ASE CENTRE FOR ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL EXCLUSION CentreAn ESRC for Resear Analysisch Centre of Social Exclusion annual report 2015 CASEreport 98 Staff and Associates 2015
Director LSE Associates Administrative and IT Professor John Hills Professor Emeritus Robert Cassen Support Professor Frank Cowell Ms Cheryl Conner Deputy Director Professor Emeritus Howard Glennerster Ms Emma Glassey (to October) Dr Tania Burchardt Professor Stephen Jenkins Mr Joe Joannes Ms Jessica Rowan (from October) Research Staff Dr Neil Lee Mr Nic Warner Ms Amanda Fitzgerald (to September) Professor Julian Le Grand Professor David Piachaud Ms Laura Lane Advisory Committee Professor Lucinda Platt Dr Eleni Karagiannaki Ms Alison Park (National Centre Dr Abigail McKnight Dr Amanda Sheely for Social Research; chair) Dr Polina Obolenskaya Dr Hyun-Bang Shin Dr Tania Burchardt Professor Anne Power Professor Wendy Sigle (Deputy Director of CASE) Dr Bert Provan Mr Tom Clark (The Guardian) Visitors Ms Nicola Serle Ms Cathy Francis Professor Bea Cantillon (Antwerp) (Communities and Local Government) Dr Kitty Stewart Mr Pieter Cools (Antwerp) Professor Howard Glennerster Dr Polly Vizard Dr Stijn Oosterlynck (Antwerp) (Emeritus Professor of Social Policy) (Total 6.05 FTE in October 2015) Professor John Hills (Director of CASE) Research Students Visiting Professors and Mr Trevor Huddleston Ms Caroline Bryson (from November) Research Fellows (Department for Work and Pensions) Ms Kerris Cooper Professor Francesca Klug Dr Francesca Bastagli (ODI) Mr Jack Cunliffe (to December) (LSE Human Rights, to July) Dr Jo Blanden (Surrey) Mr Rikki Dean Professor David Lewis, Head of LSE Social Professor Simon Burgess Policy Department (ex-officio) (Bristol, to March) Ms Eileen Herden Professor David Piachaud Ms Elena Mariani Dr Moira Dustin (Equality and Diversity (LSE Social Policy Department) Forum) Mr Nick Mathers Professor Carol Propper Dr Martin Evans (UNICEF, to March) Ms Alice Miles (Bristol University and Imperial College) Dr Leon Feinstein Mrs Kênia Parsons (to April) (Early Intervention Foundation) Ms Nora Ratzmann (from October) Mr Alex Fenton (independent researcher, Ms Ellie Suh (from October) to November) Ms Kate Summers Dr Ludovica Gambaro Ms Milo Vandemoortele (UCL Institute of Education) Professor Ian Gough Research assistants Dr Aaron Grech (Bank of Malta) Ms Alice Belotti Mr Bruce Katz (Brookings) Mr Jack Cunliffe Professor Ruth Lupton (Manchester) Ms Gwenno Edwards Dr Lindsey Macmillan Mr Ben Grubb (Institute of Education) Ms Eileen Herden Ms Liz Richardson (Manchester) Ms Emily Jones (from June) Professor Holly Sutherland (Essex) Mr Nick Roberts (September – November) Professor Rebecca Tunstall (York, to May) Ms Ellie Suh (to July) Professor Jane Waldfogel (Columbia) Ms Moira Wallace (Oriel College) Centre Manager Professor Asghar Zaidi Ms Jane Dickson (University of Southampton) Contents
Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion 2
2015: The year at a glance 3
2015: Review of the year 5 John Hills and Tania Burchardt
2016: Looking forward to the year ahead 7
Public and private welfare 8 Tania Burchardt and Polina Obolenskaya
Is welfare reform working? 10 Eileen Alexander, Anne Power and Bert Provan
The changing distribution of individual incomes in the 12 UK before and after the recession and its implications for the gender income gap Eleni Karagiannaki and Lucinda Platt
Older people’s experiences of dignity and nutrition 14 during hospital stays Polly Vizard and Tania Burchardt
Is limited downward mobility a hindrance 16 to improving social mobility? Abigail McKnight
Too Many Children Left Behind 18 Jane Waldfogel
Social Advantage and Disadvantage 19 Lucinda Platt
Understanding the improved performance of disadvantaged 20 pupils in London Lindsey Macmillan
How do experts think child poverty should be measured in the UK? 22 Kitty Stewart and Nick Roberts
Social innovation and poverty reduction 24 Stijn Oosterlynck
LSE Housing and Communities 25
PhD Spotlight: Public participation in policy decision making 28 Rikki Dean
Life as a PhD student at CASE 30 Kerris Cooper
Knowledge exchange update 31 Cheryl Conner and Emily Jones
Research staff and PhD students: Current research 32
CASE publications 2015 37
CASE seminars and events 2015 43
1 Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion
The Centre for Analysis of Social CASE is associated with the Department CASE is part of the Suntory and Toyota Exclusion (CASE), established in October of Social Policy and a number of International Centres for Economics 1997 in the London School of Economics postgraduate students are members of and Related Disciplines (STICERD). and Political Science (LSE), is a multi- the Centre. We are always interested in CASE was originally funded by the disciplinary research centre exploring working with high quality PhD students Economic and Social Research Council various aspects of social disadvantage and post-doctoral fellows exploring (ESRC) and now receives funding from and the impact of public policy on areas of research of central relevance to a range of organisations including disadvantage and inequality, particularly our work. CASE also hosts visitors from charitable foundations (for example, from longitudinal and neighbourhood the UK and overseas, and members of Nuffield Foundation, Joseph Rowntree perspectives. Its work programme LSE teaching staff on sabbatical leave. Foundation, Trust for London), research includes monitoring the performance of councils (for example, ESRC), UK Regular seminars on significant the welfare state in the UK, international government departments, the European contemporary empirical and theoretical comparisons of the impact of social Union, a range of Registered Social issues are held in the Centre, including policy and social outcomes, analysing Landlords, and a number of other the monthly Welfare Policy and Analysis patterns of social inequality, including charities and organisations in the UK seminar series, which is supported by wealth inequality, between groups and and abroad. the Department for Work and Pensions. over time, developing applications of the For more information about the capability approach and human rights We publish a series of CASEpapers and Centre and its work, please visit measurement, and increasingly studying CASEbriefs, discussing and summarising sticerd.lse.ac.uk/case/ the intersection of climate change policy our research. Longer research reports and and social policy – particularly in relation reports on special events can be found to fuel poverty. in our occasional CASEreports series. All of our publications, including this Annual CASE incorporates the research and Report, can be downloaded from our consultancy group LSE Housing and website, where you can also find links to Communities, which investigates the the data underlying many of the charts impact of policies on social housing and and diagrams in our publications. other tenures with a particular focus on residents in disadvantaged areas.
2 2015: The year at a glance
January February University Press, and launched at an We launched the results from our We had the first two of a series of event at LSE. Making a Difference in Social Policy in a Cold Climate research “Election Special” seminars this month, Education: What the evidence says, by programme, The Coalition’s Social Policy one on the outlook for living standards Robert Cassen, Sandra McNally and Anna Record: Policy, Spending and Outcomes by Gavin Kelly and “where next for Vignoles, was published by Routledge 2010-2015 on 28 January in the form of welfare policy?” by Jonathan Portes, plus this month, and was launched in the LSE nine new reports including an overview seminars by Giovanni Razzu on gender Works series on 6 May. of the Coalition’s social policy record differentials and the economic cycle by April also saw our last “Election and separate papers on taxes and Daniela Silcock on pension reform. Special” seminar by John van Reenen benefits, health, adult social care, under- on economic and business policy, and fives, further and higher education March a special seminar joint with the Smith and skills, employment, housing, area We had another “Election Special” Institute by Alan Berube on poverty in regeneration. A further paper on schools seminar on the outlook for Social American surburbia. was launched on 10 February, following Policy by Kitty Stewart, John Hills and Kênia Parsons successfully defended release of further GCSE results in late Abigail McKnight, plus seminars on top her thesis with only minor corrections January. Each paper contained thorough incomes and middle income growth on how the Brazilian Bolsa Família analysis of policy, spending and trends (Tim Smeeding) and on understanding programme reaches out to the chronic in outcomes, showing how the Coalition and reducing the use of food banks poor. She continues her appointment as tackled the fiscal and social policy (Tom Sefton). challenges it faced in 2010. a visiting academic at the Social Policy April Research Centre, University of New Does Money in Adulthood Affect Adult South Wales. In the first joint event with the new Outcomes?, by Kerris Cooper and Kitty International Inequalities Institute, Tony Stewart was published on 26 January by Atkinson’s new book, Inequality: What the Joseph Rowntree Foundation. can be done?, was published by Harvard
Sam Friedman and Daniel Laurison’s seminar on the “class ceiling”
3 2015: The year at a glance (continued)
May Ruth Lupton and Heather Joshi presented a seminar on moving home in the early years and the effect on family and child outcomes.
June June was a busy month for seminars, including the Great Recession and US safety nets by Vicky Albert, two on social mobility and class ceilings/glass floors by (respectively) Daniel Laurison and Sam Friedman, and Abigail McKnight, and the launch of a book by Sabine Alkire on multidimensional poverty measurement. Jane Waldfogel July In July we had the launch of a book by November November also saw a seminar on the David Robinson and Tony Travers, a “rough Together with the National Communities future of child poverty measurement guide” for the next London mayor. Resource Centre, LSE Housing and by Kitty Stewart and Nick Roberts and Communities launched the new Housing the End Child Poverty Coalition which October Plus Academy at Trafford Hall. The produced a widely-read blog which We had one seminar by Emily Grundy Academy will help housing associations highlighted the inconsistences in the on family size, support exchanges remain viable social businesses by Government’s consultation. This is an area and older adults’ mental health, and supporting the communities where they where we hope to do more work in future. held a public lecture jointly with the work in a period of austerity and will Other seminars included one on universal International Inequalities Institute to develop knowledge exchange and offer credit by Fran Bennett and Jane Millar, low launch Too Many Children Left Behind: peer learning, accredited participative pay and the National Living Wage by Sir the US achievement gap in comparative training and think tanks to explore areas George Bain, and reconceptualising the perspective, co-authored by CASE needing action and support to social welfare state by Bea Cantillon, one of our visiting Professor Jane Waldfogel. landlords, particularly helping their front collaborators on the EU ImPRovE project, line staff and tenants to respond to welfare who visiting the Centre during the Autumn reform, financial pressures, energy costs, term from Antwerp. job access, community and social needs. December LSE Housing and Communities launched a new report, Moving the Goalposts: Poverty and Access to Sport for Young People, which reported on area-based qualitative research for Street Games, the leading charity working to break down the barriers created by poverty and area disadvantage that prevent young people participating in sport.
Jack Cunliffe successfully defended his thesis with no corrections. He used structural equation modelling to look at how area characteristics act as an offending risk factor, and is now Lecturer in Quantitative Methods and Criminology at the University of Kent. Kitty Stewart presenting her study on the child poverty consultation
4 2015: Review of the year
As a centre we continued to focus Within CASE, members of the LSE Alongside our work on intergenerational on monitoring social policies in Housing and Communities group carried mobility coming within the Social Policy the UK and internationally, overall out a series of illuminating – and at in a Cold Climate programme, Abigail analysis of poverty and inequality, times distressing – qualitative studies McKnight undertook work for the Social and on particular dimensions of of the impacts of “welfare reform” Mobility and Child Poverty Commission inequality, with a strong emphasis on individuals (see article by Eileen to look at the relationship between this year on age differences. This Alexander, pp.10-11). Lessons from parental backgrounds and children’s agenda has, if anything, gained these and other studies are feeding outcomes, suggesting the way in which increased salience as the election into the work of the new “Housing more advantaged children are protected of a majority Conservative Plus Academy”, which Anne Power and by a “glass floor” (see pp.16-17). government in the UK brought colleagues are running with our partners Young and old dramatic changes in “welfare” the National Communities Resource Part of the output from the SPCC and other public policies, while Centre at Trafford Hall, Chester, which programme was a report on the international attention to started during the year. changing structure of economic escalating inequalities of different Internationally, Abigail McKnight inequality in the UK since 2007, kinds continued to grow. was commissioned by the Directorate published in March, Falling Behind, Local and international policies General for Employment of the European Getting Ahead. This drew attention in The year saw the completion of the Commission to carry out a series of particular to the way in which economic work on our programme on Social Policy reviews, including on the strength of outcomes – from employment and in a Cold Climate, supported by the the link between income support and hourly earnings to levels of household Joseph Rowntree Foundation, Nuffield activation, and on preventative measures wealth – have moved sharply against Foundation and Trust for London. At the on low pay and in-work poverty. those now in their twenties, born in end of January we published a series of the 1980s. This has included those on Inequality papers assessing social policies under high earnings and incomes within that CASE is one of 17 LSE departments and the Coalition and their impacts, which age group, by comparison with their research centres which collaborated to attracted considerable attention. In the predecessors, not just those in the establish the LSE’s new International run-up to the 2015 UK General Election, weakest labour market positions. Inequalities Institute (III) in May 2015 downloads of these and other papers (which John Hills is co-directing with We have now started work on new from the programme accounted for Professor Mike Savage from the LSE’s research, supported by the Nuffield many of the one million downloads of Sociology Department). This has already Foundation, on multidimensional papers from the CASE website during led to a number of initiatives. These disadvantage among groups of children the year. included joint events between CASE that are often missing in analysis, such as With extended support from our funders and the III where Tony Atkinson and Gypsy and Traveller children, young carers, we have now taken and extended the Jane Waldfogel respectively launched and children at risk of abuse/neglect. analysis in these papers and those we their new books, Inequality: What can The Foundation is also supporting new published earlier on the impact of the be done? and Too Many Children Left research starting in 2016 on segregation Labour government up to 2010 to write Behind. The Institute and CASE also in early years settings. The project is a book assessing social policies since the secured major new funding from the led by Kitty Stewart and our former economic and financial crisis which will Joseph Rowntree Foundation for a three colleague Ludovica Gambaro, and we be published in April 2016, marking the year programme examining the links are delighted that Tammy Campbell will end of the programme. The programme between different aspects of poverty and be joining us to work with them. has been co-ordinated by our colleague economic inequality, from January 2016. Professor Ruth Lupton, now at Later in this report Kitty Stewart writes Eleni Karagiannaki spent part of the Manchester University, and has drawn about the controversies around official year on secondment to the Department on collaborations with other colleagues measurement of child poverty (pp.22-23), for Work and Pensions, analysing low- from Essex, Surrey and York Universities, Jane Waldfogel discusses her joint work income and poverty dynamics using data and from the Institute of Education. As on links between children’s backgrounds from the Understanding Society panel both policies develop and outcomes of and their development in Australia, study. She writes about distributional earlier ones become clearer, we hope we Canada, the USA and the UK (p.18) and analysis on pp.12-13. will be able to extend this stream of our Lindsey Macmillan discusses the evidence work in future. around the rapidly improving school performance of disadvantaged children in London (pp.20-21).
