåll Förkortningslista ................................................................ 13 Sammanfattning ................................................................ 15 Summary .......................................................................... 19 1 Författningsförslag ..................................................... 23 1.1 Förslag till lag om motorfordonspooler ................................ 23 1.2 Förslag till förordning om ändring i trafikförordningen (1998:1276).............................................................................. 25 1.3 Förslag till ändring i förordningen (2001:651) om vägtrafikdefinitioner ......................................................... 28 2 Utredningens uppdrag och arbete ................................ 31 2.1 Utredningens uppdrag ............................................................ 31 2.2 Utredningens arbete ............................................................... 32 2.3 Begrepp .................................................................................... 32 3 Bakgrund .................................................................. 35 3.1 Inledning.................................................................................. 35 3.1.1 Miljömålen och miljömålssystemet ........................ 36 3.1.2 De transportpolitiska målen ................................... 39 3.1.3 Uppföljning – miljömålssystemet och målen inom transportpolitiken .......................................... 40 3.2 Olika typer av bilpooler .......................................................... 41 5 Innehåll SOU 2020:22 3.3 Effekter av olika typer av bilpooler ....................................... 42 3.3.1 Minskat ägande av bilar ........................................... 43 3.3.2 Minskade körsträckor ............................................. 45 3.3.3 Minskade utsläpp .................................................... 46 3.3.4 Effekter på kollektivtrafik och på vägtrafik .......... 47 3.3.5 Effekter på ytanvändning ....................................... 49 3.3.6 Få studier rörande uthyrning av bilar mellan privatpersoner (peer-to-peer bilpooler) ................ 50 4 Internationell utblick .................................................. 51 4.1 Inledning ................................................................................. 51 4.2 Tyskland .................................................................................. 52 4.3 Norge ...................................................................................... 53 4.4 Danmark.................................................................................. 54 4.5 USA ......................................................................................... 55 4.6 Storbritannien ......................................................................... 56 4.7 Schweiz .................................................................................... 57 4.8 Nederländerna ........................................................................ 58 4.9 Frankrike ................................................................................. 59 5 Bilpoolsmarknaden i Sverige ....................................... 61 5.1 Inledning ................................................................................. 61 5.2 Intresset för bilpooler ökar men användningen är alltjämt begränsad ............................................................... 61 5.3 Kommersiella aktörer dominerar marknaden för bilpooler i Sverige ............................................................. 63 5.3.1 Kommersiella bilpooler ........................................... 63 5.3.2 Kooperativa bilpooler ............................................. 64 5.3.3 Peer-to-peer bilpooler ............................................. 64 5.3.4 Peer-to-peer bilpooler och annan privat bildelning ................................................................. 65 6 SOU 2020:22 Innehåll 5.3.5 Delning av privatleasade bilar ................................. 65 5.3.6 Delning av andra motorfordon – mopedpool ........ 66 5.3.7 Nedlagda verksamheter – svag lönsamhet ............. 66 5.4 Skäl för en ökad användning av bilpooler .............................. 66 5.4.1 Befolkningstätheten ökar ........................................ 67 5.4.2 Färre hushåll äger bilar i tätbebyggda områden ..... 67 5.4.3 Fler bostadsområden med få eller dyra parkeringsplatser ...................................................... 68 5.4.4 Ekonomiska fördelar med att använda bilpool ...... 68 5.4.5 Teknisk utveckling – smarta telefoner och appar förenklar användning ............................. 68 5.4.6 Ändrade värderingar påverkar – miljö och status ................................................................. 68 5.5 Hushållens val av bilpool ........................................................ 69 5.5.1 Skillnader mellan hushåll som väljer fast- respektive flytande bilpool ...................................... 69 6 Allmänna utgångspunkter för utredningens överväganden och förslag ........................................... 71 7 En lag om motorfordonspooler införs ........................... 75 7.1 En lag om motorfordonspooler ............................................. 75 7.1.1 Inledning .................................................................. 75 7.1.2 Lagens syfte ............................................................. 76 7.2 Gällande rätt avseende biluthyrning ...................................... 77 7.3 En definition av motorfordonspooler ................................... 79 7.3.1 Inledning .................................................................. 79 7.3.2 Utredningen cirkulär ekonomis förslag till definition av allmänt tillgängliga bilpoolsfordon ......................................................... 82 7.3.3 Bilpoolsdefinitioner i andra länder ......................... 83 7.3.4 Närmare om utformningen av definitionen av motorfordonspooler ........................................... 85 7.3.5 Delningsfordon ........................................................ 94 7 Innehåll SOU 2020:22 7.4 Miljö- och trafiksäkerhetskrav på fordon i motorfordonspooler ............................................................. 94 7.5 Förhållandet till lagen om biluthyrning ................................ 96 8 Sänkt mervärdesskatt – inte en framkomlig väg att främja motorfordonspooler ..................................... 97 8.1 Inledning ................................................................................
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