DOCSLIB.ORG

Hemipteran Diversity Through the Genomic Lens, Curr Opin Insect Sci (2017)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hemipteran Diversity Through the Genomic Lens, Curr Opin Insect Sci (2017) COIS 408 1–10 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect 1 2 By land, air, and sea: hemipteran diversity through the 3 genomic lens 1,2 3 4Q1 Kristen A Panfilio and David R Angelini 5 Thanks to a recent spate of sequencing projects, the Hemiptera form the Paraneoptera. This superorder is also known 45 6 are the first hemimetabolous insect order to achieve a critical as Acercaria and is traditionally considered the sister 46 7 mass of species with sequenced genomes, establishing the group clade to the Holometabola [3,4]. With phylogenet- 47 8 basis for comparative genomics of the bugs. However, as the ically-informed surveys already suggesting that the 48 9 most speciose hemimetabolous order, there is still a vast Hemiptera may be suitable outgroups to the Holometa- 49 10 swathe of the hemipteran phylogeny that awaits genomic bola for a range of embryonic features [5,6], there is much 50 11 representation across subterranean, terrestrial, and aquatic to explore in this order that can inform larger patterns of 51 12 habitats, and with lineage-specific and developmentally plastic development and evolution in the insects. 52 13 cases of both wing polyphenisms and flightlessness. In this 14 review, we highlight opportunities for taxonomic sampling The Polyneoptera form the other major clade of hemi- 53 15 beyond obvious pest species candidates, motivated by metabolous insects [4]. Published genome assemblies for 54 16 intriguing biological features of certain groups as well as the this group include the large, repeat-heavy genome of the 55 17 rich research tradition of ecological, physiological, locust (Orthoptera) [7]. Investigations on eusociality 56 18 developmental, and particularly cytogenetic investigation that within the Dictyoptera — independent from a later origin 57 19 spans the diversity of the Hemiptera. of eusociality within the holometabolous Hymenoptera — 58 have compared the genomes of termites relative to the 59 Addresses cockroach [8–10]. In this fast-moving field, there is even a 60 20 1 School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, recent first look at genomes of species among the ‘old 61 21 United Kingdom 62 22 2 wing’ orders Odonata and Ephemeroptera [11 ], outgroups Institute of Zoology: Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, 23 63 50674 Cologne, Germany to the Neoptera. Meanwhile, the Hemiptera currently 24 3 Department of Biology, Colby College, Waterville, ME 04901, United comprise over half of the hemimetabolous species with 64 25 States sequenced genomes listed on the central insect genomics 65 GitHub portal (as of October 2017, http://i5k.github.io/ 66 Corresponding author: Panfilio, Kristen A (Kristen.Panfilio@alum. 67 swarthmore.edu) arthropod_genomes_at_ncbi). Hemipterans have diversified into a variety of habitats 68 26 Current Opinion in Insect Science 2018, 25:xx–yy where they make use of a range of food sources. Some 69 27 This review comes from a themed issue on Insect genomics members, such as aphids and planthoppers, have become 70 28 Edited by Stephen Richards, Anna Childers, and Christopher notorious agricultural pests, while the evolutionary his- 71 29 Childers tory of the group has been characterized by numerous 72 shifts between predation and plant feeding [12]. Under- 73 lying these specializations is the defining feature of the 74 Hemiptera: a common anatomy of piercing-sucking 75 30 doi:10.1016/j.cois.2017.12.005 mouthparts (Figure 1a). Indeed, investigation of mouth- 76 31 2214-5745/ã 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. part development in the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fas- 77 ciatus represents one of the earliest functional studies using RNA interference (RNAi) in the insects [13]. 