5 2015: Review of the year (continued)
At the other end of the age spectrum, at DWP (following a track followed from Essex University, who is one of Polly Vizard and Tania Burchardt discuss earlier by Julia Olivera and Katie Bates). our visiting professors. The programme the results of their study for ESRC of Amanda Fitzgerald also completed her is co-ordinated by Antwerp University, hospital inpatient experience data work with us on parts of the Social Policy and we were delighted to host Dr Stijn and what they tell us about dignity in a Cold Climate programme. Oosterlynck and Professor Bea Cantillon and nutrition in care for older people who visited from the Herman Deleeck We were delighted that three of our (pp.14-15). With support from the Centre for Social Policy, University of doctoral students successfully completed. International Inequalities Institute they Antwerp. Professor Jane Waldfogel At the end of the year Jack Cunliffe will be extending this work in 2016 to from Columbia University visited in the passed the viva for his PhD thesis, incorporate socio-economic inequalities summer and will be spending a year with using structural equation modelling to within the analysis. us from the summer of 2016. investigate young people’s offending Arrivals and departures behaviour. He started a post as Lecturer Thanks! As ever, new faces arrived in the Centre in Quantitative Criminology at the As well as the researchers whose work and other colleagues completed their University of Kent. Kenzo Asahi (looking is described and listed in this report, studies or moved to new jobs. We were at transport accessibility in Chile) and the centre can only do what it does as delighted to welcome Emily Jones, an Kenia Parsons (who had been based a result of a dedicated team of staff LSE graduate intern, who provided most recently in Australia, looking at the who support us, including our centre invaluable support on the Social Policy in impact of the Bolsa Familia in remote manager, Jane Dickson, and knowledge a Cold Climate working papers and book areas of Brazil) were both awarded their exchange manager Bert Provan, as chapters, and contributed to a number PhDs in July. well as Cheryl Conner, Emma Glassey of other projects. and Jess Rowan, and the invaluable IT The group of doctoral students was support we receive from Nic Warner, Joe We were also delighted to welcome joined by: Ellie Suh (who also continues Joannes and Yusuf Osman. Jessica Rowan, now working with as a research assistant on several of our Anne Power and the LSE Housing and projects), who is looking at attitudes We owe enormous thanks to them, Communities team, taking up the post towards saving for retirement; Caroline to our many funders (see earlier in the that Emma Glassey had so ably filled. Bryson, studying financial transfers for report) and to our Advisory Committee, children in non co-resident families; and chaired by Alison Park, and including We welcomed Laura Lane back from Nora Ratzmann, who is looking at the Cathy Francis and Francesca Klug, who maternity leave. She started work on a suddenly highly topical issue of migrant stepped down during the year, and to project funded by the Arts and Humanities access to benefits in Germany. many others both inside and outside the Research Council, jointly with Ulster centre, without whom our work would University, looking at five areas of Belfast, Another of the major programmes be completely impossible. to give advice on community engagement. which came towards its end in the year was the EU seventh framework John Hills (Director) and As well as Eleni Karagiannaki’s programme on “Improving Poverty Tania Burchardt (Deputy Director) secondment to DWP, Ben Grubb and Reduction in Europe” (ImPRovE) to Eleri Jones, who had been part of LSE which John Hills and Abigail McKnight Housing and Communities, started work contributed, as well as Holly Sutherland
6 2016: Looking forward to the year ahead
In February, Kitty Stewart will start This year also sees the start of an exciting It will investigate areas such as the work on a new Nuffield project on collaboration with the International consequences of living in an unequal segregation in early years, examining the Inequalities Institute (III) and the Joseph society for the lives of those in poverty; extent of segregation and peer effects. Rowntree Foundation, with funding how people’s prospects of social mobility She will be working with Ludovica from the Foundation for a three-year are affected if parental resources are Gambaro (a CASE visiting fellow) and programme to investigate the links unequally distributed between families; a new member of the research team, between poverty and inequalities. the links between poverty, inequality Tammy Campbell. The donation establishes a new early and geographical and neighbourhood career fellowship within the III as segregation; how inequality affects Also in February, Abigail McKnight well as a programme of research on risks of poverty for different groups, starts work on a project for the Citizen’s the connections between inequality, such as by ethnicity, gender, disability Advice Bureau looking at the empirical diversity and poverty which will be and migration status; and the political evidence on burdensome levels of led by CASE. The research aims to and attitudinal effects of inequality financial debt holding in UK households. review the relationships between for support (or otherwise) for effective In April, we will launch a book, inequalities of various kinds and poverty. collective action against poverty. published by Policy Press, bringing together the work done under the Social Policy in a Cold Climate programme, Social Policy in a Cold Climate: Policies and their consequences since the crisis. The book offers a data-rich, evidence- based analysis of the impact Labour and Coalition government policies have had on inequality and on the delivery of services such as health, education, adult social care, housing and employment, in the wake of the recession.
Throughout the year, Polly Vizard and colleagues will continue to work with the Age UK Health Influencing team to deliver specialist impact-orientated outputs including three large regional stakeholder events, private briefings with key stakeholders, the production of videos highlighting the research findings and the development of a new web tool providing public access to data.
LSE Housing and Communities will continue the Housing Plus Academy in partnership with Trafford Hall, the Chartered Institute of Housing and the National Housing Federation. The programme uses residential think tanks and roundtable briefings to bring together key actors to uncover how the complex interacting problems of housing relate to welfare and housing reforms in low-income communities.
7 Public and private welfare
Tania Burchardt and • Finance: public (tax or national insurance- pale grey bars on the left of the figure) Polina Obolenskaya financed), or private (consumer spending, now accounts for around 40 per cent of out of pocket or through insurance) total spending, only marginally higher than High-profile reforms under the the “pure private” sector (37.5 per cent, • Provision: public (delivered by Coalition government, such as the shown in the dark grey bars on the right of organisations defined as public sector by creation of Free Schools and the the figure). This is the most striking change ONS), or non-public (including for-profit rapid expansion of Academies in over time. In 1979/80, the “pure public” and not-for-profit bodies) education, and the encouragement sector was more than twice the size of the of “any qualified provider” in • Decision: public (state determines how “pure private” sector (52 per cent and 24 healthcare, looked set to transform much and who provides the service), or per cent respectively). the boundaries of public and private (end user decides how much and private welfare. But how much These shifts need to be understood in who provides the service, from a range of expenditure has actually shifted the context of a trebling of total welfare viable alternatives). and how significant do these spending (public and private) in real terms changes appear in the context of over the period, from £225.0 billion to Total welfare activity longer-term trends? £694.5 billion (in 2014/15 prices, GDP Public and private finance, provision deflated). So while the “pure public” In new analysis for the forthcoming Social and decision can occur in eight different sector has declined in relative terms, it has Policy in a Cold Climate book, we examined combinations, so the emerging picture more than doubled in real terms over this public and private spending in England on is a complex one – see Figure 1. Across period. Part of the overall growth is driven education, health, personal care, income welfare activity as a whole, the “pure by increased house prices (which affects maintenance and housing, comparing the public” sector (what we might think of both private spending and, indirectly, most recent data (2013/14) with the picture as the classic post-war welfare state: public spending, through the value of revealed by previous versions of this exercise tax-financed services provided by a public the economic subsidy provided to social going back to 1979/80. Spending was sector organisation, with little room for housing), but it also reflects an increased classified according to three dimensions: individual decision-making – shown in the appetite for welfare goods and services
Figure 1: Total spending on welfare activity (education, health, personal care, income maintenance and housing), classified by public and private finance, provision and decision, England, 1979/80 to 2013/14
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0 % of total public and private spending 1979/80 1995/96 2007/08 2013/14 1979/80 1995/96 2007/08 2013/14 1979/80 1995/96 2007/08 2013/14 1979/80 1995/96 2007/08 2013/14 1999/2000 1999/2000 1999/2000 1999/2000 Public finance and Public finance and Private finance and Private finance and public provision private provision public provision private provision
Public decision Private decision
Source: Obolenskaya (2016) Note: see source for details of definitions and unavoidable inconsistencies in time series.
8 Figure 2: Trends in the two extremes of public and private finance and provision
60
50
40
30
20
10
% of total public and private spending 0
1979/80 1981/82 1983/84 1985/86 1987/99 1989/90 1991/92 1993/94 1995/96 1997/99 1999/00 2001/02 2003/04 2005/06 2007/08 2009/10 2011/12 2013/14
Pure public Pure private
Source: Burchardt and Obolenskaya (2016) as we as a society get older and richer. in the “pure private” segment, and this be felt. And in the case of both education More of this expansion has come from has become even more pronounced in the and health, the reforms have made the privately financed welfare than from publicly most recent period, while public finance majority of organisations delivering services financed: if welfare isn’t offered collectively, of public provision (council housing) has (Academies and Trusts) less public even those that can purchase it privately do so. become increasingly residual. Education though they are still classified as public and social care each present a more mixed sector organisations – a shift which Contracted-out public services – that is, picture. School education has been, and therefore does not show up in Figure 1. public finance for private provision, shown remains, very largely publicly financed, but Secondly, the smooth gradient of the trends in the left middle group of bars in Figure academies and free schools reduce the depicted in Figure 1 is an illusion, because 1 – account for a significantly higher “degree of publicness” of provision, while the time points for which we have data are share of public finance than was the case in higher education, the shift from grant not evenly spaced. Taking this into account at the beginning of the period, but have to tuition fee loan funding has tilted the (see Figure 2) suggests an acceleration in not increased as a proportion of overall balance of funding towards private finance. each successive period away from public spending in recent years. Other innovations Finally, in social care, sharp reductions in finance and provision, towards private – voucher schemes, tax reliefs for private local authority funding mean that for the finance and provision. Whatever view one provision, direct payments, user charges – first time in this series, the “pure private” may take of the relative merits of public remain minor in relation to overall spending. segment accounts for a larger proportion and private providers, a greater reliance on of total spending than the “pure public” individually-financed means to meet welfare Differences across policy areas segment, while contracted-out services needs seems certain to lead to greater Within this overall picture, there are continue to grow. inequality in outcomes than collectively- significant differences by sector. Health financed alternatives. remains dominated by the “pure public” Prospects segment, although it makes up a falling Further information Seen in longer-term historical perspective, share, with a significant increase in the the effect of the Coalition government on P Obolenskaya (2016) “Trends in share of public finance for private provision. the boundaries of public and private welfare public and private welfare 1979/80 to Income maintenance also remains strongly look more like a continuation of previous 2013/14”, forthcoming CASEpaper; rooted in public finance for public provision, trends than an abrupt change of direction. T Burchardt and P Obolenskaya (2016) but here the shift has been – through There are two caveats, however. Firstly, in “Public and private welfare”, in R Lupton pensions policy – towards a greater role for the case of health and income maintenance, et al (2016) Social Policy in a Cold Climate: private decision. At the opposite extreme, the full effects of major reforms instituted Policies and their consequences since the housing has always been predominantly by the previous government have yet to crisis, Bristol: The Policy Press.
9 Is welfare reform working?
Eileen Alexander, Anne friends or had become self-employed. Poor health and lack of suitable work Power and Bert Provan These jobs were for the most part part- were the most frequently named obstacles time and offered only short-term security. to employment for all tenants. This was In 2015 LSE Housing and followed by the high cost of childcare, the Working or not, most were Communities completed and demands of unpaid care work, and the high claiming benefits published a major study titled cost of transport. The high cost of transport Is Welfare Reform Working?, The benefit changes and all that worry was especially problematic in rural and which followed 200 working me stiff. suburban areas. Many tenants also cited low age social housing tenants over (Tenant living in a suburban area) levels of confidence, poor skills, and their two years to better understand unstable work history as additional barriers. their experiences of work, The vast majority of tenants, whether they welfare reform and financial worked or not, were receiving some form Two-thirds of tenants actively seeking work management. of benefits or tax credit. Eighty-four per were over 45, and the majority had been cent of all households claimed benefits unemployed for over a year. Many of these The main aim of this study, commissioned in 2014. Over half of these tenants had tenants spoke about facing competition by a consortium of nine housing been affected by welfare reforms – most from young people as well as their inability associations in the South West of commonly by the removal of the spare to take on physical work. England, was to explore whether welfare room subsidy (bedroom tax) and council tax reform was encouraging unemployed Tax credits were essential to making benefit reductions. The removal of the spare tenants to work and employed tenants to ends meet room subsidy affected a quarter of tenants increase their hours. in 2014. My working tax credits make a hell of a In the process of conducting these difference. If I didn’t get it I wouldn’t be able Cutting back on food and utilities was 200 repeat interviews (total 400) we to work. It boosts my salary. I use it to pay common also gathered detailed information about food and bills and my salary to cover rent. the barriers social housing tenants face I don’t complain because my benefits are Tax credits make work possible. in finding and holding down work, my lifeline, I don’t cheat the system. I have (Tenant living in a rural village) people’s experiences of welfare reform, no TV, no internet, just food, gas and Working tenants said that receiving in-work and how people were organising their electric. I just make do. benefits made work viable for them. Over finances in the face of benefit changes (Tenant living in an urban area) four in five working households were and insecure employment. Two years after the introduction of major receiving in-work benefits. The most The report combined survey responses, welfare reforms many tenants were finding common benefits received by working with in-depth qualitative data, and case ways to cope with the transition to new households are Housing Benefit, Council Tax studies, in order to weave together a payments and reduced budgets. A majority Reduction, Child Tax Credit and Working detailed picture of how working age – 126 out of 200, or 63 per cent – said they Tax Credit. social housing tenants were navigating were managing financially, but doing so by Working Tax Credit was particularly the complex landscape of work and significantly reducing expenditure. important because it helped people cover welfare reform in 2013-14. Nearly two-thirds of all tenants significantly the extra expenses of working, such as cut back on their food purchases and on transport and childcare. Self-employed Overview of findings their utility bills between 2013 and 2014. residents value their working tax credits One in six tenants were working More than half of all residents had to because it helps smooth out their income more, but without security borrow money from family and friends. 35 over time. per cent of tenants fell into arrears with Jobcentres helped with training, The new job is fine, it doesn’t pay as their essential bills in order to cover basic but not much more much as I’ve had previously. And it’s very household costs and one in ten tenants seasonal…I don’t know from week to visited a food bank in both 2013 and 2014. People treat you like a criminal at the week what my hours will be. Jobcentre. It doesn’t help you find a job, Health, childcare, and transport cost (Tenant living in rural area) because it makes you feel really insecure. made working difficult Between 2013-14 our research found that (Tenant living in an urban area) one in six tenants had either found work It’s a struggle when you’re older and cannot or increased their hours, although the do physical work anymore. No one wants to majority of these tenants had taken on hire me and I understand why. jobs with either family members or (Tenant living in a suburban area)
10 The majority of jobseeking tenants found People unable to work often their links with the Jobcentre unhelpful. contributed in other ways Three quarters felt they were badly treated My partner has cancer and other issues. at the Jobcentre. Tenants questioned the I’m his full-time carer and had to give up suitability of the jobs they were encouraged my career several years ago because we to apply for and accept, and feared that couldn’t afford the carers. Our benefits are they might be sanctioned. Three quarters a necessity to us. I can’t go to work. of tenants said they felt the Jobcentre has (Tenant living in a coastal area) been bad for their confidence and feeling of self-worth. In 2014, 101 out of 200 residents were not working and not looking for work. Jobseeking tenants were generally Over three quarters of economically positive about free training opportunities, inactive tenants say they have a disability. particularly those provided through Learn Despite this, 74 per cent of economically Direct. Jobseekers were eager to increase inactive tenants contribute actively to their their qualifications and improve their community and society in other ways. employment prospects. They care for disabled family members, Benefit sanctions were devastating, volunteer in their communities or take care and frequently overturned on appeal of young children.
What worries me most is how the sanction Further information affects my son. He wants to leave me because it’s all been very stressful. A summary and full report are available (Tenant living in a seaside town) here: sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/case/cr/ casereport90.pdf Tenants told us how sanctions, the immediate suspension of benefit payments, shift the jobseekers’ focus away from work, and redirect their attention to finding alternative ways to cover basic living costs. Sanctions cause debt and arrears that increase household vulnerability and decrease jobseekers’ capacity to go out into the job market.
Half of all sanctioned tenants appealed their sanction and won on the basis of administrative errors, or wrong judgments.
Citizens Advice provided a lifeline
The CAB has been brilliant in supporting my move to work. (Tenant living in a market town)
The majority of tenants had asked for advice from Citizens Advice and other support agencies. These service providers are highly valued by tenants, and have helped resolve problems with benefits and arrears, including restoring benefits through the appeals process. The majority of tenants said the CAB or a similar service helped them resolve problems they were unable to solve alone.
11 The changing distribution of individual incomes in the UK before and after the recession and its implications for the gender income gap
Eleni Karagiannaki and and rises in unemployment on different sets of circumstances between the “pre- Lucinda Platt income and social groups. Most analysis recession” period, 2005/6-2007/8 and the of post-recession incomes has focused on “post-recession” period, 2009/10-2011/12. Most research on income changes in household incomes across the This provides an important complement inequality examines household population, on the basis that individuals to existing work on household incomes. income. Our study of the impact benefit from the resources of those they Individual incomes represent the income of the recent recession on income live with as well as from their own incomes. over which individuals can be expected to distribution in the UK looks instead This assumes, however, that all household have direct control and where they directly at individual income – and finds resources are shared equally. In fact, both experience – and are aware of – gains falling gender income gaps among theory and evidence suggest that an and losses. At the same time, individual the under 65s, but not among individual’s own income is linked to their income is broader than earnings, which older age groups. degree of control over how household only apply to those in paid work, and There has been considerable interest income is spent. it therefore allows us to compare the experience across labour and non-labour in the impact of the Great Recession Our paper investigated how individual income and across family types in and on incomes, with research highlighting incomes have evolved for people in different the unequal impact of wage stagnation out of the labour market. We additionally
Figure 1: Per cent change in income by age and sex
16-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
Men 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+
16-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 Women 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
P10 Median P90
Source: Own analysis based on Family Resources Survey 2005/6-7/8 and 2009/10-2011/12.