78 32 The Hemiptera: feeding, functional genetics, O. fasciatus has a long and active research tradition in 79 33 and hemimetabolous diversity developmental biology, genetics, and other fields, which 80 34 With an estimated 82 000 described species, roughly 9% had led to the recent sequencing and comparative anal- 81 35 of all known insects belong to the Hemiptera [1], making ysis of its genome ([14 ], and see below). In general, 82 36 the bugs the fifth most diverse insect order after the RNAi is highly effective in the Heteroptera (‘true 83 37 holometabolous flies, butterflies, beetles, and ants. By bugs’), with several species maintained as laboratory 84 38 contrast to those other four orders, the Hemiptera belong research models (Figure 1b, [13,15–18,19 ]). By con- 85 39 to the hemimetabolous insect radiation, a part of the trast, to date there has been mixed success in using 86 40 insect family tree that retains many ancestral insect RNAi on mucivorous (sap feeding) agricultural pests of 87 41 states that are just beginning to be investigated in the the Sternorrhyncha, both for environmental delivery and 88 42 current genomics era. The Hemiptera, along with recently for systemic efficacy [20,21]. However, genetically and 89 43 sequenced representatives of the lice (Psocodea, [2]) and phenotypically detectable knockdown can be obtained 90 44 thrips (Thysanoptera; i5K project: GCA_000697945.1), with particularly high dsRNA concentrations via feeding www.sciencedirect.com Current Opinion in Insect Science 2017, 25:1–10 Please cite this article in press as: Panfilio KA, Angelini DR: By land, air, and sea: hemipteran diversity through the genomic lens, Curr Opin Insect Sci (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j. cois.2017.12.005 COIS 408 1–10 2 Insect genomics Figure 1 (a) Hemipteran mouthpart anatomy mandibular stylets maxillary stylets labium salivary pump salivary gland clypeus food salivary muscle stylets canal canal labrum dorsal anterior view rostrum in cross section stylets in cross section (b) Experimental tractability (RNAi) WT Jhae-DIIRNAi Current Opinion in Insect Science Bugs suck: unique mouthpart anatomy underlies diverse feeding ecologies in the Hemiptera and highlights their experimental tractability. (a) All Hemiptera are characterized by conserved piercing-sucking mouthpart anatomy comprised of the labium, which acts as the outer support scaffold, and retractable, piercing stylets. These mouthparts can be deployed for feeding on a variety of fluid and solid substrates from diverse plants and animals (adapted from [24,101]). (b) The Heteroptera (‘true bugs’) are particularly amenable to functional molecular genetics techniques such as parental RNAi, here exemplified by knockdown of the Distal-less orthologue in the soapberry bug, Jadera haematoloma. By contrast with a wild type hatchling (WT, left), all appendages in a knockdown individual are severely truncated (right). This includes the labium (delimited by horizontal blue bars), such that the translucent stylets protrude substantially and are not supported (dashed blue line). Hatchlings (first instar nymphs) are shown in ventral aspect; scale bars are 200 mm. 91 or injection, with discretionary ‘boost’ secondary injec- behaviors. Although most eukaryotes are typified by 102 92 tions, in the pea aphid [22,23]. monocentric chromosomes, many lineages feature holo- 103 centric chromosomes in which spindle microtubules con- 104 93 Here, we survey the hemipteran species that have been nect at many points along the chromosome without a 105 94 sequenced, looking at their value beyond their immediate distinct kinetochore. This mode of cell division is seen in 106 95 sequencing justifications, and thereby establish the basis for an estimated 16% of insect species [24], including the 107 96 our selection of future sequencing projects, sampling taxa Odonata, Dermaptera, Psocodea, Lepidoptera, Trichop- 108 97 from habitats as diverse as the land, air, and sea (Figure 2). tera, and Hemiptera, as well as in other arthropods such as 109 some arachnids [25]. Holocentric chromosomes continue 110 98 Holocentric chromosomes and karyotype to segregate normally even when fragmented, perhaps 111 99 evolution explaining the resistance of species like O. fasciatus to 112 100 In the mid-twentieth century, cytogenetics explored mutation from ionizing radiation [26]. One prediction of 113 101 the diversity of chromosome structures and meiotic the persistence of chromosomal fragments may be an 114 Current Opinion in Insect Science 2017, 25:1–10 www.sciencedirect.com Please cite this article in press as: Panfilio KA, Angelini DR: By land, air, and sea: hemipteran diversity through the genomic lens, Curr Opin Insect Sci (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j. cois.2017.12.005 COIS 408 1–10 Hemipteran diversity through the genomic lens Panfilio and Angelini 3 Figure 2 Hemiptera Species Feeding Pest Notes Genome sequence? Selected (291 mya) ecology level transcriptomes Acyrthosiphon pisum mucivory: ++ Crop pest; Phenotypic plasticity [32] [106] (pea aphid) legumes and host-endosymbiont studies various aphids (Aphididae: mucivory: e.g., ++ Diverse family (>4,000 species); [33] *a; [34] *a; [35] Myzus persicae, Aphis peach, soybean, many crop pests glycines, Diuraphis noxia) wheat Mealybugs (Pseudococcidae): mucivory: + Subtropical pest; its “manna” [46, 47] Six species from six genera cotton, papaya honeydew is harvested by ants Bemisia tabaci cryptic species mucivory: e.g., ++ Crop pest; globally invasive; [36] *i complex (silverleaf whitefly) cassava, tomato vector of numerous plant viruses Pachypsylla venusta mucivory: + Crop pest i5K: [37] *i (hackberry petiole gall psyllid) hackberry Sternorrhyncha Diaphorina citri mucivory: ++ Crop pest; globally invasive; [38] *i (Asian citrus psyllid) citrus plants vector of numerous plant viruses 13-
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Review of Acanthocephala (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae) of America North of Mexico with a Key to Species
    Zootaxa 2835: 30–40 (2011) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2011 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) Review of Acanthocephala (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae) of America north of Mexico with a key to species J. E. McPHERSON1, RICHARD J. PACKAUSKAS2, ROBERT W. SITES3, STEVEN J. TAYLOR4, C. SCOTT BUNDY5, JEFFREY D. BRADSHAW6 & PAULA LEVIN MITCHELL7 1Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 2Department of Biological Sciences, Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas 67601, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 3Enns Entomology Museum, Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 4Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 5Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, & Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 6Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Panhandle Research & Extension Center, Scottsbluff, Nebraska 69361, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 7Department of Biology, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, South Carolina 29733, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract A review of Acanthocephala of America north of Mexico is presented with an updated key to species. A. confraterna is considered a junior synonym of A. terminalis, thus reducing the number of known species in this region from five to four. New state and country records are presented. Key words: Coreidae, Coreinae, Acanthocephalini, Acanthocephala, North America, review, synonymy, key, distribution Introduction The genus Acanthocephala Laporte currently is represented in America north of Mexico by five species: Acan- thocephala (Acanthocephala) declivis (Say), A.
    [Show full text]
  • Exocrine Secretions of Wheel Bugs (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Arilus Spp.): Clarifi Cation and Chemistry Jeffrey R
    Exocrine Secretions of Wheel Bugs (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Arilus spp.): Clarifi cation and Chemistry Jeffrey R. Aldricha,b,*, Kamlesh R. Chauhanc, Aijun Zhangc, and Paulo H. G. Zarbind a Affi liate Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA b J. R. Aldrich consulting LLC, 519 Washington Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA. E-mail: [email protected] c USDA-ARS Invasive Insect Biocontrol & Behavior Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Bldg. 007, rm301, BARC-West, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA d Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Química, Laboratório de Semioquímicos, CP 19081, 81531 – 980, Curitiba – PR, Brazil * Author for correspondence and reprint requests Z. Naturforsch. 68 c, 522 – 526 (2013); received August 21/November 6, 2013 Wheel bugs (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae: Arilus) are general predators, the females of which have reddish-orange subrectal glands (SGs) that are eversible like the os- meteria in some caterpillars. The rancid odor of Arilus and other reduviids actually comes from Brindley's glands, which in the North (A. cristatus) and South (A. carinatus) American wheel bugs studied emit similar blends of 2-methylpropanoic, butanoic, 3-methylbutanoic, and 2-methylbutanoic acids. The Arilus SG secretions studied here are absolutely species- specifi c. The volatile SG components of A. carinatus include (E)-2-octenal, (E)-2-none- nal, (E)-2-decenal, (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal, (E)-2-undecenal, hexanoic acid, 4-oxo-nonanal, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, (E,Z)-2,4- or (Z,E)-2,4-decadienal, and 4-oxo-(E)-2-nonenal; whereas in A. cristatus the SG secretion contains β-pinene, limonene, terpinolene, terpinen-4-ol, thy- mol methyl ether, α-terpineol, bornyl acetate, methyl eugenol, β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, and farnesol.