12 compare individual incomes with household and middle income levels that tended to see 10th percentile and at the median than at incomes. This allows us to disentangle for most of the positive change), but there was the 90th percentile, suggesting a decrease example, how far women’s income “gains” some variation by ethnic group, and across in gender income inequality especially at translate into maintaining or improving the social classes. Income inequality among lower income levels. By contrast, the gender incomes (adjusted for household size) of the women decreased, though with certain income gap increased for those aged more households in which they live. exceptions: for example, it increased within than 65 at all points of the distribution. the two top social classes. The most pronounced increase was among Our analysis of individual income data people aged 75-79 with median incomes from the Family Resources Survey revealed Pensioners, both men and women, for whom the gender income gap increased that individual incomes evolved in very experienced increased individual incomes by 11 per cent. different ways for men and women and for in the post-recession period. Pensions were pensioners and non-pensioners. As shown protected and rose faster than costs of At a household level, the changes in in Figure 1, non-pensioner men faced living. One of the most striking findings is women’s incomes were not sufficient to substantially lower individual incomes in that, whether considered individually or “compensate” for the losses to men’s the post-recession period compared to the in relation to household income position, incomes. While the individual incomes pre-recession period, while non-pensioner whether single or in couples, and whether of women living in couples tended to be women experienced some substantial gains. towards the bottom or the top of the greater in the post-recession period, these The losses in non-pensioner men’s individual distribution, pensioners were consistent women still increased their representation at income took place across the distribution gainers in the post-recession period the lower ends of household income. How and among men of different ages but were compared to the pre-recession period. these various changes play out in terms of particularly marked for those on lower within-household dynamics would be a The combined effect of these changes was incomes. This had the knock-on effect of valuable area for future investigation. that gender income gaps (the gap between increasing income inequality among men. men’s and women’s individual incomes) For non-pensioner women the picture was Further information decreased pretty much across the board more mixed. Overall, they experienced among people aged under 65 while it This work was funded by the Joseph gains in individual income that were largely increased among those aged 65 or more, Rowntree Foundation. The full research driven by increases in labour income – just as shown in Figure 2. The decrease in the findings can be found in CASEpaper 192, as men’s losses were primarily in labour gender gap among younger age groups “The changing distribution of individual income. The gains tended to be among the was particularly pronounced among people incomes in the UK before and after more disadvantaged (ie, it was the lower aged under 40 and was greater at the the recession”.
Figure 2: Per cent change in income by age
16-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20
P10 Median P90
Source: Own analysis based on Family Resources Survey 2005/6-7/8 and 2009/10-2011/12.
13 Older people’s experiences of dignity and nutrition during hospital stays
Polly Vizard and Foundation Trust, these are increasingly hospital stay, making this a major issue Tania Burchardt regarded as key markers of the quality for significant numbers of inpatients – of care in acute hospitals in England. just under three and a half million each We examined older people’s The study provided new robust evidence year – rather than being a marginal or experiences of dignity and on the extent to which age, gender, specialist issue. Of those who needed nutrition during hospital stays, disability, length of stay, number or help with eating, more than 1 in 3 (38 per using a large quantitative wards, the quality and quantity of cent) reported that they only sometimes dataset, the Adult Inpatient nursing staff, and hospital trust impact received enough help with eating from Survey. We found a widespread on experiences of the quality of care in staff, or did not receive enough help and systematic pattern of English hospitals. from staff. This is equivalent to around inconsistent or poor standards 1.3 million people on an annual basis, of of treatment with dignity and We found that in 2012 just under whom about 640,000 are aged 65 or over. respect, and support with eating one-quarter (23 per cent) of inpatients amongst those who needed help, reported that they were not treated Amongst the population aged over during hospital stays in 2012. with dignity and respect, or were only 65, reported experiences of poor or sometimes treated with dignity and inconsistent standards of care were The Adult Inpatient Survey is a major respect, during their hospital stay. This is higher for women, for individuals aged feedback survey commissioned by equivalent to around 2.8 million people over 80, and for those who experience a healthcare regulators. It covers adults on an annual basis – of whom about 1 long-standing limiting illness or disability. aged 16 or above who stay in hospital in million are aged 65 or over. Poor or inconsistent standards of dignity England for at least one night. In 2012, and respect affected approximately the survey had 64,505 respondents from Inconsistent and poor standards of 31 per cent of all women over 80 who 156 NHS acute hospital trusts. help with eating during hospital stays experience a long-standing limiting also emerged from the study as a key Our project focussed on inpatient illness or disability – with approximately concern. In 2012, about a quarter of all experiences of dignity and nutrition. 5 per cent experiencing poor standards. survey respondents indicated that they Following the Independent and Public Amongst those who needed help with needed support with eating during their Inquiries into Mid-Staffordshire NHS eating, poor or inconsistent standards of
Table 1: Experiences of dignity and respect, and support with eating, amongst inpatients aged 65 or above
Poor and inconsistent standards of help with eating Poor and inconsistent standards of dignity and respect Poor standards Poor or inconsistent Poor standards Poor or inconsistent standards standards Characteristics Prevalence Number Prevalence Number Prevalence Number Prevalence Number (% of affected (% of affected affected affected those who per annum those who per annum per annum per annum needed needed help) help) Aged 66-80 16.3 128,570 33.4 264,068 2.0 68,473 15.7 547,714 Aged > 80 20.4 161,118 47.5 374,421 2.7 63,745 20.2 479,528 Aged > 80 with 26.0 116,116 58.2 260,199 4.5 49,894 27.7 306,951 disability Aged > 80 with 28.9 83,861 61.9 179,456 5.3 35,881 31.4 213,882 disability and female
Source: Author’s calculations using a version of the Adult Inpatient Survey, 2012, England provided by the Picker Institute and CQC (Vizard and Burchardt, 2015).
Notes: Eating: respondents were asked “Did you get enough help from staff to eat your meals?” and could choose from the following responses, (1) “Yes, always”; (2) “Yes, sometimes”; (3) No; (4) “I did not need help to eat meals”. Dignity and respect: Respondents were asked “Overall, did you feel you were treated with respect and dignity while you were in the hospital?” Response options were (1) yes, always (2) yes, sometimes (3) no. See Vizard and Burchardt (2015) for further notes.
14 help affected approximately 62 per cent The study has a number of lessons for of women over 80 who experienced a healthcare monitoring, regulation and long-standing limiting illness or disability inspection. The findings have helped to – with approximately 29 per cent establish that indicators of dignity and experiencing poor standards (Table 1). nutrition are key markers of quality of care which have not been given sufficient Logistic regression analysis suggested public policy attention in the past. Whilst that, after other factors are controlled there has been increasing public policy for, the risk of not being helped with focus in this area following the Mid- eating is significantly higher for women Staffordshire Public Inquiry, the study rather than men and for individuals shows that ongoing efforts are required to who experience a longstanding limiting ensure quality improvement and that the illness or disability such as deafness or new fundamental standards of care, which blindness, a physical condition, a mental cover dignity and respect and help with health condition or a learning difficulty, eating, are implemented and enforced. or a longstanding illness such as heart disease, stroke or cancer. Perceptions of The study is being followed up by two inadequate nursing quantity and quality, further projects. First, we have received and lack of choice of food, stood out HEFCE 5 funding to take forward impact as having consistent, large associations work based on the project findings with lack of support with eating during in partnership with Age UK. Second, hospital stays. we have received a grant from the International Inequalities Institute to We concluded from our statistical extend the evidence base by bringing findings that there was a widespread deprivation into the quantitative analysis. and systematic pattern of inconsistent or poor standards of dignity and respect, Further Information and help with eating, in hospitals in England in 2012. Evidence of poor P Vizard and T Burchardt, “Older people’s and inconsistent standards was not experiences of dignity and nutrition limited to isolated “outlier” healthcare during hospital stays: Secondary data providers. Rather, patient experiences of analysis using the Adult Inpatient Survey”, inconsistent or poor standards of dignity CASEreport 91, June 2015. and respect, and help with eating, were This research was funded by the a significant general problem affecting Economic and Social Research Council, inpatients in the vast majority of NHS Research Grant ES/K004018/1. acute hospital trusts.
15 Is limited downward mobility a hindrance to improving social mobility?
Abigail McKnight Policy has tended to focus on improving upward social mobility. This is Children of high ability at age perhaps understandable as it is more 5 from disadvantaged family palatable politically to make the case backgrounds have less chance for policies that help to increase the of being a high earner by age 42 social or economic position of the least than their low ability peers from advantaged when there is no apparent advantaged family backgrounds. damage to the interests of the more This was a key finding from a advantaged. Upward mobility in the latter study undertaken by CASE in part of the twentieth century was helped 2015 on behalf of the Social Mobility and Child Poverty by an expansion of higher level jobs, Commission. The report seeks through structural and sectoral change, to identify the mechanisms requiring more high skilled workers that wealthier families employ (creating more “room at the top”). to limit the risk of downward Education policies and an expansion of mobility. Understanding these higher education helped support this. mechanisms could help to However, growth in demand for high Abigail McKnight giving evidence to the improve upward mobility rates skilled workers has slowed and some House of Lords, Social Mobility for less advantaged children. commentators raise concern about Select Committee, 8 July 2015 a growing polarisation in the labour The desire to improve social mobility market which makes it difficult, perhaps appears to unite politicians across the of initially high attaining children and a increasingly so, for workers starting in political spectrum. There is a strong group of initially low attaining children relatively low skilled jobs to climb the belief that a child’s chance of success in and follow their progress through to career ladder. In a world where the adult life should be determined by their labour market outcomes at age 42. “room at the top” is increasing only talents, ability, preferences and effort, Children from less advantaged family slowly it is simply not possible to increase not by the circumstances of their birth. backgrounds who were high attaining in upward mobility without a commensurate However, in the UK there are very large early cognitive skill assessments are found rise in downward mobility. differences in the income and wealth to be less able or at least less successful that families have available to assist their In this research we examined the at converting this early high potential into children. As educational attainment is a evidence for a cohort of British children career success. Parents with relatively high strong determinant of individuals’ earnings born in 1970 in terms of the relationship income or social class position are more capacity, public investment in education between family background, childhood successful at ensuring that their early high has the potential to break the link cognitive skills and adult success in the attaining children translate these skills into between family background and labour labour market. We find that children from labour market success in adulthood. They market outcomes. But despite considerable more advantaged family backgrounds draw on the same resources as they use investment in schools and education in (measured using family income and to help their early low attaining children the UK, stark differences remain in the parental social class) are more likely to which are simply not available to less educational attainment of children from have high earnings in later adult life advantaged families to the same extent. different family backgrounds. and are more likely to be in a “top job”. This means that higher family income and This is not simply due to different levels parental social class advantage have an of cognitive ability, as it holds within additional positive boost to later labour attainment groups as well as between market success. them. We focus our analysis on a group
16 Table 1: Predicted probability of being a high earner age 42 by family income and age 5 cognitive skills
Low attainers (age 5) High attainers (age 5) Male Female Male Female Family income (age 10) Income – lowest quintile 14% 6% 23% 12% Income – highest quintile 31% 17% 48% 32%
This limited downward mobility among initially low attaining children from advantaged backgrounds partly contributes to there being fewer opportunities for high attaining children from less advantaged backgrounds to succeed.
There is evidence that children from better-off families are hoarding opportunities in the education system (places in grammar schools and the ability to exercise “choice” in the non-selective state school system) and then, in part as a result of higher levels of qualifications, they are able to hoard opportunities in the labour market. The report concludes that if policy makers are determined to increase social mobility in a climate where “room at the top” is not expanding then the factors that limit downward mobility will need to be addressed.
Further Information
A McKnight, Downward Mobility, Opportunity Hoarding and the “Glass Floor”, Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission Research Report, June 2015. gov.uk/government/ publications/downward-mobility-and- opportunity-hoarding
17 Too Many Children Left Behind
Jane Waldfogel As children move through school, achievement gaps at school entry. Initial this inequality does not lessen but gaps are nevertheless smaller in the UK In Too Many Children Left Behind rather widens, as the achievement of than the US, and on average do not (Russell Sage Foundation, 2014), disadvantaged children tends to lag widen during the primary school years. Bruce Bradbury, Miles Corak, compared to their more advantaged This greater equality in the school years Liz Washbrook and I examine peers. This gap widening is found in may again reflect more universal support inequality in achievement in the all countries, suggesting that the key for low-resource families, but also may United States, United Kingdom, factor driving the greater inequality of be linked to features of the UK’s school Canada, Australia, making use later achievement in the US is greater system such as the more uniform national of large-scale and very detailed inequality in early childhood. curriculum and the targeting of resources surveys that follow cohorts of to low-SES children. children from school entry until The comparative analysis offers some the end of primary school, and useful lessons. Compared with the US, Because the majority of the SES gap until the start of high school in the low-SES families in Canada and Australia in eventual achievement has its origins US. Our focus is on socioeconomic have more resources for children – the prior to school entry, we conclude status gaps in achievement parents are older, more likely to be that addressing the gap will require between children of different married or residing together, and have interventions in early childhood; in family backgrounds, using higher incomes. Low and middle-SES particular, evidence-based parenting parental education as our measure children in both Canada and Australia programs and preschool programs, as of socioeconomic status (SES). also receive more support from the well as income support programs to We find substantial inequality of public sector. Both countries provide reduce poverty and financial strain among opportunity in all four countries, but universal health insurance, child benefits families with children in the preschool particularly in the US. Children from and generous paid parental leave years and beyond. low-SES families lag well behind their entitlements. Australia provides free Our findings also point to a role for policies counterparts from high-SES families in universal preschool; Canada does as well to address inequality during the school reading at school entry in all four countries, in some provinces. years: measures such as increasing the but the extent of inequality is significantly The UK has greater similarities with quality of teachers; implementing more greater in the US (see Figure 1). the US, with higher levels of inequality rigorous curricula; and raising expectations between families and relatively large and providing more support for low-SES children. There may also be a role for Figure 1: Gaps in reading achievement at age 5, by parental education policies that provide support for student 1.4 learning outside of school (eg, after school and summer programs to help address out of school learning differentials). 1.2 Gaps by parental education: The challenges involved in achieving High-medium gap equal opportunity are not simple. The 1.0 Medium-low gap socioeconomic status gap in achievement is large, and has many causes. But it is not intractable. The evidence from peer 0.8 countries indicates clearly that the US – 0.54 and the UK – can do better. 0.6 0.35 Further Information Std dev difference 0.32 0.4 Too Many Children Left Behind: The 0.22 US Achievement Gap in Comparative Perspective, by Bruce Bradbury, Miles 0.46 0.44 0.2 Corak, Jane Waldfogel and Elizabeth 0.29 0.25 Washbrook, was published by the Russell Sage Foundation in June 2015. 0 US UK AU CA
Source: Bradbury et al., 2015 Figure 4.1.