    [Show full text]
  • Biology and Control of Tree Hoppers Injurious to Fruit Trees in the Pacific Northwest
    m TECHNICAL BULLETIN NO. 402 FEBRUARY 1934 BIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF TREE HOPPERS INJURIOUS TO FRUIT TREES IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST BY M. A. YOTHERS Associate Entomoioftlst Division of Fruit Insects, Bureau of Entomology UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, D.C. ISi »le by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. -------------- Price 10 centl TECHNICAL BULLETIN NO. 402 FEBRUARY 1934 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON. D.C. BIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF TREE HOPPERS INJURIOUS TO FRUIT TREES IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST By M. A. YoTHERS, associate entoviologist, Division of Fruit InsectSf Bureau of Entomology CONTENTS Page Page Introduction 1 Ceresa alhidosparsa 8tal .._. 32 Stictocephala inermis Fab -_ 2 Distribution 3;í Distribution 2 History _ -. 33 Synonymy and common name 2 Description of adult _ 33 Food plants 3 Position of eggs 33 Character and importance of injury ;i Hatching , 33 Description of stapes 4 Nymphal instars _ _ _ _ 34 Life history and habits - _ 7 Jieiiria ruhideUa Ball 34 Ceresa basalts Walk -_ 19 Associated species of Membracidae , 35 History and distribution 10 Dissemination 35 Synonymy and common name 20 The relation of ants to nymphs _ 3fi Character and importance of injury 20 Natural control 36 Food plants - - - 21 Parasites 36 Description of instars 21 Other enemies, _ 36 Description of adult 21 Natural protection. _ _ 37 Life history and habits 21 Preventive and control measures 38 Ceresa bubalus Fab :iO Spraying against the eggs - - - - - 38 Distribution ¡iO Spraying against the nymphs _- 41 Synonymy and common name... 31 Clean culture 42 Character and importance of injury HI Other possible control niel hods _ 42 Food plants 31 Summary and conclusions 43 Coniparisoa of ovipositors.
    [Show full text]
  • Arthropods of Elm Fork Preserve
    Arthropods of Elm Fork Preserve Arthropods are characterized by having jointed limbs and exoskeletons. They include a diverse assortment of creatures: Insects, spiders, crustaceans (crayfish, crabs, pill bugs), centipedes and millipedes among others. Column Headings Scientific Name: The phenomenal diversity of arthropods, creates numerous difficulties in the determination of species. Positive identification is often achieved only by specialists using obscure monographs to ‘key out’ a species by examining microscopic differences in anatomy. For our purposes in this survey of the fauna, classification at a lower level of resolution still yields valuable information. For instance, knowing that ant lions belong to the Family, Myrmeleontidae, allows us to quickly look them up on the Internet and be confident we are not being fooled by a common name that may also apply to some other, unrelated something. With the Family name firmly in hand, we may explore the natural history of ant lions without needing to know exactly which species we are viewing. In some instances identification is only readily available at an even higher ranking such as Class. Millipedes are in the Class Diplopoda. There are many Orders (O) of millipedes and they are not easily differentiated so this entry is best left at the rank of Class. A great deal of taxonomic reorganization has been occurring lately with advances in DNA analysis pointing out underlying connections and differences that were previously unrealized. For this reason, all other rankings aside from Family, Genus and Species have been omitted from the interior of the tables since many of these ranks are in a state of flux.
    [Show full text]
  • The Semiaquatic Hemiptera of Minnesota (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) Donald V
    The Semiaquatic Hemiptera of Minnesota (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) Donald V. Bennett Edwin F. Cook Technical Bulletin 332-1981 Agricultural Experiment Station University of Minnesota St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 CONTENTS PAGE Introduction ...................................3 Key to Adults of Nearctic Families of Semiaquatic Hemiptera ................... 6 Family Saldidae-Shore Bugs ............... 7 Family Mesoveliidae-Water Treaders .......18 Family Hebridae-Velvet Water Bugs .......20 Family Hydrometridae-Marsh Treaders, Water Measurers ...22 Family Veliidae-Small Water striders, Rime bugs ................24 Family Gerridae-Water striders, Pond skaters, Wherry men .....29 Family Ochteridae-Velvety Shore Bugs ....35 Family Gelastocoridae-Toad Bugs ..........36 Literature Cited ..............................37 Figures ......................................44 Maps .........................................55 Index to Scientific Names ....................59 Acknowledgement Sincere appreciation is expressed to the following individuals: R. T. Schuh, for being extremely helpful in reviewing the section on Saldidae, lending specimens, and allowing use of his illustrations of Saldidae; C. L. Smith for reading the section on Veliidae, checking identifications, and advising on problems in the taxon­ omy ofthe Veliidae; D. M. Calabrese, for reviewing the section on the Gerridae and making helpful sugges­ tions; J. T. Polhemus, for advising on taxonomic prob­ lems and checking identifications for several families; C. W. Schaefer, for providing advice and editorial com­ ment; Y. A. Popov, for sending a copy ofhis book on the Nepomorpha; and M. C. Parsons, for supplying its English translation. The University of Minnesota, including the Agricultural Experi­ ment Station, is committed to the policy that all persons shall have equal access to its programs, facilities, and employment without regard to race, creed, color, sex, national origin, or handicap. The information given in this publication is for educational purposes only.