18 Social Advantage and Disadvantage
Lucinda Platt as disadvantage. They conclude that there disadvantage according to the domain is much to be gained from considering under consideration. Margarita León, for Identifying the patterns, drivers the multiple domains of advantage and example, brings to the fore an international and consequences of wealth the (different) ways in which these can approach to questions of gender (dis) and privilege as well as those of reinforce the disadvantage of others. advantage, drawing particularly on findings marginalisation and deprivation Polly Vizard, by contrast, focuses on and debates from the global south, while has been a longstanding a human rights approach. She draws Isabel Shutes discusses the differentiated contribution of CASE research. attention to the broadening of the nature of citizenship within Europe. Neil Lee This new volume from Oxford rights agenda beyond civil and political reflects on spatial disparities in advantage University Press brings these rights to social and economic rights. and disadvantage and the enduring two perspectives of advantage She asks us to consider whether “those relevance of “place” (of birth or residence) and disadvantage together who are advantaged and who are in for life chances. across a number of domains and a position to help have obligations explanatory frameworks. In the final chapter, Hartley Dean and I to address social disadvantage”; and argue for a three-part approach to the The book, which originated in an MSc whether “governments, international analysis of advantage and disadvantage course taught in the LSE Social Policy organizations, and private companies that combines recognition of and department, has brought together an have duties to address disadvantage attention to cumulative processes (that is, exciting range of scholars from different within a domestic context and/or how disadvantage and advantage are not disciplines and all with links to Social globally” and critically reviews the extent only sustained but amplified over time Policy and/or CASE to shed light on to which the international human rights and across generations), intersectional different aspects of advantage and framework can help us answer them. processes (that is, experience at the disadvantage and their implications Kitty Stewart’s chapter starts the intersection of different social categories, across its 17 chapters. Production of the lifecourse section of the book. Here such as gender, class, age, ethnicity), book has been a stimulating and truly she reviews the evidence on unequal and relational processes (that is, how collaborative enterprise, with authors starting points in children’s lives, the role our understanding of our social position providing feedback on each other’s of family income, parental behaviours is shaped by interactions with others). chapters, and an authors’ workshop, and wider inequalities to those different We also argue that such a three-part very effectively chaired by David starting points and their consequences, approach and a focus on processes as Piachaud, facilitating early discussion drawing attention to the ways in which well as outcomes will lead not only to of the emerging drafts. This has made the distinction between parenting and better understanding but also potentially co-editing this volume an educational as poverty common to much recent policy to the amelioration of inequalities. well as an enjoyable experience for me, and analysis cannot be sustained in and has allowed me to gain much greater Social Advantage and Disadvantage is practice. Other chapters in this section understanding of the interests and talents a book which sits both at the heart of investigate advantage and disadvantage of my colleagues. CASE’s existing interests and of new in education (Sonia Exley), work (Hartley directions in its research agenda. While CASE researchers have contributed Dean) and ageing (Emily Grundy); while designed and written with postgraduate chapters across the volume, which is John Hills complements Stephen Jenkins’ students in mind, it is likely to provide divided into a consideration of concepts account of the temporal evolution of UK material of interest and for thought and theory, advantage and disadvantage income inequality and poverty in cross- among those who share these interests. across the life course, from early years national perspective with a discussion to older age, cross cutting themes (such of recent findings on wealth inequalities Further information as gender, migration, neighbourhood) and the implications for intergenerational and a brief concluding section. For transmission of advantage. Social Advantage and Disadvantage, example Tania Burchardt with Rod Hicks Hartley Dean and Lucinda Platt (eds.), The section in the book on “cross- has extended her work on the capability Oxford University Press, 2016. cutting themes” brings different angles approach to consider advantage as well to the discussion of advantage and
19 Understanding the improved performance of disadvantaged pupils in London
Lindsey Macmillan of disadvantaged pupils in London (FSM). The YCS is a repeated study of began, how much of the improvement young people in the school system Governments across the world can be attributed to changes in the (largely before the NPD) from 1985 to are interested in ways to improve characteristics of disadvantaged pupils in 2003. The YCS contains information on a the educational attainment of London compared to the rest of England, range of outcomes at 16 and a measure pupils in large cities, which often and what lessons can be drawn from of deprivation similar to eligibility for tend to be characterised by high London’s example. FSM, coming from a workless household. levels of economic deprivation Figure 1 shows the raw difference and migration. Our research When did the improvements considers a specific example between London and the rest of start for disadvantaged pupils? where the performance of England in terms of the performance pupils in a big city has improved To see when disadvantaged pupils in of disadvantaged pupils in achieving dramatically across successive London began to have higher attainment the standard benchmark of 5 or more cohorts: the “London effect”. (on average) than disadvantaged pupils GCSEs (or equivalents) including English in the rest of England we combine and maths. Due to the size of the YCS The most striking thing about this London information from the National Pupil samples we compare the whole of effect is that the improved performance Database (NPD) and the Youth Cohort London to the rest of England from is as evident for the most disadvantaged Study (YCS). The NPD is an administrative 1985-2003 and then from 2002 onward pupils as everyone else. Policymakers census of all pupils in state schools in we can split the NPD into Inner and Outer have long been interested in ways to England who took GCSEs from 2002 London compared to the rest of England. improve the attainment of disadvantaged onwards with information on a range of From the mid-1980s through to the mid- pupils, particularly as existing research outcomes at Key Stage 4 (KS4) and Key 1990s, disadvantaged pupils performed suggests gaps in attainment by socio- Stage 2 (KS2). Background characteristics at about the same level or worse economic status are not easy to close include our main measure of socio- compared with disadvantaged pupils – inequalities emerge early in life and economic disadvantage, whether the elsewhere in England. Starting from the increase as individuals age. We therefore pupil was eligible for free school meals mid-1990s onwards, the performance of ask when the improved performance
Figure 1: Estimated difference in proportion of disadvantaged pupils achieving 5+ GCSEs at A*-C (including English and Maths) between London and the rest of England
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
1985 1986 1988 1990 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 and Maths) relative to rest of England to rest and Maths) relative
-5% Percentage achieving 5+ GCSEs at A*-C (including English Percentage
-10%
Sources: Authors’ calculations using Youth Cohort Study (1985 to 2003); National Pupil Database (2002 to 2013). Notes: YCS uses household worklessness as measure of disadvantage, NPD eligibility for free school meals.
20 disadvantaged pupils in London improved educational needs, and whether English to say about the London effect is that the dramatically relative to elsewhere in is an additional language. At school level, explanation is not simple and does not England. In 1995, disadvantaged pupils we know the share of pupils eligible result from a single policy. Our research were about 4 percentage points less likely for free school meals, the share with shows that the improvement in the to achieve the standard benchmark at special educational needs, the share from performance of disadvantaged pupils in age 16. By 2003, they were 5 percentage minority ethnic groups, and the share London stretches back to the mid-1990s, points more likely. These improvements living in a deprived area. We also have is seen across a range of outcomes, is continued throughout the 2000s and information on school type (Academy, larger for Inner London and is spread were even more dramatic for pupils comprehensive, grammar etc). We find a across both primary and secondary in Inner London than those in Outer role for the different ethnic composition schools. This rules out many recent policy London. By 2013, disadvantaged pupils in of London compared to the rest of initiatives as potential explanations for Inner London were 19 percentage points England in accounting for the difference the “London effect” and highlights the more likely to achieve 5 or more GCSEs in performance in a given year, consistent possibility that the role of primary schools at A*-C (including English and Maths) with earlier work by Simon Burgess. This has been neglected hitherto. Policies compared with disadvantaged pupils does not account for a great deal of such as the London Challenge, Excellence outside of London, and disadvantaged the improvement in the performance of in Cities, the Academies programme pupils in Outer London were 13 disadvantaged pupils in London, however, and Teach First all began after London’s percentage points more likely. as ethnic composition of London has not improvements and were until recently changed markedly over time. Instead, focused only on secondary schools. These improvements are observed across a we find a strong role for prior academic These policies may have helped build range of outcomes including measures of attainment and school composition. upon London’s success, but are unlikely high attainment and continuous measures Our empirical analysis suggests that to have been the primary driving force. of achievement. Importantly, we can also improved prior attainment at the end of Instead, the growth in the London effect observe an improvement in the relative primary school is an important factor in seems more likely to be due to rising performance of disadvantaged pupils understanding the improvement in the school quality across both primary and in London at Key Stage 2, at the end performance of disadvantaged pupils at secondary schools stretching back to the of primary school from the late 1990s, the end of secondary school. We also note mid-1990s. Further analysis is required highlighting the importance of primary that while in the early 2000s there was a to pinpoint the likely causes of this with schools in this story. large penalty associated with attending a focus on changes that occurred during a school with a high proportion of pupils the early to mid-1990s in London schools. Why? The role of pupil eligible for FSM, this has significantly composition and prior declined over the past decade. Further information attainment “Understanding the Improved When considering why this improvement Implications Performance of Disadvantaged Pupils happened, we look at the role of The turnaround in the performance of in London”, J Blanden, E Greaves, L both pupil characteristics and school disadvantaged pupils in London has been Macmillan, P Gregg and L Sibieta, Social characteristics. At pupil level, the NPD a remarkable phenomenon. Reflecting on Policy in a Cold Climate Working Paper 21. gives us information on ethnicity, these results, the most important thing neighbourhood deprivation level, special
21 How do experts think child poverty should be measured in the UK?
Kitty Stewart and a wide range of expertise – academics, than a headline measure and only two Nick Roberts local authorities, charities, churches and thought income should not be included frontline services – but only a very brief at all. Of these, one response proposed Our examination of responses to summary had been published by the an expenditure measure instead, leaving a recent government consultation Department of Work and Pensions. We only one respondent, a private individual, on child poverty measurement put in a Freedom of Information Request, advocating the exclusion of financial revealed little appetite for the obtained 251 of the 257 responses and set resources from poverty measurement. Conservative Government’s about reading them. proposed changes to the This is not to say that there was no indicators in the Child Poverty Act This exercise revealed very strong support support for measuring wider indicators and overwhelming support for for the measures in the Child Poverty Act beyond material resources. Many keeping income at the heart of across all types of respondents. It also responses were positive about tracking poverty measurement. showed near universal support for keeping broader dimensions, including aspects income central to poverty measurement. of parental employment and children’s The 2010 Child Poverty Act enshrined educational attainment. But for most four child poverty indicators in law: a First, although the consultation form respondents this was important in order relative income measure; a fixed income itself made no reference to the existing to better understand the relationship measure; a combined income and measures, 83 responses specifically between these dimensions and poverty, material deprivation measure; and a stated that they would like to keep them and/or as wider measures of children’s measure of persistent poverty. For each as they were and wanted no change, well-being and life chances. They were indicator, targets were set for 2020, with while a further 62 made it clear that they widely considered to be unsuitable as government required to report annually would only support indicators relating to measures of child poverty itself. to parliament on progress towards these. additional dimensions if they were treated The Act also placed duties on national as supplementary information (relevant In relation to “worklessness”, for example, and local government to develop child to wider child well-being or to children’s whilst many respondents acknowledged poverty strategies and conduct local needs broader life chances) but not as measures that children living in households with no assessments. of child poverty itself (see Table 1). A total working adult are more likely to live in of 62 respondents were open to new child poverty, almost as many pointed out that But in recent years changes have poverty measures but for a significant the majority of children living below the been afoot to official child poverty share of these this was still only in addition poverty line in the UK today have at least measurement. While the Child Poverty to the full suite of current income-based one working parent. Others noted that Act was passed in 2010 with cross-party measures. Only 32 respondents (around paid work may not always be possible support, the Conservatives argued at the 13 per cent of the total) wanted to replace or in a family’s best interest, such as in time that they supported the principle the current measures themselves. households where a lone parent is caring but believed the measures to be flawed. for a very young or disabled child. If In 2012-13 the Coalition Government Second, there was near universal support children in these households live in poverty consulted on changing the measures, for the inclusion of an income-based it is because of low material resources, proposing instead to develop a multi- measure (Table 2). Indeed, for the and the inadequacy of policies to address dimensional child poverty indicator. majority of respondents – 143 – child this, not because of the lack of paid work Nothing came of the idea during that poverty is defined by a lack of material per se. parliament, but in July 2015 the incoming resources, with income, alongside material Conservative Government announced that deprivation, believed to be the best way The consistency and force of responses it would be dropping all four income and to measure this. In other words, for most to the consultation are striking in light of material deprivation measures from the respondents, income was not seen as one the government’s subsequent decision to Child Poverty Act, replacing them with more dimension amongst others, but as “strengthen [the] child poverty measure” “life chances” indicators of household the very core of child poverty. This was (as the DWP’s press release put it) by worklessness and educational attainment true right across the sample, reiterated dropping all four existing indicators in at age 16. in responses from academics, local favour of indicators of worklessness and authorities, voluntary organisations and educational attainment. The contrast It seemed an opportune moment to frontline services. between the responses and the decision look back and examine the responses raises questions about the purpose of to the 2012-13 consultation. We knew In fact, of the 222 responses that consulting – and about the value of that 257 responses had been received, referred to income in their response, putting time into responding. from individuals and organisations with only twelve responses felt that income should be included as anything other
22 However, in practice, the government a new amendment of its own: this one Further information did ultimately listen, at least in part, to requires no formal reporting, but does K Stewart and N Roberts (2016) “How the strength of opposition to its plans. commit to annual publication of the four do experts think child poverty should be Citing the consultation findings among measures. This is a crucial concession, measured in the UK? An analysis of the other evidence, the House of Lords passed which will enable academics, child poverty Coalition Government’s consultation on an amendment to the Welfare Reform campaigners and the public to continue child poverty measurement 2012-13”, and Work Bill in January 2016 which to hold government to account over the forthcoming CASEpaper. would have required the government to impact of policy on children’s material continue reporting annually to Parliament circumstances. Perhaps, then, if one is on all four of the income and material prepared to make enough noise about the deprivation indicators. The Commons contents, responding to consultations can threw the amendment out, but proposed make a difference after all.
Table 1 Does the respondent see the need for new child poverty measures?
Total
Yes, to replace the current measures 32
Yes, in addition to the current measures 26
Yes, small changes to the income measures 4
No, but open to supplementary information 62
No, keep as they are 83
N/A (did not express a clear view) 44
251
Table 2: Should income be included as a measure of child poverty?
Total
Yes, poverty is a lack of material resources 143
Yes, as a key measure 34
Yes, dangerous to switch measures now 5
Yes, but with a focus on MIS-type measure 8
Yes, but with a focus on living wage-type measure 4
Yes, but with a focus on basic income-type measure 14
Yes, but with a focus on current absolute measure 2
Yes, but not as a headline indicator 10
No, but an expenditure measure should be included instead 1
No, income shouldn’t be included 1
N/A (did not express a clear view) 29
251
23 Social innovation and poverty reduction
Stijn Oosterlynk
Between April and July 2015, I was a visiting fellow at CASE, on leave from the University of Antwerp. My research stay came out of my involvement in the European research consortium ImPRovE (funded through FP7), in which CASE is participating, under John Hills’ leadership. The ImPRovE consortium analyses poverty reduction in Europe from the perspective of social policy and social innovation. Within the consortium I coordinate the work of three research partners on local social innovation and poverty reduction.
The empirical focus of our research lies in local social innovations around housing, education for ethnic minorities, and unemployment. We analyse cases of social innovation in seven different European countries, and in Brazil as an emerging welfare state, and explore how the spatial and institutional context of specific welfare regimes shapes the forms of local social Stijn Oosterlynk innovations in these countries. We focus in particular on the welfare mix and to discussion about the future of the the public sector. I also learned a great the degree of centralisation of welfare welfare state. Given the influential deal about the contemporary evolutions regimes. The Antwerp team is conducting role of social policy scholars at LSE in around social exclusion and poverty in case study work in Belgium and the UK. debates on social policy in the UK and the UK, the institutional specificities of One of the challenges of the ImPRovE internationally, both now and historically, the British welfare state, its relation to work is to bridge the gap between CASE proved to be an excellent place to neighbourhood dynamics, and the role analyses of macro-level social policies think through this question and engage of civil society organisations and social and studies of innovative local anti- in dialogue. I benefited, for example, entrepreneurs. Let me conclude by poverty initiatives driven by civil society from conversations with members of the thanking CASE, and in particular John Hills organisations, social entrepreneurs or local LSE Housing and Communities group led and Tania Burchardt, for hosting me at LSE governments in particular institutional and by Anne Power. Their focus on the role and making time available for discussion. spatial contexts. of local social policies and civil society initiatives in reducing social exclusion The purpose of my visiting fellowship Further information has much affinity with social innovation at CASE was to think through Further details and publications can be research. These conversations and others the relationship between macro- found on the ImPRovE website: improve- helped me to develop a strategy for level social policies and local social research.eu/ drawing conclusions from a wide range of innovation in general and in the UK local social innovation case studies. more specifically. Analysing how and under which conditions local social The discussions I had inspired my innovations become laboratories for thinking on civil society as a source of the reconfiguration of welfare policies social innovation in understanding how is one of the main questions of the it may work with or against quasi- ImPRovE project and, in my view, central markets and its ambiguous relation to
24 LSE Housing and Communities
LSE Housing and Communities The focus on cooperation and Evaluation of the Rayners undertakes research into how knowledge sharing is particularly Lane regeneration households, neighbourhoods important as housing associations programme and communities are affected greatly value their independence and One of our major research projects in by economic, social and want to preserve it. They also are long 2015 was for Home Housing Group, environmental changes including term businesses, and need optimistic government responses. We look a large national provider of social leaders capable of strategic thinking “in-depth” at the lived experience housing. Home asked LSE Housing and long term planning. They play a key of individuals and households, and Communities to assess the social role in low-income areas beyond basic to find out what lies beneath benefit of their recent and continuing housing provision. Frontline staff are wider trends and how policies are regeneration project on the Rayners a vital resource to both landlords and playing out on the ground. This Lane estate in Harrow, north London. article looks at four projects we tenants, and they need more training and These works involved the staged worked on in 2015. recognition. Investing in people leads to demolition of old council blocks in good housing management, good tenant poor condition, and their replacement relations and sustainable tenancies. Housing Plus Academy with new flats and houses for both the Most social landlords invest in creating On 9 November the Housing Plus existing residents, and new renters and economic opportunities for their Academy was launched, in a new owners. As part of this investment, a tenants. We need to collect clear partnership between Trafford Hall, major programme of social activities, evidence of the value of this investment LSE Housing and Communities, the employment training and other both to social landlords and to tenants. Chartered Institute of Housing, the community education, youth work, and We must show how these and similar National Housing Federation, the Joseph environmental improvements were put activities (often termed “Housing Plus”) Rowntree Foundation and 14 leading in place. offer great value for money, and lead to housing associations. The launch was LSE Housing and Communities greater efficiency in delivering services. attended by delegates from housing interviewed 50 households between This includes supporting smaller, organisations across the country. The March and May 2015 and have analysed community-based and BME housing Academy has been developed to promote 137 interviews from the Home’s associations who play an important role knowledge exchange and participative own Quality of Life Survey. We also in promoting integration and tolerance learning among staff and tenants of social interviewed local actors and visited the within the communities they serve. landlords, looking specifically into the social facilities on the estate. Overall impact of current government austerity We are really pleased that the leading the evidence was overwhelmingly programmes on social housing. national housing bodies in the sector are positive, indicating that the investment supporting this initiative: The Academy will focus on major in regeneration and community support has produced significant challenges and opportunities facing It will be initiatives like the and measureable “social returns on social landlords in the coming months Housing Plus Academy that will investment”. The benefits and costs and years. These include uncertainties help the sector to rise to those were measured using the Housing surrounding rents (being forced down), challenges and prosper in the Association Charitable Trust model. ownership (with widening Right-to-Buy in future, helping all of us to do prospect), forced sales of council housing, more and better, and often The key elements of Home Housing’s and further Housing Benefit restrictions in with fewer resources (David Orr, approach include having the social view – all of which make it more difficult National Housing Federation) landlord directly responsible for the for social landlords to both build new complete process including management In a tough environment, the homes, and provide for the lowest income of demolition; re-housing of residents Housing Plus Academy can people in housing need. At the same time, mostly on-site, in the new dwellings help housing professionals the devolution agenda will open the door (in collaboration with the council); and organisations maintain to new opportunities for social landlords community liaison; building development their support for residents and to innovate and collaborate more closely for social renting and sale. This creates communities (Terrie Alafat, with local government. a clear line of authority between the Chartered Institute of Housing) original local authority landlord, the social landlord, the builder/developer on site and the community. Home’s approach of working closely with the
25 LSE Housing and Communities (continued)
Figure 1: Rayners Lane Development. Then (top) and Now (bottom) colleges in order to support “door step” sports – less formal, more participative, and more engaging physical activity, close to home and at a low or no cost to the young participants – in order to bring educational, social and health benefits to low income communities.