    [Show full text]
  • In Alpinen Wald-Ökosystemen Südtirols Auf Den Dauerbeobachtungsflächen IT01 Ritten Und IT02 Montiggl Im Jahre 2006
    forest observer vol.4 2008 249 - 292 Biomonitoring der Zikadenfauna (Auchenorrhyncha) in alpinen Wald-Ökosystemen Südtirols auf den Dauerbeobachtungsflächen IT01 Ritten und IT02 Montiggl im Jahre 2006 Michael Carl Abstract Ecological assessment in alpine forest ecosystems: Biomonitoring of and bioindication by the leafhopper-fauna (Auchenorrhyncha) at monitoring sites in northern Italy Concerning leafhopper communities the Ritten (IT01) and Montiggl (IT02) have become one of the most intensively explored mountain massifs of South Tyrol. From 1996 to 2006 more than 4900 individuals out of 81 species were collected. The use of leafhoppers as a management tool for monitoring status and change in forest ecosystems is critically evaluated. The fauna of both sites is dominated by a characteristic set of partially strongly specialized species. Species turnover as well as evaluation of precipitation and temperature of the monitoring sites show a strong reaction of the leafhopper communities on effects probably caused by climate change. Keywords: Leafhoppers, Auchenorrhyncha, species communities, mountaineous forests, climate change, Alps, Italy 1 Einleitung 1.1 Veranlassung und Fragestellung Seit einigen Jahren haben durch verschiedenste Individuenzahl in Grünland‑ und Waldhabitaten Forschungsprojekte die Zikaden (Insecta, Auchenor‑ vor und besiedeln deren gesamte dreidimensionale rhyncha) eine wachsende Bedeutung für die Bioin‑ Struktur von der Wurzel bis zur Baumspitze. Zikaden dikation erlangt. Diese Insektenordnung von Pflan‑ sind daher als
    [Show full text]
  • Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Halyomorpha Halys
    Sparks et al. BMC Genomics (2020) 21:227 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-020-6510-7 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål), genome: putative underpinnings of polyphagy, insecticide resistance potential and biology of a top worldwide pest Michael E. Sparks1* , Raman Bansal2, Joshua B. Benoit3, Michael B. Blackburn1, Hsu Chao4, Mengyao Chen5, Sammy Cheng6, Christopher Childers7, Huyen Dinh4, Harsha Vardhan Doddapaneni4, Shannon Dugan4, Elena N. Elpidina8, David W. Farrow3, Markus Friedrich9, Richard A. Gibbs4, Brantley Hall10, Yi Han4, Richard W. Hardy11, Christopher J. Holmes3, Daniel S. T. Hughes4, Panagiotis Ioannidis12,13, Alys M. Cheatle Jarvela5, J. Spencer Johnston14, Jeffery W. Jones9, Brent A. Kronmiller15, Faith Kung5, Sandra L. Lee4, Alexander G. Martynov16, Patrick Masterson17, Florian Maumus18, Monica Munoz-Torres19, Shwetha C. Murali4, Terence D. Murphy17, Donna M. Muzny4, David R. Nelson20, Brenda Oppert21, Kristen A. Panfilio22,23, Débora Pires Paula24, Leslie Pick5, Monica F. Poelchau7, Jiaxin Qu4, Katie Reding5, Joshua H. Rhoades1, Adelaide Rhodes25, Stephen Richards4,26, Rose Richter6, Hugh M. Robertson27, Andrew J. Rosendale3, Zhijian Jake Tu10, Arun S. Velamuri1, Robert M. Waterhouse28, Matthew T. Weirauch29,30, Jackson T. Wells15, John H. Werren6, Kim C. Worley4, Evgeny M. Zdobnov12 and Dawn E. Gundersen-Rindal1* Abstract Background: Halyomorpha halys (Stål), the brown marmorated stink bug, is a highly invasive insect species due in part to its exceptionally high levels of polyphagy. This species is also a nuisance due to overwintering in human- made structures. It has caused significant agricultural losses in recent years along the Atlantic seaboard of North America and in continental Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • The Charm of the Chiltern Hills
    The Charm of the Chiltern Hills Naturetrek Tour Report 16 - 18 May 2018 Man Orchid Burnt Orchid Monkey Orchid Hybrid Monkey x Lady Orchid Report and images compiled by James Harding-Morris Naturetrek Mingledown Barn Wolf's Lane Chawton Alton Hampshire GU34 3HJ UK T: +44 (0)1962 733051 E: [email protected] W: www.naturetrek.co.uk Tour Report The Charm of the Chiltern Hills Tour participants: James Harding-Morris (leader) with three Naturetrek clients Summary This was a three-day tour comprising some of the best orchid and wildflower sites in the Chilterns, a walk along the Thames path from Goring, and a trip to visit RSPB Otmoor for birds. The weather spanned everything from reasonable to excellent, and we certainly made the best of it. Day 1 Wednesday 16th May We met in the bar of the Lambert Arms, introduced ourselves and got down to the business of discussing orchids. This orchid season had been an odd one so far, with several species delayed by the slow start to the year, but others earlier than expected. A couple of these earlier-than-usual species were Burnt Orchid and Man Orchid. As such, we tried something new and headed north to Hoo Bit in Hertfordshire. This patch of woodland and meadow has a lovely mixture of orchids, and it didn’t take us long to spot a number of Fly Orchids – within a few minutes we must have easily seen forty spikes. Twayblades were abundant, as were Common Spotted Orchid rosettes, which hinted at how the meadow must look in high summer.