The research examined the depth and extent of poverty in Britain; its impact on area disadvantage; how it affects young people and families; and their participation in physical and outdoor activity. We looked particularly at why high poverty areas suffer such major disadvantages and throw up so many barriers in the field of “active learning” and whether informal sport and physical activity could actually help.
Five deprived areas (all in the bottom 10 per cent of the deprivation tables) were studied in depth, ranging from East London to a Welsh mining valley, to inner areas in Sheffield and Bristol. 135 people were interviewed, around 25 in each area, including young people between the ages of 14-25 and local parents in order to uncover what young people do, what they think of their area, why they play sport or don’t, and what the barriers to involvement are. We also spoke to key actors in each area, including teachers and youth leaders, local councillors, leisure organisers and youth workers.
We found that the biggest problem is the lack of supervision of parks, open spaces and streets – open areas are not well maintained, and parents are community throughout, from the original Poverty and access to sport fearful of letting their children use public proposals to the delivery of the new for young people spaces. Charges for leisure centres and homes, brings immense benefits. It is LSE Housing and Communities also sports facilities (previously public) are reassuring to the tenants; keeps the undertook an interesting study for too high for low-paid over-18s. Charges landlord informed; rehousing happens StreetGames – a charity set up in 2007 are at adult rates, and young people more smoothly; processes are faster; to help break down the barriers created face poor work opportunities and are and people are settled more quickly. It by poverty and area disadvantage that generally on extremely low incomes. forges a positive relationship between prevent young people participating the residents and the onsite management in sport. StreetGames works with team. The vast majority of residents feel local community organisations, sports positive about the outcome. organisations, youth clubs, schools and
26 One key recommendation suggests Although there are only an schools opening up their facilities much average of 12 such cases a year, more widely after school hours for these victims of miscarriage community use. Some schools already of justice need a place to stay do this, including those in Merthyr and immediately on their release, East Ham. Both schools and clubs talk as well as specific help to plan about training young volunteers in order and gain access to longer term to involve young people in helping other accommodation. Local authority young people as a way of involving and housing through homelessness unifying the community. provisions is often unavailable, so housing associations and private Housing for Victims of landlords can play an important Miscarriages of Justice part in helping. Naturally prejudice against these miscarriage victims 2015 saw us focus on a specialised area plays a part, and a structured in a project on victims of miscarriages process of advice, health and housing of justice. These are people who have support, advocacy (currently done been wrongly imprisoned often for through the Royal Courts of Justice, several years where the safeguards of Citizens Advice Bureau and linked the appeal system have failed. They local bureaux), and job retraining have subsequently been cleared of are all essential but also seldom the offence through an appeal to available. Commonweal Housing, who the (English) Criminal Cases Review commissioned the research, has already Commission (CCRC) and the equivalent been active over the last few years body in Scotland. Once freed, unlike in addressing this unusual but severe prisoners released after serving type of housing need, and continues to their sentence, they do not receive work with partners on new solutions support or practical assistance from supported by our report. the Government, despite the severe problems they inevitably face. Often Further information they are effectively homeless as they are often estranged from their families, have G Edwards, B Grubb, A Power, N Serle, no job or income, and almost always are “Moving the Goal Posts: Poverty And left with severe mental health problems Access To Sport For Young People”, that make the process of re-integration CASEreport 95, December 2015. into society doubly difficult. B Provan, “Housing for Victims of Miscarriages of Justice. Report for Commonweal Housing”, CASEreport 97, December 2015.
27 PhD Spotlight: Public participation in policy decision making
Rikki Dean Figure 1: Four modes of public participation in policy decisions
Rikki, a fourth year PhD student in PRESCRIBED CASE, gives an insight into his work on public participation in policy decision making. Participation as Participation as Arbitration and Knowledge Democracy has often been Oversight Transfer compartmentalized or a taken for granted background condition in debates about social AGNOSTIC SOLIDARISTIC citizenship and social justice. However, to paraphrase Foucault, “social policies are not Participation as Participation as born of nature, they are born of real battles”. Choice and Collective We cannot comprehend social and economic Voice Decision-Making exclusion without understanding political exclusion. Neither can we address one type of exclusion without addressing the others. NEGOTIATED
In addition, calls for greater citizen My dissertation renders such an account Choice and voice subscribes to a Hayekian participation in policy-making have become from two directions. First, by synthesizing liberalism in which individuals’ pursuit of a ubiquitous feature of 21st Century notions theories of democracy and public their own interests leads to spontaneous of governance, advocated by everyone from administration with insights from an benefits. Participation is individualistic, to the radicals of the Occupy movement to extensive review of academic and grey secure one’s own preferences. Its primary the econocrats at the World Bank. As policy literature on citizen participation, I produced function is to ensure that decision-makers and administration moves into the vanguard a typology of four modes of public are responsive to the preferences of citizens, of democratic innovation, it creates both participation in policy decisions (see Figure and thus that decisions take account of opportunities and complex new challenges 1). Each of these four modes – which I term citizens’ needs and interests. for how we think about and do social policy. knowledge transfer, collective decision- Arbitration and oversight is a more New participatory spaces can provide making, choice and voice, and arbitration Hobbesian approach, where the role avenues for the interpretation of social needs and oversight – has its own objectives and of government, and for our purposes and their negotiation into social rights. They related forms of participatory practice that here participation, is to keep individual have been championed as a means for the are connected to a distinct tradition of self-interest in check. It functions as an marginalised to challenge their political and political and public administration theory. accountability mechanism, by ensuring social exclusion. Nevertheless, participatory This typology is outlined in detail in a recent decisions don’t simply favour the interests governance has often resulted in limited article in Policy & Politics, but a very brief of one group and thus the decision is achievements and frustration for both citizens summary follows below. acceptable to all. and officials, and the inability of existing Collective decision-making is associated with institutions to adapt to these new conditions Second, I conducted an empirical the participatory democratic perspective, as has been characterised by some observers as investigation of the different ways that espoused by those such as Carole Pateman. a governance failure. those involved in participatory initiatives Its primary function is to promote the understand their practice. I used a The idea behind this research is that autonomy of citizens, ensuring that they are combination of Q method – a quantitative this failure is in part attributable to the authors of the decisions to which they technique in which participants are asked to unacknowledged conflicts over the definition are subject. rank common statements about participation of participation. It is not entirely clear what Knowledge transfer is connected to – along with qualitative interviews, carried we mean when we talk about participation. post-Weberian ideas that challenge out with variety of actors, from radical That is part of what makes it beguiling. To bureaucratic expertise and argue citizens’ activists to senior civil servants, involved understand which participatory initiatives knowledge is necessary to improve in participation activities in healthcare, are adopted, the ways they are adapted, policy outcomes. It aims to increase the housing, poverty and welfare policy. I then and whether they should be considered epistemic quality of decisions by ensuring employed a principal components analysis of successful, it is necessary to have a clear that all relevant information is included. Its the Q method data in order to identify any account of the multiple competing purposes primary function is thus the effectiveness common shared viewpoints among the study and values behind competing conceptions of of decision outcomes. participants, as well as explore how these participatory governance. related to my theoretical typology.
28 Table 1: Comparison of Z-scores for selected, illustrative statements
No. Statement PC1 PC2 PC3 z-score z-score z-score 13 The objective of public participation is to improve policy decisions by ensuring that decision- -0.34* 1.68* 0.56* makers can access wider sources of information, perspectives and potential solutions. 15 People are not motivated to participate in policy-making for the health of democracy, but -1.12 -0.76 0.79* because they believe they have something to lose or gain, therefore; participation should enable individuals and groups to promote and defend their interests and values. 37 The aim of participation is to enable citizens to take the decisions that affect their lives through 1.58* -0.95 -0.59 collective discussion and decision-making. It should be about collective self-government. 42 It is primarily bonds with others and shared social goals that motivate people to participate, 1.22* 0.59* -1.39* so participation works best when it is woven into the fabric of people's everyday lives, for instance; situated in local communities.
* denotes z-score is statistically different from both other principal components at the 1 per cent level
Three principal components were identified None of the participants in the study So how can this research help us to improve that highlighted significant differences professed a choice and voice or arbitration the practice of participatory social policy? between participants in the study and oversight approach to participation. First, it challenges the distorting practice of concerning the purposes and values of However, PC3 captured a loose residual only judging participation initiatives through participation, particularly with regard to the amalgam of scepticism and pluralism from the lens of participatory democracy, and power that should be afforded to citizens. those who were not so convinced by the seeing any deviation from its tenets as a The three PCs provided both some support solidarism of PC1 and PC2 (see statements New Public Management bastardisation. and some challenge to the aforementioned 15 and 42 in the table). This suggests that Recognising the multiple legitimate functions theoretical typology. even if the modes of participation are not participation can potentially perform should prevalent, the dimensions underlying the lead to more clear-sighted participatory PC1 strongly reflected the collective typology are meaningful. designs, as well as a better match between decision-making mode of participation, and the rhetoric and practice of participation. PC2 the knowledge transfer mode. The Though it would be tempting to see the This should help diffuse disillusionment and weighted average scores for the statements collective decision-making approach frustration with participatory governance. In were very similar to what would be predicted (PC1) as the radical activist view and the addition, recognizing the heterogeneity of by the typology. Solidaristic statements had knowledge transfer approach (PC2) as the people’s participation preferences generates positive scores on both, whilst agonistic public officials view, my results demonstrate complexity. Nonetheless, it also opens up an statements had negative scores. Differences a more mixed picture. Some officials load opportunity. In the final chapter of my thesis, between the two revolved primarily around on to PC1 and some activists onto PC2. I will look at how complex policy systems the extent to which participation should be Moreover, insights from the qualitative like the NHS can harness this heterogeneity. tightly prescribed, or open and negotiated, data show that individuals are mostly There are myriad opportunities to participate particularly with regard to decision power. quite flexible, even conflicted, in their in such systems. By drawing on deliberative participation preferences. When asked to To illustrate the point, the biggest differences systems theory, I will analyse how different elaborate upon and justify their preferences in statement z-scores for the two PCs were mechanisms can perform different functions, they frequently draw on what appear to be in relation to statements 13 and 37 (see so that the individual opportunities to contradictory discursive repertoires from table). That the aim of participation is to participate add up to a participatory system all four of the aforementioned modes of realise collective self-government through that is more than the sum of its parts. participation. In doing so they are often collective discussion and decision-making troubled by cognitive dissonance, describing has a high score for PC1, signifying very Further information themselves as contradictory or hypocritical. strong agreement, but a z-score signifying Their private thoughts seem to reproduce personal.lse.ac.uk/deanrj strong disagreement on PC2. Contrariwise, the contours of the public debate, the notion that participation is about Dean. R.J., 2016, “Beyond Radicalism and which would be no surprise to rhetorical decision-makers accessing wider sources of Resignation: The Competing Logics of Public analysts. Accordingly, whilst the principal information to improve policy decisions has Participation in Policy Decision”, Policy & components analysis captures these a score signifying very strong agreement for Politics (in press) ingentaconnect.com/ contours of the debate about participation, PC2 but disagreement for PC1. content/tpp/pap/pre-prints/content-PP_88 we should refrain from putting individuals into fixed procedural preference boxes.