    [Show full text]
  • At Harvard College
    Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology AT HARVARD COLLEGE Vol. LXXXII, No. 5 THE FULGORINA OF BARRO COLORADO AND OTHER PARTS OF PANAMA By Z. P. Metcalf College of Agriculture and Engineering of the University of North Carolina With Twenty-thhee Plates CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S.A. PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM October, 1938 No. 5.— The Fulgorina of Barro Colorado and Other Parts of Panama By Z. P. Metcalf In the summer of 1924 Mr. Nathan Banks, Curator of Insects of the Museum of Comparative Zoology of Harvard University spent some time collecting insects on Barro Colorado Island, Gatun Lake, Canal Zone. Among these was a large number of Fulgorids. These he turned over to me for study. At about the same time Mr. C. H. Curran, Assistant Curator of Insect Life of the American Museum of Natural History called my attention to a number of Fulgorids in their collec- tions from Barro Colorado. Still later Mr. Paul Oman, Curator of Homoptera of the United States National Museum, separated the material in their collections from Barro Colorado and sent it to me for study. These three collections together with a considerable collection which I have from Central and South America formed the nucleus for a report which would supplement the reports of Distant and Fowler in the Biologia. I suggested this to Mr. Banks and he agreed to its publication. CLASSIFICATION USED In the present report I have used the general classification developed recently by Muir (1930c) and have supplemented this general classi- fication with special works in more restricted groups especially the work of Melichar, Muir, Schmidt and Jacobi.
    [Show full text]
  • Microsoft Outlook
    Joey Steil From: Leslie Jordan <[email protected]> Sent: Tuesday, September 25, 2018 1:13 PM To: Angela Ruberto Subject: Potential Environmental Beneficial Users of Surface Water in Your GSA Attachments: Paso Basin - County of San Luis Obispo Groundwater Sustainabilit_detail.xls; Field_Descriptions.xlsx; Freshwater_Species_Data_Sources.xls; FW_Paper_PLOSONE.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S1.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S2.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S3.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S4.pdf CALIFORNIA WATER | GROUNDWATER To: GSAs We write to provide a starting point for addressing environmental beneficial users of surface water, as required under the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA). SGMA seeks to achieve sustainability, which is defined as the absence of several undesirable results, including “depletions of interconnected surface water that have significant and unreasonable adverse impacts on beneficial users of surface water” (Water Code §10721). The Nature Conservancy (TNC) is a science-based, nonprofit organization with a mission to conserve the lands and waters on which all life depends. Like humans, plants and animals often rely on groundwater for survival, which is why TNC helped develop, and is now helping to implement, SGMA. Earlier this year, we launched the Groundwater Resource Hub, which is an online resource intended to help make it easier and cheaper to address environmental requirements under SGMA. As a first step in addressing when depletions might have an adverse impact, The Nature Conservancy recommends identifying the beneficial users of surface water, which include environmental users. This is a critical step, as it is impossible to define “significant and unreasonable adverse impacts” without knowing what is being impacted. To make this easy, we are providing this letter and the accompanying documents as the best available science on the freshwater species within the boundary of your groundwater sustainability agency (GSA).