29 Life as a PhD student at CASE
Kerris Cooper and being a part of something bigger than experience in writing reports, articles, your PhD (which in turn feels smaller and research proposals and presentations. One I originally joined CASE as a less scary!). of the things I love most about CASE is that researcher in 2012, working with it is very non-hierarchical – PhD students There are four main ways in which I have Kitty Stewart on Does money are very much encouraged to get involved benefitted from being a part of CASE as affect children’s outcomes? A in new research alongside more senior a PhD student. Firstly, I have ready access systematic review. Despite having researchers. Everyone is very approachable to a whole host of brilliant minds and to sift through tens of thousands including Director and Deputy-Director of search results for this, I loved willing listeners to bounce ideas off, help John and Tania, who despite busy being a part of the intellectually solve problems and share their expertise. workloads keep their doors open and take stimulating environment that Often something I have been stuck on will time to check in with you and ask how CASE provides and so when I came be solved after a brief chat with someone things are going. to apply for a PhD there was no in the kitchen when making a cup of question as to where I wanted to tea. All these informal chats, as well as Finally the thing that really makes CASE a do it. The support I received from more structured opportunities to present special place to be, whether as a student colleagues at CASE whilst making ongoing work have directly moved my or researcher, is the people. Everyone is my application – which ranged PhD forward. As well as the expertise and friendly and motivated by similar concerns from detailed feedback from many academic rigour, it is great to have others for justice. Our termly meals out together people on my draft proposal, to interested in my own research – this helps are great fun and we have a regular book friends at CASE bringing food keep me motivated and avoid moments of club which has been an excellent excuse and refreshments to my desk “why am I doing a PhD”! for some lighter reading. More importantly during the final push before the day-to-day contact with others has the application deadline – only Secondly, the regular CASE seminars and made me feel so well supported I often feel reinforced that I wanted to stay a meetings have encouraged me to keep a like part of a team rather than someone part of the research centre. broader research interest in topics related tackling the mountain that is a PhD on to inequality and poverty. This keeps my I started my PhD on the relationship their own. I have made some great friends PhD topic in perspective and ensures between poverty and parenting in 2013 here and my own PhD experience has been my knowledge and interests have not and since then I have benefitted from anything but lonely. ongoing support and encouragement at narrowed restrictively as my work has CASE which has made all the difference. necessarily got more specialised. As I enter my (hopefully!) final year of my PhD I am really aware of how unique CASE Doing a PhD is often described as a lonely Thirdly, being a part of the CASE is and how lucky I am to have worked here. and isolating process; whilst it has not been community has provided opportunities a walk in the park, a key benefit of being to work with others and gain valuable at CASE is being connected with others
30 Knowledge exchange update
Cheryl Conner and over 12,000 hits. Social Policy in a Cold the Department of Health, NHS Trusts, Emily Jones Climate publications generated 36 national the British Medical Council, General newspaper articles and 12 major UK TV and Medical Council, British Geriatric Society There are several examples Radio interviews, to date the publications and Patient Concern. On the day of its of successful long-running from this research programme have now publication, media attention included live knowledge exchange activities received over 750,000 downloads. The interviews and headline coverage across that could be mentioned in this programme culminates in April 2016 7 national stations and over 30 regional report, notably the LSE Housing with the launch of Social Policy in a Cold BBC radio stations. Articles discussing and Communities Housing Plus Climate: Policies and their consequences the research were published by multiple Think Tank event series (see page since the crisis (published by The Policy national newspapers including BBC 25) but here we focus on two Press) which provides an overview of the News, The Guardian, Mirror and The other examples from 2015. whole project. Telegraph, as well as over 90 regional The launch event of the Coalition’s Social newspapers. At the level of practitioner Tania Burchardt and Polly Vizard published Policy Record in January started the year of influence, the research featured in a news research commissioned by Age UK, knowledge exchange activities for CASE. article by Nursing Standard, and has been Older people’s experiences of dignity and The event attracted a broad spectrum of highlighted online by several websites nutrition during hospital stays: Secondary stakeholders including national and local with a health/care focus. Significant data analysis using the Adult Inpatient government, academics, think tanks, social media attention and discussion was Survey, CASEreport 91. The findings third sector organisations and charities. generated, with notable tweets/retweets have had a direct impact on Age UK For those unable to attend the event we from individuals and organisations with a and the authors have also worked with created videos of the presentations with high number of followers such as Carers the Age UK Health Influencing team in integrated slides, available on the CASE You UK (42,000+ followers) and Friends of the order to engage with a broader range of Tube Channel. Further dissemination of the Elderly (19,000+ followers), which led to stakeholders in healthcare and policy. On findings from the research programme were further conversation on twitter, including the former, the research has provided a organsied in conjunction with the the sharing of individual’s experiences of robust evidence base on older people’s “LSE Works” public lecture series. John Hills elderly patient’s treatment in hospitals. treatment in healthcare, which Age UK presented new findings from Falling Behind, A HEIF5 funded project will enable the has been using in its own work in this Getting Ahead: The changing structure authors to continue working with the Age area. On the latter, the authors worked of inequality in the UK, 2007-2013 and UK Health Influencing team through 2016 with Age UK to take forward knowledge Polly Vizard presented findings from The to deliver specialist impact-orientated exchange activities such as press and media Changing Anatomy of Economic Inequality outputs including a national practitioner work, resulting in high profile coverage in London (2007-13). The theatre was full orientated conference, local events and that disseminated findings to a wide with 349 attendees, and a “Storify” private briefings. audience. At a pre-publication practitioner- of tweets from the event is available orientated roundtable discussion, research at bit.ly/1AjrOyR. The video and audio findings were presented to professionals recordings of this event have so far received from a range of organisations including
31 Research staff and PhD students: Current research
Caroline Bryson joined CASE in October Jack Cunliffe submitted his PhD in was able to extend his data collection to 2015 as a part-time PhD student. Her September 2015, passing his viva with no the US, using a Q method survey to model thesis is looking at associations between corrections in December. He continues his participation preferences. He is now in relationships within intact families and the interest in measurement and structuring the process of writing up his thesis and financial support provided by non-resident equation modelling, social inequality the first paper from his PhD was recently parents if parents later separate. and wealth distributions, alongside his published in Policy & Politics. Entitled work looking at the online drugs markets “Beyond Radicalism and Resignation”, Tania Burchardt’s and a wide variety of other quantitative it outlines a new typology for thinking research is on research projects. In September 2015 he about approaches to public participation. inequalities, theories started work as a Lecturer in Quantitative In addition, he is working as a research of social justice, Methods and Criminology in the assistant at University of Birmingham’s disability and social University of Kent Qstep Centre within Institute for Local Government Studies care. This year she the School of Social Policy, Sociology and (INLOGOV) on a project concerning worked on charting Social Research. conceptions of accountability in local the changing governance, and is a visiting lecturer boundaries of public and private welfare Aaron George at University of Westminster teaching with Polina Obolenskaya and on the social Grech focused on Innovations in Democratic Practice. care component of the Social Policy in a comparing the Cold Climate programme with Polina and pension reforms Ian Gough contributed to workshops on Polly Vizard. The same team began work conducted in aspects of “sustainable welfare” at the on a project funded by the Nuffield European Union universities of Cambridge, Sheffield, Lund Foundation on multidimensional countries before and Milan and delivered a plenary lecture disadvantage among groups of vulnerable and after the on consumption and eco-social policy to children including Gypsy and Traveller financial crisis of 2008. His research a research meeting of the International children, young carers and children at risk indicates that the extent of the economic Sociological Association in Bath. He was of abuse and neglect. She and Rod Hick impact of the crisis affected the reforms also invited by the French Ministry of Social (Cardiff University) continued to develop that were enacted, with countries most Affairs to address a large conference on his their ideas about how the capability affected reducing pension generosity theory of human need and its relevance approach might be used to conceptualise greatly. Moreover the type of reforms that to calculating decent living standards in advantage as well as disadvantage. were introduced, by tying benefits closely France and the EU. to contributions, pose significant risks to Kerris Cooper John Hills younger generations, who are worked with Kitty continued to discuss experiencing long spells of unemployment. Stewart to complete his recently During 2015 Aaron also served as Deputy a JRF-funded published book, Chairman of the Malta Statistics Authority systematic review Good Times, Bad and as Head of the Central Bank of Malta’s into whether money Times: The welfare Research Department. He was an expert itself has an impact myth of them and on a pensions commission appointed by on adults’ wider us in public lectures, the Government of Malta, that delivered a outcomes, including subjective wellbeing, events and interviews, including a debate report advocating a more generous physical health and relationship quality and with Tom Clark of The Guardian at the minimum pension, incentives for later stability. The research was published in Royal Society of Arts which was broadcast retirement and the introduction of better January 2015 and found strong evidence live online, and at events in Cardiff, Dublin credits for periods spent out of the labour that money itself does matter for adults: and Edinburgh. He continued the final market due to childcare responsibilities or money makes people happier and reduces stages of work for the Social Policy in a tertiary education. Most of these proposals mental health problems, as well as Cold Climate Programme including the are now being implemented. providing more choice in other areas of launch of a joint report on the changing life. Kerris also continued to work on her Rikki Dean continued his PhD exploring structure of economic inequalities in the PhD research which explores the the use of participatory policy-making UK since 2007, an update of an earlier relationship between economic hardship techniques in social policy. He spent the paper on the distributional effects of the and parenting behaviours, using the first half of 2015 as a Visiting Fellow at 2010-2015 UK Coalition government’s Millennium Cohort Study. Harvard’s Ash Center for Democratic tax-benefit policy changes and a summary Governance and Innovation, where he of new research findings in social mobility.
32 He worked with other contributors to the Melbourne). We have been writing papers Lindsey Macmillan is a Visiting Fellow programme on summarising and updating about how to better measure income at CASE. She is a Senior Lecturer the material for a book to be published by inequality trends combining information in Economics at UCL Institute of The Policy Press in April 2016. With Jack from household survey data with personal Education. This year Lindsey has been Cunliffe he wrote a chapter on wealth for tax return data that has better coverage of working with Jo Blanden on the Social the book on Social Advantage and top incomes. Mobility Strand of the Social Policy in Disadvantage edited by Hartley Dean and a Cold Climate programme producing Eleni Karagiannaki finalised her work Lucinda Platt, being published early in a paper on the impact of education on on a study commissioned by the UK 2016. With Abigail McKnight he social mobility and asking if education Equality and Human Rights Commission continued to be part of the European expansion encourages or limits and led by Polly Vizard. For this work Eleni Union ImPRovE research programme on mobility. She is also working with Jo on produced evidence on how a number of poverty reduction in Europe, co-ordinated understanding the strong performance the indicators included in the Equality and by colleagues at Antwerp University and of London schools. Her third contribution Human Rights Commission’s Measurement will be co-editing a book resulting from to the project is a paper with Claire Framework (including among others, the programme. In 2015 John started in Crawford and Anna Vignoles, looking employment, unemployment, educational an additional role as Co-Director of the at the education trajectories of pupils attainment, poverty, material deprivation) new LSE International Inequalities from different levels of initial attainment have changed between 2008 and 2013. Institute, collaborating with colleagues and family backgrounds. In work With Polly, she also co-authored a series from across LSE departments. The outside CASE, Lindsey is working on a of blogs which are published in the Trust institute held its first high profile public number of projects around measuring for London website, about the effects of events during the year and welcomed its intergenerational mobility in the UK and the crisis and the subsequent economic first MSc and PhD student cohorts. the intergenerational transmission of downturn on the living standards of some worklessness across countries. Stephen Jenkins of the most disadvantaged groups in continues to work London. From April she was seconded to Elena Mariani continues her doctoral on a diverse set of the Department for Work and Pensions work on the effect of family processes topics. There is where she undertook analysis on low on job satisfaction in Germany. The on-going research income persistence and low income focus so far has been on how different on methods for dynamics based on data from the first lengths of maternity leave affect the modelling waves of Understanding Society. well-being of women when they return employment to work, and how becoming a mother Ruth Lupton instability using an approach distinguishing affects job satisfaction over the life continued to work between permanent and transitory course, with a special focus on the role with CASE on the components of variability (joint with of the restructuring of the labour market Social Policy in a Lorenzo Cappellari, Milan). Stephen is also after German unification in 1990. In Cold Climate looking at measurement error in survey Spring 2015 she presented her work at programme. She responses on earnings, using data from the Population of America Association led the programme the Family Resources Survey linked for conference in San Diego, USA and overall and the consenting respondents to administrative at the Research Committee on Social work on the Coalition’s record on data from HMRC on the same variable. Stratification meeting in Tilburg, the schools, further education, skills and Research on measurement error in Netherlands. In Summer 2015 she spent access to higher education, and area estimation of persistent poverty rates three months as a visiting researcher at the regeneration and renewal. She also continues with Philippe Van Kerm (LISER, German Institute for Economic Research worked with Polina Obolenskaya and Luxembourg). All the work mentioned so (DIW) in Berlin. Alongside her PhD work Bert Provan on understanding regional far is part-supported by the ESRC Research she teaches statistics and quantitative trends in social and economic outcomes Centre on Micro-Social Change at the research methods to undergraduate and since the economic crisis, and with University of Essex. The biggest new postgraduate students. Stephanie Thomson on understanding venture was research associated with an the effects of the Coalition’s school Australian Research Council grant on system reforms on patterns of social “Income inequality and mobility in sorting and segregation in schools. Australia, Great Britain and the US”, joint with Richard Burkhauser, Nicolas Hérault, and Roger Wilkins (University of
33 Research staff and PhD students: Current research (continued)
Nicholas Mathers joined CASE in October Polina Ribbon Australia producing a report on the 2014 and started working on his PhD thesis Obolenskaya incidence of violence against Aboriginal looking at the effects of cash transfers continued working and Torres Strait Islander and Culturally on adolescent life-course outcomes in on the Social Policy and Linguistically Diverse women. At the Nepal. Since July 2015 he has been working in a Cold Climate Social Policy Research Centre, University as Cash Transfer Specialist for UNICEF programme for part of New South Wales, she took part in Nepal supporting the government’s post- of the year. the Australian Research Council project earthquake response and social protection Together with Ruth “Material Deprivation and Social Exclusion policy and systems reforms. He continues Lupton and Bert Provan, Polina worked on among young Australians: a Child- his PhD part-time. In the past year he a CASE working paper (to be published in focused approach”. Kenia continues her published one opinion piece on social 2016) concerned with economic and appointment as a visiting academic at the protection and household resilience for social disparities between London and the Social Policy Research Centre. UNDP’s Development Advocate Nepal. Northern regions. She also worked with Lucinda Platt is a others on various chapters for the Social Abigail McKnight completed a project CASE research Policy in a Cold Climate book (to be for the Social Mobility and Child Poverty associate and published in 2016), including extending Commission with the final report published Professor of Social work on the public and private in June 2015 (Downward mobility, Policy and Sociology boundaries in welfare activities opportunity hoarding and the “glass in the Department of undertaken at CASE in previous years, floor”). The report identified the unequal Social Policy. A major with Tania Burchardt. She also began chances of children becoming high highlight for 2015 working on a new Nuffield Foundation earners as adults who had similar levels was the publication of a co-authored funded project with Polly Vizard (Principal of ability but came from different family volume deriving from a Norface-funded Investigator) and Tania Burchardt, on backgrounds. This study is one of the few project on Intergenerational Consequences “Multidimensional child poverty and that examines how limited downward of Migration: Socio-economic, Family and disadvantage: Tackling “data exclusion” mobility among children from advantaged Cultural Patterns of Stability and Change in and extending the evidence base on family backgrounds can limit the extent to Turkey in Europe (Palgrave). In 2015, she missing and “invisible” children”. Over the which upward mobility can be improved also completed a Nuffield-funded project next year Polina will be analysing a for children from less advantaged family on parenting and contact before and after number of data sources in relation to backgrounds. Abigail worked on a series separation with Tina Haux of Kent poverty and disadvantage among of Evidence Reviews for the European University. This resulted in two CASEpapers different groups of children, including Commission looking at the effectiveness and a number of blogs, and generated young carers and those from Gypsy and of activation, preventative measures and substantial media interest, including an Traveller ethnic backgrounds. preventative approaches to low pay and article in the Observer. Other highlights of in-work poverty, and policies designed Kenia Parsons completed her PhD 2015 were completion of a project with to reduce economic inequality. She was entitled “Reaching out to the persistently Eleni Karagianniaki on individual incomes, invited to present key findings to the poor in rural areas: An analysis of Brazil’s funded by the JRF. A CASEpaper was Commission’s Social Protection Committee. Bolsa Família conditional cash transfer published in the summer and a further She also started work on a project for the programme”. Using mixed methods paper on gender and ethnic individual Citizen’s Advice Bureau looking at the and four pieces of empirical research, income inequalities is underway. 2015 also empirical evidence on burdensome levels of Kenia analysed if the persistently poor saw a return to earlier interests in ethnicity financial debt holding in UK households. living in rural remote areas of Brazil had and social mobility with plenary lectures on effectively taken-up the Bolsa Família this topic at both the Trento Festival of Alice Miles joined CASE as a PhD benefit and, if not, what the potential Economics and the European Sociological student in September 2011, to study the reasons for comparatively lower take- Association conference in Prague. Further welfare of low to middle income families up rates were. In addition to the use of work in this area is planned for 2016. In in socially segregated and socially mixed cross-sectional administrative databases, 2015, a volume on Social Advantage and neighbourhoods in southern England. She she conducted a three-level qualitative Disadvantage, co-edited with Hartley Dean works part time on her PhD and part time analysis to obtain national, municipal and for OUP, was sent to press and published as a civil servant and policy adviser on social household perspectives on the design early in 2016. This is discussed elsewhere in justice issues. She currently works at the and implementation of the programme the report. Ministry of Justice. in four rural municipalities. Kenia has also worked as a consultant for the White
34 Anne Power and a successful regeneration programme relate to welfare and housing reforms in LSE Housing and undertaken by a Registered Social Landlord low-income communities. She also Communities. in North London, examining the impact provides research project co-ordination Building on their of both the approach to regeneration and backup for other LSE Housing and existing working (structured movement of existing residents Communities projects. relationships with from old to newly constructed blocks), Wendy Sigle has continued to work on social landlords and and the Housing Plus activities around a number of projects which consider how tenants in employment, health, sports, and youth demographers study and conceptualize low-income communities, LSE Housing work. A further project also examined fertility. She completed the first draft and Communities launched the Housing housing and housing support options of a manuscript, co-authored with Ben Plus Academy at Trafford Hall in November for victims of miscarriages of justice, Wilson, which focuses on how migrant 2015 to examine the wider role that social who very often find themselves released fertility convergence can be defined landlords play in these communities. There, from prison with no formal support and and conceptualized in empirical studies, the outline for “The Agenda for Housing considerable difficulty re-integrating and began working on another study Plus” was launched, which demonstrates into a society which is now unfamiliar to (co-authored with Joanna Marczak and the ways that social landlords improve them. Knowledge management work Ernestina Coast) which examines the their social business by investing in the included supporting the launch of the final fertility intentions of Polish born individuals social needs of low-income communities, phase of the Social Policy in a Cold Climate in Krakow and London. She and her beyond just bricks and mortar. We also work, and related CASE outputs. co-authors completed the first draft of a launched Moving the Goalposts: Poverty Nora Ratzmann joined CASE as a manuscript that considers whether and and Access to Sports for Young People, a Leverhulme Trust Doctoral Student in how cross-national comparisons are used report funded by StreetGames, on how October 2015. Her research examines to explain and justify reported intentions. poverty and area disadvantage create EU migrants’ (in)equalities of access to In addition, she has continued to work barriers to young people’s participation in German social security, with a particular on a manuscript (co-authored with Alice sports. The longitudinal study of the focus on their interactions with the street- Goisis) that, with a focus on child obesity, high-rise council owned estate in level bureaucracy. explores the meaning, specification, and Portsmouth, Wilmcott House, assessed the interpretation of relationship between residents’ experience of retrofitting their Nicola Serle family structure and child health. estate to the highest energy standard, supports LSE while they remained in situ. Research for Housing and Kitty Stewart HOME housing association into the Communities’ completed her work regeneration of the Rayners Lane estate in research and on the Coalition’s Harrow demonstrated the social return on administration, and record on young investment from social and management leads on the children and spending on the rebuilt Rayners Lane. The group’s events. In contributed a upcoming handbook on European cities, 2015 she was responsible for the delivery chapter on Family Cities for a Small Continent, was submitted of the final Housing and Energy Plus and Disadvantage and is at proof stage, and seven European knowledge exchange programmes to Lucinda Platt and Hartley Dean’s volume City Reports completed, underlining the funded by HEIF5, which focused on how on Social Advantage and Disadvantage. regeneration potential of post-industrial social landlords can extend their role in She co-authored a paper with Howard cities. Anne Power is a member of the communities where they are based, Glennerster on recent changes to the UK’s Early Action Taskforce and the Igloo particularly in poorer areas where tenants welfare state, and worked with Abigail Regeneration Sustainable Investment need more help to manage their lives. McKnight on a review of evidence on Committee in addition to being Chair of She supported the development of the policies to reduce low pay and in-work the National Communities Resource Centre new Housing Plus Academy which poverty. With Nick Roberts, she analysed at Trafford Hall and on the National follows on from these two successful responses to the Coalition Government’s Advisory Panel for the Troubled Families programmes in a new venture in 2012-13 consultation on child poverty Programme at the Department of partnership with Trafford Hall, the measurement. The analysis found Communities and Local Government. Chartered Institute of Housing and the overwhelming support among National Housing Federation. The respondents for keeping income at the Bert Provan was involved both in programme uses residential think tanks heart of poverty measurement. undertaking research for the Housing and and roundtable briefings to bring Communities Group, and in knowledge together key actors to uncover how the management. Research work included complex interacting problems of housing an evaluation of the social impact of 35 Research staff and PhD students: Current research (continued)
Kate Summers is in Polly Vizard Jane Waldfogel completed work on her the second year of continued her 4 country project on inequality in school her PhD, which is research on poverty readiness and school achievement, with funded by the ESRC. and inequality, the colleagues Bruce Bradbury (Australia), Her research asks capability approach Miles Corak (Canada), and Elizabeth how working age and human rights. Washbrook (UK). Their book, Too Many social security Work with Tania Children Left Behind (published by Russell recipients think Burchardt on older Sage Foundation in September 2015), about and use their money. She is in the people’s experiences of dignity and shows that socioeconomic status gaps in process of conducting her fieldwork, nutrition in healthcare using the Adult school readiness and school achievement consisting of qualitative depth interviews Inpatient Survey was launched in July are largest in the US, followed by the UK, with social security recipients in East 2015. As part of the CASE Social Policy in and smallest in Australia and Canada. London. Kate also joined the “Thomas a Cold Climate programme, research was The book explores reasons for these Piketty Masterclass” in Autumn 2015, an undertaken with Polina Obolenskaya on differential disparities and makes policy initiative being run by the new health, with Polina Obolenskaya and Tania recommendations to help close the International Inequalities Institute. She has Burchardt on social care, and with Eleni gaps. She also continued her research on the opportunity to share her work with Karagiannaki and Jack Cunliffe on improving the measurement of poverty PhD students from other departments, as inequality in London. Work was and on paid parental leave policies. well as senior academics in the III. In undertaken on a project commissioned by addition to her research, Kate began the Equality and Human Rights teaching on the undergraduate course Commission on multidimensional SA221 (Poverty, Social Exclusion and Social inequality outcomes in the UK over the Change) in Michaelmas 2015. period 2007 – 2013, with Tania Burchardt, Eleni Karagiannaki and Ellie Suh. In Milo Vandemoortele is a PhD student September 2015, work commenced on a in CASE. Her research interests lie in new project children’s on multidimensional examining the association between poverty and disadvantage funded by early childhood education and children’s Nuffield Foundation, with Tania Burchardt attainment in four low- and middle- and Polina Obolenskaya. income countries – specifically Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam. Her research is funded by the ESRC. Prior to LSE, Milo worked as a researcher at the Overseas Development Institute (ODI, London) in the Growth, Poverty and Inequality Programme.