    [Show full text]
  • Insecta: Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea) Julie M Urban1* and Jason R Cryan2
    Urban and Cryan BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012, 12:87 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/12/87 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Two ancient bacterial endosymbionts have coevolved with the planthoppers (Insecta: Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea) Julie M Urban1* and Jason R Cryan2 Abstract Background: Members of the hemipteran suborder Auchenorrhyncha (commonly known as planthoppers, tree- and leafhoppers, spittlebugs, and cicadas) are unusual among insects known to harbor endosymbiotic bacteria in that they are associated with diverse assemblages of bacterial endosymbionts. Early light microscopic surveys of species representing the two major lineages of Auchenorrhyncha (the planthopper superfamily Fulgoroidea; and Cicadomorpha, comprising Membracoidea [tree- and leafhoppers], Cercopoidea [spittlebugs], and Cicadoidea [cicadas]), found that most examined species harbored at least two morphologically distinct bacterial endosymbionts, and some harbored as many as six. Recent investigations using molecular techniques have identified multiple obligate bacterial endosymbionts in Cicadomorpha; however, much less is known about endosymbionts of Fulgoroidea. In this study, we present the initial findings of an ongoing PCR-based survey (sequencing 16S rDNA) of planthopper-associated bacteria to document endosymbionts with a long-term history of codiversification with their fulgoroid hosts. Results: Results of PCR surveys and phylogenetic analyses of 16S rDNA recovered a monophyletic clade of Betaproteobacteria associated with planthoppers; this clade included Vidania fulgoroideae, a recently described bacterium identified in exemplars of the planthopper family Cixiidae. We surveyed 77 planthopper species representing 18 fulgoroid families, and detected Vidania in 40 species (representing 13 families). Further, we detected the Sulcia endosymbiont (identified as an obligate endosymbiont of Auchenorrhyncha in previous studies) in 30 of the 40 species harboring Vidania.
    [Show full text]
  • Giant Water Bugs, Electric Light Bugs, Lethocerus, Abedus, Belostoma (Insecta: Hemiptera: Belostomatidae)1 Paul M
    EENY-301 Giant Water Bugs, Electric Light Bugs, Lethocerus, Abedus, Belostoma (Insecta: Hemiptera: Belostomatidae)1 Paul M. Choate2 and other organisms they are able to capture. Powerful enzymes are injected into prey to kill them. Adults of Lethocerus are considered a delicacy in Asia, and are eaten both fresh and cooked. Figure 1. Dorsal view of an adult giant water bug, Lethocerus sp. Credits: P. M. Choate, University of Florida Introduction The heteropteran family Belostomatidae contains the giant water bugs. These large, predatory, aquatic insects have the largest body size among the Heteroptera. Adults of some South American species reach 4 inches in length. Individu- als occur in ponds and ditches where they suspend below the surface, respiring through two abdominal appendages which act as siphons. During mating season they fly from Figure 2. Ventral view of the head of an adult Lethocerus sp., a giant pond to pond or pool of water. It is during these flights that water bug, showing the beak. these insects fly to lights in large numbers, earning their Credits: P. M. Choate, University of Florida other common name, “electric light bugs”. Individuals are capable of inflicting a painful bite with their strong beak Life Cycle and may also pinch with their front legs. Individuals prey Eggs of Lethocerus are deposited above water on vegetation on aquatic insects, small fish, frogs, tadpoles, small birds, and other objects. Eggs of Abedus and Belostoma are glued 1. This document is EENY-301, one of a series of the Department of Entomology and Nematology, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date July 2003.
    [Show full text]