36 CASE publications 2015
(*) denotes publications largely Immervoll, H. and Jenkins, S.P. & Glennerster, H. (2015) “A wealth of attributable to work outside the centre. Königs, S. 2015. Are Recipients of options” in Tax for our times (ed) D-R Non-CASE authors indicated by italics. Social Assistance “Benefit Dependent”? Srblin, London: Fabian Society. Concepts, Measurement and Results Books and reports Gough, I. (2015) “If I were you, I for Selected Countries. OECD Social, wouldn’t start from here”. In: Hay, C. Atikinson, A.B. (2015) Inequality – what Employment and Migration Working and Payne, A., (eds.) Civic Capitalism. can be done? Cambridge MA: Harvard Papers 162, OECD Publishing. (*) Polity Press, Cambridge, pp. 76-83. ISBN. University Press ISBN 9780674504769 (*) Mcknight, A. (2015) Downward mobility, Hick, R. and Burchardt, T. (2015) Atkinson, A.B. and Bourguignon, F. opportunity hoarding and the “glass floor”. “Capability deprivation”. In D. Brady (2015) Handbook of Income Distribution, Research report for The Social Mobility and L. Burton (ed) Oxford Handbook volumes 2A and 2B. North-Holland (*) and Child Poverty Commission. London: of Poverty and Society. Oxford: Oxford Bondy, V., Platt, L. and Sunkin, M. HM Government. University Press. (2015). The Value and Effects of Judicial Power, A. and Lane, L. (2015) High Rise Jäntti, M. and Jenkins, S.P. (2015) Review: The Nature of Claims, their Hope Revisited: the Social Implications of “Income Mobility”, chapter 10 in Outcomes and Consequences. London: Upgrading Large Estates London: LSE. Atkinson, A.B. and Bourguignon, F. The Public Law Project. (*) (2015) Handbook of Income Distribution, Power, A., Lane, L. and Provan, B. (2015) Cassen, R., McNally, S. and Vignoles, A. volumes 2A and 2B. North-Holland. (*) Bridging the Gap: The Haringey Social (2015) Making a Difference in Education Support Fund. London: London Borough Jenkins, S.P. (2015) “Public policy and – What the evidence says. Oxford: of Haringey Stata”, Chapter 11, pp. 79–87, in: Thirty Routledge. ISBN 9780415529228. Years with Stata: A Retrospective, ed. Power, A., Herden, E., and Provan, B. Cooper, K.M. and Stewart, K.J. (2015) Enrique Pinzon. College Station, TX: The (2015) Is Welfare Reform Working? Does money in adulthood matter for Stata Press, 2015. Impacts on working age tenants. Final adult outcomes? A systematic review. report. Bath: HAILO. Lees, L., Shin, H.B. and López-Morales, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. E. (2015; in press) “Conclusion: Global Bradbury, B., Corak, M., Waldfogel, Edwards, G., Grubb, B., Power, A. and gentrifications”. In Lees, L., Shin, H.B. J. and Washbrook, E. (2015) Too Serle, N. (2015) Moving the Goal Posts: and López-Morales, E. (Eds.) Global Many Children Left Behind: The U.S Poverty and Access to Sport for Young Gentrifications: Uneven Development Achievement Gap In Comparative People. London: LSE. and Displacement. Bristol: Policy Press (*) Perspective. New York: The Russell Sage Grech, A. G. (2015) The social Foundation. (*) Lees, L., Shin, H.B. and López-Morales, sustainability of pensions in Europe. E. (2015; in press) Introduction: Forthcoming Saarbrucken: Scholars’ Press. ISBN: 978- “Gentrification”, a global urban process?. 3639859553. (*) Dean, H. and Platt, L. (eds.) (2016) Social In Lees, L., Shin, H.B. and López-Morales, Advantage and Disadvantage. Oxford E. (Eds.) Global Gentrifications: Uneven Guveli, A., Ganzeboom, B.G. H., Platt, University Press. (*) Development and Displacement. Bristol: L., Nauck, B., Baykara-Krumme, H., - Policy Press. (*) Eroglu, S., Bayrakdar, S., Sözeri, K. E., Power, A. (2016). Cities for a Small Spierings, N. (2015) Intergenerational Continent. An International Handbook McKnight, A. and Gardiner, L. (2015) consequences of migration: Socio- on Industrial Cities. Bristol: Policy Press. Paying up: “Who’s been getting pay economic, family and cultural patterns rises, who hasn’t and will that change?” Lupton, R., Burchardt, T., Hills, J., of stability and change in Turkey In Kelly, G. and D’arcy, C. (eds.) Securing Stewart, K. and Vizard, P. (eds.) (2016) and Europe. Basingstoke: Palgrave a Pay Rise: the path back to shared Social Policy in a Cold Climate: Policies Macmillan. (*) wage growth. London: The Resolution and their consequences since the crisis. Foundation. Lees, L., Shin, H.B. and López-Morales, Bristol: The Policy Press. E. (eds.) (2015) Global Gentrifications: Platt, L. (2015) “Friends and Social Book Chapters Uneven Development and Displacement. Networks” in A. Guveli et al. Left Behind? Policy Press (*) Glennerster, H. (2015) “The coalition Three Generations of Migration from and society (III): Health and long term Turkey to Europe. Palgrave Macmillan. (*) care” in The Coalition Effect 2010-2015 (eds) A. Seldon and M. Finn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
37 CASE publications 2015 (continued)
Power, A. (2015) “Early Action as a Platt, L. (2016) “Class, mobility and Gambaro, L., Stewart, K.J. and unifying Concept” in Early Action Task capital(s)” in H. Dean and Platt L. (eds) Waldfogel, J. (2015) A question of Force: One Hundred Days for Early Action, Social Advantage and Disadvantage. quality: do children from disadvantaged Time for Government to put Prevention Oxford: Oxford University Press. backgrounds receive lower quality early First. London: Community Links. childhood education and care? British Stewart, K.J. (2016) “The Family and Educational Research Journal, 41 (4). pp. Shin, H.B. (2015) Urbanization in Disadvantage” in Dean, H. and Platt, 553-574. ISSN 1469-3518 China. In Wright, J. (ed.) International L. (eds.) (2016) Social Advantage and Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Disadvantage. Oxford University Press. Gough, I. (2015) Can growth be green? Sciences (2nd edition). Elsevier (*) International Journal of Health Services, Vizard, P. (2016) “The Human Rights and 45 (3). pp. 443-452. ISSN 0020-7314 Forthcoming Equality Agenda” in Dean, H. and Platt, L. (eds.) (2015) Social Advantage and Gough, I. (2015) Climate change and Burchardt, T. and Hick, R. (2016) “The Disadvantage. Oxford University Press. sustainable welfare: the centrality of Capability Approach to Advantage and human needs. Cambridge Journal of Disadvantage” in Dean, H. and Platt, Refereed journal articles Economics. ISSN 0309-166X L. (eds.) (2016) Social Advantage and Bryan, M.L. and Jenkins, S.P. (2015). Disadvantage. Oxford University Press. Gough, I. (2015) The political economy “Regression analysis of cross-national of prevention. British Journal of Political Jenkins, S.P. (2016) “The Distribution differences using multi-level data: a Science, 45 (2). pp. 307-327. ISSN of Income in the UK: a Picture of cautionary tale”, European Sociological 1469-2112 Advantage and Disadvantage” in Dean, Review, 2015. doi: 10.1093/esr/jcv059 H. and Platt, L. (eds.) (2015) Social Open Access at esr.oxfordjournals.org/ Gough, I. (2015) Welfare states and Advantage and Disadvantage. Oxford cgi/content/full/jcv059 (*) environmental states: a comparative University Press. (*) analysis. Environmental Politics, 25(1). Burchardt, T., Evans, M. and Holder, H. pp. 1-24. ISSN 0964-4016 Lee, N. (2016) “Social Disadvantage (2015) Public policy and inequalities of and Place” in Dean, H. and Platt, L. choice and autonomy. Social Policy & Grech, A.G. (2015) “Evaluating the (eds.) (2015) Social Advantage and Administration, 49 (1). pp. 44-67. ISSN possible impact of pension reforms on Disadvantage. Oxford University Press. (*) 0144-5596 elderly poverty in Europe”, Social Policy and Administration, 49 (1). pp. 68-87. Hills, J. (2016) “The distribution of Demir Șeker, S. and Jenkins, S.P (2015) ISSN 0144-5596 welfare”, in P. Alcock, M. May, T. Haux “Poverty trends in Turkey”, Journal and S. Wright (eds.) The Student’s of Economic Inequality, 13 (3), 2015, Grech, A.G. (2015) “Pension policy Companion to Social Policy. Chichester: 401–424. (*) design changes in EU countries since Wiley-Blackwell. the mid-1990s”, International Journal of Diehl, C., Lubbers, M., Muehlau, Social Welfare, 24 (3), pp. 296-304. ISSN Hills, J. and Cunliffe, J. (2016) P. and Platt, L. (2016). “Starting 1468-2397 (*) “Accumulated Advantage and out: new migrants’ socio-cultural Disadvantage: the Role of Wealth” in integration trajectories in four European Grech, A.G. (2015) “Convergence Dean, H. and Platt, L. (eds.) (2016) Social destinations”. (Introduction to Special or divergence? How the financial Advantage and Disadvantage. Oxford Issue). Ethnicities, 16(2). (*) crisis affected European pensioners”, University Press. International Social Security Review, 68 Fitzgerald, A., and Lupton, R. (2015) The (2), pp. 43-62. ISSN 1468-246X (*) Platt, L. (2016). “‘Race’ and Social Limits to Resilience? The Impact of Local Welfare” in P. Alcock, T. Haux, and Government Spending Cuts in London. Grech, A.G. (2015) “Assessing the impact M. May (eds) Student’s Companion to Local Government Studies 41, no. of the reforms in Europe on the sufficiency Social Policy 5th Edition. Oxford: Wiley- 4(2015) : 582-600. DOI:10.1080/030039 of pensions”, Retraite et Societe, 70 (2), Blackwell. 30.2015.1040154 pp. 42-60. ISSN 1167-4687 (*)
Phillips, C. and Platt, L. (2016) “‘Race’ Gambaro, L., Joshi, H., Lupton, R., Jenkins, S.P. (2015) “World Income and ethnicity” in H. Dean and Platt L. Fenton, A., and Lennon, M. (2015) Inequality Databases: an assessment of (eds) Social Advantage and Disadvantage. Developing Better Measures of WIID and SWIID”, Journal of Economic Oxford: Oxford University Press. Neighbourhood Characteristics and Inequality, Vol 13, no 4, December 2015. Change for Use in Studies of Residential DOI 10.1007/s10888-015-9305-3 (*) Mobility: A Case Study of Britain in the Early 2000s. Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy (2015) : 1-22. DOI:10.1007/ s12061-015-9164-0 (*)
38 Karagiannaki, E. (2015) Recent trends in Lee, N., Sissons, P. and Jones, K. Stewart, K. (2015) “When a rich society the size and the distribution of inherited (forthcoming) “The geography of gets a bit poorer: the safety net in hard wealth in the UK. Fiscal Studies, 36 (2). inequality in British cities”, Regional times”, Symposium on T. Clark and pp. 181-213. ISSN 0143-5671. Studies. (*) A. Heath, Hard Times, The British Journal of Sociology, Vol 66 (3): 583-592. Lupton, R., and Thomson, S. “Socio- Other publications economic inequalities in English Stewart, K. (2015) “Tackling educational Grech, A.G. (2015) The Financial schooling under the Coalition disadvantage through early years Crisis and Differences in State Pension Government 2010-2015.” London education: What does the next government Generosity across EU Countries, CESifo Review of Education 13, no. 2(2015) : need to do to improve outcomes?” The DICE Report, Ifo Institute for Economic 4-19. (*) House: Parliament’s Magazine, No 1515 Research at the University of Munich, Volume 37, 10 April 2015 Platt, L. and Luthra, R. and Frere- vol. 13(2), pages 36-41, 08. (*) Smith, T. (2015) Adapting chain referral Forthcoming Grech, A.G. (2015) Pension reforms in methods to sample new migrants: the 1990s and during the financial crisis: Blog postings possibilities and limitations. Demographic More of the same?, University of Vechta Research, 33. pp. 665-700. ISSN 1435- Alexander, E. (2015) My Spare Room: Discussion Paper No 21/2015. (*) 9871 (*) a new blog explores the real cost of Hills, J. (2015) The financial crisis has the bedroom tax. LSE British Policy Luthra, R., Platt, L. (2016). “Elite or exacerbated the grey divide. Politics Home and Politics blog, 10th September middling? International students and blog (also published in House magazine) 2015. Available at: blogs.lse.ac.uk/ migrant diversification”. Ethnicities, 16(2). 20th April 2015. Available at: politicshome. politicsandpolicy/my-spare-room-the- Chatzitheochari, S., Parsons, S. and com/economy-and-work/articles/house/ real-cost-of-the-bedroom-tax/ Platt, L. (2015) Doubly disadvantaged?: professor-john-hills-financial-crisis-has- Gough, I. (2015) Macroeconomics, bullying experiences among disabled exacerbated-grey-divide climate change and “recomposition” of children and young people in England. Hills, J. (2015) This week’s Gearty consumption. PRIME. pp. 1-17. Available Sociology, online . pp. 1-19. ISSN 0038- Grilling: John Hills on Inequality. at: eprints.lse.ac.uk/64438/ 0385 (*) Interview with Conor Gearty, LSE, Grech, A.G. (2015) Pension reforms Nandi, A. and Platt, L. (2015) Patterns of May 2015. Available at: lse.ac.uk/ since the financial crisis could have a minority and majority identification in a newsAndMedia/news/archives/2015/05/ serious impact on the future retirement multicultural society. Ethnic and Racial This-weeks-Gearty-Grilling-John-Hills-on- incomes of young Europeans. LSE Studies, 38 (15). pp. 2615-2634. ISSN inequality.aspx European Policy and Politics blog 11th 0141-9870 (*) Hills, J. and Clark, T. (2015) Good Times, August 2015. Available at: blogs.lse. Vizard, P. and Speed, L. (2015) Examining Bad Times, Hard Times. Live Debate from ac.uk/europpblog/2015/08/11/pension- multidimensional inequality and the RSA (19th February 2015) Available reforms-since-the-financial-crisis-could- deprivation in Britain using the capability at: thersa.org/events/2015/02/good- have-a-serious-impact-on-the-future- approach. Forum for Social Economics . times-bad-times-hard-times/ retirement-incomes-of-young-europeans/ ISSN 0736-0932 (In Press) Jenkins, S.P. (2015) The income Hills, J. and Savage, M. (2015) The politics Fox, L., Wimer, C., Garfinkel, I., Kaushal, distribution in the UK: a picture of of inequality: Atkinson, Piketty and Stiglitz N. and Waldfogel, J. (2015) “Waging advantage and disadvantage. ISER at the LSE’s International Inequalities War on Poverty: Poverty Trends Using Working Paper Series 2015-01. Available Institute. LSE British Policy and Politics a Historical Supplemental Poverty at: iser.essex.ac.uk/research/publications/ blog, 26th May 2015. Available at: blogs. Measure”, Journal of Policy Analysis and working-papers/iser/2015-01.pdf (*) lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/the-politics-of- Management, Vol 34, Issue 3, Summer inequality-atkinson-piketty-and-stiglitz-at- Parsons, K. (2015) Policy Briefing: 2015, Pages: 567–592. DOI: 10.1002/ the-lses-international-inequalities-institute/ Conditional cash transfers in pam.21833 (*) developing countries – realising rights? Lupton, R. (2015) An independent Forthcoming Discover Society blog, 6th Oct 2015 assessment of the coalition’s record on discoversociety.org/2015/10/06/policy- schools. LSE British Policy and Politics Karagiannaki, E. (forthcoming 2016) The briefing-conditional-cash-transfers-in- blog 10th February 2015. Available at: impact of inheritance on the distribution developing-countries-realising-rights/ blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/the- of wealth: evidence from Great Britain. coalitions-record-on-schools/ Review of Income and Wealth. ISSN 0034-6586
39 CASE publications 2015 (continued)
Lupton, R. (2015) Selective cuts are not Stewart, K., Burchardt, T., Hills, J., and the way to achieve social policy goals. Vizard, P. (2015) “New child poverty LSE British Policy and Politics blog 9th measures could allow government March 2015. Available at: blogs.lse. to shirk its responsibilities”, July 6 ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/selective-cuts- 2015. Available at: blogs.lse.ac.uk/ are-not-the-way-to-achieve-social-policy- politicsandpolicy/new-child-poverty- goals-2/ measures-could-allow-government-to- shirk-its-responsibilities/ Lupton, R. and Stewart, K.J. (2015) Social mobility under the coalition government: Stewart, K.J. and Roberts, N. (2015) have the life chances of the poorest “Plans to axe child poverty measures children improved? LSE British Policy and contradict the vast majority of expert Politics blog 6th March 2015. Available at: advice the government received” LSE blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/social- British Policy and Politics blog, November mobility-under-the-coalition-government- 17th. Available at: blogs.lse.ac.uk/ have-the-life-chances-of-the-poorest- politicsandpolicy/plans-to-axe-child- children-improved/ poverty-measures-have-no-support- among-experts/ Platt, L. (2015) Why judicial review is valuable to society’s most vulnerable. For Vizard, P. (2015) Blog: What happened The Conversation. November 6, 2015. to inequality in London following the Available at: theconversation.com/why- crisis and downturn? Trust for London judicial-review-is-valuable-to-societys- blog, March 27, 2015, Available at: most-vulnerable-49781 (*) trustforlondon.org.uk/news-and-events/ news-and-comments/blog-what- Platt, L. (2015) Judicial review provides happened-to-inequality-in-london- value for money and an important following-the-crisis-and-downturn/ route to fair treatment for individuals. October 16 2015. LSE British Politics Vizard, P. (2015) Inequalities and and Policy. Available at: blogs.lse.ac.uk/ disadvantage in London: Focus on politicsandpolicy/judicial-review-provides- Religion and Belief Trust for London value-for-money-and-an-important- blog, July 30, 2015. Available at: route-to-fair-treatment-for-individuals/ trustforlondon.org.uk/news-and-events/ news-and-comments/inequalities-and- Platt, L. (2015) Challenges and disadvantage-in-london-focus-on- Opportunities in Researching Recent religion-and-belief/ Migrants. October 26, 2015. Openpop. org. Available at: openpop.org/?p=1231 Vizard, P. and Karagiannaki, E. (2015) Blog: What happened to inequality Power, A. (2015) Debt, sanctions and in London following the crisis and skipped meals: how welfare reform affects downturn? Available at: trustforlondon. social tenants. The Guardian, Housing org.uk/news-and-events/news-and- Network, 26th March 2015. theguardian. comments/blog-what-happened-to- com/housing-network/2015/mar/26/debt- inequality-in-london-following-the-crisis- sanctions-and-skipped-meals-how-welfare- and-downturn/ reform-affects-social-tenants Waldfogel, J. (2015) How Stronger Early Childhood Policies Could Help Kids. The Huffington Post, 13th March 2015. Available at: huffingtonpost. com/jane-waldfogel/early-childhood- policies_b_8288190.html (*)
40 CASEpapers
CASE/185 Frank Cowell Piketty in the long run
CASE/186 Stephen P. Jenkins The income distribution in the UK: A picture of advantage and disadvantage
CASE/187 Abigail McKnight The Coalition’s Record on Employment: Policy, Spending and Outcomes 2010-2015
CASE/188 A.B. Atkinson, Anne-Catherine Guio Monitoring the evolution of income poverty and real incomes over time and Eric Marlier
CASE/189 Tina Haux, Lucinda Platt and Parenting and post-separation contact: what are the links? Rachel Rosenberg,
CASE/190 Tina Haux, Lucinda Platt Mothers, parenting and the impact of separation and Rachel Rosenberg
CASE/191 Abigail McKnight A fresh look at an old question: is pro-poor targeting of cash transfers more effective than universal systems at reducing inequality and poverty?
CASE/192 Eleni Karagiannaki and Lucinda Platt The changing distribution of individual incomes in the UK before and after the recession CASE reports
CASEreport 84 Eileen Herden Tenant Futures: External evaluation of the National Communities Resource Centre Tenant Training Programme
CASEreport 85 Laura Lane, Anne Power and Bert High Rise Hope Revisited: The social implications of upgrading Provan large estates
CASEreport 86 LSE Housing and Communities The Impact of Welfare Reform on Social Housing Tenants: Findings from two Think Tanks
CASEreport 87 Laura Lane, Bert Provan, Bridging the Gap: The Haringey Support Fund Alice Belotti and Anne Power
CASEreport 88 Tania Burchardt and Kate Summers CASE Annual Report 2014
CASEreport 89 Anne-Marie Brady and Energy Plus: Energy Efficiency in Social Housing Bert Provan
CASEreport 90 Eileen Herden, Anne Power and Is Welfare Reform Working? Impacts on working age tenants Bert Provan.
CASEreport 91 Tania Burchardt and Polly Vizard Older people’s experiences of dignity and nutrition during hospital stays: Secondary data analysis using the Adult Inpatient Survey (for Age UK)
CASEreport 92 Alice Belotti Tenant Futures Grant Programme 2014-15: External evaluation of the National Communities Resource Centre’s Tenant Futures Grant Programme for the Financial Year 2014-2015
CASEreport 93 Alice Belotti Tenant Futures Programme 2014-15: External evaluation of the National Communities Resource Centre’s Tenant Training Programme for the Financial Year 2014-15
41 CASE publications 2015 (continued)
Other CASE publications
CASEbrief 345 Tania Burchardt and Older people’s experiences of dignity and nutrition during hospital Polly Vizard stays: Secondary data analysis using the Adult Inpatient Survey Social Policy in a Cold Climate reports
Social Policy in a Cold Climate Ruth Lupton The Coalition’s Social Policy Record: Policy, Spending and Research Report 4 Outcomes 2010-2015
Social Policy in a Cold Climate John Hills, Jack Cunliffe, The Changing Anatomy of Economic Inequality in the UK Research Report 5 Ruth Lupton, Polly Vizard 2010-2015
Social Policy in a Cold Climate Amanda Fitzgerald, Prosperity, Poverty and Inequality in London 2010-2015 Research Report 6 Ruth Lupton Social Policy in a Cold Climate working papers
Social Policy in a Cold Climate, John Hills The Coalition’s Record on Cash Transfers: Policy, Spending and Working Paper 11 Outcomes 2010-2015
Social Policy in a Cold Climate, Kitty Stewart The Coalition’s Record on the Under Fives: Policy, Spending and Working Paper 12 Outcomes 2010-2015
Social Policy in a Cold Climate, Ruth Lupton and Stephanie The Coalition’s Record on Schools: Policy, Spending and Working Paper 13 Thomson Outcomes 2010-2015
Social Policy in a Cold Climate, Jo Blanden, Lindsey Macmillan The Coalition’s Record on Further and Higher Education: Policy, Working Paper 14 Spending and Outcomes 2010-2015
Social Policy in a Cold Climate, Abigail McKnight The Coalition’s Record on Employment: Policy, Spending and Working Paper 15 Outcomes 2010-2015
Social Policy in a Cold Climate, Polina Obolenskaya, The Coalition’s Record on Health: Policy, Spending and Out- Working Paper 16 Polly Vizard comes 2010-2015
Social Policy in a Cold Climate, Tania Burchardt, Polina Adult social care under the Coalition government: Policy, Working Paper 17 Obolenskaya and Polly Vizard Spending and Outcomes 2010-2015
Social Policy in a Cold Climate, Becky Tunstall The Coalition’s Record on Housing: Policy, Spending and Working Paper 18 Outcomes 2010-2015
Social Policy in a Cold Climate, Ruth Lupton, The Coalition’s Record on Regeneration and Neighbourhood Working Paper 19 Amanda Fitzgerald Renewal: Policy, Spending and Outcomes 2010-2015
Social Policy in a Cold Climate, Claire Crawford, When and Why do Initially High Attaining Poor Children Working Paper 20 Lindsey Macmillan and Fall Behind? Anna Vignoles
Social Policy in a Cold Climate, Jo Blanden, Ellen Greaves, Understanding the improved performance of disadvantaged Working Paper 21 Paul Gregg,Lindsey Macmillan pupils in London
Social Policy in a Cold Climate, Paola DeAgostini, John Hills, Were we really all in it together? The distributional effects of Working Paper 22 and Holly Sutherland the 2010-2015 UK Coalition government’s tax-benefit policy changes: an end-of-term update
Social Policy in a Cold Climate, Polina Obolenskaya, with Ruth Pulling in the Same Direction? Working Paper 23 Lupton and Bert Provan Economic and Social Outcomes in London and the North Since the Recession
42 CASE seminars and events 2015
Seminars
Social Exclusion Seminars
11 February Gender differentials and the economic cycle in the US and UK Giovanni Razzu (University of Reading)
4 March Emergency use only: Understanding and reducing the use of food banks in the UK Tom Sefton (Advisor on Social Policy and Economics, Church of England) , joint with Jane Perry
18 March Top incomes and middle income growth Tim Smeeding (University of Wisconsin-Madison)
26 March LSE Housing and Communities Event Report Launch: Is Welfare Reform Working? Eileen Herden (LSE Housing and Communities) , joint with Anne Power and Bert Provan.
28 April Smith Institute and CASE special seminar: Poverty in Suburbia – “the American experience” Alan Berube (The Brookings Institution)
27 May Moving home in the early years: family and child outcomes in the UK and the US. Ruth Lupton (University of Manchester) , joint with Heather Joshi (UCL Institute of Education)
10 June The Great Recession and U.S. Safety Nets: The Case of the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Program Vicky Albert (University of Las Vegas, Nevada)
17 June Book launch: Multidimensional Poverty Measurement Sabina Alkire (University of Oxford) , joint with James Foster (The George Washington University)
6 July Book launch: Changing London: The Rough Guide for the next London Mayor David Robinson (Changing London), joint with Tony Travers (LSE London)
7 October Family size, support exchanges and older adults’ mental health in Eastern and Western Europe Emily Grundy (Department of Social Policy, LSE), joint with Katy Keenan
2 December Reconceptualising the welfare state. An empirical investigation of its growing symbiosis and contradiction with capitalism in rich European democracies. Bea Cantillon (Herman Deleeck Centre for Social Policy, University of Antwerp)
Welfare Policy and Analysis Seminars
21 January The effects of changes to Local Housing Allowance on rent levels Andrew Hood (Institute for Fiscal Studies)
4 February Election special: The outlook for living standards Gavin Kelly (Resolution Foundation)
25 February Election special: Where next for welfare policy? Jonathan Portes (National Institute of Economic and Social Research)
11 March Election special: The outlook for social policy Kitty Stewart (CASE), joint with John Hills and Abigail McKnight
29 April Election special: Economic and business policy in the election John Van Reenen (CEP)
3 June Introducing the Class Ceiling: Social Mobility into Britain’s Elite Occupations Daniel Laurison (Department of Sociology, LSE), joint with Sam Friedman
24 June The Glass Floor: how well-off families help to ensure the future success of their children irrespective of early cognitive ability. Abigail McKnight (CASE)
4 November The Future of Child Poverty Measurement Kitty Stewart (CASE), joint with Nick Roberts, plus responses from Bright Blue and End Child Poverty Coalition
43 CASE seminars and events 2015 (continued)
Welfare Policy and Analysis Seminars (continued)
11 November Universal Credit: Assumptions, contradictions and virtual reality Fran Bennett (Department of Social Policy and Social Work, University of Oxford), joint with Jane Millar (University of Bath)
18 November Low Pay, the National Living Wage and In-work Benefits George Bain (Chair, Low Pay Commission), joint with the Resolution Foundation
9 December Understanding the improved performance of disadvantaged pupils in London Lindsey Macmillan (UCL Institute of Education) Special events
28 January Report launch: The Coalition’s Social Policy Record: Policy, Spending and Outcomes 2010-2015 Ruth Lupton, Tania Burchardt, John Hills, Abigail McKnight, Kitty Stewart, Becky Tunstall, Polly Vizard.
12 February Report launch: High Rise Hope Revisited LSE Housing and Communities, in partnership with Rockwool
12 March LSEWorks public lecture: Changing Patterns of Inequality in the UK John Hills and Polly Vizard with Bharat Mehta, Trust for London.
30 April Inequality: what can be done? CASE and International Inequalities Institute public lecture Professor Sir Tony Atkinson with respondents Tom Clark (the Guardian), and Professor Baroness Lister
5-6 May Housing Plus Think Tank: Energy saving matters – social landlords can lead the way LSE Housing and Communities, Trafford Hall, National Communities Resource Centre.
6 May LSE Works public lecture: Making a Difference in Education: what the evidence says Robert Cassen, Sandra McNally, Anna Vignoles Powerpoint presentation and podcast available
1-2 June Housing Plus Think Tank: Tenants’ experiences of energy saving in social housing LSE Housing and Communities, Trafford Hall, National Communities Resource Centre.
21 October Too Many Children Left Behind: the U.S. Achievement Gap in Comparative Perspective. CASE and International Inequalities Institute public lecture Jane Waldfogel, John Hills and Lee Elliott Major, The Sutton Trust.
9 November Launch of the Housing Plus Academy for Social Landlords LSE Housing and Communities and Trafford Hall, National Communities Resource Centre
7 December Moving the Goalposts: Poverty and Access to Sport for Young People Jane Ashworth, CEO, StreetGames, Baroness Tessa Jowell, Sir Robin Wales, Mayor of Newham and Anne Power, Professor of Social Policy, LSE
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